J B Bury's History of Greece - Ch 01 The Beginning Of Greece And The Heroic Age

a history of Greece to the death of a history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander the Great vol 1 by Don Bagnall Murray chapter 1 vol 1 by Don Bagnall Murray chapter 1 vol 1 by Don Bagnall Murray chapter 1 the beginnings of Greece and the heroic the beginnings of Greece and the heroic the beginnings of Greece and the heroic age section 1 the origin of the Greeks age section 1 the origin of the Greeks age section 1 the origin of the Greeks our European civilization had its origin our European civilization had its origin our European civilization had its origin in Greece and we must date its in Greece and we must date its in Greece and we must date its beginnings - more than three thousand beginnings - more than three thousand beginnings - more than three thousand years ago we know that in the 13th years ago we know that in the 13th years ago we know that in the 13th century BC the Greek tongue was spoken century BC the Greek tongue was spoken century BC the Greek tongue was spoken throughout the Greek Peninsula and that throughout the Greek Peninsula and that throughout the Greek Peninsula and that at the same time or not much later Greek at the same time or not much later Greek at the same time or not much later Greek minstrels were singing hexameter leis minstrels were singing hexameter leis minstrels were singing hexameter leis and bringing that marvellous metre to and bringing that marvellous metre to and bringing that marvellous metre to perfection but when we try to reach perfection but when we try to reach perfection but when we try to reach further back and to discover whence the further back and to discover whence the further back and to discover whence the Greek speaking folks came and how long Greek speaking folks came and how long Greek speaking folks came and how long they had possessed their country we find they had possessed their country we find they had possessed their country we find little that a certain in our earliest little that a certain in our earliest little that a certain in our earliest written record the Iliad of Homer the written record the Iliad of Homer the written record the Iliad of Homer the achæans appear as the most prominent achæans appear as the most prominent achæans appear as the most prominent among the Greek peoples there are among the Greek peoples there are among the Greek peoples there are reasons for believing that after the reasons for believing that after the reasons for believing that after the middle of the second millennium invaders middle of the second millennium invaders middle of the second millennium invaders came down from the north penetrated into came down from the north penetrated into came down from the north penetrated into the Peloponnesus and founded or occupied the Peloponnesus and founded or occupied the Peloponnesus and founded or occupied those states which were afterwards those states which were afterwards those states which were afterwards glorified in Homeric poems and that glorified in Homeric poems and that glorified in Homeric poems and that these invaders were the Achaeans but these invaders were the Achaeans but these invaders were the Achaeans but various opinions may be held as to the various opinions may be held as to the various opinions may be held as to the significance of this event it has been significance of this event it has been significance of this event it has been supposed that it was in fact the Greek supposed that it was in fact the Greek supposed that it was in fact the Greek conquest of Greece that the Achaeans and

conquest of Greece that the Achaeans and conquest of Greece that the Achaeans and their fellows were the original people their fellows were the original people their fellows were the original people who first spread the Greek tongue over who first spread the Greek tongue over who first spread the Greek tongue over the peninsula hitherto inhabited by men the peninsula hitherto inhabited by men the peninsula hitherto inhabited by men who spoke no Aryan speech or we may hold who spoke no Aryan speech or we may hold who spoke no Aryan speech or we may hold that men of Greek speech were already in that men of Greek speech were already in that men of Greek speech were already in the land and that the work of the the land and that the work of the the land and that the work of the conquerors whether Greeks themselves or conquerors whether Greeks themselves or conquerors whether Greeks themselves or men speaking some other Aryan language men speaking some other Aryan language men speaking some other Aryan language was not to create Greece but to was not to create Greece but to was not to create Greece but to stimulate her and guide her peoples into stimulate her and guide her peoples into stimulate her and guide her peoples into new paths for several reasons it seems new paths for several reasons it seems new paths for several reasons it seems probable that the second opinion is true probable that the second opinion is true probable that the second opinion is true and that the Achaean invasion is to be and that the Achaean invasion is to be and that the Achaean invasion is to be compared not to the anglo-saxon compared not to the anglo-saxon compared not to the anglo-saxon occupation of occupation of occupation of written but rather to the Norman written but rather to the Norman written but rather to the Norman Conquest there are no traces of the Conquest there are no traces of the Conquest there are no traces of the survival of an older pre Greek language survival of an older pre Greek language survival of an older pre Greek language and it is difficult to conceive that the and it is difficult to conceive that the and it is difficult to conceive that the conquered population could in a century conquered population could in a century conquered population could in a century or two have become entirely and or two have become entirely and or two have become entirely and throughout Greek like their conquerors throughout Greek like their conquerors throughout Greek like their conquerors on the other hand a small body of on the other hand a small body of on the other hand a small body of conquerors entering into possession of a conquerors entering into possession of a conquerors entering into possession of a civilization superior to their own might civilization superior to their own might civilization superior to their own might in a short time be assimilated to their in a short time be assimilated to their in a short time be assimilated to their subjects the inhabitants of the hilly subjects the inhabitants of the hilly subjects the inhabitants of the hilly uplands of Arcadia boasted that they had uplands of Arcadia boasted that they had uplands of Arcadia boasted that they had lived among their mountains before the lived among their mountains before the lived among their mountains before the birth of the Moon here there was no birth of the Moon here there was no birth of the Moon here there was no achæans settlements and if the achæans settlements and if the achæans settlements and if the inhabitants had not been already Greek inhabitants had not been already Greek inhabitants had not been already Greek Arcadia must have remained like Wales or Arcadia must have remained like Wales or Arcadia must have remained like Wales or Cornwall a land of alien speech long

Cornwall a land of alien speech long Cornwall a land of alien speech long after the akin conquest but although we after the akin conquest but although we after the akin conquest but although we conclude that it had become Greek conclude that it had become Greek conclude that it had become Greek centuries before the achæans appeared on centuries before the achæans appeared on centuries before the achæans appeared on the scene the Greek Peninsula was not the scene the Greek Peninsula was not the scene the Greek Peninsula was not always Greek the original coming of the always Greek the original coming of the always Greek the original coming of the Greeks was utterly forgotten by their Greeks was utterly forgotten by their Greeks was utterly forgotten by their descendants and we are unable to fix its descendants and we are unable to fix its descendants and we are unable to fix its date the old home of the invaders is date the old home of the invaders is date the old home of the invaders is supposed to have lain in the northwest supposed to have lain in the northwest supposed to have lain in the northwest regions of the Balkan Peninsula they regions of the Balkan Peninsula they regions of the Balkan Peninsula they must have come southward in such numbers must have come southward in such numbers must have come southward in such numbers as to extinguish utterly the native as to extinguish utterly the native as to extinguish utterly the native speeches which they found in their new speeches which they found in their new speeches which they found in their new country the men whom the Greeks country the men whom the Greeks country the men whom the Greeks conquered learned the new tongue and conquered learned the new tongue and conquered learned the new tongue and forgot their own but they had given to forgot their own but they had given to forgot their own but they had given to many a hill and rock the name which was many a hill and rock the name which was many a hill and rock the name which was to abide with it forever Corinth and a to abide with it forever Corinth and a to abide with it forever Corinth and a tear ins Parnassus and Olympus are nough tear ins Parnassus and Olympus are nough tear ins Parnassus and Olympus are nough and larysa our names which the Greeks and larysa our names which the Greeks and larysa our names which the Greeks seem to have received from the ancient seem to have received from the ancient seem to have received from the ancient inhabitants and some of these names inhabitants and some of these names inhabitants and some of these names which are also found in the western which are also found in the western which are also found in the western parts of Asia Minor suggest that the parts of Asia Minor suggest that the parts of Asia Minor suggest that the primeval people belonged to a race which primeval people belonged to a race which primeval people belonged to a race which was diffused on both sides of the Aegean was diffused on both sides of the Aegean was diffused on both sides of the Aegean we shall not perhaps be far astray if we we shall not perhaps be far astray if we we shall not perhaps be far astray if we conjecture conjecture conjecture that the Greeks descended into Greece in that the Greeks descended into Greece in that the Greeks descended into Greece in the the the of the third millennium their conquest of the third millennium their conquest of the third millennium their conquest may have been a gradual infiltration of may have been a gradual infiltration of may have been a gradual infiltration of people after people rather than the people after people rather than the people after people rather than the single migration of a vast host and may

single migration of a vast host and may single migration of a vast host and may have extended over many years but by have extended over many years but by have extended over many years but by 2000 BC Zeus 2000 BC Zeus 2000 BC Zeus the great indo-european Lord of Heaven the great indo-european Lord of Heaven the great indo-european Lord of Heaven was probably invoked throughout the was probably invoked throughout the was probably invoked throughout the length and breadth of the land the length and breadth of the land the length and breadth of the land the Greeks of history who had completely Greeks of history who had completely Greeks of history who had completely forgotten this far distant past were not forgotten this far distant past were not forgotten this far distant past were not exclusively the descendants of these exclusively the descendants of these exclusively the descendants of these Greek invaders for it is not to be Greek invaders for it is not to be Greek invaders for it is not to be supposed that the conquered people was supposed that the conquered people was supposed that the conquered people was abolished or obliterated the idea that abolished or obliterated the idea that abolished or obliterated the idea that the older inhabitants were entirely the older inhabitants were entirely the older inhabitants were entirely crushed out and a clear field left for crushed out and a clear field left for crushed out and a clear field left for the newcomers is due to exactly the same the newcomers is due to exactly the same the newcomers is due to exactly the same kind of false inference from language to kind of false inference from language to kind of false inference from language to race which makes out Greeks and Romans race which makes out Greeks and Romans race which makes out Greeks and Romans Celts and Germans Slavs and Illyrians Celts and Germans Slavs and Illyrians Celts and Germans Slavs and Illyrians Phrygians and armenians Persians and Phrygians and armenians Persians and Phrygians and armenians Persians and ancient Indians to be the posterity of ancient Indians to be the posterity of ancient Indians to be the posterity of common Aryan ancestors because they all common Aryan ancestors because they all common Aryan ancestors because they all spoke kindred tongues the Greek language spoke kindred tongues the Greek language spoke kindred tongues the Greek language is vigorous and masterful as its is vigorous and masterful as its is vigorous and masterful as its subsequent history has shown it made a subsequent history has shown it made a subsequent history has shown it made a complete conquest of the languages of complete conquest of the languages of complete conquest of the languages of the older inhabitants in whatever land the older inhabitants in whatever land the older inhabitants in whatever land the Greeks settled it became exclusively the Greeks settled it became exclusively the Greeks settled it became exclusively the language of the land but the the language of the land but the the language of the land but the extermination of the older tongues does extermination of the older tongues does extermination of the older tongues does not mean the extermination of the older not mean the extermination of the older not mean the extermination of the older races the men among whom the Greeks races the men among whom the Greeks races the men among whom the Greeks settled or whom they conquered learned

settled or whom they conquered learned settled or whom they conquered learned the new tongue and forgot their own the new tongue and forgot their own the new tongue and forgot their own there was fusion of the old and the new there was fusion of the old and the new there was fusion of the old and the new and the indo-european gods of the and the indo-european gods of the and the indo-european gods of the invaders had to make terms with the invaders had to make terms with the invaders had to make terms with the deities of the natives section 2 Aegean deities of the natives section 2 Aegean deities of the natives section 2 Aegean civilization Crete if Greece as we may civilization Crete if Greece as we may civilization Crete if Greece as we may fairly believe was Greek since days to fairly believe was Greek since days to fairly believe was Greek since days to which we cannot reach back there which we cannot reach back there which we cannot reach back there flourished close to its shores a great flourished close to its shores a great flourished close to its shores a great non-greek civilization which had a non-greek civilization which had a non-greek civilization which had a decisive influence on its fortunes and decisive influence on its fortunes and decisive influence on its fortunes and of which we know far more than of the of which we know far more than of the of which we know far more than of the contemporary Greeks it is only recently contemporary Greeks it is only recently contemporary Greeks it is only recently that we have become aware of this Aegean that we have become aware of this Aegean that we have become aware of this Aegean civilization as it is called which had civilization as it is called which had civilization as it is called which had grown steadily in Crete and in Melos and grown steadily in Crete and in Melos and grown steadily in Crete and in Melos and other islands of the Aegean from remote other islands of the Aegean from remote other islands of the Aegean from remote beginnings in the Stone Age until beginnings in the Stone Age until beginnings in the Stone Age until towards the end of the third millennium towards the end of the third millennium towards the end of the third millennium crete entered upon a period of power and crete entered upon a period of power and crete entered upon a period of power and brilliancy which rivals in interest the brilliancy which rivals in interest the brilliancy which rivals in interest the more famous civilizations of Egypt and more famous civilizations of Egypt and more famous civilizations of Egypt and Babylon the monuments which reveal the Babylon the monuments which reveal the Babylon the monuments which reveal the great age of Crete have been dug out of great age of Crete have been dug out of great age of Crete have been dug out of the earth and although Greek tradition the earth and although Greek tradition the earth and although Greek tradition remembered that Crete was once a strong remembered that Crete was once a strong remembered that Crete was once a strong sea power no one suspected that this sea power no one suspected that this sea power no one suspected that this island had been the home of a life and island had been the home of a life and island had been the home of a life and art highly developed and various and the art highly developed and various and the art highly developed and various and the center of a culture which spread far

center of a culture which spread far center of a culture which spread far over the Mediterranean Sea in the course over the Mediterranean Sea in the course over the Mediterranean Sea in the course of the third millennium Crete had passed of the third millennium Crete had passed of the third millennium Crete had passed from the age of stone into the age of from the age of stone into the age of from the age of stone into the age of metal the remains of a homogeneous metal the remains of a homogeneous metal the remains of a homogeneous culture have been found all over the culture have been found all over the culture have been found all over the island but the leading settlements the island but the leading settlements the island but the leading settlements the seats of the most powerful rulers work seats of the most powerful rulers work seats of the most powerful rulers work gnosis and faced us nearly at the middle gnosis and faced us nearly at the middle gnosis and faced us nearly at the middle of the north coast the hill of colossus of the north coast the hill of colossus of the north coast the hill of colossus is situated a few miles from the sea is situated a few miles from the sea is situated a few miles from the sea close to the banks of a stream kuratas close to the banks of a stream kuratas close to the banks of a stream kuratas before 2,100 BC a great Palace was before 2,100 BC a great Palace was before 2,100 BC a great Palace was erected on this hill and it faced us in erected on this hill and it faced us in erected on this hill and it faced us in the south of the island a palatial the south of the island a palatial the south of the island a palatial residence arose much about the same time residence arose much about the same time residence arose much about the same time these palaces endured for several these palaces endured for several these palaces endured for several centuries and in this period the centuries and in this period the centuries and in this period the development of Cretan art was marked by development of Cretan art was marked by development of Cretan art was marked by the perfection of polychrome many the perfection of polychrome many the perfection of polychrome many colored pottery we have some beautiful colored pottery we have some beautiful colored pottery we have some beautiful examples of what Cretan artists could do examples of what Cretan artists could do examples of what Cretan artists could do such as a fresco picture of a little boy such as a fresco picture of a little boy such as a fresco picture of a little boy who is painted in blue picking white who is painted in blue picking white who is painted in blue picking white crocuses crocuses crocuses and placing them in a vaz the most and placing them in a vaz the most and placing them in a vaz the most interesting and important fact about the interesting and important fact about the interesting and important fact about the civilization of the Cretans is that they civilization of the Cretans is that they civilization of the Cretans is that they could write we find first a method of could write we find first a method of could write we find first a method of picture writing in which each pictorial picture writing in which each pictorial picture writing in which each pictorial symbol such as an ox head or a gate or symbol such as an ox head or a gate or symbol such as an ox head or a gate or an eye represented a word but at a later

an eye represented a word but at a later an eye represented a word but at a later period there was likewise used a system period there was likewise used a system period there was likewise used a system of linear signs of which each probably of linear signs of which each probably of linear signs of which each probably stood for a syllable a table of drink stood for a syllable a table of drink stood for a syllable a table of drink offerings inscribed with signs of this offerings inscribed with signs of this offerings inscribed with signs of this kind was found in the cave of mount kind was found in the cave of mount kind was found in the cave of mount dicta already a holy place and dicta already a holy place and dicta already a holy place and afterwards to be associated with the afterwards to be associated with the afterwards to be associated with the birth of Zeus we have no clue to the birth of Zeus we have no clue to the birth of Zeus we have no clue to the language of these documents it seems language of these documents it seems language of these documents it seems unlikely that it was indo-european it unlikely that it was indo-european it unlikely that it was indo-european it seems most likely that it was cognate seems most likely that it was cognate seems most likely that it was cognate with the tongues of the license and with the tongues of the license and with the tongues of the license and other ancient peoples of Western Asia other ancient peoples of Western Asia other ancient peoples of Western Asia Minor in eastern crete a strange Minor in eastern crete a strange Minor in eastern crete a strange language was still spoken in late times language was still spoken in late times language was still spoken in late times when the rest of the island had become when the rest of the island had become when the rest of the island had become greek we have some slight records of it greek we have some slight records of it greek we have some slight records of it which can be read but cannot be which can be read but cannot be which can be read but cannot be interpreted and it would be natural to interpreted and it would be natural to interpreted and it would be natural to suppose that this was the same language suppose that this was the same language suppose that this was the same language which prevailed in the pre Hellenic which prevailed in the pre Hellenic which prevailed in the pre Hellenic period it was towards the year 1600 BC period it was towards the year 1600 BC period it was towards the year 1600 BC that the end of this period of Cretan that the end of this period of Cretan that the end of this period of Cretan history was marked by the partial history was marked by the partial history was marked by the partial destruction of the palace of kenosis destruction of the palace of kenosis destruction of the palace of kenosis everything points to the conclusion that everything points to the conclusion that everything points to the conclusion that this was the consequence of a revolution this was the consequence of a revolution this was the consequence of a revolution within the island and not of foreign within the island and not of foreign within the island and not of foreign invasion perhaps there was war between invasion perhaps there was war between invasion perhaps there was war between kenosis and faced us at all events the kenosis and faced us at all events the kenosis and faced us at all events the early palace of faceless seems to have early palace of faceless seems to have early palace of faceless seems to have survived the early palace of canosa's

survived the early palace of canosa's survived the early palace of canosa's but a new dynasty was soon to take but a new dynasty was soon to take but a new dynasty was soon to take possession of the canossian hill to possession of the canossian hill to possession of the canossian hill to develop further the native civilization develop further the native civilization develop further the native civilization and inaugurate a still more brilliant and inaugurate a still more brilliant and inaugurate a still more brilliant period in the islands history Aegean period in the islands history Aegean period in the islands history Aegean civilization attained its highest bloom civilization attained its highest bloom civilization attained its highest bloom in Crete in Crete in Crete but it had developed independently in but it had developed independently in but it had developed independently in the islands of the archipelago the islands of the archipelago the islands of the archipelago especially in mellows where it's especially in mellows where it's especially in mellows where it's continuous growth can be traced in the continuous growth can be traced in the continuous growth can be traced in the important settlement of vilaça P mellows important settlement of vilaça P mellows important settlement of vilaça P mellows produces obsidian which in the Stone Age produces obsidian which in the Stone Age produces obsidian which in the Stone Age and later was in great request for the and later was in great request for the and later was in great request for the manufacture of knives and spear points manufacture of knives and spear points manufacture of knives and spear points and her export of this product which was and her export of this product which was and her export of this product which was taken for instance to Egypt may explain taken for instance to Egypt may explain taken for instance to Egypt may explain her early prosperity remains have been her early prosperity remains have been her early prosperity remains have been found which show that the eastern coast found which show that the eastern coast found which show that the eastern coast of Greece was not unaffected by this of Greece was not unaffected by this of Greece was not unaffected by this insular civilization we have still to insular civilization we have still to insular civilization we have still to glance at a great stronghold which glance at a great stronghold which glance at a great stronghold which towards the end of the third millennium towards the end of the third millennium towards the end of the third millennium stood on the hill of Troy commanding the stood on the hill of Troy commanding the stood on the hill of Troy commanding the entrance of the Hellespont it was not entrance of the Hellespont it was not entrance of the Hellespont it was not the first city that had been reared on the first city that had been reared on the first city that had been reared on that illustrious hill which rises to the that illustrious hill which rises to the that illustrious hill which rises to the height of about 160 feet not far from height of about 160 feet not far from height of about 160 feet not far from the banks of the scamander the earliest the banks of the scamander the earliest the banks of the scamander the earliest settlement fortified by a rude wall of settlement fortified by a rude wall of settlement fortified by a rude wall of unwrought stone can still be traced and unwrought stone can still be traced and unwrought stone can still be traced and some of its primitive earth where and some of its primitive earth where and some of its primitive earth where and stone implements have been found an axe

stone implements have been found an axe stone implements have been found an axe head of white nephrite seems to show head of white nephrite seems to show head of white nephrite seems to show that in those remote days there was a that in those remote days there was a that in those remote days there was a line of traffic however slow and line of traffic however slow and line of traffic however slow and uncertain between the Mediterranean and uncertain between the Mediterranean and uncertain between the Mediterranean and the Far East for this white jade must the Far East for this white jade must the Far East for this white jade must have come from Central Asia on the ruins have come from Central Asia on the ruins have come from Central Asia on the ruins of this primeval city arose a great of this primeval city arose a great of this primeval city arose a great fortress Girt with a wall of sun-baked fortress Girt with a wall of sun-baked fortress Girt with a wall of sun-baked brick built on strong stone foundations brick built on strong stone foundations brick built on strong stone foundations there were three gates and the angles of there were three gates and the angles of there were three gates and the angles of the walls were protected by towers the the walls were protected by towers the the walls were protected by towers the inhabitants of this city lived in the inhabitants of this city lived in the inhabitants of this city lived in the stone and copper aged bronze was still a stone and copper aged bronze was still a stone and copper aged bronze was still a rarity their pottery was chiefly rarity their pottery was chiefly rarity their pottery was chiefly handmade but a treasure of golden handmade but a treasure of golden handmade but a treasure of golden ornaments wrought by skillful craftsmen ornaments wrought by skillful craftsmen ornaments wrought by skillful craftsmen shows that the palace was wealthy the shows that the palace was wealthy the shows that the palace was wealthy the most important feature to be noted is most important feature to be noted is most important feature to be noted is the outline of the palace in this the outline of the palace in this the outline of the palace in this ancient city here at the very outset of ancient city here at the very outset of ancient city here at the very outset of Aegean civilization we find the general Aegean civilization we find the general Aegean civilization we find the general plan of the plan of the plan of the part of the house exactly the same as part of the house exactly the same as part of the house exactly the same as that which is described more than a that which is described more than a that which is described more than a thousand years later in the poems of thousand years later in the poems of thousand years later in the poems of Homer from an outer gate we pass through Homer from an outer gate we pass through Homer from an outer gate we pass through a courtyard in which an altar stood into a courtyard in which an altar stood into a courtyard in which an altar stood into a square a square a square preliminary chamber and from it we enter preliminary chamber and from it we enter preliminary chamber and from it we enter the Great Hall in the centre of which the Great Hall in the centre of which the Great Hall in the centre of which was the hearth an enemy's hand destroyed was the hearth an enemy's hand destroyed was the hearth an enemy's hand destroyed the castle by fire and no tradition of the castle by fire and no tradition of the castle by fire and no tradition of its existence has survived when we come

its existence has survived when we come its existence has survived when we come down seven or eight centuries to the down seven or eight centuries to the down seven or eight centuries to the famous city of which it was the famous city of which it was the famous city of which it was the precursor we shall learn the probable precursor we shall learn the probable precursor we shall learn the probable secret of the prosperity of its kings it secret of the prosperity of its kings it secret of the prosperity of its kings it may be asked how without the guidance of may be asked how without the guidance of may be asked how without the guidance of literary records we can fix the literary records we can fix the literary records we can fix the successive stages of Aegean civilization successive stages of Aegean civilization successive stages of Aegean civilization in an ordered series and assign in an ordered series and assign in an ordered series and assign approximate dates to its periods when we approximate dates to its periods when we approximate dates to its periods when we have started with the capital division have started with the capital division have started with the capital division of time between the age of stone and the of time between the age of stone and the of time between the age of stone and the age of bronze the potters art is the age of bronze the potters art is the age of bronze the potters art is the chief clue for establishing a relative chief clue for establishing a relative chief clue for establishing a relative chronology within each of these ages the chronology within each of these ages the chronology within each of these ages the clay vessels from the most simple and clay vessels from the most simple and clay vessels from the most simple and primitive moulded by hand to the most primitive moulded by hand to the most primitive moulded by hand to the most artistic and elaborate wrought by wheel artistic and elaborate wrought by wheel artistic and elaborate wrought by wheel can be arranged in a definite series and can be arranged in a definite series and can be arranged in a definite series and thus the things which are found in the thus the things which are found in the thus the things which are found in the same stratum as a particular class of same stratum as a particular class of same stratum as a particular class of sherds can be assigned to a definite sherds can be assigned to a definite sherds can be assigned to a definite place in this succession such things place in this succession such things place in this succession such things found in association with particular found in association with particular found in association with particular stages in the development of pottery may stages in the development of pottery may stages in the development of pottery may then become themselves additional then become themselves additional then become themselves additional criteria for dating remains the history criteria for dating remains the history criteria for dating remains the history of Cretan civilization from the end of of Cretan civilization from the end of of Cretan civilization from the end of the Stone Age has by this means been the Stone Age has by this means been the Stone Age has by this means been arranged in three chief ages called arranged in three chief ages called arranged in three chief ages called early middle and late Minoan and each of early middle and late Minoan and each of early middle and late Minoan and each of these has been subdivided into three these has been subdivided into three these has been subdivided into three periods it is to the intercourse of

periods it is to the intercourse of periods it is to the intercourse of Crete with Egypt that we are indebted Crete with Egypt that we are indebted Crete with Egypt that we are indebted for the means of determining roughly the for the means of determining roughly the for the means of determining roughly the absolute dates of its history or in absolute dates of its history or in absolute dates of its history or in other words of correlating its pranaam other words of correlating its pranaam other words of correlating its pranaam with the general chronology of the world with the general chronology of the world with the general chronology of the world thus a polychrome Cretan vessel found in thus a polychrome Cretan vessel found in thus a polychrome Cretan vessel found in the tomb of King son of Sir the third the tomb of King son of Sir the third the tomb of King son of Sir the third Sesostris at Egyptian Abydos enables us Sesostris at Egyptian Abydos enables us Sesostris at Egyptian Abydos enables us to conclude that the second period of to conclude that the second period of to conclude that the second period of the middle Minoan Age was approaching the middle Minoan Age was approaching the middle Minoan Age was approaching its close about BC 1880 again the its close about BC 1880 again the its close about BC 1880 again the statuette of an Egyptian in diorite statuette of an Egyptian in diorite statuette of an Egyptian in diorite stone inscribed with his name in stone inscribed with his name in stone inscribed with his name in Egyptian characters was found in a court Egyptian characters was found in a court Egyptian characters was found in a court of the canossian palace and its style of the canossian palace and its style of the canossian palace and its style makes it probable that it was wrought makes it probable that it was wrought makes it probable that it was wrought under the 12th or 13th dynasty perhaps under the 12th or 13th dynasty perhaps under the 12th or 13th dynasty perhaps in the second half of the 19th century in the second half of the 19th century in the second half of the 19th century BC it was probably about 1600 BC that BC it was probably about 1600 BC that BC it was probably about 1600 BC that Kings perhaps of a new dynasty but not Kings perhaps of a new dynasty but not Kings perhaps of a new dynasty but not of a new race began to rule on the hill of a new race began to rule on the hill of a new race began to rule on the hill of kenosis the palace had been rebuilt of kenosis the palace had been rebuilt of kenosis the palace had been rebuilt on a grander scale and adapted to more on a grander scale and adapted to more on a grander scale and adapted to more sumptuous needs though there was no sumptuous needs though there was no sumptuous needs though there was no change in the general architectural change in the general architectural change in the general architectural style and about 1500 BC it seems to have style and about 1500 BC it seems to have style and about 1500 BC it seems to have been extensively remodeled it covered an been extensively remodeled it covered an been extensively remodeled it covered an area of about 5 acres it was not area of about 5 acres it was not area of about 5 acres it was not fortified by an exterior wall its lords fortified by an exterior wall its lords fortified by an exterior wall its lords seemed to have trusted to their ships

seemed to have trusted to their ships seemed to have trusted to their ships for defense against foreign invaders to for defense against foreign invaders to for defense against foreign invaders to the east and to the west of a great the east and to the west of a great the east and to the west of a great central court were extensive labyrinths central court were extensive labyrinths central court were extensive labyrinths of rooms and passages and the remains of of rooms and passages and the remains of of rooms and passages and the remains of staircases show that in some parts the staircases show that in some parts the staircases show that in some parts the building rose to the height of 3 or 4 building rose to the height of 3 or 4 building rose to the height of 3 or 4 storeys the principal halls rule it at storeys the principal halls rule it at storeys the principal halls rule it at one end by open shafts or light wells one end by open shafts or light wells one end by open shafts or light wells walled in on three sides and on the walled in on three sides and on the walled in on three sides and on the fourth open to the hall from which they fourth open to the hall from which they fourth open to the hall from which they were separated by two or three columns were separated by two or three columns were separated by two or three columns there were bathrooms and there was an there were bathrooms and there was an there were bathrooms and there was an excellent system of drainage by pipes excellent system of drainage by pipes excellent system of drainage by pipes superior perhaps to any of the superior perhaps to any of the superior perhaps to any of the contrivances that have been since in use contrivances that have been since in use contrivances that have been since in use till quite recent times if the palace till quite recent times if the palace till quite recent times if the palace had merely served as the habitation of had merely served as the habitation of had merely served as the habitation of the royal household it need not have the royal household it need not have the royal household it need not have been so large but it was much more been so large but it was much more been so large but it was much more it was the seat of a government which it was the seat of a government which it was the seat of a government which controlled not merely the neighboring controlled not merely the neighboring controlled not merely the neighboring regions or even the island but a regions or even the island but a regions or even the island but a maritime Empire the administration of maritime Empire the administration of maritime Empire the administration of this Empire was conducted on careful this Empire was conducted on careful this Empire was conducted on careful business lines as is shown by the business lines as is shown by the business lines as is shown by the financial documents found in the financial documents found in the financial documents found in the archives we may fairly surmise that archives we may fairly surmise that archives we may fairly surmise that there existed a well-developed system of there existed a well-developed system of there existed a well-developed system of administrative machinery which needed administrative machinery which needed administrative machinery which needed considerable room for its offices the considerable room for its offices the considerable room for its offices the rich tributes which the Kings derived rich tributes which the Kings derived rich tributes which the Kings derived from their dependencies were stored in from their dependencies were stored in from their dependencies were stored in the palace and various industries were the palace and various industries were the palace and various industries were carried on within its walls for the

carried on within its walls for the carried on within its walls for the private needs of the monarch and also private needs of the monarch and also private needs of the monarch and also probably for purposes of Commerce the probably for purposes of Commerce the probably for purposes of Commerce the discovery of an olive press and great discovery of an olive press and great discovery of an olive press and great jars for oil storage suggests that not jars for oil storage suggests that not jars for oil storage suggests that not only did the palace supply itself with only did the palace supply itself with only did the palace supply itself with the oil required for its cooking and its the oil required for its cooking and its the oil required for its cooking and its lamp fuel but that the king himself may lamp fuel but that the king himself may lamp fuel but that the king himself may have traded in oil which seems at this have traded in oil which seems at this have traded in oil which seems at this time to have been one of the principal time to have been one of the principal time to have been one of the principal Cretan exports then there was Cretan exports then there was Cretan exports then there was accommodation for the sculptors and accommodation for the sculptors and accommodation for the sculptors and painters who were employed in the royal painters who were employed in the royal painters who were employed in the royal service there is evidence that the service there is evidence that the service there is evidence that the paint's were manufactured on the spot paint's were manufactured on the spot paint's were manufactured on the spot and a sculptors workshop has been and a sculptors workshop has been and a sculptors workshop has been discovered one of the most notable rooms discovered one of the most notable rooms discovered one of the most notable rooms in this spacious palace was the chamber in this spacious palace was the chamber in this spacious palace was the chamber of the throne entered through an of the throne entered through an of the throne entered through an anteroom from the central court the anteroom from the central court the anteroom from the central court the throne is a stone seat adorned with a throne is a stone seat adorned with a throne is a stone seat adorned with a painted design and on either side are painted design and on either side are painted design and on either side are benches along the wall here the King may benches along the wall here the King may benches along the wall here the King may have sat in Council with his ministers have sat in Council with his ministers have sat in Council with his ministers but joining this apartment was a room but joining this apartment was a room but joining this apartment was a room open to the air containing a tank and open to the air containing a tank and open to the air containing a tank and its walls showed a picture of Egyptian its walls showed a picture of Egyptian its walls showed a picture of Egyptian character a landscape with River sedge character a landscape with River sedge character a landscape with River sedge and palms most of the principal chambers and palms most of the principal chambers and palms most of the principal chambers and corridors were decorated with fresco and corridors were decorated with fresco and corridors were decorated with fresco paintings representing solemn paintings representing solemn paintings representing solemn processions gay groups of men and women processions gay groups of men and women processions gay groups of men and women scenes of town life less often of war

scenes of town life less often of war scenes of town life less often of war the fashions of the time are vividly the fashions of the time are vividly the fashions of the time are vividly portrayed in a series of miniature portrayed in a series of miniature portrayed in a series of miniature frescoes showing us women idling in frescoes showing us women idling in frescoes showing us women idling in courts or on balconies with their hair courts or on balconies with their hair courts or on balconies with their hair elaborately dressed wearing costumes elaborately dressed wearing costumes elaborately dressed wearing costumes which look as if they had been modeled which look as if they had been modeled which look as if they had been modeled on quite modern fashions puff sleeves on quite modern fashions puff sleeves on quite modern fashions puff sleeves long skirts bodice is tightly drawn in long skirts bodice is tightly drawn in long skirts bodice is tightly drawn in around the waist one of the most around the waist one of the most around the waist one of the most striking pictures which have survived is striking pictures which have survived is striking pictures which have survived is that of a tall handsome cupbearer that of a tall handsome cupbearer that of a tall handsome cupbearer evidently belonging to the same race as evidently belonging to the same race as evidently belonging to the same race as the Cretans kept you who are represented the Cretans kept you who are represented the Cretans kept you who are represented in a painting of Egyptian Thebes as in a painting of Egyptian Thebes as in a painting of Egyptian Thebes as bringing offerings to King Thoth meas bringing offerings to King Thoth meas bringing offerings to King Thoth meas the 3rd in the 15th century near the the 3rd in the 15th century near the the 3rd in the 15th century near the northern entrance to their palace the northern entrance to their palace the northern entrance to their palace the later Lords of canosa's constructed a later Lords of canosa's constructed a later Lords of canosa's constructed a theater capable of holding about 400 theater capable of holding about 400 theater capable of holding about 400 spectators this was not a new thing a spectators this was not a new thing a spectators this was not a new thing a theater of an earlier period has been theater of an earlier period has been theater of an earlier period has been discovered in the palace of faceless the discovered in the palace of faceless the discovered in the palace of faceless the orchestral area in these early theaters orchestral area in these early theaters orchestral area in these early theaters was not circular as in those of later was not circular as in those of later was not circular as in those of later times but rectangular and the times but rectangular and the times but rectangular and the performances were probably religious performances were probably religious performances were probably religious dances in honor of the great Cretan dances in honor of the great Cretan dances in honor of the great Cretan goddess and perhaps boxing matches the goddess and perhaps boxing matches the goddess and perhaps boxing matches the space was not large enough for space was not large enough for space was not large enough for bullfights which seemed to have been a bullfights which seemed to have been a bullfights which seemed to have been a favorite amusement of the cretins if we favorite amusement of the cretins if we favorite amusement of the cretins if we may judge from scenes depicted on wall may judge from scenes depicted on wall may judge from scenes depicted on wall paintings and gems which present

paintings and gems which present paintings and gems which present acrobats grappling with Bulls women took acrobats grappling with Bulls women took acrobats grappling with Bulls women took part in this dangerous sport part in this dangerous sport part in this dangerous sport in one painting we see a girl in the air in one painting we see a girl in the air in one painting we see a girl in the air caught on the horns of a bull the Kings caught on the horns of a bull the Kings caught on the horns of a bull the Kings had also quieter recreations a had also quieter recreations a had also quieter recreations a magnificent inlaid gaming board of very magnificent inlaid gaming board of very magnificent inlaid gaming board of very beautiful design was found in the palace beautiful design was found in the palace beautiful design was found in the palace made of pieces of ivory overlaid with made of pieces of ivory overlaid with made of pieces of ivory overlaid with gold foil and crystals colored gold foil and crystals colored gold foil and crystals colored alternately blue and white by means of alternately blue and white by means of alternately blue and white by means of blue paste pianos and silver foil on blue paste pianos and silver foil on blue paste pianos and silver foil on which they were set which they were set which they were set beneath the Great Palace close to the beneath the Great Palace close to the beneath the Great Palace close to the riverbank and about 130 yards east of riverbank and about 130 yards east of riverbank and about 130 yards east of the northern entrance gate was a smaller the northern entrance gate was a smaller the northern entrance gate was a smaller palace which it has been conjectured may palace which it has been conjectured may palace which it has been conjectured may have been used by the king as a summer have been used by the king as a summer have been used by the king as a summer retreat on its smaller scale it seems to retreat on its smaller scale it seems to retreat on its smaller scale it seems to have been as sumptuous as the greater have been as sumptuous as the greater have been as sumptuous as the greater dwelling here was found fallen from a dwelling here was found fallen from a dwelling here was found fallen from a room on an upper storey a superb painted room on an upper storey a superb painted room on an upper storey a superb painted jar showing the highest point to which jar showing the highest point to which jar showing the highest point to which the art of the canossian Potter's could the art of the canossian Potter's could the art of the canossian Potter's could attain in the 16th century the attain in the 16th century the attain in the 16th century the decoration displaying sprays of papyrus decoration displaying sprays of papyrus decoration displaying sprays of papyrus and rosettes is affected by the and rosettes is affected by the and rosettes is affected by the combination of color and relief here too combination of color and relief here too combination of color and relief here too there was a throne room there was a throne room there was a throne room a remarkable pillared Hall more than 12 a remarkable pillared Hall more than 12 a remarkable pillared Hall more than 12 yards long resembling in its arrangement yards long resembling in its arrangement yards long resembling in its arrangement the Roman Basilica or law Court the

the Roman Basilica or law Court the the Roman Basilica or law Court the rebuilding of the palace of face to rebuilding of the palace of face to rebuilding of the palace of face to spell perhaps in the 16th century like spell perhaps in the 16th century like spell perhaps in the 16th century like that of kenosis it was unfortified and that of kenosis it was unfortified and that of kenosis it was unfortified and it was built on a very similar plan and it was built on a very similar plan and it was built on a very similar plan and in the same fashion of architecture here in the same fashion of architecture here in the same fashion of architecture here too there was a large court in the too there was a large court in the too there was a large court in the center surrounded by pillared reception center surrounded by pillared reception center surrounded by pillared reception halls and storerooms and a smaller court halls and storerooms and a smaller court halls and storerooms and a smaller court in the west of the building the in the west of the building the in the west of the building the residence of faces was distinguished by residence of faces was distinguished by residence of faces was distinguished by an imposing entrance with a flight of 12 an imposing entrance with a flight of 12 an imposing entrance with a flight of 12 steps 45 feet broad and though it was steps 45 feet broad and though it was steps 45 feet broad and though it was much smaller in extent than the rival much smaller in extent than the rival much smaller in extent than the rival Palace of kenosis and its walls were not Palace of kenosis and its walls were not Palace of kenosis and its walls were not adorned with such rich and various adorned with such rich and various adorned with such rich and various paintings its external appearance seems paintings its external appearance seems paintings its external appearance seems to have been more imposing for it was to have been more imposing for it was to have been more imposing for it was built upon the slope of a hill and Rose built upon the slope of a hill and Rose built upon the slope of a hill and Rose roof above roof on different levels roof above roof on different levels roof above roof on different levels about two miles off at a place now about two miles off at a place now about two miles off at a place now called Hagia triada a well-built house called Hagia triada a well-built house called Hagia triada a well-built house has been found which seems to have has been found which seems to have has been found which seems to have served as a pleasure residence for the served as a pleasure residence for the served as a pleasure residence for the potentates of the neighbouring palace potentates of the neighbouring palace potentates of the neighbouring palace not far from the Palace of Colossus not far from the Palace of Colossus not far from the Palace of Colossus there must have been a populous Town there must have been a populous Town there must have been a populous Town Hall Cretan towns have been excavated in Hall Cretan towns have been excavated in Hall Cretan towns have been excavated in eastern crete and much has been found to eastern crete and much has been found to eastern crete and much has been found to illustrate illustrate illustrate the town life of the common people in the town life of the common people in the town life of the common people in the artisans for instance the house of a the artisans for instance the house of a the artisans for instance the house of a carpenter with all his tools his chisels carpenter with all his tools his chisels carpenter with all his tools his chisels saws halls and nails but of the

saws halls and nails but of the saws halls and nails but of the appearance of a flourishing town such as appearance of a flourishing town such as appearance of a flourishing town such as kenosis must have been we can better kenosis must have been we can better kenosis must have been we can better gain an idea from the facades of private gain an idea from the facades of private gain an idea from the facades of private houses which are represented on mosaic houses which are represented on mosaic houses which are represented on mosaic plaques of porcelain discovered in the plaques of porcelain discovered in the plaques of porcelain discovered in the palace the houses were of several palace the houses were of several palace the houses were of several stories some had two doors others one stories some had two doors others one stories some had two doors others one the windows above might have four or six the windows above might have four or six the windows above might have four or six panes and there seemed to be Unwin dode panes and there seemed to be Unwin dode panes and there seemed to be Unwin dode openings in the upper storeys which openings in the upper storeys which openings in the upper storeys which might serve the purposes of balconies might serve the purposes of balconies might serve the purposes of balconies these Cretan houses show considerable these Cretan houses show considerable these Cretan houses show considerable likeness to contemporary houses in Egypt likeness to contemporary houses in Egypt likeness to contemporary houses in Egypt there seems to be no evidence that there there seems to be no evidence that there there seems to be no evidence that there were public temples in Crete at this were public temples in Crete at this were public temples in Crete at this period there were sanctuaries in the period there were sanctuaries in the period there were sanctuaries in the palaces and perhaps the Cretans palaces and perhaps the Cretans palaces and perhaps the Cretans generally performed their religious generally performed their religious generally performed their religious duties in domestic shrines the chief duties in domestic shrines the chief duties in domestic shrines the chief divinity whom they worshiped was a divinity whom they worshiped was a divinity whom they worshiped was a nature goddess the goddess whom the nature goddess the goddess whom the nature goddess the goddess whom the greeks called Raya and this indeed may greeks called Raya and this indeed may greeks called Raya and this indeed may have been her Cretan name scenes of have been her Cretan name scenes of have been her Cretan name scenes of worship were frequently depicted in art worship were frequently depicted in art worship were frequently depicted in art the goddess is represented sometimes the goddess is represented sometimes the goddess is represented sometimes guarded by lions sometimes associated guarded by lions sometimes associated guarded by lions sometimes associated with doves who were symbolic of the with doves who were symbolic of the with doves who were symbolic of the descent of a deity she was served by descent of a deity she was served by descent of a deity she was served by priestesses she was closely connected priestesses she was closely connected priestesses she was closely connected with a male divinity whether her consort with a male divinity whether her consort with a male divinity whether her consort or her son who seems to have been or her son who seems to have been or her son who seems to have been subordinate to her in later times of the subordinate to her in later times of the subordinate to her in later times of the Greeks conceived this god as Zeus son of

Greeks conceived this god as Zeus son of Greeks conceived this god as Zeus son of Rhea and nurtured in the Aegean cave Rhea and nurtured in the Aegean cave Rhea and nurtured in the Aegean cave both the goddess and the God were both the goddess and the God were both the goddess and the God were associated with the double acts a fetish associated with the double acts a fetish associated with the double acts a fetish in which the deity was supposed to dwell in which the deity was supposed to dwell in which the deity was supposed to dwell we find the same worship of the double we find the same worship of the double we find the same worship of the double acts in Western Asia Minor among the acts in Western Asia Minor among the acts in Western Asia Minor among the koreans koreans koreans this symbol was so frequently this symbol was so frequently this symbol was so frequently represented on the walls of the represented on the walls of the represented on the walls of the canossian palace that it might almost be canossian palace that it might almost be canossian palace that it might almost be called the palace of the double acts called the palace of the double acts called the palace of the double acts and as the korean name for the double and as the korean name for the double and as the korean name for the double axe was lebra's it has been suggested axe was lebra's it has been suggested axe was lebra's it has been suggested that the palace was known as the that the palace was known as the that the palace was known as the labyrinth us this would explain the labyrinth us this would explain the labyrinth us this would explain the origin of the curious Greek legend that origin of the curious Greek legend that origin of the curious Greek legend that - king of canosa's kept in a labyrinth - king of canosa's kept in a labyrinth - king of canosa's kept in a labyrinth the monstrous Minotaur who devoured the the monstrous Minotaur who devoured the the monstrous Minotaur who devoured the tribute of youths and virgins brought tribute of youths and virgins brought tribute of youths and virgins brought from overseas the intricate plan of the from overseas the intricate plan of the from overseas the intricate plan of the palace might well suggest a maze we have palace might well suggest a maze we have palace might well suggest a maze we have seen that the art of writing was long seen that the art of writing was long seen that the art of writing was long familiar to the cretins in this later familiar to the cretins in this later familiar to the cretins in this later period a new and more advanced system of period a new and more advanced system of period a new and more advanced system of linear signs was in use the kings kept linear signs was in use the kings kept linear signs was in use the kings kept accurate records and accounts hundreds accurate records and accounts hundreds accurate records and accounts hundreds of written documents have been found in of written documents have been found in of written documents have been found in the canossian Palace consisting of small the canossian Palace consisting of small the canossian Palace consisting of small rectangular tablets of clay which were rectangular tablets of clay which were rectangular tablets of clay which were preserved in wooden boxes secured by preserved in wooden boxes secured by preserved in wooden boxes secured by seals as we have no clue to the language seals as we have no clue to the language seals as we have no clue to the language they cannot be read but the numerical they cannot be read but the numerical they cannot be read but the numerical symbols can be identified the arithmetic

symbols can be identified the arithmetic symbols can be identified the arithmetic 'el system was decimal and there were 'el system was decimal and there were 'el system was decimal and there were signs for fractions it has been inferred signs for fractions it has been inferred signs for fractions it has been inferred from the frequent occurrence of numerals from the frequent occurrence of numerals from the frequent occurrence of numerals and from the insertion of figures and from the insertion of figures and from the insertion of figures representing objects that many of the representing objects that many of the representing objects that many of the documents are accounts relating to the documents are accounts relating to the documents are accounts relating to the stores the cretins possessed a system of stores the cretins possessed a system of stores the cretins possessed a system of weights and here they seem to have been weights and here they seem to have been weights and here they seem to have been indebted through whatever intermediate indebted through whatever intermediate indebted through whatever intermediate channel to the kingdom of Babylonia for channel to the kingdom of Babylonia for channel to the kingdom of Babylonia for their standard was derived from what is their standard was derived from what is their standard was derived from what is known as the light Babylonian Talent and known as the light Babylonian Talent and known as the light Babylonian Talent and they had a metal currency pieces of gold they had a metal currency pieces of gold they had a metal currency pieces of gold and silver and bronze ingots have been and silver and bronze ingots have been and silver and bronze ingots have been found which can only have been used for found which can only have been used for found which can only have been used for the purpose of exchange the power and the purpose of exchange the power and the purpose of exchange the power and splendour of the kings of Conesus were splendour of the kings of Conesus were splendour of the kings of Conesus were at their height in the fifteenth century at their height in the fifteenth century at their height in the fifteenth century these Kings were undoubtedly the richest these Kings were undoubtedly the richest these Kings were undoubtedly the richest and most powerful in crete and it is not and most powerful in crete and it is not and most powerful in crete and it is not improbable that they now exercised over improbable that they now exercised over improbable that they now exercised over lordship over the rulers of faced us and lordship over the rulers of faced us and lordship over the rulers of faced us and over the other towns of the island in over the other towns of the island in over the other towns of the island in many of which striking remains of Aegean many of which striking remains of Aegean many of which striking remains of Aegean civilization civilization civilization have been unearthed their fleets have been unearthed their fleets have been unearthed their fleets controlled the Aegean Sea they dominated controlled the Aegean Sea they dominated controlled the Aegean Sea they dominated the islands and their civilization the islands and their civilization the islands and their civilization spread as we shall see to the mainland spread as we shall see to the mainland spread as we shall see to the mainland of Greece but Cretan influence radiated of Greece but Cretan influence radiated of Greece but Cretan influence radiated to more distant shores by trade and even to more distant shores by trade and even to more distant shores by trade and even by colonization the commercial

by colonization the commercial by colonization the commercial intercourse with Egypt which had existed intercourse with Egypt which had existed intercourse with Egypt which had existed from primitive times became probably from primitive times became probably from primitive times became probably more regular and frequent oil and more regular and frequent oil and more regular and frequent oil and pottery were exported to the lands of pottery were exported to the lands of pottery were exported to the lands of the Nile the kings of the country of the the Nile the kings of the country of the the Nile the kings of the country of the keffe to you and the isles of the great keffe to you and the isles of the great keffe to you and the isles of the great sea brought offerings to the great sea brought offerings to the great sea brought offerings to the great monarchs of the 18th dynasty and the monarchs of the 18th dynasty and the monarchs of the 18th dynasty and the influence of Egypt can be traced in the influence of Egypt can be traced in the influence of Egypt can be traced in the Cretan culture of the time the Cretan culture of the time the Cretan culture of the time the Philistines who settled in southern Philistines who settled in southern Philistines who settled in southern Palestine are now supposed to have been Palestine are now supposed to have been Palestine are now supposed to have been colonists from Crete and remains found colonists from Crete and remains found colonists from Crete and remains found in Sicily and Spain testify that the in Sicily and Spain testify that the in Sicily and Spain testify that the island of - sent products and offshoots island of - sent products and offshoots island of - sent products and offshoots of its civilization far to the west the of its civilization far to the west the of its civilization far to the west the later Greeks associated the Cretan later Greeks associated the Cretan later Greeks associated the Cretan supremacy in the Aegean with the name of supremacy in the Aegean with the name of supremacy in the Aegean with the name of the Great Sea Lord - the most ancient the Great Sea Lord - the most ancient the Great Sea Lord - the most ancient tradition seems to have known two kings tradition seems to have known two kings tradition seems to have known two kings of this name of whom one reigned towards of this name of whom one reigned towards of this name of whom one reigned towards the end of the 15th century and the the end of the 15th century and the the end of the 15th century and the other about 200 years later the earlier other about 200 years later the earlier other about 200 years later the earlier was confused and blended with the later was confused and blended with the later was confused and blended with the later figure and in consequence of this figure and in consequence of this figure and in consequence of this confusion the false belief arose that confusion the false belief arose that confusion the false belief arose that the Cretan thala sokrati was at its the Cretan thala sokrati was at its the Cretan thala sokrati was at its height towards the close of the 13th height towards the close of the 13th height towards the close of the 13th century end of chapter 1 part 2

chapter one part three of a history of chapter one part three of a history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Greece to the death of Alexander the Greece to the death of Alexander the Great Great Great vol 1 this is a librivox recording all vol 1 this is a librivox recording all vol 1 this is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to domain for more information or to domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by leon mayer a history of recording by leon mayer a history of recording by leon mayer a history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Greece to the death of Alexander the Greece to the death of Alexander the Great Great Great vol 1 by John Bagnall bari chapter 1 vol 1 by John Bagnall bari chapter 1 vol 1 by John Bagnall bari chapter 1 part 3 Mycenaean civilization 1600 to part 3 Mycenaean civilization 1600 to part 3 Mycenaean civilization 1600 to 1100 BC the rise of a civilization on 1100 BC the rise of a civilization on 1100 BC the rise of a civilization on greek soil very similar to Cretan and greek soil very similar to Cretan and greek soil very similar to Cretan and undoubtedly under Cretan influence began undoubtedly under Cretan influence began undoubtedly under Cretan influence began probably in the 16th century and lasted probably in the 16th century and lasted probably in the 16th century and lasted till the end of the 12th its records or till the end of the 12th its records or till the end of the 12th its records or monuments of stone which have remained monuments of stone which have remained monuments of stone which have remained for more than 3000 years about the face for more than 3000 years about the face for more than 3000 years about the face of the earth or have been brought to of the earth or have been brought to of the earth or have been brought to light by the Spade and the objects of light by the Spade and the objects of light by the Spade and the objects of daily use and luxury which are placed in daily use and luxury which are placed in daily use and luxury which are placed in the houses of the Dead and have been the houses of the Dead and have been the houses of the Dead and have been unearthed chiefly in our days by the unearthed chiefly in our days by the unearthed chiefly in our days by the curiosity of Europeans seeking the curiosity of Europeans seeking the curiosity of Europeans seeking the origins of their own civilization and origins of their own civilization and origins of their own civilization and for the later stage of this period we for the later stage of this period we for the later stage of this period we have the Homeric poems the most numerous have the Homeric poems the most numerous have the Homeric poems the most numerous and significant records have been found and significant records have been found and significant records have been found in the east at the Peloponnesus and the in the east at the Peloponnesus and the in the east at the Peloponnesus and the plain of Argos and Mycenae which keeps plain of Argos and Mycenae which keeps plain of Argos and Mycenae which keeps guard in the mountains at the northern guard in the mountains at the northern guard in the mountains at the northern end of the plain and tyrants it slowly end of the plain and tyrants it slowly end of the plain and tyrants it slowly or fellow close to the sea the richest

or fellow close to the sea the richest or fellow close to the sea the richest and strongest city on the coast of the and strongest city on the coast of the and strongest city on the coast of the Aegean seems for a long time to have Aegean seems for a long time to have Aegean seems for a long time to have been Mycenae the memory of its wealth been Mycenae the memory of its wealth been Mycenae the memory of its wealth survived in the epithet golden which survived in the epithet golden which survived in the epithet golden which distinguishes it in the Homeric poems distinguishes it in the Homeric poems distinguishes it in the Homeric poems for want of an exact term the whole for want of an exact term the whole for want of an exact term the whole civilization to which my Sini's civilization to which my Sini's civilization to which my Sini's greatness belongs has been called greatness belongs has been called greatness belongs has been called Mycenaean tyrants was the older of the Mycenaean tyrants was the older of the Mycenaean tyrants was the older of the two fortresses and had played its part two fortresses and had played its part two fortresses and had played its part in the earlier epoch before the Aegean in the earlier epoch before the Aegean in the earlier epoch before the Aegean people's had yet emerged from the Stone people's had yet emerged from the Stone people's had yet emerged from the Stone Age it stands on a long low rock about a Age it stands on a long low rock about a Age it stands on a long low rock about a mile and a half from the sea and a land mile and a half from the sea and a land mile and a half from the sea and a land around it was once a mark around it was once a mark around it was once a mark from north to south the hill rises in from north to south the hill rises in from north to south the hill rises in height and was shaped by man's hand into height and was shaped by man's hand into height and was shaped by man's hand into three platforms of which the southern three platforms of which the southern three platforms of which the southern and highest was occupied by the palace and highest was occupied by the palace and highest was occupied by the palace of the king but the whole acropolis was of the king but the whole acropolis was of the king but the whole acropolis was strongly wall drowned by a structure of strongly wall drowned by a structure of strongly wall drowned by a structure of massive stones laid in regular layers massive stones laid in regular layers massive stones laid in regular layers but rudely dressed the crevices being but rudely dressed the crevices being but rudely dressed the crevices being filled with a mortar of clay this filled with a mortar of clay this filled with a mortar of clay this fashion of building has been called fashion of building has been called fashion of building has been called cyclopean from the legend that Mason's cyclopean from the legend that Mason's cyclopean from the legend that Mason's called Cyclopes were invited from lytia called Cyclopes were invited from lytia called Cyclopes were invited from lytia to build the walls of tyrants the main to build the walls of tyrants the main to build the walls of tyrants the main gate of entrance on the east side was gate of entrance on the east side was gate of entrance on the east side was approached by a passage between the approached by a passage between the approached by a passage between the outer wall of the fortress in the wall outer wall of the fortress in the wall outer wall of the fortress in the wall of the palace in the right unshielded of the palace in the right unshielded of the palace in the right unshielded side of an enemy advancing to the gate side of an enemy advancing to the gate side of an enemy advancing to the gate was exposed to the defenders on the was exposed to the defenders on the was exposed to the defenders on the castle wall on the west side there was a castle wall on the west side there was a castle wall on the west side there was a post turn from which a long flight of post turn from which a long flight of post turn from which a long flight of stone steps led up to the back part of

stone steps led up to the back part of stone steps led up to the back part of the palace but one curious feature in the palace but one curious feature in the palace but one curious feature in the castle of tyrants sets it apart from the castle of tyrants sets it apart from the castle of tyrants sets it apart from all the other ancient fortresses of all the other ancient fortresses of all the other ancient fortresses of Greece on the south side the wall Greece on the south side the wall Greece on the south side the wall deepens for the purpose of containing deepens for the purpose of containing deepens for the purpose of containing store chambers the doors of which open store chambers the doors of which open store chambers the doors of which open out upon covered galleries also built out upon covered galleries also built out upon covered galleries also built inside the wall and furnished with inside the wall and furnished with inside the wall and furnished with windows looking outward the stronghold windows looking outward the stronghold windows looking outward the stronghold of Mycenae about twelve miles inland at of Mycenae about twelve miles inland at of Mycenae about twelve miles inland at the northeastern end of the RAI plane the northeastern end of the RAI plane the northeastern end of the RAI plane was built on a hill which rises to 900 was built on a hill which rises to 900 was built on a hill which rises to 900 feet above the sea level and a mountain feet above the sea level and a mountain feet above the sea level and a mountain glen the shape of the citadel is a glen the shape of the citadel is a glen the shape of the citadel is a triangle and the greater part of the triangle and the greater part of the triangle and the greater part of the wall is built in the same cycle peein wall is built in the same cycle peein wall is built in the same cycle peein style as the wall of tyrants but of style as the wall of tyrants but of style as the wall of tyrants but of smaller stones another fashion of smaller stones another fashion of smaller stones another fashion of architecture however also occurs and architecture however also occurs and architecture however also occurs and points to a later date than tyrants the points to a later date than tyrants the points to a later date than tyrants the gates and some of the towers are built gates and some of the towers are built gates and some of the towers are built of even layers of stone carefully hewn of even layers of stone carefully hewn of even layers of stone carefully hewn into rectangular shape no store rooms or into rectangular shape no store rooms or into rectangular shape no store rooms or galleries like those of tyrants have galleries like those of tyrants have galleries like those of tyrants have been found at Mycenae but on the been found at Mycenae but on the been found at Mycenae but on the northeast side a vaulted stone passage northeast side a vaulted stone passage northeast side a vaulted stone passage in the wall led by a downward in the wall led by a downward in the wall led by a downward subterranean path to the foot of the subterranean path to the foot of the subterranean path to the foot of the hill where a cistern was supplied from a hill where a cistern was supplied from a hill where a cistern was supplied from a perennial spring outside the walls thus perennial spring outside the walls thus perennial spring outside the walls thus the garrison was furnished with water in the garrison was furnished with water in the garrison was furnished with water in case of a siege case of a siege case of a siege Mycenae had two gates the chief was on Mycenae had two gates the chief was on Mycenae had two gates the chief was on the west ensconced in a corner of the the west ensconced in a corner of the the west ensconced in a corner of the wall which at this point running in wall which at this point running in wall which at this point running in southeastward then turned outward due southeastward then turned outward due southeastward then turned outward due west and thus enclosed and commanded the

west and thus enclosed and commanded the west and thus enclosed and commanded the approach to the gate the lintel of the approach to the gate the lintel of the approach to the gate the lintel of the doorway is formed by one huge square doorway is formed by one huge square doorway is formed by one huge square block of stone and the weight of the block of stone and the weight of the block of stone and the weight of the wall resting on it is lightened by the wall resting on it is lightened by the wall resting on it is lightened by the device of leaving a triangular space device of leaving a triangular space device of leaving a triangular space this opening is filled by a sculptured this opening is filled by a sculptured this opening is filled by a sculptured stone relief representing two lionesses stone relief representing two lionesses stone relief representing two lionesses standing opposite each other on either standing opposite each other on either standing opposite each other on either side of a pillar on whose pedestal their side of a pillar on whose pedestal their side of a pillar on whose pedestal their forepaws rest they are as it were forepaws rest they are as it were forepaws rest they are as it were watchers who ward the castle and from watchers who ward the castle and from watchers who ward the castle and from them the gate is known as the lion gate them the gate is known as the lion gate them the gate is known as the lion gate the ruins on the hill of tyrants enable the ruins on the hill of tyrants enable the ruins on the hill of tyrants enable us to trace the plan of the palace of us to trace the plan of the palace of us to trace the plan of the palace of its kings one chief principle of the its kings one chief principle of the its kings one chief principle of the construction of the palaces of this age construction of the palaces of this age construction of the palaces of this age seems to have been the separation of the seems to have been the separation of the seems to have been the separation of the dwelling house of the women from that of dwelling house of the women from that of dwelling house of the women from that of the men a principle which continued to the men a principle which continued to the men a principle which continued to prevail in greek domestic architecture prevail in greek domestic architecture prevail in greek domestic architecture in historical times but the striking in historical times but the striking in historical times but the striking characteristic of tyrants is that while characteristic of tyrants is that while characteristic of tyrants is that while the halls of the king and the halls of the halls of the king and the halls of the halls of the king and the halls of the queen are built side by side in the the queen are built side by side in the the queen are built side by side in the center of the palace there is no direct center of the palace there is no direct center of the palace there is no direct communication between them and they have communication between them and they have communication between them and they have different approaches the halls of king different approaches the halls of king different approaches the halls of king and queen alike are built on the same and queen alike are built on the same and queen alike are built on the same general plan as the palace in the old general plan as the palace in the old general plan as the palace in the old brick city on the hill of Troy and the brick city on the hill of Troy and the brick city on the hill of Troy and the palaces which are described in the poems palaces which are described in the poems palaces which are described in the poems of Homer an altar stood in the men's of Homer an altar stood in the men's of Homer an altar stood in the men's courtyard which was enclosed by pillared courtyard which was enclosed by pillared courtyard which was enclosed by pillared portico portico portico the portico which faced the gate being the portico which faced the gate being the portico which faced the gate being the vestibule of the house double leaf the vestibule of the house double leaf the vestibule of the house double leaf doors open from the vestibule into a doors open from the vestibule into a doors open from the vestibule into a preliminary hall from which one passed

preliminary hall from which one passed preliminary hall from which one passed through a curtain doorway over a great through a curtain doorway over a great through a curtain doorway over a great stone threshold into the men's Hall in stone threshold into the men's Hall in stone threshold into the men's Hall in the midst of it was the round hearth the the midst of it was the round hearth the the midst of it was the round hearth the center of the house encircled by four center of the house encircled by four center of the house encircled by four wooden pillars which supported the flat wooden pillars which supported the flat wooden pillars which supported the flat roof the palace of Mycenae crowned the roof the palace of Mycenae crowned the roof the palace of Mycenae crowned the highest part of the hill and its plan highest part of the hill and its plan highest part of the hill and its plan though it cannot be traced so clearly or though it cannot be traced so clearly or though it cannot be traced so clearly or fully was in general conception and in fully was in general conception and in fully was in general conception and in many details alike the hearth of which many details alike the hearth of which many details alike the hearth of which part remains was ornamented by spiral part remains was ornamented by spiral part remains was ornamented by spiral triangular patterns and red blue and triangular patterns and red blue and triangular patterns and red blue and white the floors of the covered rooms white the floors of the covered rooms white the floors of the covered rooms were made of fine cement and in the open were made of fine cement and in the open were made of fine cement and in the open quartz the cement was hardened by small quartz the cement was hardened by small quartz the cement was hardened by small pebbles sometimes the floors are pebbles sometimes the floors are pebbles sometimes the floors are brightened with colored patterns it was brightened with colored patterns it was brightened with colored patterns it was customary to embellish the walls my customary to embellish the walls my customary to embellish the walls my Inlet sculptured freezes in by paintings Inlet sculptured freezes in by paintings Inlet sculptured freezes in by paintings a brilliant alabaster freeze inset with a brilliant alabaster freeze inset with a brilliant alabaster freeze inset with scientists or paste of blue glass scientists or paste of blue glass scientists or paste of blue glass decorated the vestibule of the hall at decorated the vestibule of the hall at decorated the vestibule of the hall at tyrants and the men's halls in both tyrants and the men's halls in both tyrants and the men's halls in both palaces were adorned with mural pictures palaces were adorned with mural pictures palaces were adorned with mural pictures the design and structure of these the design and structure of these the design and structure of these palaces differ in some notable respects palaces differ in some notable respects palaces differ in some notable respects from those of Crete they were protected from those of Crete they were protected from those of Crete they were protected by strong exterior walls while gnosis by strong exterior walls while gnosis by strong exterior walls while gnosis and feast days had no such and feast days had no such and feast days had no such fortifications in the milder climate of fortifications in the milder climate of fortifications in the milder climate of Crete portable brazzers were sufficient Crete portable brazzers were sufficient Crete portable brazzers were sufficient for heating the rooms and the architects for heating the rooms and the architects for heating the rooms and the architects could plan their houses without having could plan their houses without having could plan their houses without having to make holes in the roof or smoke to to make holes in the roof or smoke to to make holes in the roof or smoke to escape whereas the severe weather of escape whereas the severe weather of escape whereas the severe weather of Greece rendered a fixed hearth necessary

Greece rendered a fixed hearth necessary Greece rendered a fixed hearth necessary in the center of the chief hall with a in the center of the chief hall with a in the center of the chief hall with a vent above for the smoke this hall with vent above for the smoke this hall with vent above for the smoke this hall with its pillared portico became the most its pillared portico became the most its pillared portico became the most important part of the palace and it was important part of the palace and it was important part of the palace and it was lit from above the light Wells lit from above the light Wells lit from above the light Wells characteristic of gnosis and feast as' characteristic of gnosis and feast as' characteristic of gnosis and feast as' were not used in the castles of the were not used in the castles of the were not used in the castles of the mainland besides their castle and Palace mainland besides their castle and Palace mainland besides their castle and Palace the burying places of the kings of the burying places of the kings of the burying places of the kings of Mycenae are their most striking Mycenae are their most striking Mycenae are their most striking memorials the men with whom we are now memorials the men with whom we are now memorials the men with whom we are now dealing bestowed their dead and tombs dealing bestowed their dead and tombs dealing bestowed their dead and tombs there is no trace of the practice of there is no trace of the practice of there is no trace of the practice of burning corpses at one time the Lords of burning corpses at one time the Lords of burning corpses at one time the Lords of the Citadel and their families were the Citadel and their families were the Citadel and their families were buried on the Castle Hill close to the buried on the Castle Hill close to the buried on the Castle Hill close to the western wall south of the lion gate the western wall south of the lion gate the western wall south of the lion gate the royal burial circle has been discovered royal burial circle has been discovered royal burial circle has been discovered within which six tombs cut vertically within which six tombs cut vertically within which six tombs cut vertically into the rock had remained untouched by into the rock had remained untouched by into the rock had remained untouched by the hand of man since the last corpses the hand of man since the last corpses the hand of man since the last corpses were placed in them weapons were buried were placed in them weapons were buried were placed in them weapons were buried with the men some of whose faces were with the men some of whose faces were with the men some of whose faces were covered with gold masks the heads of the covered with gold masks the heads of the covered with gold masks the heads of the women were decked with gold diadem's women were decked with gold diadem's women were decked with gold diadem's rich ornaments and things of household rich ornaments and things of household rich ornaments and things of household views were placed beside them there was views were placed beside them there was views were placed beside them there was a steely or sepulchral stone over each a steely or sepulchral stone over each a steely or sepulchral stone over each tomb in some of these tomb in some of these tomb in some of these abs are sculptured but a day came when abs are sculptured but a day came when abs are sculptured but a day came when this simple kind of grave was no longer this simple kind of grave was no longer this simple kind of grave was no longer royal enough for the rich princes of royal enough for the rich princes of royal enough for the rich princes of Mycenae and they sought more imposing Mycenae and they sought more imposing Mycenae and they sought more imposing resting places or else's some believed resting places or else's some believed resting places or else's some believed they were overthrown by lords of another they were overthrown by lords of another they were overthrown by lords of another race who brought with them a new fashion

race who brought with them a new fashion race who brought with them a new fashion of sepulchre 9 supple cruel domes hewn of sepulchre 9 supple cruel domes hewn of sepulchre 9 supple cruel domes hewn in the opposite hillside had been found in the opposite hillside had been found in the opposite hillside had been found not far from the Acropolis the largest not far from the Acropolis the largest not far from the Acropolis the largest of them is generally known as the of them is generally known as the of them is generally known as the treasury of atreus a name which arose treasury of atreus a name which arose treasury of atreus a name which arose from a false idea as to its purpose from a false idea as to its purpose from a false idea as to its purpose these tombs which are found as we shall these tombs which are found as we shall these tombs which are found as we shall see in other places in Greece consists see in other places in Greece consists see in other places in Greece consists of three parts the passage of approach of three parts the passage of approach of three parts the passage of approach the portal in the dome a stone causeway the portal in the dome a stone causeway the portal in the dome a stone causeway leads up to the portal which admits into leads up to the portal which admits into leads up to the portal which admits into a round vaulted chamber built into the a round vaulted chamber built into the a round vaulted chamber built into the hallowed slope of a hill and in some hallowed slope of a hill and in some hallowed slope of a hill and in some tombs but this is exceptional there is tombs but this is exceptional there is tombs but this is exceptional there is also a square side chamber the portal of also a square side chamber the portal of also a square side chamber the portal of the treasury of atreus had a striking the treasury of atreus had a striking the treasury of atreus had a striking facade being clad with slabs of colored facade being clad with slabs of colored facade being clad with slabs of colored marble and framed by dark grey alabaster marble and framed by dark grey alabaster marble and framed by dark grey alabaster pillars with zigzag and spiral patterns pillars with zigzag and spiral patterns pillars with zigzag and spiral patterns and carved capitals the two massive and carved capitals the two massive and carved capitals the two massive lintel stones were relieved by the same lintel stones were relieved by the same lintel stones were relieved by the same device which was adopted in the device which was adopted in the device which was adopted in the architecture of the lion gate and the architecture of the lion gate and the architecture of the lion gate and the triangle was filled by red porphyry the triangle was filled by red porphyry the triangle was filled by red porphyry the vaulted room of beehive shape is formed vaulted room of beehive shape is formed vaulted room of beehive shape is formed by rings of well joined and well by rings of well joined and well by rings of well joined and well chiseled stones which grow narrower as chiseled stones which grow narrower as chiseled stones which grow narrower as they rise and a roof stone the walls they rise and a roof stone the walls they rise and a roof stone the walls were adorned with bronze rosettes were adorned with bronze rosettes were adorned with bronze rosettes arranged in some pattern a door similar arranged in some pattern a door similar arranged in some pattern a door similar to that of the portal and framed with to that of the portal and framed with to that of the portal and framed with pillars admits to the side chamber which pillars admits to the side chamber which pillars admits to the side chamber which is hewn into the rock its walls were is hewn into the rock its walls were is hewn into the rock its walls were decorated with sculptured alabaster decorated with sculptured alabaster decorated with sculptured alabaster plates the doorway of another tomb was

plates the doorway of another tomb was plates the doorway of another tomb was framed by two alabaster columns fluted framed by two alabaster columns fluted framed by two alabaster columns fluted like the columns of a Doric temple but like the columns of a Doric temple but like the columns of a Doric temple but besides the stately burying places of besides the stately burying places of besides the stately burying places of the kings the humbler tunes of the the kings the humbler tunes of the the kings the humbler tunes of the people have been discovered the town of people have been discovered the town of people have been discovered the town of Mycenae below the Citadel consisted of a Mycenae below the Citadel consisted of a Mycenae below the Citadel consisted of a group of villages each of which group of villages each of which group of villages each of which preserved its separate identity each had preserved its separate identity each had preserved its separate identity each had its own burying ground its own burying ground its own burying ground thus Mycenae and probably other towns of thus Mycenae and probably other towns of thus Mycenae and probably other towns of the age represented an intermediate the age represented an intermediate the age represented an intermediate stage between the village in the city a stage between the village in the city a stage between the village in the city a number of little communities gathered number of little communities gathered number of little communities gathered together in one place and dominated by a together in one place and dominated by a together in one place and dominated by a fortress the tombs in these village fortress the tombs in these village fortress the tombs in these village burying grounds resemble and plan the burying grounds resemble and plan the burying grounds resemble and plan the Royal vaults they're square chambers cut Royal vaults they're square chambers cut Royal vaults they're square chambers cut into the rock they are approached by a into the rock they are approached by a into the rock they are approached by a passage which leads up to a doorway the passage which leads up to a doorway the passage which leads up to a doorway the difference is that they are not round difference is that they are not round difference is that they are not round and have gabled roofs some of the things and have gabled roofs some of the things and have gabled roofs some of the things found in these sepulchre x' indicate found in these sepulchre x' indicate found in these sepulchre x' indicate that most of them are a later date than that most of them are a later date than that most of them are a later date than the royal tombs of the Citadel and the royal tombs of the Citadel and the royal tombs of the Citadel and contemporary with the vaulted Tunes contemporary with the vaulted Tunes contemporary with the vaulted Tunes below we have seen how in the Royal below we have seen how in the Royal below we have seen how in the Royal graves on the Castle Hill treasures of graves on the Castle Hill treasures of graves on the Castle Hill treasures of gold long hidden from the light of day gold long hidden from the light of day gold long hidden from the light of day revealed the wealth of the Mycenaean revealed the wealth of the Mycenaean revealed the wealth of the Mycenaean Kingdom treasures would perhaps have Kingdom treasures would perhaps have Kingdom treasures would perhaps have been found also in some of the great been found also in some of the great been found also in some of the great vaulted tombs if they had not been vaulted tombs if they had not been vaulted tombs if they had not been rifled by plunderers and subsequent ages rifled by plunderers and subsequent ages rifled by plunderers and subsequent ages but for us the works of the Potter and but for us the works of the Potter and but for us the works of the Potter and the implements of war and peace the implements of war and peace the implements of war and peace fashioned by the bronze meds are of more fashioned by the bronze meds are of more fashioned by the bronze meds are of more value than the golden ornaments for value than the golden ornaments for value than the golden ornaments for studying this early civilization and

studying this early civilization and studying this early civilization and things of daily use have been found in a things of daily use have been found in a things of daily use have been found in a lowly or rock tombs as well as in the lowly or rock tombs as well as in the lowly or rock tombs as well as in the royal sepulchre zuv Hill or plain from royal sepulchre zuv Hill or plain from royal sepulchre zuv Hill or plain from the implements which the people used and the implements which the people used and the implements which the people used and also from the representations which also from the representations which also from the representations which artists wrought we can win a rough artists wrought we can win a rough artists wrought we can win a rough picture of their dress Armour and picture of their dress Armour and picture of their dress Armour and ornaments and form an idea of their ornaments and form an idea of their ornaments and form an idea of their capacity and art their civilization capacity and art their civilization capacity and art their civilization belonged to the age of bronze and copper belonged to the age of bronze and copper belonged to the age of bronze and copper even in its later period iron was still even in its later period iron was still even in its later period iron was still so rare and costly that it was only used so rare and costly that it was only used so rare and costly that it was only used for ornaments rings for instance and for ornaments rings for instance and for ornaments rings for instance and possibly for money and in its earlier possibly for money and in its earlier possibly for money and in its earlier period the Stone Age had not quite been period the Stone Age had not quite been period the Stone Age had not quite been forgotten obsidian was still employed forgotten obsidian was still employed forgotten obsidian was still employed for the heads of arrows but in general for the heads of arrows but in general for the heads of arrows but in general bronze was used in Greece for all bronze was used in Greece for all bronze was used in Greece for all implements throughout this age the arms implements throughout this age the arms implements throughout this age the arms with which the men of Mycenae attacked with which the men of Mycenae attacked with which the men of Mycenae attacked their foes were sword spear and though their foes were sword spear and though their foes were sword spear and though their defensive armor consisted of huge their defensive armor consisted of huge their defensive armor consisted of huge helmets probably made of leather shields helmets probably made of leather shields helmets probably made of leather shields of oxide reaching from the neck almost of oxide reaching from the neck almost of oxide reaching from the neck almost to the feet complete towers of to the feet complete towers of to the feet complete towers of but so clumsy that it was the chief part but so clumsy that it was the chief part but so clumsy that it was the chief part of a military education to manage them of a military education to manage them of a military education to manage them the princess went forth to war and to the princess went forth to war and to the princess went forth to war and to horse war chariots which consisted of horse war chariots which consisted of horse war chariots which consisted of aboard to stand on in a breastwork of aboard to stand on in a breastwork of aboard to stand on in a breastwork of wicker the fragment of a silver vessel wicker the fragment of a silver vessel wicker the fragment of a silver vessel found in one of the rock tombs of found in one of the rock tombs of found in one of the rock tombs of Mycenae shows us a scene of battle in Mycenae shows us a scene of battle in Mycenae shows us a scene of battle in front of the walls of a mountain city front of the walls of a mountain city front of the walls of a mountain city from whose battlements women watching from whose battlements women watching from whose battlements women watching the fight are waving their hands round

the fight are waving their hands round the fight are waving their hands round shields came into use later among the shields came into use later among the shields came into use later among the pottery discovered at Mycenae there was pottery discovered at Mycenae there was pottery discovered at Mycenae there was a large jar on one side of which we see a large jar on one side of which we see a large jar on one side of which we see a woman looking after six warriors with a woman looking after six warriors with a woman looking after six warriors with round shields marching forth to battle round shields marching forth to battle round shields marching forth to battle armed from head to foot and on the other armed from head to foot and on the other armed from head to foot and on the other less clearly men engaged in battle black less clearly men engaged in battle black less clearly men engaged in battle black brown figures on a yellow ground on gems brown figures on a yellow ground on gems brown figures on a yellow ground on gems and seal stones we also find and seal stones we also find and seal stones we also find representations of armed men one of the representations of armed men one of the representations of armed men one of the most striking pictures of the warriors most striking pictures of the warriors most striking pictures of the warriors of this age is a group of five spearmen of this age is a group of five spearmen of this age is a group of five spearmen with round shields on a painted with round shields on a painted with round shields on a painted gravestone men wore long hair not gravestone men wore long hair not gravestone men wore long hair not however flowing freely but tied or however flowing freely but tied or however flowing freely but tied or plaited in tresses razors have been plaited in tresses razors have been plaited in tresses razors have been found in the tombs but in contrast with found in the tombs but in contrast with found in the tombs but in contrast with the cretins who always shaved they often the cretins who always shaved they often the cretins who always shaved they often let the beard grow it is not certain let the beard grow it is not certain let the beard grow it is not certain that they ever went naked with mere loin that they ever went naked with mere loin that they ever went naked with mere loin aprons like the cretins in later times aprons like the cretins in later times aprons like the cretins in later times they wore a close-fitting tunic and a they wore a close-fitting tunic and a they wore a close-fitting tunic and a cloak fastened by a clasp in highborn cloak fastened by a clasp in highborn cloak fastened by a clasp in highborn Dame's wore tight bodice and wide gown Dame's wore tight bodice and wide gown Dame's wore tight bodice and wide gown skirts frontlets or bands around the skirts frontlets or bands around the skirts frontlets or bands around the brow were a distinction of their attire brow were a distinction of their attire brow were a distinction of their attire and they wore their hair high coiled in and they wore their hair high coiled in and they wore their hair high coiled in rings letting nians fall behind the rings letting nians fall behind the rings letting nians fall behind the ornaments which had been found in the ornaments which had been found in the ornaments which had been found in the royal tombs show that the Queen's of royal tombs show that the Queen's of royal tombs show that the Queen's of Mycenae appeared in glittering gold Mycenae appeared in glittering gold Mycenae appeared in glittering gold array the Mycenaean pottery has given a array the Mycenaean pottery has given a array the Mycenaean pottery has given a clue for fixing the earlier and later clue for fixing the earlier and later clue for fixing the earlier and later epochs of the civilization which epochs of the civilization which epochs of the civilization which produced it and enables us to say that

produced it and enables us to say that produced it and enables us to say that for instance the vaulted Sepulcher of for instance the vaulted Sepulcher of for instance the vaulted Sepulcher of the plain were subsequent to the shaft the plain were subsequent to the shaft the plain were subsequent to the shaft Sepulcher zhan the Castle Hill of Sepulcher zhan the Castle Hill of Sepulcher zhan the Castle Hill of Mycenae Mycenae Mycenae the painted vessels of the second the painted vessels of the second the painted vessels of the second millennium fall into two general classes millennium fall into two general classes millennium fall into two general classes unglazed and glazed the unglazed unglazed and glazed the unglazed unglazed and glazed the unglazed ornamented chiefly with lines and ornamented chiefly with lines and ornamented chiefly with lines and spirals were older and when the glazed spirals were older and when the glazed spirals were older and when the glazed style attained its perfection style attained its perfection style attained its perfection went almost entirely out of use in the went almost entirely out of use in the went almost entirely out of use in the varnished jars the development of the varnished jars the development of the varnished jars the development of the handicraft from the cruder work of the handicraft from the cruder work of the handicraft from the cruder work of the earlier Potter's can be traced through earlier Potter's can be traced through earlier Potter's can be traced through the best period into an age of decadence the best period into an age of decadence the best period into an age of decadence when the Mycenaean comes into when the Mycenaean comes into when the Mycenaean comes into competition with other and newer styles competition with other and newer styles competition with other and newer styles the color of these vessels in the best the color of these vessels in the best the color of these vessels in the best age is warm varying from yellow to dark age is warm varying from yellow to dark age is warm varying from yellow to dark brown and sometimes burnt into a rich brown and sometimes burnt into a rich brown and sometimes burnt into a rich deep red a new impulsive decoration has deep red a new impulsive decoration has deep red a new impulsive decoration has come upon the Potters the ornaments are come upon the Potters the ornaments are come upon the Potters the ornaments are no longer lines and spirals but no longer lines and spirals but no longer lines and spirals but vegetables and animals especially of the vegetables and animals especially of the vegetables and animals especially of the sea Kingdom fishes poly pod seaweeds on sea Kingdom fishes poly pod seaweeds on sea Kingdom fishes poly pod seaweeds on the other hand sphinxes Griffin's lotus the other hand sphinxes Griffin's lotus the other hand sphinxes Griffin's lotus flowers and other oriental and Egyptian flowers and other oriental and Egyptian flowers and other oriental and Egyptian subjects though common elsewhere and subjects though common elsewhere and subjects though common elsewhere and Mycenaean ornaments are hardly ever Mycenaean ornaments are hardly ever Mycenaean ornaments are hardly ever copied by the workers in clay the copied by the workers in clay the copied by the workers in clay the curious false necked jars which have no curious false necked jars which have no curious false necked jars which have no opening above the neck but a spout at opening above the neck but a spout at opening above the neck but a spout at the side are one of the most the side are one of the most the side are one of the most characteristic products of the Potteries characteristic products of the Potteries characteristic products of the Potteries which we call Mycenaean other marks for which we call Mycenaean other marks for which we call Mycenaean other marks for fixing the relative dates of Mycenaean fixing the relative dates of Mycenaean fixing the relative dates of Mycenaean troves are stone tools and iron if for

troves are stone tools and iron if for troves are stone tools and iron if for example we find in one tomb obsidian example we find in one tomb obsidian example we find in one tomb obsidian spearheads and no trace of iron and in spearheads and no trace of iron and in spearheads and no trace of iron and in another no stone implements but iron another no stone implements but iron another no stone implements but iron rings it is a safe inference that the rings it is a safe inference that the rings it is a safe inference that the first is older than the second the first is older than the second the first is older than the second the occurrence of iron is a mark of occurrence of iron is a mark of occurrence of iron is a mark of comparative lateness it is by such marks comparative lateness it is by such marks comparative lateness it is by such marks as these that we are able to say that as these that we are able to say that as these that we are able to say that the kings of the shaft graves reigned the kings of the shaft graves reigned the kings of the shaft graves reigned before the kings who were buried in the before the kings who were buried in the before the kings who were buried in the vaulted tombs and that remains which vaulted tombs and that remains which vaulted tombs and that remains which have been found in the island of Thera have been found in the island of Thera have been found in the island of Thera belonged to the beginning of the belonged to the beginning of the belonged to the beginning of the Mycenaean age the remains that Mycenae Mycenaean age the remains that Mycenae Mycenaean age the remains that Mycenae and tyrants are taken in their entirety and tyrants are taken in their entirety and tyrants are taken in their entirety the most impressive of the memorials of the most impressive of the memorials of the most impressive of the memorials of the civilization of the Greek mainland the civilization of the Greek mainland the civilization of the Greek mainland in the Bronze Age close to Sparta on in the Bronze Age close to Sparta on in the Bronze Age close to Sparta on high ground on the east bank of the high ground on the east bank of the high ground on the east bank of the rotas there was an unwalled stronghold rotas there was an unwalled stronghold rotas there was an unwalled stronghold which which which cherished in a conflagration and in cherished in a conflagration and in cherished in a conflagration and in later times was associated with the name later times was associated with the name later times was associated with the name of King Menelaus and not too far to the of King Menelaus and not too far to the of King Menelaus and not too far to the south at a Mike Lee which was in early south at a Mike Lee which was in early south at a Mike Lee which was in early ages perhaps the most important place in ages perhaps the most important place in ages perhaps the most important place in the laconian Vale there has been the laconian Vale there has been the laconian Vale there has been discovered and lordly tomb which unlike discovered and lordly tomb which unlike discovered and lordly tomb which unlike the treasury of atreus was never invaded the treasury of atreus was never invaded the treasury of atreus was never invaded by robbers in this fault among other by robbers in this fault among other by robbers in this fault among other costly treasures were found the most costly treasures were found the most costly treasures were found the most precious of all the works of Cretan art precious of all the works of Cretan art precious of all the works of Cretan art that have yet been drawn forth from the that have yet been drawn forth from the that have yet been drawn forth from the earth earth earth two golden cups on which a metalworker two golden cups on which a metalworker two golden cups on which a metalworker of matchless skill has wrought vivid of matchless skill has wrought vivid of matchless skill has wrought vivid scenes of the sneering and capturing of scenes of the sneering and capturing of scenes of the sneering and capturing of wild bulls in Attica there are many

wild bulls in Attica there are many wild bulls in Attica there are many relics on the Athenian Acropolis there relics on the Athenian Acropolis there relics on the Athenian Acropolis there are a few stones supposed to belong to a are a few stones supposed to belong to a are a few stones supposed to belong to a palace of great antiquity but we can palace of great antiquity but we can palace of great antiquity but we can look with more certainty on some of the look with more certainty on some of the look with more certainty on some of the ancient foundations of the fortress wall ancient foundations of the fortress wall ancient foundations of the fortress wall this wall was called pelagic or pelagic this wall was called pelagic or pelagic this wall was called pelagic or pelagic by the Athenians and it seemed likely by the Athenians and it seemed likely by the Athenians and it seemed likely that the word preserves the name of the that the word preserves the name of the that the word preserves the name of the ancient inhabitants of the place the ancient inhabitants of the place the ancient inhabitants of the place the Palazzo Palazzo Palazzo but the Palast ian's of Athens were not but the Palast ian's of Athens were not but the Palast ian's of Athens were not the only people of the Athenian plain the only people of the Athenian plain the only people of the Athenian plain towards the north end of this plain a towards the north end of this plain a towards the north end of this plain a vaulted tomb seems to record ancient vaulted tomb seems to record ancient vaulted tomb seems to record ancient princes of a Carney the Lords of Thoris princes of a Carney the Lords of Thoris princes of a Carney the Lords of Thoris had tombs of the same fashion and at a had tombs of the same fashion and at a had tombs of the same fashion and at a lusus there is similar evidence in many lusus there is similar evidence in many lusus there is similar evidence in many other places in Attica graves of this other places in Attica graves of this other places in Attica graves of this period have been found had proceeded a period have been found had proceeded a period have been found had proceeded a number of remarkable rock tombs number of remarkable rock tombs number of remarkable rock tombs resembling those in the lower town of resembling those in the lower town of resembling those in the lower town of Mycenae in BO Hsieh there are some Mycenae in BO Hsieh there are some Mycenae in BO Hsieh there are some striking memorials remains of a palace striking memorials remains of a palace striking memorials remains of a palace with some traces of wall paintings have with some traces of wall paintings have with some traces of wall paintings have been found on CAD Mia the Citadel of been found on CAD Mia the Citadel of been found on CAD Mia the Citadel of historic Thebes on the western shores of historic Thebes on the western shores of historic Thebes on the western shores of the great co-pay ik Marsh a people dwelt the great co-pay ik Marsh a people dwelt the great co-pay ik Marsh a people dwelt whose wealth was proverbial in their whose wealth was proverbial in their whose wealth was proverbial in their city or communists shared with Mycenae city or communists shared with Mycenae city or communists shared with Mycenae the attribute of golden in the Homeric the attribute of golden in the Homeric the attribute of golden in the Homeric poems paintings on the walls of their poems paintings on the walls of their poems paintings on the walls of their palace represented scenes from the palace represented scenes from the palace represented scenes from the sports of the bullring and pillar sports of the bullring and pillar sports of the bullring and pillar shrines which must have been executed by shrines which must have been executed by shrines which must have been executed by artists of the same school as those who artists of the same school as those who artists of the same school as those who wrought at Knossos one of their kings

wrought at Knossos one of their kings wrought at Knossos one of their kings built a great supple vault under built a great supple vault under built a great supple vault under the hill of the Citadel and later the hill of the Citadel and later the hill of the Citadel and later generations took it for a Treasury it generations took it for a Treasury it generations took it for a Treasury it approached though it did not quite approached though it did not quite approached though it did not quite attain to the size of the treasure house attain to the size of the treasure house attain to the size of the treasure house of Atreus itself and it had a second of Atreus itself and it had a second of Atreus itself and it had a second chamber covered by a stone ceiling which chamber covered by a stone ceiling which chamber covered by a stone ceiling which was adorned with a curious design and was adorned with a curious design and was adorned with a curious design and low relief an arrangement of meandering low relief an arrangement of meandering low relief an arrangement of meandering spirals and fan shaped leaves bordered spirals and fan shaped leaves bordered spirals and fan shaped leaves bordered by rosettes producing the effect of a by rosettes producing the effect of a by rosettes producing the effect of a carpet the same design which decked the carpet the same design which decked the carpet the same design which decked the burying place of our communist sandstone burying place of our communist sandstone burying place of our communist sandstone was used by the painters of some Lord of was used by the painters of some Lord of was used by the painters of some Lord of tyrants to adorn the walls of his palace tyrants to adorn the walls of his palace tyrants to adorn the walls of his palace and one is tempted to see both in the and one is tempted to see both in the and one is tempted to see both in the ceiling and in the Sepulcher the work of ceiling and in the Sepulcher the work of ceiling and in the Sepulcher the work of craftsmen from Crete but in any case the craftsmen from Crete but in any case the craftsmen from Crete but in any case the common design of ceiling and painting is common design of ceiling and painting is common design of ceiling and painting is borrowed from Egypt for we find almost borrowed from Egypt for we find almost borrowed from Egypt for we find almost the same design on the ceilings of tombs the same design on the ceilings of tombs the same design on the ceilings of tombs at Egyptian Thebes the Lords of or at Egyptian Thebes the Lords of or at Egyptian Thebes the Lords of or Communists were probably the mightiest Communists were probably the mightiest Communists were probably the mightiest Lords in be OSHA but they had neighbors Lords in be OSHA but they had neighbors Lords in be OSHA but they had neighbors were they rivals or friends and another were they rivals or friends and another were they rivals or friends and another fastness of the co-pay ik marche while fastness of the co-pay ik marche while fastness of the co-pay ik marche while or communist was situated by the western or communist was situated by the western or communist was situated by the western chores this primeval stronghold was chores this primeval stronghold was chores this primeval stronghold was built on a rock rising out of the waters built on a rock rising out of the waters built on a rock rising out of the waters the ruins of the mighty fortress walls the ruins of the mighty fortress walls the ruins of the mighty fortress walls which girded the edge of the rock are which girded the edge of the rock are which girded the edge of the rock are still there and the foundations of the still there and the foundations of the still there and the foundations of the palace of these island princes but the palace of these island princes but the palace of these island princes but the name of the place is unknown to the name of the place is unknown to the name of the place is unknown to the Lords of this nameless castle and to the Lords of this nameless castle and to the Lords of this nameless castle and to the princes of all communists the curious

princes of all communists the curious princes of all communists the curious habits of their spacious lake were a habits of their spacious lake were a habits of their spacious lake were a matter of Perpetual concern the lake or matter of Perpetual concern the lake or matter of Perpetual concern the lake or morass which fertilized their land has morass which fertilized their land has morass which fertilized their land has no river to bear its water to the sea no river to bear its water to the sea no river to bear its water to the sea and it's only outlets or underground and it's only outlets or underground and it's only outlets or underground cliffs piercing mountain which rises on cliffs piercing mountain which rises on cliffs piercing mountain which rises on its northern banks a barrier between the its northern banks a barrier between the its northern banks a barrier between the lake and the sea to help the water to lake and the sea to help the water to lake and the sea to help the water to reach these passages men made canals reach these passages men made canals reach these passages men made canals through the lake and guarded them by through the lake and guarded them by through the lake and guarded them by fortresses remains have also been found fortresses remains have also been found fortresses remains have also been found especially at pilus and at Lucas and especially at pilus and at Lucas and especially at pilus and at Lucas and Cephalonia which show that the coasts Cephalonia which show that the coasts Cephalonia which show that the coasts and islands of the Ionian Sea which in and islands of the Ionian Sea which in and islands of the Ionian Sea which in Homeric poetry are associated with Homeric poetry are associated with Homeric poetry are associated with Nestor and Odysseus were not outside the Nestor and Odysseus were not outside the Nestor and Odysseus were not outside the Mycenaean circle Mycenaean circle Mycenaean circle at the extreme southwest of the Aegean at the extreme southwest of the Aegean at the extreme southwest of the Aegean there was a Mycenaean community at the there was a Mycenaean community at the there was a Mycenaean community at the beginning of the 14th century at Alice's beginning of the 14th century at Alice's beginning of the 14th century at Alice's and Rhodes an old burying place has been and Rhodes an old burying place has been and Rhodes an old burying place has been dug out and revealed horizontal rock dug out and revealed horizontal rock dug out and revealed horizontal rock grades with the arrangement of Avenue grades with the arrangement of Avenue grades with the arrangement of Avenue doorway and four-sided chamber doorway and four-sided chamber doorway and four-sided chamber resembling those of Mycenae the vase is resembling those of Mycenae the vase is resembling those of Mycenae the vase is found here belonged to the best kind of found here belonged to the best kind of found here belonged to the best kind of Mycenaean glazed wear in the absence of Mycenaean glazed wear in the absence of Mycenaean glazed wear in the absence of earlier pottery suggest at this stage of earlier pottery suggest at this stage of earlier pottery suggest at this stage of civilization had not been reached by a civilization had not been reached by a civilization had not been reached by a gradual development in the place but gradual development in the place but gradual development in the place but that settlers had brought their that settlers had brought their that settlers had brought their civilization with them in Thessaly the civilization with them in Thessaly the civilization with them in Thessaly the rude life of the Stone Age survived long rude life of the Stone Age survived long rude life of the Stone Age survived long after Cretan civilization had after Cretan civilization had after Cretan civilization had transformed southern Greece the land transformed southern Greece the land transformed southern Greece the land remained comparatively barbarous and remained comparatively barbarous and remained comparatively barbarous and even when in the late Aegean period the

even when in the late Aegean period the even when in the late Aegean period the civilization of the south began to civilization of the south began to civilization of the south began to penetrate in never throw of Thessaly can penetrate in never throw of Thessaly can penetrate in never throw of Thessaly can show no wealthy cities or mighty walls a show no wealthy cities or mighty walls a show no wealthy cities or mighty walls a few small beehive tombs are the chief few small beehive tombs are the chief few small beehive tombs are the chief record of the heroic age record of the heroic age record of the heroic age from this brief survey of the character from this brief survey of the character from this brief survey of the character and range of the Mycenaean civilization and range of the Mycenaean civilization and range of the Mycenaean civilization it will be seen that it was an outgrowth it will be seen that it was an outgrowth it will be seen that it was an outgrowth of Cretan civilization marked by of Cretan civilization marked by of Cretan civilization marked by peculiarities of its own the period peculiarities of its own the period peculiarities of its own the period within which it flourished and declined within which it flourished and declined within which it flourished and declined fell between the 16th and the 11th fell between the 16th and the 11th fell between the 16th and the 11th centuries the end came with the centuries the end came with the centuries the end came with the beginning of the Iron Age and in Greece beginning of the Iron Age and in Greece beginning of the Iron Age and in Greece iron did not come into general use for iron did not come into general use for iron did not come into general use for weapons and ordinary purposes before the weapons and ordinary purposes before the weapons and ordinary purposes before the 11th century here - as in Crete Egypt 11th century here - as in Crete Egypt 11th century here - as in Crete Egypt supplies evidence bearing on the supplies evidence bearing on the supplies evidence bearing on the chronology early in the sixteenth chronology early in the sixteenth chronology early in the sixteenth century century century Mycenaean vases were represented on a Mycenaean vases were represented on a Mycenaean vases were represented on a wall painting at Egyptian thieves at GU wall painting at Egyptian thieves at GU wall painting at Egyptian thieves at GU robbed a city which was built in the robbed a city which was built in the robbed a city which was built in the 15th century and destroyed two or three 15th century and destroyed two or three 15th century and destroyed two or three hundred years later a number of false hundred years later a number of false hundred years later a number of false neck jars imported from the Aegean have neck jars imported from the Aegean have neck jars imported from the Aegean have been found and they belong not to the been found and they belong not to the been found and they belong not to the earlier but to the later period of earlier but to the later period of earlier but to the later period of Mycenaean pottery and Egyptian evidences Mycenaean pottery and Egyptian evidences Mycenaean pottery and Egyptian evidences found not only on Egyptian soil but on found not only on Egyptian soil but on found not only on Egyptian soil but on both sides of the Aegean three pieces of both sides of the Aegean three pieces of both sides of the Aegean three pieces of porcelain one inscribed with a name the porcelain one inscribed with a name the porcelain one inscribed with a name the two others with the cartouche of two others with the cartouche of two others with the cartouche of Amenhotep the third of Egypt and a Amenhotep the third of Egypt and a Amenhotep the third of Egypt and a scarab with the name of his wife taya scarab with the name of his wife taya scarab with the name of his wife taya have been found in the chamber tunes of have been found in the chamber tunes of have been found in the chamber tunes of Mycenae it is a curious coincidence that

Mycenae it is a curious coincidence that Mycenae it is a curious coincidence that a scarab of the same almond Hotel was a scarab of the same almond Hotel was a scarab of the same almond Hotel was discovered in the burying place of Alice discovered in the burying place of Alice discovered in the burying place of Alice in Rhodes the single occurrence of such in Rhodes the single occurrence of such in Rhodes the single occurrence of such a scarab in one place might be an unsafe a scarab in one place might be an unsafe a scarab in one place might be an unsafe basis for an argument but the basis for an argument but the basis for an argument but the coincidence seems to point to some coincidence seems to point to some coincidence seems to point to some special epic of active intercourse with special epic of active intercourse with special epic of active intercourse with Egypt in this Kings reign it was Egypt in this Kings reign it was Egypt in this Kings reign it was followed that early in the fourteenth followed that early in the fourteenth followed that early in the fourteenth century at latest the period of the century at latest the period of the century at latest the period of the chamber tombs and the vaulted tombs chamber tombs and the vaulted tombs chamber tombs and the vaulted tombs began but the earlier Sepulchre also began but the earlier Sepulchre also began but the earlier Sepulchre also supply testimony to Egyptian influence supply testimony to Egyptian influence supply testimony to Egyptian influence on an inlaid dagger blade found in one on an inlaid dagger blade found in one on an inlaid dagger blade found in one of the rock tunes on the Mycenaean of the rock tunes on the Mycenaean of the rock tunes on the Mycenaean citadel we see represented a scene from citadel we see represented a scene from citadel we see represented a scene from Egyptian life Nick Newman's catching Egyptian life Nick Newman's catching Egyptian life Nick Newman's catching ducks in a river which can only be the ducks in a river which can only be the ducks in a river which can only be the Nile the workmanship is Aegean not Nile the workmanship is Aegean not Nile the workmanship is Aegean not Egyptian both the Aegean artist knew Egyptian both the Aegean artist knew Egyptian both the Aegean artist knew Egypt the simplest way of explaining the Egypt the simplest way of explaining the Egypt the simplest way of explaining the rise of this civilization is to suppose rise of this civilization is to suppose rise of this civilization is to suppose at the at the at the when their power expanded after 1600 BC when their power expanded after 1600 BC when their power expanded after 1600 BC descended on various parts of Eastern descended on various parts of Eastern descended on various parts of Eastern Greece and establishing themselves Greece and establishing themselves Greece and establishing themselves especially in Argolis and by OSHA especially in Argolis and by OSHA especially in Argolis and by OSHA planted their own culture among the planted their own culture among the planted their own culture among the Greeks there are some evidence for Greeks there are some evidence for Greeks there are some evidence for Cretan settlements and Cretan Lordships Cretan settlements and Cretan Lordships Cretan settlements and Cretan Lordships for instance the name of the island for instance the name of the island for instance the name of the island manoa opposite to Megara seems to record manoa opposite to Megara seems to record manoa opposite to Megara seems to record a settlement from the island of - in the a settlement from the island of - in the a settlement from the island of - in the legend of Cadmus and Europa the founders legend of Cadmus and Europa the founders legend of Cadmus and Europa the founders of Thebes Europa is the mother of - of Thebes Europa is the mother of - of Thebes Europa is the mother of - daughter of Phoenix in the tradition daughter of Phoenix in the tradition daughter of Phoenix in the tradition that Cadmus was the inventor of writing

that Cadmus was the inventor of writing that Cadmus was the inventor of writing may commemorate the introduction of a may commemorate the introduction of a may commemorate the introduction of a Cretan script though the story Cretan script though the story Cretan script though the story represents Europa as a Phoenician she represents Europa as a Phoenician she represents Europa as a Phoenician she was in the original version a Cretan was in the original version a Cretan was in the original version a Cretan princess as the daughter of Phoenix she princess as the daughter of Phoenix she princess as the daughter of Phoenix she was transferred to Phoenicia because the was transferred to Phoenicia because the was transferred to Phoenicia because the Greeks had forgotten that long before Greeks had forgotten that long before Greeks had forgotten that long before they were acquainted with the traders of they were acquainted with the traders of they were acquainted with the traders of Tyre and Sidon they had been want to Tyre and Sidon they had been want to Tyre and Sidon they had been want to designate the brown-skinned cretins as designate the brown-skinned cretins as designate the brown-skinned cretins as phony Ches red men the name of the hero phony Ches red men the name of the hero phony Ches red men the name of the hero Phoenix whom we meet in Homer may be Phoenix whom we meet in Homer may be Phoenix whom we meet in Homer may be explained by supposing that he descended explained by supposing that he descended explained by supposing that he descended from Cretan settlers in northern Greece from Cretan settlers in northern Greece from Cretan settlers in northern Greece probably some of the principalities probably some of the principalities probably some of the principalities which are founded under the aegis of which are founded under the aegis of which are founded under the aegis of Crete grew strong enough to fling off Crete grew strong enough to fling off Crete grew strong enough to fling off the authority of the Minoan sovereigns the authority of the Minoan sovereigns the authority of the Minoan sovereigns and refused to pay tribute but in all and refused to pay tribute but in all and refused to pay tribute but in all that concerns the relations of gnosis to that concerns the relations of gnosis to that concerns the relations of gnosis to Mycenae and her fellows the history of Mycenae and her fellows the history of Mycenae and her fellows the history of the 15th century is hidden from us then the 15th century is hidden from us then the 15th century is hidden from us then about 1400 BC gnosis fell and the glory about 1400 BC gnosis fell and the glory about 1400 BC gnosis fell and the glory of Crete departed the splendid palace of Crete departed the splendid palace of Crete departed the splendid palace was destroyed by fire and the other was destroyed by fire and the other was destroyed by fire and the other great settlements in the island seemed great settlements in the island seemed great settlements in the island seemed to have been overwhelmed in the same to have been overwhelmed in the same to have been overwhelmed in the same catastrophe this common destruction catastrophe this common destruction catastrophe this common destruction seems to show that the disaster was the seems to show that the disaster was the seems to show that the disaster was the work of invaders and of invaders who had work of invaders and of invaders who had work of invaders and of invaders who had come simply to destroy and to sail away come simply to destroy and to sail away come simply to destroy and to sail away when the work of ruin was complete but when the work of ruin was complete but when the work of ruin was complete but who the destroyers were we cannot say who the destroyers were we cannot say who the destroyers were we cannot say for certain some think that they were for certain some think that they were for certain some think that they were the Achaeans who as we shall see rose to the Achaeans who as we shall see rose to the Achaeans who as we shall see rose to great power in Greece in the 13th great power in Greece in the 13th great power in Greece in the 13th century and also made settlements and

century and also made settlements and century and also made settlements and bore rule and Crete but although it is bore rule and Crete but although it is bore rule and Crete but although it is not impossible that the Achaeans may not impossible that the Achaeans may not impossible that the Achaeans may have left their north have left their north have left their north homes in the regions of the Danube and homes in the regions of the Danube and homes in the regions of the Danube and reached north Greece in the 15th century reached north Greece in the 15th century reached north Greece in the 15th century there was no convincing evidence that there was no convincing evidence that there was no convincing evidence that their coming was so early no new palaces their coming was so early no new palaces their coming was so early no new palaces arose at gnosis and feast as' the old arose at gnosis and feast as' the old arose at gnosis and feast as' the old civilization was left to live on in civilization was left to live on in civilization was left to live on in decline the sight of gnosis was decline the sight of gnosis was decline the sight of gnosis was reoccupied but its reoccupation does not reoccupied but its reoccupation does not reoccupied but its reoccupation does not suggest the abode of new conquerors it suggest the abode of new conquerors it suggest the abode of new conquerors it is not impossible that the ruin of the is not impossible that the ruin of the is not impossible that the ruin of the Cretan power was wrought by the Lords of Cretan power was wrought by the Lords of Cretan power was wrought by the Lords of the Argyll it plain who had become the Argyll it plain who had become the Argyll it plain who had become rivals of the nauseum kings at all rivals of the nauseum kings at all rivals of the nauseum kings at all events after the fall of gnosis priya events after the fall of gnosis priya events after the fall of gnosis priya qian argue list became the most powerful qian argue list became the most powerful qian argue list became the most powerful seat of a gene civilization we can make seat of a gene civilization we can make seat of a gene civilization we can make out little as to the mutual relations of out little as to the mutual relations of out little as to the mutual relations of the small kingdoms of the prehistoric the small kingdoms of the prehistoric the small kingdoms of the prehistoric greek world the eminent position of greek world the eminent position of greek world the eminent position of golden mycenae herself seems to be golden mycenae herself seems to be golden mycenae herself seems to be established her comparative wealth is established her comparative wealth is established her comparative wealth is indicated by the treasures of her tombs indicated by the treasures of her tombs indicated by the treasures of her tombs which exceed all treasures found which exceed all treasures found which exceed all treasures found elsewhere in the Aegean but her Lords elsewhere in the Aegean but her Lords elsewhere in the Aegean but her Lords were not only rich their power stretched were not only rich their power stretched were not only rich their power stretched beyond their immediate territory this beyond their immediate territory this beyond their immediate territory this fact may be inferred from the road fact may be inferred from the road fact may be inferred from the road system which connected Mycenae with system which connected Mycenae with system which connected Mycenae with Corinth and must have been constructed Corinth and must have been constructed Corinth and must have been constructed by one of her kings three narrow but by one of her kings three narrow but by one of her kings three narrow but stoutly built highways have been traced stoutly built highways have been traced stoutly built highways have been traced the two western joining at clione ii the the two western joining at clione ii the the two western joining at clione ii the eastern going by tanea they rest in eastern going by tanea they rest in eastern going by tanea they rest in substructure of cyclopean masonry substructure of cyclopean masonry substructure of cyclopean masonry streams are bridged in rocks are hewn

streams are bridged in rocks are hewn streams are bridged in rocks are hewn through and as they were not wide enough through and as they were not wide enough through and as they were not wide enough for wagons the wares of Mycenae were for wagons the wares of Mycenae were for wagons the wares of Mycenae were probably carried to the Isthmus on the probably carried to the Isthmus on the probably carried to the Isthmus on the backs of mules backs of mules backs of mules if the glazed clay we're so abundantly if the glazed clay we're so abundantly if the glazed clay we're so abundantly found at Mycenae was brought there and found at Mycenae was brought there and found at Mycenae was brought there and not as something can port it from the not as something can port it from the not as something can port it from the islands then the industry of her islands then the industry of her islands then the industry of her Potteries may have been a source of her Potteries may have been a source of her Potteries may have been a source of her wealth it is not easy to determine wealth it is not easy to determine wealth it is not easy to determine whether Mycenae held sway over the whole whether Mycenae held sway over the whole whether Mycenae held sway over the whole archive plane and especially what was archive plane and especially what was archive plane and especially what was her relation to tyrants a road leading her relation to tyrants a road leading her relation to tyrants a road leading southward as far as a small hill which southward as far as a small hill which southward as far as a small hill which was in later times famous for a great was in later times famous for a great was in later times famous for a great temple of Harrah may show that this site temple of Harrah may show that this site temple of Harrah may show that this site was under the Dominion of Mycenae was under the Dominion of Mycenae was under the Dominion of Mycenae and it was a place of some importance and it was a place of some importance and it was a place of some importance for three vaulted hill tombs have been for three vaulted hill tombs have been for three vaulted hill tombs have been found hard by Chiron's was an older found hard by Chiron's was an older found hard by Chiron's was an older place of habitation place of habitation place of habitation Mycenae and it has been suggested they Mycenae and it has been suggested they Mycenae and it has been suggested they may have been Turin thean Kings who may have been Turin thean Kings who may have been Turin thean Kings who first selected the mycenaean hill as a first selected the mycenaean hill as a first selected the mycenaean hill as a strong post at the head of the plane and strong post at the head of the plane and strong post at the head of the plane and a bulwark against invaders from the a bulwark against invaders from the a bulwark against invaders from the north Argos itself under the hill of north Argos itself under the hill of north Argos itself under the hill of Larissa must have been a place of Larissa must have been a place of Larissa must have been a place of importance and in the 13th century importance and in the 13th century importance and in the 13th century Tyron seems not to have belonged to Tyron seems not to have belonged to Tyron seems not to have belonged to Mycenae but to the lords of Argos of the Mycenae but to the lords of Argos of the Mycenae but to the lords of Argos of the power and resources of the Aegean states power and resources of the Aegean states power and resources of the Aegean states the monuments hardly enable us to form the monuments hardly enable us to form the monuments hardly enable us to form an absolute idea they were small it was an absolute idea they were small it was an absolute idea they were small it was an age when men might cross a kingdom in an age when men might cross a kingdom in an age when men might cross a kingdom in a day the Kings had slaves to toil for a day the Kings had slaves to toil for a day the Kings had slaves to toil for them the fortresses and the large tombs them the fortresses and the large tombs them the fortresses and the large tombs were assuredly built by the hands of

were assuredly built by the hands of were assuredly built by the hands of thralls one fact shows in a striking way thralls one fact shows in a striking way thralls one fact shows in a striking way how small were these kingdoms and how how small were these kingdoms and how how small were these kingdoms and how slender their means compared with the slender their means compared with the slender their means compared with the powerful realms of Egypt in the Orient powerful realms of Egypt in the Orient powerful realms of Egypt in the Orient if Babylonian origin monarchs with their if Babylonian origin monarchs with their if Babylonian origin monarchs with their command of slave labour had ruled in command of slave labour had ruled in command of slave labour had ruled in Greece they would assuredly have cut a Greece they would assuredly have cut a Greece they would assuredly have cut a canal across the Isthmus and promoted canal across the Isthmus and promoted canal across the Isthmus and promoted facilities for commerce by joining the facilities for commerce by joining the facilities for commerce by joining the eastern with the western sea that wasn't eastern with the western sea that wasn't eastern with the western sea that wasn't undertaking which neither the small undertaking which neither the small undertaking which neither the small primitive States nor the Greek states primitive States nor the Greek states primitive States nor the Greek states which came after ever had the means of which came after ever had the means of which came after ever had the means of carrying out end of chapter 1 section 3 chapter one parts four through six of a chapter one parts four through six of a history of Greece to the death of history of Greece to the death of history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Volume one this is a librivox recording Volume one this is a librivox recording Volume one this is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the all librivox recordings are in the all librivox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to public domain for more information or to public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by leon mayer a history of recording by leon mayer a history of recording by leon mayer a history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Greece to the death of Alexander the Greece to the death of Alexander the Great Great Great vol 1 by john bag Melbury chapter 1 part vol 1 by john bag Melbury chapter 1 part vol 1 by john bag Melbury chapter 1 part 4 via qian's and the trojan war it is 4 via qian's and the trojan war it is 4 via qian's and the trojan war it is uncertain at what time the Achaeans made uncertain at what time the Achaeans made uncertain at what time the Achaeans made their first appearance in the Greek

their first appearance in the Greek their first appearance in the Greek Peninsula they were a people of blond Peninsula they were a people of blond Peninsula they were a people of blond complexion of indo-european speech who complexion of indo-european speech who complexion of indo-european speech who came down from the regions of the Danube came down from the regions of the Danube came down from the regions of the Danube and made conquests in Thessaly in the and made conquests in Thessaly in the and made conquests in Thessaly in the plain of the spur kiyose in the course plain of the spur kiyose in the course plain of the spur kiyose in the course of time some of their chieftains won of time some of their chieftains won of time some of their chieftains won Lordships in the Peloponnesus in Argolis Lordships in the Peloponnesus in Argolis Lordships in the Peloponnesus in Argolis and Laconia probably by marriages with and Laconia probably by marriages with and Laconia probably by marriages with daughters of the old Greek dynasty's it daughters of the old Greek dynasty's it daughters of the old Greek dynasty's it is not probable that the Aegean invaders is not probable that the Aegean invaders is not probable that the Aegean invaders came in great numbers came in great numbers came in great numbers they formed a small ruling class who they formed a small ruling class who they formed a small ruling class who were soon assimilated in speech and were soon assimilated in speech and were soon assimilated in speech and manners to their Greek subjects they did manners to their Greek subjects they did manners to their Greek subjects they did not work destruction they won lordship not work destruction they won lordship not work destruction they won lordship and leadership and their adventurous and leadership and their adventurous and leadership and their adventurous spirit guided Greece to great spirit guided Greece to great spirit guided Greece to great enterprises they carried on the enterprises they carried on the enterprises they carried on the traditions of the civilisation which traditions of the civilisation which traditions of the civilisation which they found in Thessaly poor and backward they found in Thessaly poor and backward they found in Thessaly poor and backward in the Peloponnesus wealthy and in the Peloponnesus wealthy and in the Peloponnesus wealthy and luxurious in the leader remains of luxurious in the leader remains of luxurious in the leader remains of Mycenaean civilization their presence or Mycenaean civilization their presence or Mycenaean civilization their presence or influence can be recognized by some new influence can be recognized by some new influence can be recognized by some new features which they brought with them features which they brought with them features which they brought with them from the north such as the use of long from the north such as the use of long from the north such as the use of long swords round shields and brooches swords round shields and brooches swords round shields and brooches they also introduced the practice of they also introduced the practice of they also introduced the practice of burning the dead some think it was these burning the dead some think it was these burning the dead some think it was these northern invaders who destroyed the northern invaders who destroyed the northern invaders who destroyed the palaces of gnosis and feast as' in that palaces of gnosis and feast as' in that palaces of gnosis and feast as' in that case we must suppose that before BC 1400 case we must suppose that before BC 1400 case we must suppose that before BC 1400 they had settled in Thessaly but we can they had settled in Thessaly but we can they had settled in Thessaly but we can only be certain that by the 13th century only be certain that by the 13th century only be certain that by the 13th century they had both risen to power in argos they had both risen to power in argos they had both risen to power in argos and made settlements in crete the

and made settlements in crete the and made settlements in crete the dynasty from which the homer dynasty from which the homer dynasty from which the homer Kings agamemnon and menelaus spring was Kings agamemnon and menelaus spring was Kings agamemnon and menelaus spring was founded according to greek tradition founded according to greek tradition founded according to greek tradition early in the 13th century by peel ops a early in the 13th century by peel ops a early in the 13th century by peel ops a Phrygian agamemnon and menelaus Phrygian agamemnon and menelaus Phrygian agamemnon and menelaus represent the Achaeans stock in the represent the Achaeans stock in the represent the Achaeans stock in the meaning of this Phrygian relationship is meaning of this Phrygian relationship is meaning of this Phrygian relationship is not clear at whatever time they came the not clear at whatever time they came the not clear at whatever time they came the achæans had become true Greeks and were achæans had become true Greeks and were achæans had become true Greeks and were the most prominent among Greek rulers in the most prominent among Greek rulers in the most prominent among Greek rulers in the 13th and 12th centuries in the Kings the 13th and 12th centuries in the Kings the 13th and 12th centuries in the Kings who held sway in Argolis were the most who held sway in Argolis were the most who held sway in Argolis were the most powerful it is significant that the powerful it is significant that the powerful it is significant that the minstrels of the 12th century used both minstrels of the 12th century used both minstrels of the 12th century used both Achaeans and archives to designate all Achaeans and archives to designate all Achaeans and archives to designate all the Greeks they used also in the same the Greeks they used also in the same the Greeks they used also in the same sense the obscure name Danny oi witch sense the obscure name Danny oi witch sense the obscure name Danny oi witch legend associated especially with the legend associated especially with the legend associated especially with the Argo lid and which perhaps belong to the Argo lid and which perhaps belong to the Argo lid and which perhaps belong to the original Greek inhabitants of that original Greek inhabitants of that original Greek inhabitants of that district the Achaeans of northern Greece district the Achaeans of northern Greece district the Achaeans of northern Greece of the land which was later to be of the land which was later to be of the land which was later to be Thessaly seemed to have been the Great Thessaly seemed to have been the Great Thessaly seemed to have been the Great Sea adventurers of the heroic age with Sea adventurers of the heroic age with Sea adventurers of the heroic age with this country were connected to memories this country were connected to memories this country were connected to memories of early Greek exploration of the iewk of early Greek exploration of the iewk of early Greek exploration of the iewk scene in the legend of the ship Argo and scene in the legend of the ship Argo and scene in the legend of the ship Argo and to the achæans of Thessaly we must to the achæans of Thessaly we must to the achæans of Thessaly we must probably refer the earliest notice which probably refer the earliest notice which probably refer the earliest notice which preserves the Aegean name in a preserves the Aegean name in a preserves the Aegean name in a historical document an egyptian writing historical document an egyptian writing historical document an egyptian writing tells us that they came in company with tells us that they came in company with tells us that they came in company with other peoples from the lands of the sea other peoples from the lands of the sea other peoples from the lands of the sea and invaded Egypt in the year 1229b see and invaded Egypt in the year 1229b see and invaded Egypt in the year 1229b see when Merneptah was king but the great

when Merneptah was king but the great when Merneptah was king but the great achievement which made the achæans achievement which made the achæans achievement which made the achæans illustrious was one in which southern illustrious was one in which southern illustrious was one in which southern and northern greece combined the and northern greece combined the and northern greece combined the expedition against troy the akia name expedition against troy the akia name expedition against troy the akia name especially associated with the land of especially associated with the land of especially associated with the land of theá-- in southern Thessaly and the theá-- in southern Thessaly and the theá-- in southern Thessaly and the country to the south including the plain country to the south including the plain country to the south including the plain of the river spookiest as far as Mount of the river spookiest as far as Mount of the river spookiest as far as Mount eita the spookiest region has a eita the spookiest region has a eita the spookiest region has a particular interest as the original land particular interest as the original land particular interest as the original land of Hellas here dwelled the hélène's a of Hellas here dwelled the hélène's a of Hellas here dwelled the hélène's a small folk who would one day give their small folk who would one day give their small folk who would one day give their name to all the Greeks they were name to all the Greeks they were name to all the Greeks they were probably the old Greek population who probably the old Greek population who probably the old Greek population who had been subdued by the Aegean invaders had been subdued by the Aegean invaders had been subdued by the Aegean invaders if we may judge from the ancient names if we may judge from the ancient names if we may judge from the ancient names of places which the Greeks preserved of places which the Greeks preserved of places which the Greeks preserved it would seem that languages closely it would seem that languages closely it would seem that languages closely akin or at one time spoken on both sides akin or at one time spoken on both sides akin or at one time spoken on both sides of the Aegean and in the Isles the coast of the Aegean and in the Isles the coast of the Aegean and in the Isles the coast men and Highlanders of Western Asia men and Highlanders of Western Asia men and Highlanders of Western Asia Minor called their capes and hills and Minor called their capes and hills and Minor called their capes and hills and streams by names which resemble enroute streams by names which resemble enroute streams by names which resemble enroute and formation names which we find on the and formation names which we find on the and formation names which we find on the coast and in the highlands of Greece and coast and in the highlands of Greece and coast and in the highlands of Greece and in islands of the intermediate sea but in islands of the intermediate sea but in islands of the intermediate sea but the strange thing is that the diffusion the strange thing is that the diffusion the strange thing is that the diffusion of the civilization which we have been of the civilization which we have been of the civilization which we have been examining stopped short at the margin of examining stopped short at the margin of examining stopped short at the margin of the Asiatic Shore it extended to rhodes the Asiatic Shore it extended to rhodes the Asiatic Shore it extended to rhodes and two small islands north and south of and two small islands north and south of and two small islands north and south of rhodes but it did not until the days of rhodes but it did not until the days of rhodes but it did not until the days of its decline touched the opposite its decline touched the opposite its decline touched the opposite continent the people who held the continent the people who held the continent the people who held the seaboard of Asia Minor between the TRO seaboard of Asia Minor between the TRO seaboard of Asia Minor between the TRO ad in the north and lytia in the South

ad in the north and lytia in the South ad in the north and lytia in the South were the me onehans the Koreans and the were the me onehans the Koreans and the were the me onehans the Koreans and the elegies it is a fact of importance that elegies it is a fact of importance that elegies it is a fact of importance that these lands lay outside the Mycenaean these lands lay outside the Mycenaean these lands lay outside the Mycenaean world notwithstanding the affinities of world notwithstanding the affinities of world notwithstanding the affinities of race which bound the inhabitants of race which bound the inhabitants of race which bound the inhabitants of those countries to the folks of the those countries to the folks of the those countries to the folks of the Aegean islands and Greece south of Troy Aegean islands and Greece south of Troy Aegean islands and Greece south of Troy which stood quite by itself there are no which stood quite by itself there are no which stood quite by itself there are no palaces or fortresses of the Mycenaean palaces or fortresses of the Mycenaean palaces or fortresses of the Mycenaean age along the east aegean coast nor in age along the east aegean coast nor in age along the east aegean coast nor in the large islands of lesbos Caius and the large islands of lesbos Caius and the large islands of lesbos Caius and Samos the relics even of commerce with Samos the relics even of commerce with Samos the relics even of commerce with the Western Aegean though one would the Western Aegean though one would the Western Aegean though one would expect such commerce to have been brisk expect such commerce to have been brisk expect such commerce to have been brisk and constant are few and rare there was and constant are few and rare there was and constant are few and rare there was therefore an obstinate resistance on the therefore an obstinate resistance on the therefore an obstinate resistance on the part of the inhabitants of these regions part of the inhabitants of these regions part of the inhabitants of these regions to the reception of the Aegean to the reception of the Aegean to the reception of the Aegean civilization of the Bronze Age the most civilization of the Bronze Age the most civilization of the Bronze Age the most probable explanation of this fact is probable explanation of this fact is probable explanation of this fact is that a great inland power exercise that a great inland power exercise that a great inland power exercise control over Asia Minor down to the control over Asia Minor down to the control over Asia Minor down to the coast and excluded foreign settlements coast and excluded foreign settlements coast and excluded foreign settlements this power was the Empire of the this power was the Empire of the this power was the Empire of the Hittites the ruins of their capital have Hittites the ruins of their capital have Hittites the ruins of their capital have been found at bogus' Coey in been found at bogus' Coey in been found at bogus' Coey in northwestern cappadocia their kingdom northwestern cappadocia their kingdom northwestern cappadocia their kingdom seems to have been lasted from about seems to have been lasted from about seems to have been lasted from about 2,000 to 800 BC and about the time of 2,000 to 800 BC and about the time of 2,000 to 800 BC and about the time of the fall of nasus they extended their the fall of nasus they extended their the fall of nasus they extended their power southward by conquering north power southward by conquering north power southward by conquering north Syria where they established a second Syria where they established a second Syria where they established a second capital at kharkom Ash capital at kharkom Ash capital at kharkom Ash they had closed political relations with they had closed political relations with they had closed political relations with Babylonia as is shown by the clay Babylonia as is shown by the clay Babylonia as is shown by the clay tablets in two languages Hittite in

tablets in two languages Hittite in tablets in two languages Hittite in Babylonian which have been excavated Babylonian which have been excavated Babylonian which have been excavated tubogas co e their lordship extended in tubogas co e their lordship extended in tubogas co e their lordship extended in some form to the TRO ad and the western some form to the TRO ad and the western some form to the TRO ad and the western coast of Asia Minor the conjecture may coast of Asia Minor the conjecture may coast of Asia Minor the conjecture may be hazarded that they were the people be hazarded that they were the people be hazarded that they were the people who destroyed the great brick fortress who destroyed the great brick fortress who destroyed the great brick fortress of Troy many of the influences which of Troy many of the influences which of Troy many of the influences which passed to and fro between the Aegean passed to and fro between the Aegean passed to and fro between the Aegean world and Mesopotamia may have been world and Mesopotamia may have been world and Mesopotamia may have been transmitted through the Hittites their transmitted through the Hittites their transmitted through the Hittites their southward expansion meant wars with the southward expansion meant wars with the southward expansion meant wars with the Egyptians who also aspired to dominate Egyptians who also aspired to dominate Egyptians who also aspired to dominate Syria in a battle which was fought at Syria in a battle which was fought at Syria in a battle which was fought at Kadesh and 1287 bc between the two rival Kadesh and 1287 bc between the two rival Kadesh and 1287 bc between the two rival powers we find the Lycians and the powers we find the Lycians and the powers we find the Lycians and the dardanians of the tro ad fighting for dardanians of the tro ad fighting for dardanians of the tro ad fighting for their Hittite Lords but about this very their Hittite Lords but about this very their Hittite Lords but about this very time the Hittites power was declining time the Hittites power was declining time the Hittites power was declining and North Western Asia Minor as far as and North Western Asia Minor as far as and North Western Asia Minor as far as the Valley of the Sun garius was rested the Valley of the Sun garius was rested the Valley of the Sun garius was rested from their rule by swarms of new from their rule by swarms of new from their rule by swarms of new invaders from Europe these were the invaders from Europe these were the invaders from Europe these were the Phrygians to who's raised the dardanians Phrygians to who's raised the dardanians Phrygians to who's raised the dardanians belonged and who were so closely akin to belonged and who were so closely akin to belonged and who were so closely akin to the Thracians that we may speak of the the Thracians that we may speak of the the Thracians that we may speak of the fridge o'the rationed division of the fridge o'the rationed division of the fridge o'the rationed division of the indo-european family after the indo-european family after the indo-european family after the destruction of early Troy centuries had destruction of early Troy centuries had destruction of early Troy centuries had passed during which no attempt was made passed during which no attempt was made passed during which no attempt was made to restore its vanished splendor three to restore its vanished splendor three to restore its vanished splendor three different settlements indeed succeeded different settlements indeed succeeded different settlements indeed succeeded one another on its site but they were one another on its site but they were one another on its site but they were insignificant villages rather than insignificant villages rather than insignificant villages rather than castles we may account for this long castles we may account for this long castles we may account for this long interval by the jealous policy of the interval by the jealous policy of the interval by the jealous policy of the Hittite Kings at length before the

Hittite Kings at length before the Hittite Kings at length before the middle of the 13th century one of the middle of the 13th century one of the middle of the 13th century one of the Phrygian leaders built a strong stone Phrygian leaders built a strong stone Phrygian leaders built a strong stone fortress on the hill of Troy this too fortress on the hill of Troy this too fortress on the hill of Troy this too disappeared probably as we shall see it disappeared probably as we shall see it disappeared probably as we shall see it succumbed to an enemy and then not long succumbed to an enemy and then not long succumbed to an enemy and then not long afterwards built by the same people afterwards built by the same people afterwards built by the same people arose the great stronghold of Priam the arose the great stronghold of Priam the arose the great stronghold of Priam the Troy of legend and history the new Troy Troy of legend and history the new Troy Troy of legend and history the new Troy through whose glory the name of the spot through whose glory the name of the spot through whose glory the name of the spot was to become a household word forever was to become a household word forever was to become a household word forever throughout all European lands was built throughout all European lands was built throughout all European lands was built on the levelled ruins of the older towns on the levelled ruins of the older towns on the levelled ruins of the older towns the circuit of the new city was far the circuit of the new city was far the circuit of the new city was far wider and within a great wall of well wider and within a great wall of well wider and within a great wall of well wrought stone the citadel Rose Terrace wrought stone the citadel Rose Terrace wrought stone the citadel Rose Terrace upon Terrace to a highest point on that upon Terrace to a highest point on that upon Terrace to a highest point on that commanding summit as at Mycenae we must commanding summit as at Mycenae we must commanding summit as at Mycenae we must presume that the king's palace stood the presume that the king's palace stood the presume that the king's palace stood the houses of which the foundations have houses of which the foundations have houses of which the foundations have been disclosed within the walls have the been disclosed within the walls have the been disclosed within the walls have the same simple plan that we saw in the same simple plan that we saw in the same simple plan that we saw in the older brick city and in the palaces of older brick city and in the palaces of older brick city and in the palaces of Mycenae and tyrants the wall was pierced Mycenae and tyrants the wall was pierced Mycenae and tyrants the wall was pierced by three or four gates the chief gate by three or four gates the chief gate by three or four gates the chief gate being on the southeast side guarded by a being on the southeast side guarded by a being on the southeast side guarded by a flanking tower the builders were more flanking tower the builders were more flanking tower the builders were more skillful than the masons of the ruder skillful than the masons of the ruder skillful than the masons of the ruder walls of the fortresses of Argos which walls of the fortresses of Argos which walls of the fortresses of Argos which belonged to an earlier age to the Trojan belonged to an earlier age to the Trojan belonged to an earlier age to the Trojan realm were reckoned not only the men of realm were reckoned not only the men of realm were reckoned not only the men of the Trojan plain but the dardanians in the Trojan plain but the dardanians in the Trojan plain but the dardanians in the upper valley of the scamander among the upper valley of the scamander among the upper valley of the scamander among the hills of Ida the country of the the hills of Ida the country of the the hills of Ida the country of the Homeric Aeneas and to the east the Homeric Aeneas and to the east the Homeric Aeneas and to the east the inhabitants of the plains of the

inhabitants of the plains of the inhabitants of the plains of the Granicus and the ISA Fez and south of Granicus and the ISA Fez and south of Granicus and the ISA Fez and south of Mount Ida were a number of strongholds Mount Ida were a number of strongholds Mount Ida were a number of strongholds inhabited by Poland's Gian tribes who inhabited by Poland's Gian tribes who inhabited by Poland's Gian tribes who represented the original inhabitants of represented the original inhabitants of represented the original inhabitants of the country whom the Trojans had subdued the country whom the Trojans had subdued the country whom the Trojans had subdued the lords of troy whether of the earlier the lords of troy whether of the earlier the lords of troy whether of the earlier Fortress of brick or the later of stone Fortress of brick or the later of stone Fortress of brick or the later of stone did not owe their power and wealth to did not owe their power and wealth to did not owe their power and wealth to the fertility of the soil or to any the fertility of the soil or to any the fertility of the soil or to any natural products of the region in which natural products of the region in which natural products of the region in which they had fixed their abode the little they had fixed their abode the little they had fixed their abode the little plain watered by this commander has no plain watered by this commander has no plain watered by this commander has no advantages in itself to attract settlers advantages in itself to attract settlers advantages in itself to attract settlers and its coasts north and west offer no and its coasts north and west offer no and its coasts north and west offer no good harborage for ships the fortune of good harborage for ships the fortune of good harborage for ships the fortune of Troy was due to the difficulties of Troy was due to the difficulties of Troy was due to the difficulties of navigation which beset Mariners trading navigation which beset Mariners trading navigation which beset Mariners trading between the Aegean in the uke sign the between the Aegean in the uke sign the between the Aegean in the uke sign the prevailing summer winds from north prevailing summer winds from north prevailing summer winds from north northeast and northwest used to detain northeast and northwest used to detain northeast and northwest used to detain sailing ships for days or weeks at the sailing ships for days or weeks at the sailing ships for days or weeks at the mouth of the house pond mouth of the house pond mouth of the house pond the sailors wanted Anchorage and they the sailors wanted Anchorage and they the sailors wanted Anchorage and they wanted fresh water which was to be God wanted fresh water which was to be God wanted fresh water which was to be God from this commander and also on the west from this commander and also on the west from this commander and also on the west coast at mashiki Bay these things the coast at mashiki Bay these things the coast at mashiki Bay these things the Masters of this commander plane had it Masters of this commander plane had it Masters of this commander plane had it in their power to grant or withhold in their power to grant or withhold in their power to grant or withhold hence Troy was in a position to control hence Troy was in a position to control hence Troy was in a position to control the trade which the trade which the trade which through the Hellespont and here a number through the Hellespont and here a number through the Hellespont and here a number of converging lines of traffic met from of converging lines of traffic met from of converging lines of traffic met from Thrace and paeonia came wine swords Thrace and paeonia came wine swords Thrace and paeonia came wine swords white horses and perhaps gold from white horses and perhaps gold from white horses and perhaps gold from Patagonia in the southern coast of the u Patagonia in the southern coast of the u Patagonia in the southern coast of the u k-- sign came timber silver Vermillion

k-- sign came timber silver Vermillion k-- sign came timber silver Vermillion wild asses southward there was the wild asses southward there was the wild asses southward there was the Commerce of the my onehans and Koreans Commerce of the my onehans and Koreans Commerce of the my onehans and Koreans and Lycians the me onehans who were and Lycians the me onehans who were and Lycians the me onehans who were noted as slave dealers dwelled in the noted as slave dealers dwelled in the noted as slave dealers dwelled in the land which was afterwards to be Lydia on land which was afterwards to be Lydia on land which was afterwards to be Lydia on the banks of the hermit's and in the the banks of the hermit's and in the the banks of the hermit's and in the plain of Sardis the koreans possessed my plain of Sardis the koreans possessed my plain of Sardis the koreans possessed my Letus where there were skillful workers Letus where there were skillful workers Letus where there were skillful workers and ivory and the districts of the and ivory and the districts of the and ivory and the districts of the meander the Lycians probably held much meander the Lycians probably held much meander the Lycians probably held much of the carrying trade from Egypt in of the carrying trade from Egypt in of the carrying trade from Egypt in Syria to northern Europe the policy of Syria to northern Europe the policy of Syria to northern Europe the policy of Troy which was we may say it's very Troy which was we may say it's very Troy which was we may say it's very reason for existing was to levy a toll reason for existing was to levy a toll reason for existing was to levy a toll upon all the traffic which converged on upon all the traffic which converged on upon all the traffic which converged on the Hellespont ensures if there was as the Hellespont ensures if there was as the Hellespont ensures if there was as has been supposed a great yearly market has been supposed a great yearly market has been supposed a great yearly market in the Trojan plain to which traders in the Trojan plain to which traders in the Trojan plain to which traders from all quarters came by sea or land from all quarters came by sea or land from all quarters came by sea or land with their merchandise it was an with their merchandise it was an with their merchandise it was an arrangement which was not only arrangement which was not only arrangement which was not only profitable to the Trojan king who profitable to the Trojan king who profitable to the Trojan king who received the market dues but may have received the market dues but may have received the market dues but may have been convenient to many of the merchants been convenient to many of the merchants been convenient to many of the merchants sparing them longer journeys sacred Troy sparing them longer journeys sacred Troy sparing them longer journeys sacred Troy was thus a parasite which grew fat on was thus a parasite which grew fat on was thus a parasite which grew fat on the produce of others in the Greeks who the produce of others in the Greeks who the produce of others in the Greeks who desired to have access to the iewk sign desired to have access to the iewk sign desired to have access to the iewk sign into trade freely with all the world into trade freely with all the world into trade freely with all the world determined to destroy it we may determined to destroy it we may determined to destroy it we may conjecture that the fall of the pit City conjecture that the fall of the pit City conjecture that the fall of the pit City in the course of the 13th century was in the course of the 13th century was in the course of the 13th century was the result of a keen enterprise and was the result of a keen enterprise and was the result of a keen enterprise and was the fact which suggested the legend of the fact which suggested the legend of the fact which suggested the legend of the sack of Troy by Heracles this story the sack of Troy by Heracles this story the sack of Troy by Heracles this story is closely connected with the tale of is closely connected with the tale of is closely connected with the tale of the Argonauts for Heracles and barked at

the Argonauts for Heracles and barked at the Argonauts for Heracles and barked at Iolaus with the other heroes in the Argo Iolaus with the other heroes in the Argo Iolaus with the other heroes in the Argo and left the ship during the voyage and and left the ship during the voyage and and left the ship during the voyage and destroyed Troy it looks as if behind the destroyed Troy it looks as if behind the destroyed Troy it looks as if behind the whole legend there lurked the tradition whole legend there lurked the tradition whole legend there lurked the tradition of Greek attempts to navigate the iewk of Greek attempts to navigate the iewk of Greek attempts to navigate the iewk sign between the fall of the fifth in sign between the fall of the fifth in sign between the fall of the fifth in the rise of the 6th city so many legends the rise of the 6th city so many legends the rise of the 6th city so many legends of the Heroic Age of Greece have been of the Heroic Age of Greece have been of the Heroic Age of Greece have been proved by recent discoveries to have a proved by recent discoveries to have a proved by recent discoveries to have a historical basis that there was nothing historical basis that there was nothing historical basis that there was nothing rash rash rash supposing that here to imagination was supposing that here to imagination was supposing that here to imagination was not building in the void but was working not building in the void but was working not building in the void but was working on the memory of definite events it was on the memory of definite events it was on the memory of definite events it was probably at the beginning of the 12th probably at the beginning of the 12th probably at the beginning of the 12th century as Greek tradition reckoned that century as Greek tradition reckoned that century as Greek tradition reckoned that the Achaeans made ready a great the Achaeans made ready a great the Achaeans made ready a great expedition to exterminate the parasitic expedition to exterminate the parasitic expedition to exterminate the parasitic power which preyed upon the trade of the power which preyed upon the trade of the power which preyed upon the trade of the world it is uncertain how far the Greek world it is uncertain how far the Greek world it is uncertain how far the Greek states of the time can be described as a states of the time can be described as a states of the time can be described as a federation or an empire with a definite federation or an empire with a definite federation or an empire with a definite organization under the supremacy of organization under the supremacy of organization under the supremacy of Argos Argos Argos but there seems no reason to doubt that but there seems no reason to doubt that but there seems no reason to doubt that the Achaean king of Argos whose name in the Achaean king of Argos whose name in the Achaean king of Argos whose name in Greek tradition was Agamemnon succeeded Greek tradition was Agamemnon succeeded Greek tradition was Agamemnon succeeded in enlisting the cooperation of the in enlisting the cooperation of the in enlisting the cooperation of the chief kings and princes of northern as chief kings and princes of northern as chief kings and princes of northern as well as southern Greece it looks indeed well as southern Greece it looks indeed well as southern Greece it looks indeed as if the Aegean Lords of Thea and as if the Aegean Lords of Thea and as if the Aegean Lords of Thea and Thessaly the country from which the argo Thessaly the country from which the argo Thessaly the country from which the argo sailed had a particular interest in the sailed had a particular interest in the sailed had a particular interest in the enterprise all sailed to the plain of enterprise all sailed to the plain of enterprise all sailed to the plain of Troy Troy Troy it was vain to hope that they could take it was vain to hope that they could take it was vain to hope that they could take by storm the well Walt canceled of Priam by storm the well Walt canceled of Priam by storm the well Walt canceled of Priam their hope was to cut off all the trade their hope was to cut off all the trade their hope was to cut off all the trade on which Troy depended for a livelihood

on which Troy depended for a livelihood on which Troy depended for a livelihood and to starve her out the tradition that and to starve her out the tradition that and to starve her out the tradition that the siege was long nine years according the siege was long nine years according the siege was long nine years according to the poet's is therefore in accordance to the poet's is therefore in accordance to the poet's is therefore in accordance with the conditions of the war the with the conditions of the war the with the conditions of the war the Greeks supported themselves by raids on Greeks supported themselves by raids on Greeks supported themselves by raids on the surrounding subjects and allies of the surrounding subjects and allies of the surrounding subjects and allies of the Trojans Priam City fell her fall was the Trojans Priam City fell her fall was the Trojans Priam City fell her fall was the necessary prelude to the opening of the necessary prelude to the opening of the necessary prelude to the opening of the Propontis and the iewk sign see to the Propontis and the iewk sign see to the Propontis and the iewk sign see to Greek Commerce and colonization when the Greek Commerce and colonization when the Greek Commerce and colonization when the Greeks in later days established Greeks in later days established Greeks in later days established themselves securely on the house bond in themselves securely on the house bond in themselves securely on the house bond in the Bosphorus the Hill of Troy cease to the Bosphorus the Hill of Troy cease to the Bosphorus the Hill of Troy cease to have any value as a site and though it have any value as a site and though it have any value as a site and though it was again inhabited it was little more was again inhabited it was little more was again inhabited it was little more than a place of famous memories part 5 than a place of famous memories part 5 than a place of famous memories part 5 the Homeric poems the Homeric poems the Homeric poems the later period of the heroic age its the later period of the heroic age its the later period of the heroic age its manners of life its material environment manners of life its material environment manners of life its material environment its social organization its political its social organization its political its social organization its political geography are reflected in the Homeric geography are reflected in the Homeric geography are reflected in the Homeric poems poems poems although the poets who composed the although the poets who composed the although the poets who composed the Iliad in the Odyssey probably did not Iliad in the Odyssey probably did not Iliad in the Odyssey probably did not live before the ninth century they live before the ninth century they live before the ninth century they derived their matter from older lays derived their matter from older lays derived their matter from older lays which must have belonged to the which must have belonged to the which must have belonged to the generations immediately succeeding the generations immediately succeeding the generations immediately succeeding the Trojan War after the age of bronze had Trojan War after the age of bronze had Trojan War after the age of bronze had passed away and the conditions of life passed away and the conditions of life passed away and the conditions of life in the political shape of the Greek in the political shape of the Greek in the political shape of the Greek world had been utterly changed it would world had been utterly changed it would world had been utterly changed it would have been impossible for anyone however have been impossible for anyone however have been impossible for anyone however imaginative unless he were a scientific imaginative unless he were a scientific imaginative unless he were a scientific Aquarian with an abundance of records at

Aquarian with an abundance of records at Aquarian with an abundance of records at his command to create a consistent his command to create a consistent his command to create a consistent picture of a vanished civilization and picture of a vanished civilization and picture of a vanished civilization and the picture which Homer presents is a the picture which Homer presents is a the picture which Homer presents is a consistent picture closely corresponding consistent picture closely corresponding consistent picture closely corresponding and its main features and in remarkable and its main features and in remarkable and its main features and in remarkable details to the evidence which has been details to the evidence which has been details to the evidence which has been recently recovered from the earth and recently recovered from the earth and recently recovered from the earth and described in the foregoing pages the described in the foregoing pages the described in the foregoing pages the Homeric Palace is built on the same Homeric Palace is built on the same Homeric Palace is built on the same general plan as the palaces that have general plan as the palaces that have general plan as the palaces that have been found at Mycenae and tyrants at been found at Mycenae and tyrants at been found at Mycenae and tyrants at Troy and in Bo Xie the equipment of the Troy and in Bo Xie the equipment of the Troy and in Bo Xie the equipment of the Homeric heroes in the manned screening Homeric heroes in the manned screening Homeric heroes in the manned screening Homeric shield received their best Homeric shield received their best Homeric shield received their best illustration from Mycenaean gyms and illustration from Mycenaean gyms and illustration from Mycenaean gyms and jars the blue inlaid fries in the jars the blue inlaid fries in the jars the blue inlaid fries in the vestibule of the Hall of tyrants proves vestibule of the Hall of tyrants proves vestibule of the Hall of tyrants proves that the poets frieze of sionis in the that the poets frieze of sionis in the that the poets frieze of sionis in the Hall of OC nois was not a fancy and he Hall of OC nois was not a fancy and he Hall of OC nois was not a fancy and he describes as the cup of Nestor a gold describes as the cup of Nestor a gold describes as the cup of Nestor a gold cup of doves perched on the handles such cup of doves perched on the handles such cup of doves perched on the handles such as one which was found in a royal tomb as one which was found in a royal tomb as one which was found in a royal tomb at Mycenae the subjects brought on the at Mycenae the subjects brought on the at Mycenae the subjects brought on the shield which the master Smith made for shield which the master Smith made for shield which the master Smith made for Achilles may be illustrated by works of Achilles may be illustrated by works of Achilles may be illustrated by works of art found at Mycenae and in Crete the art found at Mycenae and in Crete the art found at Mycenae and in Crete the shield wrought in bronze ten silver and shield wrought in bronze ten silver and shield wrought in bronze ten silver and gold is round and has a ring space in gold is round and has a ring space in gold is round and has a ring space in the center encompassed by three the center encompassed by three the center encompassed by three concentric girdles in the middle is the concentric girdles in the middle is the concentric girdles in the middle is the earth the sea and heaven with the earth the sea and heaven with the earth the sea and heaven with the unwearied sun in the moon at her full unwearied sun in the moon at her full unwearied sun in the moon at her full and all the stars were with heaven is and all the stars were with heaven is and all the stars were with heaven is crowned the subject of the first circle crowned the subject of the first circle crowned the subject of the first circle is peace and war here are scenes in a

is peace and war here are scenes in a is peace and war here are scenes in a city at city at city at pease banquets Brides born through the pease banquets Brides born through the pease banquets Brides born through the streets by torchlight to their new homes streets by torchlight to their new homes streets by torchlight to their new homes the elder is dealing out justice there the elder is dealing out justice there the elder is dealing out justice there is another city besieged and scenes of is another city besieged and scenes of is another city besieged and scenes of battle the second circle shows scenes battle the second circle shows scenes battle the second circle shows scenes from country life had various seasons of from country life had various seasons of from country life had various seasons of the year the year the year powing and spring the plow man drinking powing and spring the plow man drinking powing and spring the plow man drinking a draught of wine as he reaches the end a draught of wine as he reaches the end a draught of wine as he reaches the end of the black furrow a king watching of the black furrow a king watching of the black furrow a king watching Reapers reaping in his meadows in the Reapers reaping in his meadows in the Reapers reaping in his meadows in the preparations for a harvest festival a preparations for a harvest festival a preparations for a harvest festival a bright vintage scene young men and maids bright vintage scene young men and maids bright vintage scene young men and maids bearing the sweet fruit and wicker bearing the sweet fruit and wicker bearing the sweet fruit and wicker baskets and dancing while a boy plays a baskets and dancing while a boy plays a baskets and dancing while a boy plays a lyre and sings the song of Linus lyre and sings the song of Linus lyre and sings the song of Linus herdsmen with their dogs pursuing two herdsmen with their dogs pursuing two herdsmen with their dogs pursuing two lions which had carried off an ox from lions which had carried off an ox from lions which had carried off an ox from the banks of a sounding river a pasture the banks of a sounding river a pasture the banks of a sounding river a pasture and shepherds huts in the mountain Glen and shepherds huts in the mountain Glen and shepherds huts in the mountain Glen the whole was girded by the third out no the whole was girded by the third out no the whole was girded by the third out no circle through which the great might of circle through which the great might of circle through which the great might of the river the river the river Oceanus flowed rounding off as it were Oceanus flowed rounding off as it were Oceanus flowed rounding off as it were the life of mortals by its girdling the life of mortals by its girdling the life of mortals by its girdling stream the whole conception is due to stream the whole conception is due to stream the whole conception is due to the imagination of the poet but similar the imagination of the poet but similar the imagination of the poet but similar scenes of peace and war were depicted by scenes of peace and war were depicted by scenes of peace and war were depicted by the artists of the Aegean as for the artists of the Aegean as for the artists of the Aegean as for instance on the Cretan plaques instance on the Cretan plaques instance on the Cretan plaques which probably adorned the cover of a which probably adorned the cover of a which probably adorned the cover of a chest of cypress wood on which we saw a chest of cypress wood on which we saw a chest of cypress wood on which we saw a city represented and on a vase of Steel city represented and on a vase of Steel city represented and on a vase of Steel tight decorated by a picture of what is tight decorated by a picture of what is tight decorated by a picture of what is probably a harvest festival the siege is probably a harvest festival the siege is probably a harvest festival the siege is illustrated by the scene of the lead

illustrated by the scene of the lead illustrated by the scene of the lead city on the silver beaker and dagger city on the silver beaker and dagger city on the silver beaker and dagger blades discovered at Mycenae show blades discovered at Mycenae show blades discovered at Mycenae show brilliant examples of the art of in brilliant examples of the art of in brilliant examples of the art of in laying on metal the art of writing - is laying on metal the art of writing - is laying on metal the art of writing - is mentioned in the Iliad in the story of mentioned in the Iliad in the story of mentioned in the Iliad in the story of Bellerophon who carries from Argos to Bellerophon who carries from Argos to Bellerophon who carries from Argos to lytia deadly symbols in a folded tablet lytia deadly symbols in a folded tablet lytia deadly symbols in a folded tablet the fact which was doubted till a few the fact which was doubted till a few the fact which was doubted till a few years ago that writing was practiced in years ago that writing was practiced in years ago that writing was practiced in the heroic age shows that the poet was the heroic age shows that the poet was the heroic age shows that the poet was guilty of no anachronism there is indeed guilty of no anachronism there is indeed guilty of no anachronism there is indeed one striking difference in custom the one striking difference in custom the one striking difference in custom the Mycenaean tombs reveal few traces of the Mycenaean tombs reveal few traces of the Mycenaean tombs reveal few traces of the habit of burning the dead which the habit of burning the dead which the habit of burning the dead which the Homeric Greeks invariably practiced Homeric Greeks invariably practiced Homeric Greeks invariably practiced while beyond what isn't while beyond what isn't while beyond what isn't hide in a single mention of embalming hide in a single mention of embalming hide in a single mention of embalming the poems completely ignore the practice the poems completely ignore the practice the poems completely ignore the practice of burial in later times both customs of burial in later times both customs of burial in later times both customs existed in Greece side-by-side the existed in Greece side-by-side the existed in Greece side-by-side the explanation of this discrepancy seems to explanation of this discrepancy seems to explanation of this discrepancy seems to be that cremation was a practice be that cremation was a practice be that cremation was a practice introduced by the Achaeans hexameter introduced by the Achaeans hexameter introduced by the Achaeans hexameter verse must have already been far on its verse must have already been far on its verse must have already been far on its way to perfection in the 12th century way to perfection in the 12th century way to perfection in the 12th century when the Greek bards used it to when the Greek bards used it to when the Greek bards used it to commemorate the Trojan War the commemorate the Trojan War the commemorate the Trojan War the glorification of Achilles and other glorification of Achilles and other glorification of Achilles and other features of the Iliad point to northern features of the Iliad point to northern features of the Iliad point to northern Greece where was the kingdom of Achilles Greece where was the kingdom of Achilles Greece where was the kingdom of Achilles in Thea as the home of one of these in Thea as the home of one of these in Thea as the home of one of these early minstrels southern Greece early minstrels southern Greece early minstrels southern Greece doubtless had its singers too and here doubtless had its singers too and here doubtless had its singers too and here we may suspect the story of the we may suspect the story of the we may suspect the story of the homecoming of Odysseus took its first

homecoming of Odysseus took its first homecoming of Odysseus took its first shape marked as it is by a lively shape marked as it is by a lively shape marked as it is by a lively interest in the Peloponnesus and Crete part six political and social part six political and social organization of the early Greeks the organization of the early Greeks the organization of the early Greeks the Homeric poems give us our earliest Homeric poems give us our earliest Homeric poems give us our earliest glimpse of the working of those glimpse of the working of those glimpse of the working of those political institutions which were the political institutions which were the political institutions which were the common heritage of most of the children common heritage of most of the children common heritage of most of the children whether children by adoption or by birth whether children by adoption or by birth whether children by adoption or by birth of the Arian stock of Greek Roman and of the Arian stock of Greek Roman and of the Arian stock of Greek Roman and German alike they show us the king at German alike they show us the king at German alike they show us the king at the head but he does not govern wholly the head but he does not govern wholly the head but he does not govern wholly of his own will he is guided by a of his own will he is guided by a of his own will he is guided by a Council of the chief men of the Council of the chief men of the Council of the chief men of the community whom he consults and the community whom he consults and the community whom he consults and the decisions of the council and King decisions of the council and King decisions of the council and King deliberating together are brought before deliberating together are brought before deliberating together are brought before the Assembly of the whole people out of the Assembly of the whole people out of the Assembly of the whole people out of these three elements King Council and these three elements King Council and these three elements King Council and assembly the Constitution's of Europe assembly the Constitution's of Europe assembly the Constitution's of Europe have grown here are the germs of all the have grown here are the germs of all the have grown here are the germs of all the various forms of monarchy aristocracy various forms of monarchy aristocracy various forms of monarchy aristocracy and democracy but in the most ancient and democracy but in the most ancient and democracy but in the most ancient times this political organization was times this political organization was times this political organization was weak and loose the true power and permit weak and loose the true power and permit weak and loose the true power and permit of society was the family when we first of society was the family when we first of society was the family when we first meet the Greeks they live together in meet the Greeks they live together in meet the Greeks they live together in family communities their villages are family communities their villages are family communities their villages are habitations of a genus that is of a clan habitations of a genus that is of a clan habitations of a genus that is of a clan or family in a wide sense all the or family in a wide sense all the or family in a wide sense all the members being descended from a common members being descended from a common members being descended from a common ancestor and ancestor and ancestor and together by the tie of blood originally together by the tie of blood originally together by the tie of blood originally the chief of the family had the power of

the chief of the family had the power of the chief of the family had the power of life and death over all who belonged to life and death over all who belonged to life and death over all who belonged to the family and it was only as the the family and it was only as the the family and it was only as the authority of the state grew and asserted authority of the state grew and asserted authority of the state grew and asserted itself against the comparative itself against the comparative itself against the comparative independence of the family that this independence of the family that this independence of the family that this power gradually passed away but the power gradually passed away but the power gradually passed away but the village communities are not as they were village communities are not as they were village communities are not as they were in the Asian four world isolated an in the Asian four world isolated an in the Asian four world isolated an independent they are part of a larger independent they are part of a larger independent they are part of a larger community which is called the philae or community which is called the philae or community which is called the philae or tribe the tribe is the whole people of tribe the tribe is the whole people of tribe the tribe is the whole people of the kingdom in the kingdom simplest form the kingdom in the kingdom simplest form the kingdom in the kingdom simplest form and the territory which the tribe and the territory which the tribe and the territory which the tribe inhabited was called its deem when a inhabited was called its deem when a inhabited was called its deem when a king became powerful and one sway over king became powerful and one sway over king became powerful and one sway over the deans of neighboring Kings a the deans of neighboring Kings a the deans of neighboring Kings a community consisting of more than one community consisting of more than one community consisting of more than one tribe would arise and while each tribe tribe would arise and while each tribe tribe would arise and while each tribe had emerged its separate political had emerged its separate political had emerged its separate political institutions in the common institutions institutions in the common institutions institutions in the common institutions of the whole state it would retain its of the whole state it would retain its of the whole state it would retain its separate identity within the larger separate identity within the larger separate identity within the larger Union it was usual for several families Union it was usual for several families Union it was usual for several families to group themselves together into a to group themselves together into a to group themselves together into a society called Ephrata society called Ephrata society called Ephrata or Brotherhood which had certain common or Brotherhood which had certain common or Brotherhood which had certain common religious usages the organization of religious usages the organization of religious usages the organization of Clan and tribe with the intermediate Clan and tribe with the intermediate Clan and tribe with the intermediate union of the fray tree was a framework union of the fray tree was a framework union of the fray tree was a framework derived from the Aryan forefathers derived from the Aryan forefathers derived from the Aryan forefathers shared at least by other Aryan races for shared at least by other Aryan races for shared at least by other Aryan races for we find the same institutions among the we find the same institutions among the we find the same institutions among the Romans and among the Germans the clan is Romans and among the Germans the clan is Romans and among the Germans the clan is the foundation of Roman society in the the foundation of Roman society in the the foundation of Roman society in the Julian gins for instance has exactly the Julian gins for instance has exactly the Julian gins for instance has exactly the same social significance as the genus of

same social significance as the genus of same social significance as the genus of the arcminutes of Attica the finally is the arcminutes of Attica the finally is the arcminutes of Attica the finally is the Roman tribe in the Frey tree the Roman tribe in the Frey tree the Roman tribe in the Frey tree corresponds to the Roman Curia and to corresponds to the Roman Curia and to corresponds to the Roman Curia and to our own English hundred the importance our own English hundred the importance our own English hundred the importance of the Brotherhood is illustrated by of the Brotherhood is illustrated by of the Brotherhood is illustrated by Homer's description of an outcast as one Homer's description of an outcast as one Homer's description of an outcast as one who has no brothers and no hearth the who has no brothers and no hearth the who has no brothers and no hearth the importance of the family is most vividly importance of the family is most vividly importance of the family is most vividly shown in the manner in which the Greeks shown in the manner in which the Greeks shown in the manner in which the Greeks possessed the lands which they conquered possessed the lands which they conquered possessed the lands which they conquered the soil did not become the private the soil did not become the private the soil did not become the private property of individual freemen nor yet property of individual freemen nor yet property of individual freemen nor yet the public property of the whole the public property of the whole the public property of the whole community the king of the tribe or community the king of the tribe or community the king of the tribe or tribes tribes tribes marked out the whole territory into marked out the whole territory into marked out the whole territory into parcels according to the number of parcels according to the number of parcels according to the number of families in the community and the families in the community and the families in the community and the families cast lot for the estates each families cast lot for the estates each families cast lot for the estates each family then possessed its own estate the family then possessed its own estate the family then possessed its own estate the head of the family administered it but head of the family administered it but head of the family administered it but had no power of alienating it the land had no power of alienating it the land had no power of alienating it the land belonged to the whole kin but not to any belonged to the whole kin but not to any belonged to the whole kin but not to any particular member the right of property particular member the right of property particular member the right of property and land seems to have been based not on and land seems to have been based not on and land seems to have been based not on the right of conquest but on a religious the right of conquest but on a religious the right of conquest but on a religious sentiment each family buried their dead sentiment each family buried their dead sentiment each family buried their dead within their own domain and it was held within their own domain and it was held within their own domain and it was held that the dead possessed forever and ever that the dead possessed forever and ever that the dead possessed forever and ever the soil where they lay and that the the soil where they lay and that the the soil where they lay and that the land round a Sepulchre belonged land round a Sepulchre belonged land round a Sepulchre belonged rightfully to their living kins Volk one rightfully to their living kins Volk one rightfully to their living kins Volk one of whose heis duties was to protect and of whose heis duties was to protect and of whose heis duties was to protect and tend the tombs of their fathers the king tend the tombs of their fathers the king tend the tombs of their fathers the king was at once the chief priest the chief was at once the chief priest the chief was at once the chief priest the chief judge and the supreme warlord of the

judge and the supreme warlord of the judge and the supreme warlord of the tribe he exercised a general control tribe he exercised a general control tribe he exercised a general control over religious ceremonies except in over religious ceremonies except in over religious ceremonies except in cases where there were special cases where there were special cases where there were special priesthoods he pronounced judgment and priesthoods he pronounced judgment and priesthoods he pronounced judgment and dealt out justice to those who came to dealt out justice to those who came to dealt out justice to those who came to his judgment seats his judgment seats his judgment seats to have their wrongs righted and he led to have their wrongs righted and he led to have their wrongs righted and he led forth the host to war he belonged to a forth the host to war he belonged to a forth the host to war he belonged to a family which claimed descent from the family which claimed descent from the family which claimed descent from the gods themselves his relation to his gods themselves his relation to his gods themselves his relation to his people was conceived as that of a people was conceived as that of a people was conceived as that of a protecting deity he was revered as a God protecting deity he was revered as a God protecting deity he was revered as a God in the Dean the kingship passed from in the Dean the kingship passed from in the Dean the kingship passed from sired to son but it is probable that sired to son but it is probable that sired to son but it is probable that personal fitness was recognized as a personal fitness was recognized as a personal fitness was recognized as a condition of the kingly office and the condition of the kingly office and the condition of the kingly office and the people might refuse to accept a people might refuse to accept a people might refuse to accept a degenerate son who was unequal to the degenerate son who was unequal to the degenerate son who was unequal to the tasks that his father had fulfilled the tasks that his father had fulfilled the tasks that his father had fulfilled the sceptered King had various privileges sceptered King had various privileges sceptered King had various privileges the seat of honor at feasts a large and the seat of honor at feasts a large and the seat of honor at feasts a large and choice share of booty taken in war and a choice share of booty taken in war and a choice share of booty taken in war and a food offered at sacrifices a special food offered at sacrifices a special food offered at sacrifices a special clothes of land was marked out and set clothes of land was marked out and set clothes of land was marked out and set apart for him as a royal domain distinct apart for him as a royal domain distinct apart for him as a royal domain distinct from that which his family owned the from that which his family owned the from that which his family owned the royal functions were vague enough and a royal functions were vague enough and a royal functions were vague enough and a king had no power to enforce his will if king had no power to enforce his will if king had no power to enforce his will if it did not meet the approval of the it did not meet the approval of the it did not meet the approval of the heads of the people he must always look heads of the people he must always look heads of the people he must always look for the consent and seek the opinion of for the consent and seek the opinion of for the consent and seek the opinion of the deliberative Council of the deliberative Council of the deliberative Council of the elders strictly perhaps the members the elders strictly perhaps the members the elders strictly perhaps the members of the council ought to have been the of the council ought to have been the of the council ought to have been the heads of all the clans and they would heads of all the clans and they would heads of all the clans and they would thus have represented the whole tribe or thus have represented the whole tribe or thus have represented the whole tribe or all the tribes that there are more than

all the tribes that there are more than all the tribes that there are more than one but we must take it for granted as one but we must take it for granted as one but we must take it for granted as an ultimate fact which we have not the an ultimate fact which we have not the an ultimate fact which we have not the means of explaining that certain means of explaining that certain means of explaining that certain families had come to hold a privileged families had come to hold a privileged families had come to hold a privileged position above the others had in fact position above the others had in fact position above the others had in fact been marked out as noble and claimed been marked out as noble and claimed been marked out as noble and claimed descent from Zeus and the council was descent from Zeus and the council was descent from Zeus and the council was composed of this nobility in the puce composed of this nobility in the puce composed of this nobility in the puce and authority of this council of elders and authority of this council of elders and authority of this council of elders laid the germ of future aristocracy more laid the germ of future aristocracy more laid the germ of future aristocracy more important than either king or council important than either king or council important than either king or council for the future growth of Greece was the for the future growth of Greece was the for the future growth of Greece was the gathering of the people out of which gathering of the people out of which gathering of the people out of which democracy was to spring all the Fremen democracy was to spring all the Fremen democracy was to spring all the Fremen of the tribe all the Fremen of the of the tribe all the Fremen of the of the tribe all the Fremen of the nation when more tribes had been united nation when more tribes had been united nation when more tribes had been united met together not at stated times but met together not at stated times but met together not at stated times but whenever the King summoned them to hear whenever the King summoned them to hear whenever the King summoned them to hear an eclaim what he and his counselors an eclaim what he and his counselors an eclaim what he and his counselors proposed to hear an eclaim but not to proposed to hear an eclaim but not to proposed to hear an eclaim but not to debate or propose themselves as yet the debate or propose themselves as yet the debate or propose themselves as yet the gathering of the folk for purposes of gathering of the folk for purposes of gathering of the folk for purposes of policy had not been differentiated from policy had not been differentiated from policy had not been differentiated from the gathering for the purpose of war the the gathering for the purpose of war the the gathering for the purpose of war the host which the king led forth against host which the king led forth against host which the king led forth against the foe was the same as the folk which the foe was the same as the folk which the foe was the same as the folk which assented by silence or applause to the assented by silence or applause to the assented by silence or applause to the declarations of his will in the Agora declarations of his will in the Agora declarations of his will in the Agora the assembly was not yet distinguished the assembly was not yet distinguished the assembly was not yet distinguished as an institution from the Army and if as an institution from the Army and if as an institution from the Army and if Agamemnon summons his hosts to declare Agamemnon summons his hosts to declare Agamemnon summons his hosts to declare his resolutions in the plain of Troy his resolutions in the plain of Troy his resolutions in the plain of Troy such a gathering is the Agora and no such a gathering is the Agora and no such a gathering is the Agora and no figurative sense it is no mere military figurative sense it is no mere military figurative sense it is no mere military assembly formed on the model of a assembly formed on the model of a assembly formed on the model of a political assembly it is in the fullest

political assembly it is in the fullest political assembly it is in the fullest sense the Assembly of the people the sense the Assembly of the people the sense the Assembly of the people the fellow institution of the Roman fellow institution of the Roman fellow institution of the Roman Commission our own gue mote derived all Commission our own gue mote derived all Commission our own gue mote derived all three from the same old Aryan gatherings three from the same old Aryan gatherings three from the same old Aryan gatherings the king was surrounded by a body of the king was surrounded by a body of the king was surrounded by a body of companions or retainers who were companions or retainers who were companions or retainers who were attached to him by personal ties of attached to him by personal ties of attached to him by personal ties of service and seemed often to have abode service and seemed often to have abode service and seemed often to have abode in his palace the companions are the in his palace the companions are the in his palace the companions are the same institution as the thanes of our same institution as the thanes of our same institution as the thanes of our English kings and if kingship had held English kings and if kingship had held English kings and if kingship had held its ground in Greece the its ground in Greece the its ground in Greece the Panny ins might possibly as in england Panny ins might possibly as in england Panny ins might possibly as in england have developed into a new order of have developed into a new order of have developed into a new order of nobility founded not on birth but on the nobility founded not on birth but on the nobility founded not on birth but on the Kings own choice for his service though Kings own choice for his service though Kings own choice for his service though the monarchy of this primitive form as the monarchy of this primitive form as the monarchy of this primitive form as we find it reflected in the Homeric lays we find it reflected in the Homeric lays we find it reflected in the Homeric lays generally passed away it survived in a generally passed away it survived in a generally passed away it survived in a few outlying regions which lag behind few outlying regions which lag behind few outlying regions which lag behind the rest of the Hellenic world and the rest of the Hellenic world and the rest of the Hellenic world and political development thus the political development thus the political development thus the Macedonian Greeks in the Lower Valley of Macedonian Greeks in the Lower Valley of Macedonian Greeks in the Lower Valley of the Axios retained a constitution of the the Axios retained a constitution of the the Axios retained a constitution of the old Homeric type till the latest times old Homeric type till the latest times old Homeric type till the latest times the royal power continually growing at the royal power continually growing at the royal power continually growing at the close of the tale of Greek conquest the close of the tale of Greek conquest the close of the tale of Greek conquest and expansion which began on the caster and expansion which began on the caster and expansion which began on the caster and ended on the hisses we shall come and ended on the hisses we shall come and ended on the hisses we shall come back by a strange revolution to the back by a strange revolution to the back by a strange revolution to the Homeric state when all the diverse forms Homeric state when all the diverse forms Homeric state when all the diverse forms of the rule of the few and the rule of of the rule of the few and the rule of of the rule of the few and the rule of the many which grew out of the primitive the many which grew out of the primitive the many which grew out of the primitive monarchy have had their day we shall see monarchy have had their day we shall see monarchy have had their day we shall see the Macedonian warrior who is to

the Macedonian warrior who is to the Macedonian warrior who is to complete the work that was begun by the complete the work that was begun by the complete the work that was begun by the Aegean conquerors of Troy attended by Aegean conquerors of Troy attended by Aegean conquerors of Troy attended by his companions like Agamemnon or his companions like Agamemnon or his companions like Agamemnon or Achilles and ruling his people like Anna Achilles and ruling his people like Anna Achilles and ruling his people like Anna Qian king of men the constitutional Qian king of men the constitutional Qian king of men the constitutional fabric of the Greek states was thus fabric of the Greek states was thus fabric of the Greek states was thus simple and loose in the days of Homer simple and loose in the days of Homer simple and loose in the days of Homer perhaps few large communities had come perhaps few large communities had come perhaps few large communities had come into Greece but larger communities were into Greece but larger communities were into Greece but larger communities were constantly formed in the course of the constantly formed in the course of the constantly formed in the course of the conquest in the later part of the royal conquest in the later part of the royal conquest in the later part of the royal period a new movement is setting and period a new movement is setting and period a new movement is setting and which is to decide the future of Greek which is to decide the future of Greek which is to decide the future of Greek history the city begins to emerge and history the city begins to emerge and history the city begins to emerge and take form and shape out of the loose take form and shape out of the loose take form and shape out of the loose aggregate of villages the inhabitants of aggregate of villages the inhabitants of aggregate of villages the inhabitants of a plain or Valley are induced to leave a plain or Valley are induced to leave a plain or Valley are induced to leave their scattered villages and make their their scattered villages and make their their scattered villages and make their dwellings side-by-side in one place dwellings side-by-side in one place dwellings side-by-side in one place which would generally be under the which would generally be under the which would generally be under the shadow of the Kings fortress at first shadow of the Kings fortress at first shadow of the Kings fortress at first the motive would be to gain the the motive would be to gain the the motive would be to gain the protection afforded by joint habitation protection afforded by joint habitation protection afforded by joint habitation in unsettled times just as we find in an in unsettled times just as we find in an in unsettled times just as we find in an earlier age villages grouped under the earlier age villages grouped under the earlier age villages grouped under the Citadel of Mycenae sometimes the group Citadel of Mycenae sometimes the group Citadel of Mycenae sometimes the group of villages would be hurt by a wall of villages would be hurt by a wall of villages would be hurt by a wall sometimes the protection of the castle sometimes the protection of the castle sometimes the protection of the castle above would be deemed enough the change above would be deemed enough the change above would be deemed enough the change from village to city life was general from village to city life was general from village to city life was general but not universe but not universe but not universe so many communities continued to live in so many communities continued to live in so many communities continued to live in villages and did not form cities till villages and did not form cities till villages and did not form cities till long afterwards the movement was long afterwards the movement was long afterwards the movement was promoted by the Kings and it is probable promoted by the Kings and it is probable promoted by the Kings and it is probable that strong Kings often brought it about that strong Kings often brought it about that strong Kings often brought it about by compulsion but in promoting it by compulsion but in promoting it by compulsion but in promoting it they were unwittingly undermining the

they were unwittingly undermining the they were unwittingly undermining the monarchical Constitution and paving the monarchical Constitution and paving the monarchical Constitution and paving the way for their own abolition a city-state way for their own abolition a city-state way for their own abolition a city-state naturally tends to be a republic in the naturally tends to be a republic in the naturally tends to be a republic in the heroic age then the state had not fully heroic age then the state had not fully heroic age then the state had not fully emerged from the society no laws were emerged from the society no laws were emerged from the society no laws were enacted and maintained by the state enacted and maintained by the state enacted and maintained by the state those ordinances and usages which guided those ordinances and usages which guided those ordinances and usages which guided the individual man in his conduct and the individual man in his conduct and the individual man in his conduct and which are necessary for the preservation which are necessary for the preservation which are necessary for the preservation of any society were maintained by the of any society were maintained by the of any society were maintained by the sanction of religion there were certain sanction of religion there were certain sanction of religion there were certain crimes which the gods punished but it crimes which the gods punished but it crimes which the gods punished but it was for the family not for the whole was for the family not for the whole was for the family not for the whole community to deal with the shedder of community to deal with the shedder of community to deal with the shedder of blood the justice which the King blood the justice which the King blood the justice which the King administered was really arbitration a administered was really arbitration a administered was really arbitration a stranger had no right of protection and stranger had no right of protection and stranger had no right of protection and might be slain in a foreign community might be slain in a foreign community might be slain in a foreign community unless he was bound by the bond of unless he was bound by the bond of unless he was bound by the bond of guests friendship with a member of that guests friendship with a member of that guests friendship with a member of that community and then he came under the community and then he came under the community and then he came under the protection of Zeus the hospitable wealth protection of Zeus the hospitable wealth protection of Zeus the hospitable wealth in these ages consisted of herds and in these ages consisted of herds and in these ages consisted of herds and flocks for know the Greeks for tillers flocks for know the Greeks for tillers flocks for know the Greeks for tillers of the soil and had settled in a country of the soil and had settled in a country of the soil and had settled in a country which was already agricultural the land which was already agricultural the land which was already agricultural the land was not rich enough to bestow wealth the was not rich enough to bestow wealth the was not rich enough to bestow wealth the value of a suit of armor for instance or value of a suit of armor for instance or value of a suit of armor for instance or a slave was expressed in oxen piracy was a slave was expressed in oxen piracy was a slave was expressed in oxen piracy was a common trade as was inevitable in a a common trade as was inevitable in a a common trade as was inevitable in a period when there was no organized period when there was no organized period when there was no organized maritime power strong enough to put it maritime power strong enough to put it maritime power strong enough to put it down so many practiced this means of down so many practiced this means of down so many practiced this means of livelihood that it bore no approach and livelihood that it bore no approach and livelihood that it bore no approach and when seamen landed on a strange strand when seamen landed on a strange strand when seamen landed on a strange strand the natural question to ask them was

the natural question to ask them was the natural question to ask them was Outlanders whence come ye are ye robbers Outlanders whence come ye are ye robbers Outlanders whence come ye are ye robbers that Rove the seas end of chapter 1 that Rove the seas end of chapter 1 that Rove the seas end of chapter 1 parts 4 through 6 chapter 1 part 7 of a history of Greece chapter 1 part 7 of a history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great to the death of Alexander the Great to the death of Alexander the Great vol 1 this is a librivox recording all vol 1 this is a librivox recording all vol 1 this is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to domain for more information or to domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org a volunteer please visit librivox.org a volunteer please visit librivox.org a history of Greece to the death of history of Greece to the death of history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander the Great vol 1 by John bag Melbury chapter 1 part vol 1 by John bag Melbury chapter 1 part vol 1 by John bag Melbury chapter 1 part 7 the Dorian conquest the Heroic Age of 7 the Dorian conquest the Heroic Age of 7 the Dorian conquest the Heroic Age of Greece may be said to have come to an Greece may be said to have come to an Greece may be said to have come to an end within two generations after the end within two generations after the end within two generations after the Trojan War a dark period of about two Trojan War a dark period of about two Trojan War a dark period of about two centuries followed which were marked by centuries followed which were marked by centuries followed which were marked by the disappearance of the old the disappearance of the old the disappearance of the old civilization by the expansion of the civilization by the expansion of the civilization by the expansion of the Greek race over the Aegean and by wide Greek race over the Aegean and by wide Greek race over the Aegean and by wide political changes in the mother country political changes in the mother country political changes in the mother country the transition to the new period the transition to the new period the transition to the new period corresponds to the transition from the corresponds to the transition from the corresponds to the transition from the bronze to the Iron Age the old Aegean bronze to the Iron Age the old Aegean bronze to the Iron Age the old Aegean fashions of pottery are replaced by a fashions of pottery are replaced by a fashions of pottery are replaced by a style distinguished by geometrical style distinguished by geometrical style distinguished by geometrical decorations and hence in the history of decorations and hence in the history of decorations and hence in the history of art the geometric age is often used as a art the geometric age is often used as a art the geometric age is often used as a convenient designation the pressure of convenient designation the pressure of convenient designation the pressure of illyrian peoples across the northern illyrian peoples across the northern illyrian peoples across the northern frontiers of Greece seems to have been frontiers of Greece seems to have been frontiers of Greece seems to have been the principal cause of the changes the the principal cause of the changes the the principal cause of the changes the Dorian's who appear upon the scene and

Dorian's who appear upon the scene and Dorian's who appear upon the scene and play the leading part in transforming play the leading part in transforming play the leading part in transforming Greece were probably of illyrian stock Greece were probably of illyrian stock Greece were probably of illyrian stock unlike the earlier northern invaders the unlike the earlier northern invaders the unlike the earlier northern invaders the ecchi UNS they destroyed instead of ecchi UNS they destroyed instead of ecchi UNS they destroyed instead of adopting the civilization which they adopting the civilization which they adopting the civilization which they found the Dorian's did not come with found the Dorian's did not come with found the Dorian's did not come with horses they fought on foot and their horses they fought on foot and their horses they fought on foot and their weapons were iron the southward pressure weapons were iron the southward pressure weapons were iron the southward pressure of the illyrians was fatal to italia in of the illyrians was fatal to italia in of the illyrians was fatal to italia in the Homeric poems we have a reflected the Homeric poems we have a reflected the Homeric poems we have a reflected glimpse of the prosperity of the Italian glimpse of the prosperity of the Italian glimpse of the prosperity of the Italian coastland we see that pleure on by the coastland we see that pleure on by the coastland we see that pleure on by the sea and rocky Caledon and the other sea and rocky Caledon and the other sea and rocky Caledon and the other strong cities of that region were strong cities of that region were strong cities of that region were abreast of the civilization of the abreast of the civilization of the abreast of the civilization of the heroic age and the Italian myth of Mela heroic age and the Italian myth of Mela heroic age and the Italian myth of Mela gar and the hunting of the Caledonian gar and the hunting of the Caledonian gar and the hunting of the Caledonian bear became a part of the heritage of bear became a part of the heritage of bear became a part of the heritage of the national legend of Greece merit the national legend of Greece merit the national legend of Greece merit Anatolia was then a land of wine it's Anatolia was then a land of wine it's Anatolia was then a land of wine it's pride in its vineyards is displayed in pride in its vineyards is displayed in pride in its vineyards is displayed in the names of its mythic kings but in the the names of its mythic kings but in the the names of its mythic kings but in the later ages of Greek history all this has later ages of Greek history all this has later ages of Greek history all this has changed we find Italia regarded as a changed we find Italia regarded as a changed we find Italia regarded as a half barbarous country the abode of men half barbarous country the abode of men half barbarous country the abode of men who speak indeed a Greek tongue but have who speak indeed a Greek tongue but have who speak indeed a Greek tongue but have lagged ages and ages behind the rest of lagged ages and ages behind the rest of lagged ages and ages behind the rest of Greece in science and civilization and Greece in science and civilization and Greece in science and civilization and we find the neighboring countries in the we find the neighboring countries in the we find the neighboring countries in the same case a pyrius or the greater part same case a pyrius or the greater part same case a pyrius or the greater part of it had been Hellenized when the of it had been Hellenized when the of it had been Hellenized when the worship of Zeus was introduced at Dodona worship of Zeus was introduced at Dodona worship of Zeus was introduced at Dodona to become famous and venerable to become famous and venerable to become famous and venerable throughout the Greek world suddenly it throughout the Greek world suddenly it throughout the Greek world suddenly it lapses into comparative barbarism and lapses into comparative barbarism and lapses into comparative barbarism and the sanctuary of de dona remains a the sanctuary of de dona remains a the sanctuary of de dona remains a lonely outpost the explanation of this

lonely outpost the explanation of this lonely outpost the explanation of this falling away is the eruption and falling away is the eruption and falling away is the eruption and conquest of illyrian invaders it was not conquest of illyrian invaders it was not conquest of illyrian invaders it was not through laziness or degeneracy or through laziness or degeneracy or through laziness or degeneracy or through geographical disadvantages that through geographical disadvantages that through geographical disadvantages that the Greeks of Epirus Anatolia fell out the Greeks of Epirus Anatolia fell out the Greeks of Epirus Anatolia fell out of the race it was because they were of the race it was because they were of the race it was because they were overwhelmed by a rude and barbarous overwhelmed by a rude and barbarous overwhelmed by a rude and barbarous people who swamped their civilization people who swamped their civilization people who swamped their civilization instead of assimilating it the Italians instead of assimilating it the Italians instead of assimilating it the Italians and Epirus of later history are mainly a and Epirus of later history are mainly a and Epirus of later history are mainly a Valyrian stock this invasion naturally Valyrian stock this invasion naturally Valyrian stock this invasion naturally drove some of the Greek inhabitants to drove some of the Greek inhabitants to drove some of the Greek inhabitants to seek new homes elsewhere it was easy to seek new homes elsewhere it was easy to seek new homes elsewhere it was easy to cross the Gulf and Italian immigrants cross the Gulf and Italian immigrants cross the Gulf and Italian immigrants made their way to the river Pena's where made their way to the river Pena's where made their way to the river Pena's where they settled and took to themselves the they settled and took to themselves the they settled and took to themselves the name of aliens or Dale's Minh they won name of aliens or Dale's Minh they won name of aliens or Dale's Minh they won dominion over the EPI ins the first dominion over the EPI ins the first dominion over the EPI ins the first Greek settlers and gradually extended Greek settlers and gradually extended Greek settlers and gradually extended their power to the Alphaeus their land their power to the Alphaeus their land their power to the Alphaeus their land was attractive downs with a harmless was attractive downs with a harmless was attractive downs with a harmless coast and they never became a maritime coast and they never became a maritime coast and they never became a maritime power the people in this western plain power the people in this western plain power the people in this western plain of the peninsula were distinguished by of the peninsula were distinguished by of the peninsula were distinguished by the veneration of the hero pelops the veneration of the hero pelops the veneration of the hero pelops his worship had taken deep root at pisa his worship had taken deep root at pisa his worship had taken deep root at pisa on the banks of the river Alphaeus it on the banks of the river Alphaeus it on the banks of the river Alphaeus it was a spot which in a later age when the was a spot which in a later age when the was a spot which in a later age when the Greeks had spread overseas into distant Greeks had spread overseas into distant Greeks had spread overseas into distant lands was to become one of the holiest lands was to become one of the holiest lands was to become one of the holiest seats of Greek religion where the seats of Greek religion where the seats of Greek religion where the greatest of the Aryan the supremist of greatest of the Aryan the supremist of greatest of the Aryan the supremist of the Hellenic the Hellenic the Hellenic gods was to draw to his sacred precinct gods was to draw to his sacred precinct gods was to draw to his sacred precinct men from all quarters of the Greek world men from all quarters of the Greek world men from all quarters of the Greek world to do him honor with the sacrifices and to do him honor with the sacrifices and to do him honor with the sacrifices and gains but even when Pisa had come to be gains but even when Pisa had come to be gains but even when Pisa had come to be illustrious as Olympia even when the illustrious as Olympia even when the illustrious as Olympia even when the temple and altar of the Olympian Zeus temple and altar of the Olympian Zeus temple and altar of the Olympian Zeus had eclipsed to all other associations

had eclipsed to all other associations had eclipsed to all other associations of the place pelops still received his of the place pelops still received his of the place pelops still received his offering but though Pelops himself was offering but though Pelops himself was offering but though Pelops himself was remembered only as a legendary figure remembered only as a legendary figure remembered only as a legendary figure except in one or two places like Olympia except in one or two places like Olympia except in one or two places like Olympia where his old worship survived his name where his old worship survived his name where his old worship survived his name is is is instilled in one of the most familiar instilled in one of the most familiar instilled in one of the most familiar geographical names of Greece it is in geographical names of Greece it is in geographical names of Greece it is in the regions near the mouth of the the regions near the mouth of the the regions near the mouth of the corinthian gulf where the existence of corinthian gulf where the existence of corinthian gulf where the existence of the bridge at corinth may be easily the bridge at corinth may be easily the bridge at corinth may be easily unremembered that men would be most unremembered that men would be most unremembered that men would be most tempted to call the great peninsula an tempted to call the great peninsula an tempted to call the great peninsula an island and so when Pelops was still island and so when Pelops was still island and so when Pelops was still widely worshipped the name island of widely worshipped the name island of widely worshipped the name island of Pelops may have originated on that side Pelops may have originated on that side Pelops may have originated on that side not probably in the peninsula itself but not probably in the peninsula itself but not probably in the peninsula itself but on the opposite Shores Anatolia for on the opposite Shores Anatolia for on the opposite Shores Anatolia for example and then it made its way into example and then it made its way into example and then it made its way into universal use and clung hence forward to universal use and clung hence forward to universal use and clung hence forward to southern Greece the pressure of the southern Greece the pressure of the southern Greece the pressure of the illyrians and Epirus may be associated illyrians and Epirus may be associated illyrians and Epirus may be associated with two movements of great consequence with two movements of great consequence with two movements of great consequence the Thessalonians and the bo shin the Thessalonians and the bo shin the Thessalonians and the bo shin migration a backward Greek folk name the migration a backward Greek folk name the migration a backward Greek folk name the pathway but called by men of the other pathway but called by men of the other pathway but called by men of the other districts this alloy crossed the hills districts this alloy crossed the hills districts this alloy crossed the hills and settled in the western corner of the and settled in the western corner of the and settled in the western corner of the land which is bounded by pelion and land which is bounded by pelion and land which is bounded by pelion and Pindus they gained the upper hand and Pindus they gained the upper hand and Pindus they gained the upper hand and spread their sway over the whole plain spread their sway over the whole plain spread their sway over the whole plain they drove the Achaeans southwards into they drove the Achaeans southwards into they drove the Achaeans southwards into the mountains of Pythia and henceforward the mountains of Pythia and henceforward the mountains of Pythia and henceforward these occasions play no part of any note these occasions play no part of any note these occasions play no part of any note in the history of Greece the Thessaly in in the history of Greece the Thessaly in in the history of Greece the Thessaly in name soon spread over the whole country name soon spread over the whole country name soon spread over the whole country which is called Thessaly to the present which is called Thessaly to the present which is called Thessaly to the present day Kremen pegasi Larissa and fairy day Kremen pegasi Larissa and fairy day Kremen pegasi Larissa and fairy became the seats of Lords who reared

became the seats of Lords who reared became the seats of Lords who reared horses and governed the surrounding horses and governed the surrounding horses and governed the surrounding districts the conquered people were districts the conquered people were districts the conquered people were reduced to serfdom and were known as the reduced to serfdom and were known as the reduced to serfdom and were known as the laborers they cultivated the soil at laborers they cultivated the soil at laborers they cultivated the soil at their own risk paying a fixed amount to their own risk paying a fixed amount to their own risk paying a fixed amount to their lords and they had certain their lords and they had certain their lords and they had certain privileges they could not be sold abroad privileges they could not be sold abroad privileges they could not be sold abroad or arbitrarily put to death but they or arbitrarily put to death but they or arbitrarily put to death but they gained one victory over their conquerors gained one victory over their conquerors gained one victory over their conquerors the Achaean language prevailed the the Achaean language prevailed the the Achaean language prevailed the Thessaly ins gave up their own idiom and Thessaly ins gave up their own idiom and Thessaly ins gave up their own idiom and learned not indeed without modifying the learned not indeed without modifying the learned not indeed without modifying the speech of their subjects so that the speech of their subjects so that the speech of their subjects so that the dialect of historic Thessaly bears a dialect of historic Thessaly bears a dialect of historic Thessaly bears a close resemblance to the tongue which we close resemblance to the tongue which we close resemblance to the tongue which we find spoken by the Achaean settlers in find spoken by the Achaean settlers in find spoken by the Achaean settlers in Asia Minor when they had established Asia Minor when they had established Asia Minor when they had established themselves in the lands of the penis' themselves in the lands of the penis' themselves in the lands of the penis' the Thessaly ins pressed northward the Thessaly ins pressed northward the Thessaly ins pressed northward against the Farabee eastward against the against the Farabee eastward against the against the Farabee eastward against the magnets and southward against the magnets and southward against the magnets and southward against the Achaeans of Pythia and reduced them all Achaeans of Pythia and reduced them all Achaeans of Pythia and reduced them all to tributary subjection we know almost to tributary subjection we know almost to tributary subjection we know almost nothing of the history of the nothing of the history of the nothing of the history of the thesa lien kingdoms in later times we thesa lien kingdoms in later times we thesa lien kingdoms in later times we find the whole country divided into four find the whole country divided into four find the whole country divided into four great divisions the salutis in the great divisions the salutis in the great divisions the salutis in the southwest the quarter which may have southwest the quarter which may have southwest the quarter which may have been the first settlement and home of been the first settlement and home of been the first settlement and home of the Thessaly and invaders pytheas of the the Thessaly and invaders pytheas of the the Thessaly and invaders pytheas of the Achaeans in the south palace coitus a Achaeans in the south palace coitus a Achaeans in the south palace coitus a name which records the survival of the name which records the survival of the name which records the survival of the palace gains one of the older people's palace gains one of the older people's palace gains one of the older people's and his GI tests the land of the hist and his GI tests the land of the hist and his GI tests the land of the hist aliens who have no separate identity in aliens who have no separate identity in aliens who have no separate identity in history all the Lordships of the land history all the Lordships of the land history all the Lordships of the land were combined in a very loose political were combined in a very loose political were combined in a very loose political organization which lay dormant in times organization which lay dormant in times organization which lay dormant in times of peace but through which to meet any

of peace but through which to meet any of peace but through which to meet any emergency of war they could elect a emergency of war they could elect a emergency of war they could elect a common captain with the title of tagos common captain with the title of tagos common captain with the title of tagos but all the folk did not remain to fall but all the folk did not remain to fall but all the folk did not remain to fall under the thraldom under the thraldom under the thraldom imposed by the new lords a portion of imposed by the new lords a portion of imposed by the new lords a portion of the Achaeans migrated southward to the the Achaeans migrated southward to the the Achaeans migrated southward to the Peloponnesus and founded settlements Peloponnesus and founded settlements Peloponnesus and founded settlements along the strip of coast which forms the along the strip of coast which forms the along the strip of coast which forms the southern side of the corinthian gulf and southern side of the corinthian gulf and southern side of the corinthian gulf and was henceforth called aquella thus there was henceforth called aquella thus there was henceforth called aquella thus there were two Achaean lands the old akia in were two Achaean lands the old akia in were two Achaean lands the old akia in the north now shrunk to the mountains of the north now shrunk to the mountains of the north now shrunk to the mountains of Pythia and the new aquella in the south Pythia and the new aquella in the south Pythia and the new aquella in the south there was also apparently a movement to there was also apparently a movement to there was also apparently a movement to you boa in consequence of the Thessaly you boa in consequence of the Thessaly you boa in consequence of the Thessaly and invasion according to tradition his and invasion according to tradition his and invasion according to tradition his stea in the north of the island and stea in the north of the island and stea in the north of the island and Eretria in the center owed their origin Eretria in the center owed their origin Eretria in the center owed their origin to settlers from Thessaly and there is to settlers from Thessaly and there is to settlers from Thessaly and there is independent evidence that there was independent evidence that there was independent evidence that there was truth in this tradition the lands of truth in this tradition the lands of truth in this tradition the lands of helican and Catherine experienced a helican and Catherine experienced a helican and Catherine experienced a similar shock to that which unsettled similar shock to that which unsettled similar shock to that which unsettled and changed the lands of Olympus and and changed the lands of Olympus and and changed the lands of Olympus and authoress but the results were not the authoress but the results were not the authoress but the results were not the same the old home of the Bois shion's same the old home of the Bois shion's same the old home of the Bois shion's was in mount Bowen in Epirus the was in mount Bowen in Epirus the was in mount Bowen in Epirus the mountain gave them their name their mountain gave them their name their mountain gave them their name their dialect was probably closely akin to the dialect was probably closely akin to the dialect was probably closely akin to the original dialect of the Thessaly UNS original dialect of the Thessaly UNS original dialect of the Thessaly UNS being marked by certain characters which being marked by certain characters which being marked by certain characters which enable us to distinguish roughly a enable us to distinguish roughly a enable us to distinguish roughly a northwestern group of dialects from northwestern group of dialects from northwestern group of dialects from those spoken by the earliest invaders of those spoken by the earliest invaders of those spoken by the earliest invaders of Greece coming from the west or north Greece coming from the west or north Greece coming from the west or north devotions first occupied places in the devotions first occupied places in the devotions first occupied places in the west of the land which they were to make west of the land which they were to make west of the land which they were to make their own from Jeremiah and Caronia they their own from Jeremiah and Caronia they their own from Jeremiah and Caronia they won thieves the city of the CAD means

won thieves the city of the CAD means won thieves the city of the CAD means thence they sought to spread their power thence they sought to spread their power thence they sought to spread their power over the whole land over the whole land over the whole land they spread their name over it for it they spread their name over it for it they spread their name over it for it was called Basia but they did not was called Basia but they did not was called Basia but they did not succeed in winning full domination as succeed in winning full domination as succeed in winning full domination as rapidly as the Thessaly and succeeded in rapidly as the Thessaly and succeeded in rapidly as the Thessaly and succeeded in Thessaly the rich lords of Orko Menace Thessaly the rich lords of Orko Menace Thessaly the rich lords of Orko Menace preserved their independence for preserved their independence for preserved their independence for hundreds of years and it was not till hundreds of years and it was not till hundreds of years and it was not till the sixth century that anything like a the sixth century that anything like a the sixth century that anything like a bow she and unity was established the bow she and unity was established the bow she and unity was established the policy of the Beauchene conquerors who policy of the Beauchene conquerors who policy of the Beauchene conquerors who were perhaps comparatively few in number were perhaps comparatively few in number were perhaps comparatively few in number was unlike that of the Thessaly UNS the was unlike that of the Thessaly UNS the was unlike that of the Thessaly UNS the conquered communities were not reduced conquered communities were not reduced conquered communities were not reduced to serfdom on the other hand they did to serfdom on the other hand they did to serfdom on the other hand they did not like the Thessaly UNS adopt or adapt not like the Thessaly UNS adopt or adapt not like the Thessaly UNS adopt or adapt the speech of the older inhabitants but the speech of the older inhabitants but the speech of the older inhabitants but the idioms of the conquerors and the idioms of the conquerors and the idioms of the conquerors and conquered coalesced and formed a new conquered coalesced and formed a new conquered coalesced and formed a new Beauchene dialect the Beauchene conquest Beauchene dialect the Beauchene conquest Beauchene dialect the Beauchene conquest there can be little doubt cause some of there can be little doubt cause some of there can be little doubt cause some of the older people's to wander forth to the older people's to wander forth to the older people's to wander forth to other lands and it may explain the other lands and it may explain the other lands and it may explain the participation of the CAD means and the participation of the CAD means and the participation of the CAD means and the men of Livadia and others in some of the men of Livadia and others in some of the men of Livadia and others in some of the Ionian settlements in Asia Minor Ionian settlements in Asia Minor Ionian settlements in Asia Minor moreover the coming of the bosun's moreover the coming of the bosun's moreover the coming of the bosun's probably unsettled some of the probably unsettled some of the probably unsettled some of the neighboring peoples and drove them to neighboring peoples and drove them to neighboring peoples and drove them to change their abodes west of Boscia in change their abodes west of Boscia in change their abodes west of Boscia in the land of the phocians amid the the land of the phocians amid the the land of the phocians amid the regions of Mount Parnassus regions of Mount Parnassus regions of Mount Parnassus there were dislocations of a less simple there were dislocations of a less simple there were dislocations of a less simple kind hither came the Dorian's for a kind hither came the Dorian's for a kind hither came the Dorian's for a while it would seem a large space of while it would seem a large space of while it would seem a large space of mountainous country between Mount OTA mountainous country between Mount OTA mountainous country between Mount OTA and the Corinthian Gulf including a and the Corinthian Gulf including a and the Corinthian Gulf including a great part of focus became Dorian land great part of focus became Dorian land great part of focus became Dorian land the greater part of them soon went forth the greater part of them soon went forth the greater part of them soon went forth to seek fair abodes and distant places

to seek fair abodes and distant places to seek fair abodes and distant places but a few remained behind in the small but a few remained behind in the small but a few remained behind in the small Basin like district between Mount Alta Basin like district between Mount Alta Basin like district between Mount Alta and Mount Parnassus where they preserved and Mount Parnassus where they preserved and Mount Parnassus where they preserved the illustrious Dorian name throughout the illustrious Dorian name throughout the illustrious Dorian name throughout the course of Grecian history in which the course of Grecian history in which the course of Grecian history in which they never played a part it would seem they never played a part it would seem they never played a part it would seem that the Dorian's also took possession that the Dorian's also took possession that the Dorian's also took possession of Delfy the rocky threshold of Apollo of Delfy the rocky threshold of Apollo of Delfy the rocky threshold of Apollo and planted some families there who and planted some families there who and planted some families there who devoted themselves to the service of the devoted themselves to the service of the devoted themselves to the service of the God after the departure of the Dorian God after the departure of the Dorian God after the departure of the Dorian Wanderers the phocians could breathe Wanderers the phocians could breathe Wanderers the phocians could breathe again but Doris was lost to them and again but Doris was lost to them and again but Doris was lost to them and Delfy which as we shall see Delfy which as we shall see Delfy which as we shall see they often essayed to recover and the they often essayed to recover and the they often essayed to recover and the phocians had to reckon with other phocians had to reckon with other phocians had to reckon with other neighbors in later times we found the neighbors in later times we found the neighbors in later times we found the Locrian split up into three divisions Locrian split up into three divisions Locrian split up into three divisions and the phocians wedged in between one and the phocians wedged in between one and the phocians wedged in between one division the awes Olien locally division the awes Olien locally division the awes Olien locally are on the corinthian gulf to the west are on the corinthian gulf to the west are on the corinthian gulf to the west of focus the other two divisions are on of focus the other two divisions are on of focus the other two divisions are on the u bouyancy to the northeast of focus the u bouyancy to the northeast of focus the u bouyancy to the northeast of focus the aahs Lian's were one of the most the aahs Lian's were one of the most the aahs Lian's were one of the most backward peoples of Greece the locrians backward peoples of Greece the locrians backward peoples of Greece the locrians of the north play a part in the Iliad of the north play a part in the Iliad of the north play a part in the Iliad under the leadership of their hero IX under the leadership of their hero IX under the leadership of their hero IX who ruled overthrown e'en as well as who ruled overthrown e'en as well as who ruled overthrown e'en as well as over opus and Locris was probably a over opus and Locris was probably a over opus and Locris was probably a continuous strip along the coast of the continuous strip along the coast of the continuous strip along the coast of the U bow and straits the phocians wanted an U bow and straits the phocians wanted an U bow and straits the phocians wanted an outlet to the sea and severed it into outlet to the sea and severed it into outlet to the sea and severed it into two parts the departure of the Dorian's two parts the departure of the Dorian's two parts the departure of the Dorian's from the regions of Parnassus was from the regions of Parnassus was from the regions of Parnassus was probably gradual and it was accomplished probably gradual and it was accomplished probably gradual and it was accomplished by sea they built ships perhaps the name by sea they built ships perhaps the name by sea they built ships perhaps the name of napadas of napadas of napadas the place of the shipbuilding is a the place of the shipbuilding is a the place of the shipbuilding is a record of their ventures and they sailed

record of their ventures and they sailed record of their ventures and they sailed around the Peloponnesus to the around the Peloponnesus to the around the Peloponnesus to the southeastern parts of Greece one band of southeastern parts of Greece one band of southeastern parts of Greece one band of adventurers brought a new element to adventurers brought a new element to adventurers brought a new element to Crete the island of many races others Crete the island of many races others Crete the island of many races others settled in thira and MELAS others sailed settled in thira and MELAS others sailed settled in thira and MELAS others sailed away eastward beyond the limits of the away eastward beyond the limits of the away eastward beyond the limits of the Aegean and found a home on the southern Aegean and found a home on the southern Aegean and found a home on the southern coast of Asia Minor we're surrounded by coast of Asia Minor we're surrounded by coast of Asia Minor we're surrounded by barbarians and forgotten by the Greek barbarians and forgotten by the Greek barbarians and forgotten by the Greek world they lived a life apart taking no world they lived a life apart taking no world they lived a life apart taking no share in the history of Hellas but they share in the history of Hellas but they share in the history of Hellas but they preserve their Hellenic speech and their preserve their Hellenic speech and their preserve their Hellenic speech and their name that Pamphylia pnes recorded their name that Pamphylia pnes recorded their name that Pamphylia pnes recorded their Dorian origin being the name of one of Dorian origin being the name of one of Dorian origin being the name of one of the three tribes by which the Dorian's the three tribes by which the Dorian's the three tribes by which the Dorian's were everywhere recognized the next were everywhere recognized the next were everywhere recognized the next conquest of the Dorian's were in the conquest of the Dorian's were in the conquest of the Dorian's were in the Peloponnesus they had found it Peloponnesus they had found it Peloponnesus they had found it impossible to attack on the north and impossible to attack on the north and impossible to attack on the north and west west west they now as sated on the south and east they now as sated on the south and east they now as sated on the south and east there were three distinct conquests there were three distinct conquests there were three distinct conquests conquest of Laconia on the conquest of conquest of Laconia on the conquest of conquest of Laconia on the conquest of Argolis the conquest of Corinth the Argolis the conquest of Corinth the Argolis the conquest of Corinth the Dorian's took possession of the rich Dorian's took possession of the rich Dorian's took possession of the rich veil of the euro tiss and keeping their veil of the euro tiss and keeping their veil of the euro tiss and keeping their own dorian stock pure from the mixture own dorian stock pure from the mixture own dorian stock pure from the mixture of alien blood reduced all the of alien blood reduced all the of alien blood reduced all the inhabitants to the condition of subjects inhabitants to the condition of subjects inhabitants to the condition of subjects it seems probable that the Dorian it seems probable that the Dorian it seems probable that the Dorian invaders who subdued Laconia were more invaders who subdued Laconia were more invaders who subdued Laconia were more numerous than the Dorian invaders numerous than the Dorian invaders numerous than the Dorian invaders elsewhere the eminent quality which elsewhere the eminent quality which elsewhere the eminent quality which distinguished the Dorian's from other distinguished the Dorian's from other distinguished the Dorian's from other branches of the Greek race was that branches of the Greek race was that branches of the Greek race was that which we call character and it was in which we call character and it was in which we call character and it was in laconia that this quality most fully laconia that this quality most fully laconia that this quality most fully displayed and developed itself for here displayed and developed itself for here displayed and developed itself for here the Dorian's the Dorian's the Dorian's seems to have remained more purely seems to have remained more purely seems to have remained more purely durian in our golus the course of things

durian in our golus the course of things durian in our golus the course of things ran otherwise the invaders who landed ran otherwise the invaders who landed ran otherwise the invaders who landed under king called Temenos had doubtless under king called Temenos had doubtless under king called Temenos had doubtless a hard fight but their conquest took the a hard fight but their conquest took the a hard fight but their conquest took the shape not of subjugation but of shape not of subjugation but of shape not of subjugation but of amalgamation the archive state was amalgamation the archive state was amalgamation the archive state was indeed organized on the Dorian system indeed organized on the Dorian system indeed organized on the Dorian system with the three Dorian tribe the Hillis with the three Dorian tribe the Hillis with the three Dorian tribe the Hillis the Pam filly and the Dominus but the Pam filly and the Dominus but the Pam filly and the Dominus but otherwise few traces of the conquest otherwise few traces of the conquest otherwise few traces of the conquest remained it is to the time of this remained it is to the time of this remained it is to the time of this conquest that the overthrow of Mycenae conquest that the overthrow of Mycenae conquest that the overthrow of Mycenae is probably to be referred certain it is is probably to be referred certain it is is probably to be referred certain it is that both Mycenae and Tyrion's were that both Mycenae and Tyrion's were that both Mycenae and Tyrion's were destroyed suddenly and set on fire destroyed suddenly and set on fire destroyed suddenly and set on fire henceforward Argos under her lofty henceforward Argos under her lofty henceforward Argos under her lofty citadel was to be undisputed queen of citadel was to be undisputed queen of citadel was to be undisputed queen of the archive claim greater indeed was the the archive claim greater indeed was the the archive claim greater indeed was the feat which the Dorian's wrought in their feat which the Dorian's wrought in their feat which the Dorian's wrought in their southern conquest the feat of making southern conquest the feat of making southern conquest the feat of making lowly sparta without citadel or wall the lowly sparta without citadel or wall the lowly sparta without citadel or wall the queen of the laconian vale dorian ships queen of the laconian vale dorian ships queen of the laconian vale dorian ships were also rode up the ceramic gulf it were also rode up the ceramic gulf it were also rode up the ceramic gulf it was the adventure of a prince whom the was the adventure of a prince whom the was the adventure of a prince whom the legend calls errant the son of ryder and legend calls errant the son of ryder and legend calls errant the son of ryder and seized the high hill of a crow corinth seized the high hill of a crow corinth seized the high hill of a crow corinth the key of the peninsula this was the the key of the peninsula this was the the key of the peninsula this was the making of Corinth here as an artist making of Corinth here as an artist making of Corinth here as an artist there was no subjection no distinction there was no subjection no distinction there was no subjection no distinction between the conquerors and the conquered between the conquerors and the conquered between the conquerors and the conquered the geographical position of Corinth the geographical position of Corinth the geographical position of Corinth between her seas determined for her between her seas determined for her between her seas determined for her people a career of Commerce and her people a career of Commerce and her people a career of Commerce and her history shows that the Dorian's had the history shows that the Dorian's had the history shows that the Dorian's had the qualities of bold and skilful traders qualities of bold and skilful traders qualities of bold and skilful traders from Argos the Dorian's made two from Argos the Dorian's made two from Argos the Dorian's made two important settlements in the north on important settlements in the north on important settlements in the north on the river Esopus sicyon on its lower and the river Esopus sicyon on its lower and the river Esopus sicyon on its lower and Phileas on its upper banks and beyond

Phileas on its upper banks and beyond Phileas on its upper banks and beyond mount jeremiah another dorian city arose mount jeremiah another dorian city arose mount jeremiah another dorian city arose we know not how on the commanding hill we know not how on the commanding hill we know not how on the commanding hill which looks down upon the western shore which looks down upon the western shore which looks down upon the western shore of Salamis it's name was Nisa of Salamis it's name was Nisa of Salamis it's name was Nisa but the hill had been crowned by a royal but the hill had been crowned by a royal but the hill had been crowned by a royal palace in the heroic age and so the palace in the heroic age and so the palace in the heroic age and so the place came to be known majora the palace place came to be known majora the palace place came to be known majora the palace and in historical times no other name and in historical times no other name and in historical times no other name was known though the old name lurked in was known though the old name lurked in was known though the old name lurked in the name of the Harmon disea in later the name of the Harmon disea in later the name of the Harmon disea in later days story and majora was associated days story and majora was associated days story and majora was associated politically with the Peloponnesus rather politically with the Peloponnesus rather politically with the Peloponnesus rather than with northern Greece in pre Dorian than with northern Greece in pre Dorian than with northern Greece in pre Dorian days that had been reckoned as part of days that had been reckoned as part of days that had been reckoned as part of Basia separated though it Basia separated though it Basia separated though it from that country by the western portion from that country by the western portion from that country by the western portion of the massive range of catherine the of the massive range of catherine the of the massive range of catherine the island whose conical mountain in the island whose conical mountain in the island whose conical mountain in the midst of the ceramic waters is visible midst of the ceramic waters is visible midst of the ceramic waters is visible to all the coasts around also was to all the coasts around also was to all the coasts around also was destined to become a Dorian land Aegina destined to become a Dorian land Aegina destined to become a Dorian land Aegina was conquered by Dorian settlers from was conquered by Dorian settlers from was conquered by Dorian settlers from Epidaurus but the conquest was perhaps Epidaurus but the conquest was perhaps Epidaurus but the conquest was perhaps not affected for 200 years or more after not affected for 200 years or more after not affected for 200 years or more after the subjugation of our beliefs in Aegina the subjugation of our beliefs in Aegina the subjugation of our beliefs in Aegina - there was doubtless a fusion of the - there was doubtless a fusion of the - there was doubtless a fusion of the old inhabitants and the new settlers and old inhabitants and the new settlers and old inhabitants and the new settlers and we may be sure that it had been before we may be sure that it had been before we may be sure that it had been before as it was after the change an island of as it was after the change an island of as it was after the change an island of bold and adventurous sailors in Crete bold and adventurous sailors in Crete bold and adventurous sailors in Crete and Laconia we meet as we shall see some and Laconia we meet as we shall see some and Laconia we meet as we shall see some peculiar institutions which seemed to peculiar institutions which seemed to peculiar institutions which seemed to have been characteristically Dorian but have been characteristically Dorian but have been characteristically Dorian but are not found in Argos or Corinth yet are not found in Argos or Corinth yet are not found in Argos or Corinth yet all the Dorian settlements remembered all the Dorian settlements remembered all the Dorian settlements remembered their common Dorian origin and the their common Dorian origin and the their common Dorian origin and the conquerors of Laconia at least looked

conquerors of Laconia at least looked conquerors of Laconia at least looked with emotions of filial piety towards with emotions of filial piety towards with emotions of filial piety towards the little obscure Doris in the the little obscure Doris in the the little obscure Doris in the highlands of Parnassus as their mother highlands of Parnassus as their mother highlands of Parnassus as their mother country the evidence of the three Dorian country the evidence of the three Dorian country the evidence of the three Dorian tribes might help to maintain the tribes might help to maintain the tribes might help to maintain the consciousness of a Dorian section of consciousness of a Dorian section of consciousness of a Dorian section of Greece but it was perhaps the rise of a Greece but it was perhaps the rise of a Greece but it was perhaps the rise of a new Doris on the other side of the new Doris on the other side of the new Doris on the other side of the Aegean that elevated the Dorian name Aegean that elevated the Dorian name Aegean that elevated the Dorian name into permanent national significance end into permanent national significance end into permanent national significance end of chapter 1 part 7 recording by Sabella of chapter 1 part 7 recording by Sabella of chapter 1 part 7 recording by Sabella Denton