Julius Caesar Part 3 - Egypt To The Assassination

history of Julius Caesar by Jacob Abbott history of Julius Caesar by Jacob Abbott chapter nine Caesar in Egypt chapter nine Caesar in Egypt chapter nine Caesar in Egypt Caesar surveyed the field of battle Caesar surveyed the field of battle Caesar surveyed the field of battle after the victory of Pharsalia not with after the victory of Pharsalia not with after the victory of Pharsalia not with the feelings of exultation which might the feelings of exultation which might the feelings of exultation which might have been expected in a victorious have been expected in a victorious have been expected in a victorious general but with compassion and sorrow general but with compassion and sorrow general but with compassion and sorrow for the fallen soldiers whose dead for the fallen soldiers whose dead for the fallen soldiers whose dead bodies covered the ground after gazing bodies covered the ground after gazing bodies covered the ground after gazing upon the scene sadly and in silence for upon the scene sadly and in silence for upon the scene sadly and in silence for a time he said they would have it so a time he said they would have it so a time he said they would have it so and thus dismissed from his mind all and thus dismissed from his mind all and thus dismissed from his mind all sense of his own responsibility for the sense of his own responsibility for the sense of his own responsibility for the consequences which had ensued he treated consequences which had ensued he treated consequences which had ensued he treated the immense body of prisoners which had the immense body of prisoners which had the immense body of prisoners which had fallen into his hands with great fallen into his hands with great fallen into his hands with great clemency partly from the natural clemency partly from the natural clemency partly from the natural impulses of his disposition which were impulses of his disposition which were impulses of his disposition which were always generous and Noble and partly always generous and Noble and partly always generous and Noble and partly from policy that he might conciliate from policy that he might conciliate from policy that he might conciliate them all officers and soldiers to them all officers and soldiers to them all officers and soldiers to acquiescence in his future rule he then acquiescence in his future rule he then acquiescence in his future rule he then sent back a large portion of his force sent back a large portion of his force sent back a large portion of his force to Italy and taking a body of cavalry to Italy and taking a body of cavalry to Italy and taking a body of cavalry from the rest in order that he might from the rest in order that he might from the rest in order that he might advance with the utmost possible advance with the utmost possible advance with the utmost possible rapidity he set off through Thessaly and rapidity he set off through Thessaly and rapidity he set off through Thessaly and Macedon in pursuit of his fugitive foe Macedon in pursuit of his fugitive foe Macedon in pursuit of his fugitive foe he had no naval force at his command and he had no naval force at his command and he had no naval force at his command and he accordingly kept upon the land he accordingly kept upon the land he accordingly kept upon the land besides he wished by moving through the besides he wished by moving through the besides he wished by moving through the country at the head of an armed force to country at the head of an armed force to country at the head of an armed force to make a demonstration which should put make a demonstration which should put make a demonstration which should put down any attempts that might be made in down any attempts that might be made in down any attempts that might be made in any quarter to rally or concentrate a any quarter to rally or concentrate a any quarter to rally or concentrate a force in Pompey's favour he crossed the force in Pompey's favour he crossed the force in Pompey's favour he crossed the Hellespont and moved down the coast of Hellespont and moved down the coast of Hellespont and moved down the coast of Asia Minor Asia Minor Asia Minor there was a great temple consecrated to there was a great temple consecrated to there was a great temple consecrated to Diana at Ephesus which for its wealth Diana at Ephesus which for its wealth Diana at Ephesus which for its wealth and magnificence was then the wonder of

and magnificence was then the wonder of and magnificence was then the wonder of the world the authorities who had it in the world the authorities who had it in the world the authorities who had it in their charge not aware of Caesars their charge not aware of Caesars their charge not aware of Caesars approach had concluded to withdraw the approach had concluded to withdraw the approach had concluded to withdraw the treasures from the temple and loan them treasures from the temple and loan them treasures from the temple and loan them to Pompey to be repaid when he should to Pompey to be repaid when he should to Pompey to be repaid when he should have regained his dower have regained his dower have regained his dower an assembly was accordingly convened to an assembly was accordingly convened to an assembly was accordingly convened to witness the delivery of the treasures witness the delivery of the treasures witness the delivery of the treasures and take note of their value which and take note of their value which and take note of their value which ceremony was to be performed with great ceremony was to be performed with great ceremony was to be performed with great formality and parade when they learned formality and parade when they learned formality and parade when they learned that Caesar had crossed the Hellespont that Caesar had crossed the Hellespont that Caesar had crossed the Hellespont and was drawing near the whole and was drawing near the whole and was drawing near the whole proceeding was thus arrested and the proceeding was thus arrested and the proceeding was thus arrested and the treasures were retained Caesar passed treasures were retained Caesar passed treasures were retained Caesar passed rapidly on through Asia Minor examining rapidly on through Asia Minor examining rapidly on through Asia Minor examining and comparing as he advanced the vague and comparing as he advanced the vague and comparing as he advanced the vague rumours which were continually coming in rumours which were continually coming in rumours which were continually coming in in respect of Pompey's movements in respect of Pompey's movements in respect of Pompey's movements he learned at length that he had gone to he learned at length that he had gone to he learned at length that he had gone to Cyprus he presumed that his destination Cyprus he presumed that his destination Cyprus he presumed that his destination was Egypt and he immediately resolved to was Egypt and he immediately resolved to was Egypt and he immediately resolved to provide himself with a fleet and follow provide himself with a fleet and follow provide himself with a fleet and follow him thither by sea as time passed on in him thither by sea as time passed on in him thither by sea as time passed on in the news of Pompey's defeat in flight the news of Pompey's defeat in flight the news of Pompey's defeat in flight and of Caesars triumphant pursuit of him and of Caesars triumphant pursuit of him and of Caesars triumphant pursuit of him became generally extended and confirmed became generally extended and confirmed became generally extended and confirmed the various powers ruling in all that the various powers ruling in all that the various powers ruling in all that region of the world abandoned one after region of the world abandoned one after region of the world abandoned one after another the hopeless cause and began to another the hopeless cause and began to another the hopeless cause and began to adhere to Caesar they offered him such adhere to Caesar they offered him such adhere to Caesar they offered him such resources and aid as he might desire he resources and aid as he might desire he resources and aid as he might desire he did not however stop to organize a large did not however stop to organize a large did not however stop to organize a large fleet or to collect an army he depended fleet or to collect an army he depended fleet or to collect an army he depended like Napoleon in all the great movements like Napoleon in all the great movements like Napoleon in all the great movements of his life not on grandeur of of his life not on grandeur of of his life not on grandeur of preparation but on celerity of action he preparation but on celerity of action he preparation but on celerity of action he organized it roads are small but very organized it roads are small but very organized it roads are small but very efficient fleet of ten galleys and efficient fleet of ten galleys and efficient fleet of ten galleys and embarking his best troops in them he embarking his best troops in them he embarking his best troops in them he made sail for the coast of Egypt Pompey made sail for the coast of Egypt Pompey made sail for the coast of Egypt Pompey had landed at Pelusium on the eastern

had landed at Pelusium on the eastern had landed at Pelusium on the eastern frontier having heard that the young frontier having heard that the young frontier having heard that the young king and his court were there to meet king and his court were there to meet king and his court were there to meet and resist Cleopatra's invasion Caesar and resist Cleopatra's invasion Caesar and resist Cleopatra's invasion Caesar however with the characteristic boldness however with the characteristic boldness however with the characteristic boldness and energy of his character proceeded and energy of his character proceeded and energy of his character proceeded directly to Alexandria the capital Egypt directly to Alexandria the capital Egypt directly to Alexandria the capital Egypt was in those days an ally of the Romans was in those days an ally of the Romans was in those days an ally of the Romans as the phrase was that is the country as the phrase was that is the country as the phrase was that is the country though it preserved its independent though it preserved its independent though it preserved its independent organization in its forms of royalty was organization in its forms of royalty was organization in its forms of royalty was still United to the Roman people by an still United to the Roman people by an still United to the Roman people by an intimate League so as to form an intimate League so as to form an intimate League so as to form an integral part of the great Empire Caesar integral part of the great Empire Caesar integral part of the great Empire Caesar consequently in appearing there with an consequently in appearing there with an consequently in appearing there with an armed force would naturally be received armed force would naturally be received armed force would naturally be received as a friend he found only the garrison as a friend he found only the garrison as a friend he found only the garrison which ptolemies government had left in which ptolemies government had left in which ptolemies government had left in charge of the city at first the officers charge of the city at first the officers charge of the city at first the officers of this garrison gave him an outwardly of this garrison gave him an outwardly of this garrison gave him an outwardly friendly reception but they soon began friendly reception but they soon began friendly reception but they soon began to take offense at the air of authority to take offense at the air of authority to take offense at the air of authority in command which he assumed and would in command which he assumed and would in command which he assumed and would seem to them to indicate a spirit of seem to them to indicate a spirit of seem to them to indicate a spirit of encroachment on the sovereignty of their encroachment on the sovereignty of their encroachment on the sovereignty of their own King feelings of deeply seated own King feelings of deeply seated own King feelings of deeply seated alienation and animosity sometimes find alienation and animosity sometimes find alienation and animosity sometimes find their outward expression in contests their outward expression in contests their outward expression in contests about things intrinsically of very about things intrinsically of very about things intrinsically of very little importance it was so in this case little importance it was so in this case little importance it was so in this case the Roman consuls were accustomed to use the Roman consuls were accustomed to use the Roman consuls were accustomed to use a certain badge of authority called the a certain badge of authority called the a certain badge of authority called the facies it consisted of a bundle of rods facies it consisted of a bundle of rods facies it consisted of a bundle of rods bound around the handle then acts bound around the handle then acts bound around the handle then acts whenever a consul appeared in public he whenever a consul appeared in public he whenever a consul appeared in public he was preceded by two officers called was preceded by two officers called was preceded by two officers called lictors each of whom carried the facies lictors each of whom carried the facies lictors each of whom carried the facies as a symbol of the power as a symbol of the power as a symbol of the power possessed it in a distinguished possessed it in a distinguished possessed it in a distinguished personage who followed them the Egyptian personage who followed them the Egyptian personage who followed them the Egyptian officers in the people of the city officers in the people of the city officers in the people of the city quarreled with Caesar on account of his quarreled with Caesar on account of his quarreled with Caesar on account of his moving about among them in his imperial

moving about among them in his imperial moving about among them in his imperial state accompanied by a lifeguard and state accompanied by a lifeguard and state accompanied by a lifeguard and preceded by the lictors contests preceded by the lictors contests preceded by the lictors contests occurred between his troops and those of occurred between his troops and those of occurred between his troops and those of the garrison and many disturbances were the garrison and many disturbances were the garrison and many disturbances were created in the streets of the city created in the streets of the city created in the streets of the city although no serious collision took place although no serious collision took place although no serious collision took place Caesar thought it prudent to strengthen Caesar thought it prudent to strengthen Caesar thought it prudent to strengthen his force and he sent back to Europe for his force and he sent back to Europe for his force and he sent back to Europe for additional legions to come to Egypt and additional legions to come to Egypt and additional legions to come to Egypt and join him the tidings of Pompey's death join him the tidings of Pompey's death join him the tidings of Pompey's death came to Caesar at Alexandria and with came to Caesar at Alexandria and with came to Caesar at Alexandria and with them the head of the murdered man which them the head of the murdered man which them the head of the murdered man which was sent by the government of Ptolemy was sent by the government of Ptolemy was sent by the government of Ptolemy they supposing that it would be an they supposing that it would be an they supposing that it would be an acceptable gift to Caesar instead of acceptable gift to Caesar instead of acceptable gift to Caesar instead of being pleased with it Caesar turned from being pleased with it Caesar turned from being pleased with it Caesar turned from the shocking spectacle in horror Pompey the shocking spectacle in horror Pompey the shocking spectacle in horror Pompey had been for many years now gone by had been for many years now gone by had been for many years now gone by he's his colleague and friend he had he's his colleague and friend he had he's his colleague and friend he had been his son-in-law and thus had been his son-in-law and thus had been his son-in-law and thus had sustained to him a very near and sustained to him a very near and sustained to him a very near and endearing relation in the contest which endearing relation in the contest which endearing relation in the contest which had at last unfortunately arisen Pompey had at last unfortunately arisen Pompey had at last unfortunately arisen Pompey had done no wrong either to Caesar or to had done no wrong either to Caesar or to had done no wrong either to Caesar or to the government at Rome he was the the government at Rome he was the the government at Rome he was the injured party so far as there was a injured party so far as there was a injured party so far as there was a right and a wrong to such a quarrel and right and a wrong to such a quarrel and right and a wrong to such a quarrel and now after being hunted through half the now after being hunted through half the now after being hunted through half the world by his triumphant enemy he had world by his triumphant enemy he had world by his triumphant enemy he had been treacherously murdered by men been treacherously murdered by men been treacherously murdered by men pretending to receive him as a friend pretending to receive him as a friend pretending to receive him as a friend the natural sense of justice which the natural sense of justice which the natural sense of justice which formed originally so strong a trait in formed originally so strong a trait in formed originally so strong a trait in Caesars character was not yet wholly Caesars character was not yet wholly Caesars character was not yet wholly extinguished he could not but feel some extinguished he could not but feel some extinguished he could not but feel some remorse at the thoughts of the long remorse at the thoughts of the long remorse at the thoughts of the long course of violence and wrong which he course of violence and wrong which he course of violence and wrong which he had pursued against his old champion and had pursued against his old champion and had pursued against his old champion and friend and which had led at last to so friend and which had led at last to so friend and which had led at last to so dreadful and end instead of being dreadful and end instead of being dreadful and end instead of being pleased with the horrid trophy which the pleased with the horrid trophy which the pleased with the horrid trophy which the Egyptian sent him he mourned the death Egyptian sent him he mourned the death Egyptian sent him he mourned the death of his great rival with sincere and

of his great rival with sincere and of his great rival with sincere and unaffected grief and was filled with unaffected grief and was filled with unaffected grief and was filled with indignation against his murderers Pompey indignation against his murderers Pompey indignation against his murderers Pompey had a signet ring upon his finger at the had a signet ring upon his finger at the had a signet ring upon his finger at the time of his assassination which was time of his assassination which was time of his assassination which was taken off by the Egyptian officers and taken off by the Egyptian officers and taken off by the Egyptian officers and carried away to ptolemy together with carried away to ptolemy together with carried away to ptolemy together with the other articles of value which had the other articles of value which had the other articles of value which had been found upon his person Ptolemy sent been found upon his person Ptolemy sent been found upon his person Ptolemy sent this seal to Caesar to complete the this seal to Caesar to complete the this seal to Caesar to complete the proof that its possessor was no more proof that its possessor was no more proof that its possessor was no more Caesar received this memorial with eager Caesar received this memorial with eager Caesar received this memorial with eager though mournful pleasure and he though mournful pleasure and he though mournful pleasure and he preserved it with great care and in many preserved it with great care and in many preserved it with great care and in many ways during all the remainder of his ways during all the remainder of his ways during all the remainder of his life he manifested every outward life he manifested every outward life he manifested every outward indication of cherishing the high indication of cherishing the high indication of cherishing the high respect for Pompey's memory there stands respect for Pompey's memory there stands respect for Pompey's memory there stands to the present day among the ruins of to the present day among the ruins of to the present day among the ruins of Alexandria a beautiful column about 100 Alexandria a beautiful column about 100 Alexandria a beautiful column about 100 feet high which has been known in all feet high which has been known in all feet high which has been known in all modern times as Pompey's pillar it is modern times as Pompey's pillar it is modern times as Pompey's pillar it is formed stone and is in three parts one formed stone and is in three parts one formed stone and is in three parts one stone forms a pedestal another shaft and stone forms a pedestal another shaft and stone forms a pedestal another shaft and a third the Capitol the beauty of this a third the Capitol the beauty of this a third the Capitol the beauty of this column the perfection of its workmanship column the perfection of its workmanship column the perfection of its workmanship which still continues in excellent which still continues in excellent which still continues in excellent preservation and it's antiquity preservation and it's antiquity preservation and it's antiquity so great that all distinct record of its so great that all distinct record of its so great that all distinct record of its origin is lost have combined to make it origin is lost have combined to make it origin is lost have combined to make it for many ages the wonder and admiration for many ages the wonder and admiration for many ages the wonder and admiration of mankind although no history of its of mankind although no history of its of mankind although no history of its origin has come down to us a tradition origin has come down to us a tradition origin has come down to us a tradition has descended that Caesar built it has descended that Caesar built it has descended that Caesar built it during his residence in Egypt to during his residence in Egypt to during his residence in Egypt to commemorate the name of Pompey but commemorate the name of Pompey but commemorate the name of Pompey but whether it was his own victory over whether it was his own victory over whether it was his own victory over Pompey or Pompey's own character and Pompey or Pompey's own character and Pompey or Pompey's own character and military fame which the structure was military fame which the structure was military fame which the structure was intended to signalize to mankind cannot intended to signalize to mankind cannot intended to signalize to mankind cannot now be known there is even some doubt

now be known there is even some doubt now be known there is even some doubt whether it was erected by Caesar at all whether it was erected by Caesar at all whether it was erected by Caesar at all while Caesar was in Alexandria many of while Caesar was in Alexandria many of while Caesar was in Alexandria many of Pompey's officers now that their master Pompey's officers now that their master Pompey's officers now that their master was dead and there was no longer any was dead and there was no longer any was dead and there was no longer any possibility of their rallying again possibility of their rallying again possibility of their rallying again under his guidance and command came in under his guidance and command came in under his guidance and command came in and surrendered themselves to him he and surrendered themselves to him he and surrendered themselves to him he received them with great kindness and received them with great kindness and received them with great kindness and instead of visiting them with any instead of visiting them with any instead of visiting them with any penalties for having fought against him penalties for having fought against him penalties for having fought against him he honored the fidelity and bravery they he honored the fidelity and bravery they he honored the fidelity and bravery they had evinced in the service of their own had evinced in the service of their own had evinced in the service of their own former master Caesar had in fact shown former master Caesar had in fact shown former master Caesar had in fact shown the same generosity to the soldiers of the same generosity to the soldiers of the same generosity to the soldiers of Pompey's army that he had taken Pompey's army that he had taken Pompey's army that he had taken prisoners at the Battle of Pharsalia at prisoners at the Battle of Pharsalia at prisoners at the Battle of Pharsalia at the close of the battle he issued orders the close of the battle he issued orders the close of the battle he issued orders that each one of his soldiers should that each one of his soldiers should that each one of his soldiers should have permission to save one of the enemy have permission to save one of the enemy have permission to save one of the enemy nothing could more strikingly exemplify nothing could more strikingly exemplify nothing could more strikingly exemplify both the generosity and the tact that both the generosity and the tact that both the generosity and the tact that marked the great conquerors character marked the great conquerors character marked the great conquerors character than this incident the hatred and than this incident the hatred and than this incident the hatred and revenge which had animated his revenge which had animated his revenge which had animated his victorious soldiery in the battle and in victorious soldiery in the battle and in victorious soldiery in the battle and in the pursuit were changed immediately by the pursuit were changed immediately by the pursuit were changed immediately by the permission to compassion and the permission to compassion and the permission to compassion and goodwill the ferocious soldiers turned goodwill the ferocious soldiers turned goodwill the ferocious soldiers turned at once from the pleasure of hunting at once from the pleasure of hunting at once from the pleasure of hunting their discomforted enemies to death to their discomforted enemies to death to their discomforted enemies to death to that of protecting and defending them that of protecting and defending them that of protecting and defending them and the way was prepared for their being and the way was prepared for their being and the way was prepared for their being received into his service and received into his service and received into his service and incorporated with the rest of his army incorporated with the rest of his army incorporated with the rest of his army as friends and brothers Caesar soon as friends and brothers Caesar soon as friends and brothers Caesar soon found himself in so strong a position at found himself in so strong a position at found himself in so strong a position at Alexandria that he determined Alexandria that he determined Alexandria that he determined to exercise his authority as Roman to exercise his authority as Roman to exercise his authority as Roman consul to settle the dispute in respect consul to settle the dispute in respect consul to settle the dispute in respect to the succession of the Egyptian crown to the succession of the Egyptian crown to the succession of the Egyptian crown there was no difficulty in finding there was no difficulty in finding there was no difficulty in finding pretext for interfering in the affairs pretext for interfering in the affairs pretext for interfering in the affairs of Egypt in the first place there was as

of Egypt in the first place there was as of Egypt in the first place there was as he contended great anarchy and confusion he contended great anarchy and confusion he contended great anarchy and confusion at Alexandria people taking different at Alexandria people taking different at Alexandria people taking different sides in the controversy with such sides in the controversy with such sides in the controversy with such fierceness as to render it impossible fierceness as to render it impossible fierceness as to render it impossible that good government and public order that good government and public order that good government and public order should be restored until this great should be restored until this great should be restored until this great question was settled he also claimed a question was settled he also claimed a question was settled he also claimed a debt due from the Egyptian government debt due from the Egyptian government debt due from the Egyptian government which Fatima's ptolemies Minister at which Fatima's ptolemies Minister at which Fatima's ptolemies Minister at Alexandria was very dilatory in pain Alexandria was very dilatory in pain Alexandria was very dilatory in pain this led to animosities and disputes and this led to animosities and disputes and this led to animosities and disputes and finally Caesar found or pretended to finally Caesar found or pretended to finally Caesar found or pretended to find evidence that were Tinus was find evidence that were Tinus was find evidence that were Tinus was forming plots against his life at length forming plots against his life at length forming plots against his life at length Caesar determined on taking decided Caesar determined on taking decided Caesar determined on taking decided action he sent orders both to Ptolemy action he sent orders both to Ptolemy action he sent orders both to Ptolemy and to Cleopatra to disband their forces and to Cleopatra to disband their forces and to Cleopatra to disband their forces to repair to Alexandria and lay their to repair to Alexandria and lay their to repair to Alexandria and lay their respective claims before him for his respective claims before him for his respective claims before him for his adjudication Cleopatra complied with adjudication Cleopatra complied with adjudication Cleopatra complied with this summons and returned to Egypt with this summons and returned to Egypt with this summons and returned to Egypt with a view to submitting her case to a view to submitting her case to a view to submitting her case to Caesar's arbitration Ptolemy determined Caesar's arbitration Ptolemy determined Caesar's arbitration Ptolemy determined to resist he advanced toward Egypt but to resist he advanced toward Egypt but to resist he advanced toward Egypt but it was at the head of his army and with it was at the head of his army and with it was at the head of his army and with a determination to drive Caesar and all a determination to drive Caesar and all a determination to drive Caesar and all his Roman followers away when Cleopatra his Roman followers away when Cleopatra his Roman followers away when Cleopatra arrived she found that the avenues of arrived she found that the avenues of arrived she found that the avenues of approach to Caesar's quarters were all approach to Caesar's quarters were all approach to Caesar's quarters were all in possession of her enemies so that in in possession of her enemies so that in in possession of her enemies so that in attempting to join him she incurred attempting to join him she incurred attempting to join him she incurred danger of falling into their hands as a danger of falling into their hands as a danger of falling into their hands as a prisoner she resorted to a stratagem as prisoner she resorted to a stratagem as prisoner she resorted to a stratagem as the story is to gain a secret admission the story is to gain a secret admission the story is to gain a secret admission they rolled her up in a sort of bale of they rolled her up in a sort of bale of they rolled her up in a sort of bale of bedding or carpeting and she was carried bedding or carpeting and she was carried bedding or carpeting and she was carried in in this way on the back of a man in in this way on the back of a man in in this way on the back of a man through the guards who might otherwise through the guards who might otherwise through the guards who might otherwise have intercepted her Caesar was very have intercepted her Caesar was very have intercepted her Caesar was very much pleased with this device and was a much pleased with this device and was a much pleased with this device and was a successful result of it Cleopatra too successful result of it Cleopatra too successful result of it Cleopatra too was young and beautiful and Caesar

was young and beautiful and Caesar was young and beautiful and Caesar immediately conceived a strong but immediately conceived a strong but immediately conceived a strong but guilty attachment to her which she guilty attachment to her which she guilty attachment to her which she readily returned Caesar espoused her readily returned Caesar espoused her readily returned Caesar espoused her cause and decided that she and Ptolemy cause and decided that she and Ptolemy cause and decided that she and Ptolemy should jointly occupy the throne Ptolemy should jointly occupy the throne Ptolemy should jointly occupy the throne Ptolemy and his partisans were determined not to and his partisans were determined not to and his partisans were determined not to submit to this award the consequence was submit to this award the consequence was submit to this award the consequence was a violent and protracted war Ptolemy was a violent and protracted war Ptolemy was a violent and protracted war Ptolemy was not only incensed to being deprived of not only incensed to being deprived of not only incensed to being deprived of what he considered his just right to the what he considered his just right to the what he considered his just right to the realm realm realm he was also half distracted at the he was also half distracted at the he was also half distracted at the thought of his sister's disgraceful thought of his sister's disgraceful thought of his sister's disgraceful connection with Caesar his excitement connection with Caesar his excitement connection with Caesar his excitement and distress and distress and distress and the exertions and efforts to which and the exertions and efforts to which and the exertions and efforts to which they aroused him awakened a strong they aroused him awakened a strong they aroused him awakened a strong sympathy in his cause among the people sympathy in his cause among the people sympathy in his cause among the people and Caesar found himself involved in a and Caesar found himself involved in a and Caesar found himself involved in a very serious contest in which his own very serious contest in which his own very serious contest in which his own life was brought repeatedly into the life was brought repeatedly into the life was brought repeatedly into the most imminent danger and which seriously most imminent danger and which seriously most imminent danger and which seriously threatened the total destruction of his threatened the total destruction of his threatened the total destruction of his power he however braved all the power he however braved all the power he however braved all the difficulty in dangers and recklessly difficulty in dangers and recklessly difficulty in dangers and recklessly persisted in the course he had taken persisted in the course he had taken persisted in the course he had taken under the influence of the infatuation under the influence of the infatuation under the influence of the infatuation in which his attachment to Cleopatra in which his attachment to Cleopatra in which his attachment to Cleopatra held him as by a spell the war in which held him as by a spell the war in which held him as by a spell the war in which Caesar was thus involved by his efforts Caesar was thus involved by his efforts Caesar was thus involved by his efforts to give Cleopatra a seat with her to give Cleopatra a seat with her to give Cleopatra a seat with her brother on the Egyptian throne is called brother on the Egyptian throne is called brother on the Egyptian throne is called in history the Alexandrian war it was in history the Alexandrian war it was in history the Alexandrian war it was marked by many strange and romantic marked by many strange and romantic marked by many strange and romantic incidents there was a lighthouse called incidents there was a lighthouse called incidents there was a lighthouse called the Pharaohs on a small island opposite the Pharaohs on a small island opposite the Pharaohs on a small island opposite the harbour of Alexandria and it was so the harbour of Alexandria and it was so the harbour of Alexandria and it was so famed both on account of the great famed both on account of the great famed both on account of the great magnificence of the edifice itself and magnificence of the edifice itself and magnificence of the edifice itself and also on account of its position at the also on account of its position at the also on account of its position at the entrance to the greatest commercial port entrance to the greatest commercial port entrance to the greatest commercial port in the world that it has given its name in the world that it has given its name in the world that it has given its name as a generic appellation to all other as a generic appellation to all other as a generic appellation to all other structures of the kind any lighthouse

structures of the kind any lighthouse structures of the kind any lighthouse being now called a Pharaoh's just as any being now called a Pharaoh's just as any being now called a Pharaoh's just as any serious difficulty is called a Gordian serious difficulty is called a Gordian serious difficulty is called a Gordian knot the pharaohs was a lofty tower the knot the pharaohs was a lofty tower the knot the pharaohs was a lofty tower the accounts say that it was 500 feet in accounts say that it was 500 feet in accounts say that it was 500 feet in height which would be an enormous height which would be an enormous height which would be an enormous elevation for such a structure and in a elevation for such a structure and in a elevation for such a structure and in a lantern at the top a brilliant light was lantern at the top a brilliant light was lantern at the top a brilliant light was kept constantly burning which could be kept constantly burning which could be kept constantly burning which could be seen over the water for a hundred miles seen over the water for a hundred miles seen over the water for a hundred miles the tower was built in several the tower was built in several the tower was built in several successive stories each being ornamented successive stories each being ornamented successive stories each being ornamented with ballast trades galleries and with ballast trades galleries and with ballast trades galleries and columns so that the splendor of the columns so that the splendor of the columns so that the splendor of the architecture by day rivaled the architecture by day rivaled the architecture by day rivaled the brilliancy of the radiation which beamed brilliancy of the radiation which beamed brilliancy of the radiation which beamed from the summit by night far and wide from the summit by night far and wide from the summit by night far and wide over the stormy waters of the over the stormy waters of the over the stormy waters of the Mediterranean this meteor glowed Mediterranean this meteor glowed Mediterranean this meteor glowed inviting and guiding the Mariners in and inviting and guiding the Mariners in and inviting and guiding the Mariners in and both its welcome and its guidance were both its welcome and its guidance were both its welcome and its guidance were doubly prized in those ancient days when doubly prized in those ancient days when doubly prized in those ancient days when there is neither compass nor sextant on there is neither compass nor sextant on there is neither compass nor sextant on which they could rely in the course of which they could rely in the course of which they could rely in the course of the contest with the Egyptians Caesar the contest with the Egyptians Caesar the contest with the Egyptians Caesar took possession of the Pharaohs and of took possession of the Pharaohs and of took possession of the Pharaohs and of the island on which it stood and as the the island on which it stood and as the the island on which it stood and as the Pharaohs was then regarded as one of the Pharaohs was then regarded as one of the Pharaohs was then regarded as one of the seven wonders of the world the fame of seven wonders of the world the fame of seven wonders of the world the fame of the exploit though it was probably the exploit though it was probably the exploit though it was probably nothing remarkable in a military point nothing remarkable in a military point nothing remarkable in a military point of view spread rapidly throughout the of view spread rapidly throughout the of view spread rapidly throughout the world and yet though the capture of a world and yet though the capture of a world and yet though the capture of a lighthouse was no very extraordinary lighthouse was no very extraordinary lighthouse was no very extraordinary conquest in the course of the Khan conquest in the course of the Khan conquest in the course of the Khan tests on the harbour which were tests on the harbour which were tests on the harbour which were connected with it Caesar had a very connected with it Caesar had a very connected with it Caesar had a very narrow escape from death in all such narrow escape from death in all such narrow escape from death in all such struggles he was accustomed always to struggles he was accustomed always to struggles he was accustomed always to take personally his full share of the take personally his full share of the take personally his full share of the exposure in the danger this resulted in exposure in the danger this resulted in exposure in the danger this resulted in part from the natural impetuosity and part from the natural impetuosity and part from the natural impetuosity and ardor of his character which were always ardor of his character which were always ardor of his character which were always aroused to double intensity of action by

aroused to double intensity of action by aroused to double intensity of action by the excitement of battle and partly from the excitement of battle and partly from the excitement of battle and partly from the ideas of the military duty of a the ideas of the military duty of a the ideas of the military duty of a commander which prevailed in those days commander which prevailed in those days commander which prevailed in those days there was besides in this case an there was besides in this case an there was besides in this case an additional inducement to acquire the additional inducement to acquire the additional inducement to acquire the glory of extraordinary exploits in glory of extraordinary exploits in glory of extraordinary exploits in caesar's desire to be the object of caesar's desire to be the object of caesar's desire to be the object of Cleopatra's admiration who watched all Cleopatra's admiration who watched all Cleopatra's admiration who watched all his movements and who was doubly pleased his movements and who was doubly pleased his movements and who was doubly pleased with his prowess and bravery since she with his prowess and bravery since she with his prowess and bravery since she saw that they were exercised for her saw that they were exercised for her saw that they were exercised for her sake and in her cause the Pharos was sake and in her cause the Pharos was sake and in her cause the Pharos was built upon an island which was connected built upon an island which was connected built upon an island which was connected by a pier or bridge with the mainland in by a pier or bridge with the mainland in by a pier or bridge with the mainland in the course of the attack upon this the course of the attack upon this the course of the attack upon this bridge Caesar with a party of his bridge Caesar with a party of his bridge Caesar with a party of his followers got driven back and hemmed in followers got driven back and hemmed in followers got driven back and hemmed in by a body of the enemy that surrounded by a body of the enemy that surrounded by a body of the enemy that surrounded them in such a place that the only mode them in such a place that the only mode them in such a place that the only mode of escape seemed to be by a boat which of escape seemed to be by a boat which of escape seemed to be by a boat which might take them to a neighbouring galley might take them to a neighbouring galley might take them to a neighbouring galley they began therefore all to crowd into they began therefore all to crowd into they began therefore all to crowd into the boat in confusion and so overloaded the boat in confusion and so overloaded the boat in confusion and so overloaded it that it was obviously an imminent it that it was obviously an imminent it that it was obviously an imminent danger of being upset or of sinking the danger of being upset or of sinking the danger of being upset or of sinking the upsetting or sinking of an overloaded upsetting or sinking of an overloaded upsetting or sinking of an overloaded boat brings almost certain destruction boat brings almost certain destruction boat brings almost certain destruction upon most of the passengers whether upon most of the passengers whether upon most of the passengers whether swimmers or not swimmers or not swimmers or not as they see each other in their terror as they see each other in their terror as they see each other in their terror and go down inextricably entangled and go down inextricably entangled and go down inextricably entangled together each held by the others in the together each held by the others in the together each held by the others in the convulsive grasp with which drowning men convulsive grasp with which drowning men convulsive grasp with which drowning men always cling to whatever is within their always cling to whatever is within their always cling to whatever is within their reach reach reach Caesar anticipating this danger left Caesar anticipating this danger left Caesar anticipating this danger left over into the sea and swam to the ship over into the sea and swam to the ship over into the sea and swam to the ship he had some papers in his hand at the he had some papers in his hand at the he had some papers in his hand at the time plans perhaps of the works which he time plans perhaps of the works which he time plans perhaps of the works which he was assailing these he held above the was assailing these he held above the was assailing these he held above the water with his left hand while he swam water with his left hand while he swam water with his left hand while he swam with the right and to save his purple with the right and to save his purple with the right and to save his purple cloak or mantle the emblem of his cloak or mantle the emblem of his cloak or mantle the emblem of his imperial dignity which he supposed the

imperial dignity which he supposed the imperial dignity which he supposed the enemy would eagerly seek to obtain as a enemy would eagerly seek to obtain as a enemy would eagerly seek to obtain as a trophy he seized it by a corner between trophy he seized it by a corner between trophy he seized it by a corner between his teeth and drew it after him through his teeth and drew it after him through his teeth and drew it after him through the water as he swam toward the galley the water as he swam toward the galley the water as he swam toward the galley the boat which he thus escaped from soon the boat which he thus escaped from soon the boat which he thus escaped from soon after went down with all on board during after went down with all on board during after went down with all on board during the progress of this Alexandrian war one the progress of this Alexandrian war one the progress of this Alexandrian war one great disaster occurred which has given great disaster occurred which has given great disaster occurred which has given to the contest a most melancholy to the contest a most melancholy to the contest a most melancholy celebrity in all subsequent ages this celebrity in all subsequent ages this celebrity in all subsequent ages this disaster was a disaster was a disaster was a struction of the Alexandrian library the struction of the Alexandrian library the struction of the Alexandrian library the Egyptians were celebrated for their Egyptians were celebrated for their Egyptians were celebrated for their learning and under the munificent learning and under the munificent learning and under the munificent patronage of some of their kings the patronage of some of their kings the patronage of some of their kings the learned men of Alexandria had made an learned men of Alexandria had made an learned men of Alexandria had made an enormous collection of writings which enormous collection of writings which enormous collection of writings which were inscribed as was the custom in were inscribed as was the custom in were inscribed as was the custom in those days on parchment rolls the number those days on parchment rolls the number those days on parchment rolls the number of the rolls or volumes was said to be of the rolls or volumes was said to be of the rolls or volumes was said to be 700,000 and when we consider that each 700,000 and when we consider that each 700,000 and when we consider that each one was written with great care in one was written with great care in one was written with great care in beautiful characters with a pen and at a beautiful characters with a pen and at a beautiful characters with a pen and at a vast expense it is not surprising that vast expense it is not surprising that vast expense it is not surprising that the collection was the admiration of the the collection was the admiration of the the collection was the admiration of the world in fact the whole body of ancient world in fact the whole body of ancient world in fact the whole body of ancient literature was there recorded Caesar set literature was there recorded Caesar set literature was there recorded Caesar set fire to some Egyptian galleys which lay fire to some Egyptian galleys which lay fire to some Egyptian galleys which lay so near the shore that the wind blew the so near the shore that the wind blew the so near the shore that the wind blew the sparks and flames upon the buildings on sparks and flames upon the buildings on sparks and flames upon the buildings on the key the key the key the fire spread among the palaces and the fire spread among the palaces and the fire spread among the palaces and other magnificent edifices of that part other magnificent edifices of that part other magnificent edifices of that part of the city and one of the great of the city and one of the great of the city and one of the great buildings in which the library was buildings in which the library was buildings in which the library was stored was reached and destroyed there stored was reached and destroyed there stored was reached and destroyed there was no other such collection in the was no other such collection in the was no other such collection in the world and the consequence of this world and the consequence of this world and the consequence of this calamity has been that it is only calamity has been that it is only calamity has been that it is only detached and insulated fragments of detached and insulated fragments of detached and insulated fragments of ancient literature and science that have ancient literature and science that have ancient literature and science that have come down to our times the world will

come down to our times the world will come down to our times the world will never cease to the irreparable never cease to the irreparable never cease to the irreparable loss notwithstanding the various loss notwithstanding the various loss notwithstanding the various untoward incidents which attended the untoward incidents which attended the untoward incidents which attended the war in Alexandria during its progress war in Alexandria during its progress war in Alexandria during its progress Caesar as usual concurred in the end the Caesar as usual concurred in the end the Caesar as usual concurred in the end the young King Ptolemy was defeated and in young King Ptolemy was defeated and in young King Ptolemy was defeated and in attempting to make his escape across a attempting to make his escape across a attempting to make his escape across a branch of the Nile he was drowned Caesar branch of the Nile he was drowned Caesar branch of the Nile he was drowned Caesar then finally settled the kingdom upon then finally settled the kingdom upon then finally settled the kingdom upon Cleopatra and a younger brother and Cleopatra and a younger brother and Cleopatra and a younger brother and after remaining for some time longer in after remaining for some time longer in after remaining for some time longer in Egypt he set out on his return to Rome Egypt he set out on his return to Rome Egypt he set out on his return to Rome the subsequent adventures of Cleopatra the subsequent adventures of Cleopatra the subsequent adventures of Cleopatra were as romantic as to have given her were as romantic as to have given her were as romantic as to have given her name a very wide celebrity the lives of name a very wide celebrity the lives of name a very wide celebrity the lives of the virtuous passed smoothly and happily the virtuous passed smoothly and happily the virtuous passed smoothly and happily away but the tale when told to others away but the tale when told to others away but the tale when told to others possesses but little interest or possesses but little interest or possesses but little interest or attraction while those of the wicked attraction while those of the wicked attraction while those of the wicked whose days are spent in wretchedness and whose days are spent in wretchedness and whose days are spent in wretchedness and despair and are thus full of misery to despair and are thus full of misery to despair and are thus full of misery to the actors themselves afford to the rest the actors themselves afford to the rest the actors themselves afford to the rest of mankind a high degree of pleasure of mankind a high degree of pleasure of mankind a high degree of pleasure from the dramatic interest of the story from the dramatic interest of the story from the dramatic interest of the story Cleopatra led a life of splendid sin and Cleopatra led a life of splendid sin and Cleopatra led a life of splendid sin and of course a splendid misery she visited of course a splendid misery she visited of course a splendid misery she visited Caesar in Rome after his return thither Caesar in Rome after his return thither Caesar in Rome after his return thither Caesar received her magnificently and Caesar received her magnificently and Caesar received her magnificently and paid her all possible honours for the paid her all possible honours for the paid her all possible honours for the people of Rome regarded her with strong people of Rome regarded her with strong people of Rome regarded her with strong reprobation when her younger brother reprobation when her younger brother reprobation when her younger brother whom Caesar had made her partner on the whom Caesar had made her partner on the whom Caesar had made her partner on the throne was old enough to claim his share throne was old enough to claim his share throne was old enough to claim his share she poisoned him after Caesars death she she poisoned him after Caesars death she she poisoned him after Caesars death she went from Alexandria to Syria to meet went from Alexandria to Syria to meet went from Alexandria to Syria to meet Antony one of Caesars successors in a Antony one of Caesars successors in a Antony one of Caesars successors in a galley or barge which was so rich so galley or barge which was so rich so galley or barge which was so rich so splendid so magnificently furnished and splendid so magnificently furnished and splendid so magnificently furnished and adorned that it was famed throughout the adorned that it was famed throughout the adorned that it was famed throughout the world as Cleopatra's barge a great many

world as Cleopatra's barge a great many world as Cleopatra's barge a great many beautiful vessels have since been called beautiful vessels have since been called beautiful vessels have since been called by the same name by the same name by the same name Cleopatra connected herself with Antony Cleopatra connected herself with Antony Cleopatra connected herself with Antony who became infatuated with her beauty who became infatuated with her beauty who became infatuated with her beauty and her various charms as Caesar had and her various charms as Caesar had and her various charms as Caesar had been after a great variety of romantic been after a great variety of romantic been after a great variety of romantic adventures Antony was defeated in battle adventures Antony was defeated in battle adventures Antony was defeated in battle by his great rival Octavius and by his great rival Octavius and by his great rival Octavius and supposing that he had been betrayed by supposing that he had been betrayed by supposing that he had been betrayed by Cleopatra he pursued her to Egypt Cleopatra he pursued her to Egypt Cleopatra he pursued her to Egypt intending to kill her she hid herself in intending to kill her she hid herself in intending to kill her she hid herself in a Sepulchre spreading a report that she a Sepulchre spreading a report that she a Sepulchre spreading a report that she had committed suicide and then Antony had committed suicide and then Antony had committed suicide and then Antony stabbed himself in a fit of remorse and stabbed himself in a fit of remorse and stabbed himself in a fit of remorse and despair before he died he learned that despair before he died he learned that despair before he died he learned that Cleopatra was alive and he caused Cleopatra was alive and he caused Cleopatra was alive and he caused himself to be carried into her presence himself to be carried into her presence himself to be carried into her presence and died in her arms and died in her arms and died in her arms Cleopatra then fell into the hands of Cleopatra then fell into the hands of Cleopatra then fell into the hands of Octavius who intended to carry her to Octavius who intended to carry her to Octavius who intended to carry her to Rome to grace his triumph to save Rome to grace his triumph to save Rome to grace his triumph to save herself from this humiliation and weary herself from this humiliation and weary herself from this humiliation and weary with a life which full of sin as it had with a life which full of sin as it had with a life which full of sin as it had been was a constant series of sufferings been was a constant series of sufferings been was a constant series of sufferings she determined to die a servant brought she determined to die a servant brought she determined to die a servant brought in and asked for her concealed in a vows in and asked for her concealed in a vows in and asked for her concealed in a vows of flowers at a great banquet she laid of flowers at a great banquet she laid of flowers at a great banquet she laid the poisonous reptile on her naked arm the poisonous reptile on her naked arm the poisonous reptile on her naked arm and died immediately of the bite which and died immediately of the bite which and died immediately of the bite which had infected end of chapter 9 chapter 10 had infected end of chapter 9 chapter 10 had infected end of chapter 9 chapter 10 of history of Julius Caesar this is a of history of Julius Caesar this is a of history of Julius Caesar this is a librivox recording all librivox librivox recording all librivox librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public domain for recordings are in the public domain for recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please more information or to volunteer please more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by Cathy visit librivox.org recording by Cathy visit librivox.org recording by Cathy Barrett history of Julius Caesar by Barrett history of Julius Caesar by Barrett history of Julius Caesar by Jacob Abbott chapter 10 Caesar Imperator

Jacob Abbott chapter 10 Caesar Imperator Jacob Abbott chapter 10 Caesar Imperator although Pompey himself had been killed although Pompey himself had been killed although Pompey himself had been killed in the army under his immediate command in the army under his immediate command in the army under his immediate command entirely annihilated Caesar did not find entirely annihilated Caesar did not find entirely annihilated Caesar did not find that the Empire was yet completely that the Empire was yet completely that the Empire was yet completely submissive to his sway as the tidings of submissive to his sway as the tidings of submissive to his sway as the tidings of his conquest spread over the vast and his conquest spread over the vast and his conquest spread over the vast and distant regions which were under the distant regions which were under the distant regions which were under the Roman rule although the story at Roman rule although the story at Roman rule although the story at self of his exploits might have been self of his exploits might have been self of his exploits might have been exaggerated the impression produced by exaggerated the impression produced by exaggerated the impression produced by his power lost something of its strength his power lost something of its strength his power lost something of its strength as men generally have little dread of as men generally have little dread of as men generally have little dread of remote danger while he was in Egypt remote danger while he was in Egypt remote danger while he was in Egypt there were three great concentrations of there were three great concentrations of there were three great concentrations of power formed against him in other power formed against him in other power formed against him in other quarters of the globe in Asia Minor in quarters of the globe in Asia Minor in quarters of the globe in Asia Minor in Africa and in Spain in putting down Africa and in Spain in putting down Africa and in Spain in putting down these three great and formidable arrays these three great and formidable arrays these three great and formidable arrays of opposition Caesar made an exhibition of opposition Caesar made an exhibition of opposition Caesar made an exhibition to the world of that astonishing to the world of that astonishing to the world of that astonishing promptness and celerity of military promptness and celerity of military promptness and celerity of military action on which his fame as a general so action on which his fame as a general so action on which his fame as a general so much depends he went first to Asia Minor much depends he went first to Asia Minor much depends he went first to Asia Minor and fought a great and decisive battle and fought a great and decisive battle and fought a great and decisive battle there in a manner so sudden and there in a manner so sudden and there in a manner so sudden and unexpected to the forces that opposed unexpected to the forces that opposed unexpected to the forces that opposed him that they found themselves defeated him that they found themselves defeated him that they found themselves defeated almost before they suspected that their almost before they suspected that their almost before they suspected that their enemy was near it was in reference to enemy was near it was in reference to enemy was near it was in reference to this battle that he wrote the this battle that he wrote the this battle that he wrote the inscription for the banner veni vidi inscription for the banner veni vidi inscription for the banner veni vidi vici the words may be rendered in vici the words may be rendered in vici the words may be rendered in English I came looked and conquered English I came looked and conquered English I came looked and conquered though the peculiar force of the though the peculiar force of the though the peculiar force of the expression as well as the alliteration expression as well as the alliteration expression as well as the alliteration is lost in any attempt to translate it is lost in any attempt to translate it is lost in any attempt to translate it in the meantime Jesus prosperity and in the meantime Jesus prosperity and in the meantime Jesus prosperity and success had greatly strengthened his success had greatly strengthened his success had greatly strengthened his cause at Rome Rome was supported in a cause at Rome Rome was supported in a cause at Rome Rome was supported in a great measure by the contributions great measure by the contributions great measure by the contributions brought home from the provinces by the

brought home from the provinces by the brought home from the provinces by the various military heroes who were sent various military heroes who were sent various military heroes who were sent out to govern them and of course the out to govern them and of course the out to govern them and of course the greater and more successful was the greater and more successful was the greater and more successful was the Conqueror the better was he qualified Conqueror the better was he qualified Conqueror the better was he qualified for stations of highest authority in the for stations of highest authority in the for stations of highest authority in the estimation of the inhabitants of the estimation of the inhabitants of the estimation of the inhabitants of the city they made Caesar dictator even city they made Caesar dictator even city they made Caesar dictator even while he was away and appointed Mark while he was away and appointed Mark while he was away and appointed Mark Antony his master of horse this was the Antony his master of horse this was the Antony his master of horse this was the same Antony whom we have already same Antony whom we have already same Antony whom we have already mentioned as having been connected with mentioned as having been connected with mentioned as having been connected with Cleopatra after Caesars death Rome in Cleopatra after Caesars death Rome in Cleopatra after Caesars death Rome in fact was filled with the fame of Caesars fact was filled with the fame of Caesars fact was filled with the fame of Caesars exploits and as he crossed the Adriatic exploits and as he crossed the Adriatic exploits and as he crossed the Adriatic and advanced toward the city he found and advanced toward the city he found and advanced toward the city he found himself the object of universal himself the object of universal himself the object of universal admiration and applause but he could not admiration and applause but he could not admiration and applause but he could not yet be contented to establish himself yet be contented to establish himself yet be contented to establish himself quietly at Rome there was a large force quietly at Rome there was a large force quietly at Rome there was a large force organized against him in Africa under organized against him in Africa under organized against him in Africa under Cato a stern an indomitable man who had Cato a stern an indomitable man who had Cato a stern an indomitable man who had long been an enemy to Caesar and who now long been an enemy to Caesar and who now long been an enemy to Caesar and who now considered him as a usurper and an enemy considered him as a usurper and an enemy considered him as a usurper and an enemy of the Republic and was determined to of the Republic and was determined to of the Republic and was determined to resist him to the last extremity it was resist him to the last extremity it was resist him to the last extremity it was also a large force assembled in Spain also a large force assembled in Spain also a large force assembled in Spain under the command of two sons of under the command of two sons of under the command of two sons of Pompeii in whose case the ordinary Pompeii in whose case the ordinary Pompeii in whose case the ordinary political hostility of contending political hostility of contending political hostility of contending partisans was rendered doubly intense partisans was rendered doubly intense partisans was rendered doubly intense and bitter by their desire to avenge and bitter by their desire to avenge and bitter by their desire to avenge their father's cruel fate their father's cruel fate their father's cruel fate Caesar determined first to go to Africa Caesar determined first to go to Africa Caesar determined first to go to Africa and then after disposing of Cato's and then after disposing of Cato's and then after disposing of Cato's resistance to cross the Mediterranean resistance to cross the Mediterranean resistance to cross the Mediterranean into Spain before he could set out into Spain before he could set out into Spain before he could set out however on these expeditions he was however on these expeditions he was however on these expeditions he was involved in very serious difficulties involved in very serious difficulties involved in very serious difficulties for a time on account of a great for a time on account of a great for a time on account of a great discontent which prevailed in his army discontent which prevailed in his army discontent which prevailed in his army and which ended at last in open mutiny

and which ended at last in open mutiny and which ended at last in open mutiny the soldiers complained that they had the soldiers complained that they had the soldiers complained that they had not received the rewards and honours not received the rewards and honours not received the rewards and honours which Caesar had promised them some which Caesar had promised them some which Caesar had promised them some claimed offices others money others claimed offices others money others claimed offices others money others lands which as they maintained they had lands which as they maintained they had lands which as they maintained they had been led to expect would be conferred been led to expect would be conferred been led to expect would be conferred upon them at the end of the campaign the upon them at the end of the campaign the upon them at the end of the campaign the fact undoubtedly was the related with fact undoubtedly was the related with fact undoubtedly was the related with their success and intoxicated with the their success and intoxicated with the their success and intoxicated with the spectacle of the boundless influence and spectacle of the boundless influence and spectacle of the boundless influence and power which their general so obviously power which their general so obviously power which their general so obviously wielded at Rome they formed expectations wielded at Rome they formed expectations wielded at Rome they formed expectations and hopes for themselves all together and hopes for themselves all together and hopes for themselves all together too wild and unreasonable to be realized too wild and unreasonable to be realized too wild and unreasonable to be realized by soldiers for soldiers however much by soldiers for soldiers however much by soldiers for soldiers however much they may be flattered by their generals they may be flattered by their generals they may be flattered by their generals in going into battle or praised in the in going into battle or praised in the in going into battle or praised in the mass in official dispatches are after mass in official dispatches are after mass in official dispatches are after all but slaves and slaves two of the all but slaves and slaves two of the all but slaves and slaves two of the very humbling caste and character the very humbling caste and character the very humbling caste and character the famous tenth Legion Caesars favorite famous tenth Legion Caesars favorite famous tenth Legion Caesars favorite Corps took the most active part in Corps took the most active part in Corps took the most active part in fomenting these discontents as might fomenting these discontents as might fomenting these discontents as might naturally have been expected since the naturally have been expected since the naturally have been expected since the attentions and the praises which he had attentions and the praises which he had attentions and the praises which he had bestowed upon them though at first they bestowed upon them though at first they bestowed upon them though at first they tended to awaken their ambition and to tended to awaken their ambition and to tended to awaken their ambition and to inspire them with redoubled ardor and inspire them with redoubled ardor and inspire them with redoubled ardor and courage ended as such favoritism always courage ended as such favoritism always courage ended as such favoritism always does in making them vain self-important does in making them vain self-important does in making them vain self-important and unreasonable let on thus by the and unreasonable let on thus by the and unreasonable let on thus by the tenth Legion the whole army mutiny tenth Legion the whole army mutiny tenth Legion the whole army mutiny they broke up the camp where they had they broke up the camp where they had they broke up the camp where they had been stationed at some distance beyond been stationed at some distance beyond been stationed at some distance beyond the walls of Rome and marched toward the the walls of Rome and marched toward the the walls of Rome and marched toward the city soldiers in a mutiny even though city soldiers in a mutiny even though city soldiers in a mutiny even though headed by their subaltern officers are headed by their subaltern officers are headed by their subaltern officers are very little under command and these very little under command and these very little under command and these Roman troops feeling released from their Roman troops feeling released from their Roman troops feeling released from their usual restraints committed various usual restraints committed various usual restraints committed various excesses on the way terrifying the

excesses on the way terrifying the excesses on the way terrifying the inhabitants and spreading Universal inhabitants and spreading Universal inhabitants and spreading Universal alarm the people of the city were thrown alarm the people of the city were thrown alarm the people of the city were thrown into utter consternation at the approach into utter consternation at the approach into utter consternation at the approach of the vast horde which was coming like of the vast horde which was coming like of the vast horde which was coming like a terrible avalanche to descend upon a terrible avalanche to descend upon a terrible avalanche to descend upon the army expected some signs of the army expected some signs of the army expected some signs of resistance at the gates which have resistance at the gates which have resistance at the gates which have offered they were prepared to encounter offered they were prepared to encounter offered they were prepared to encounter and overcome their plan was after and overcome their plan was after and overcome their plan was after entering the city to seek Caesar and entering the city to seek Caesar and entering the city to seek Caesar and demand their discharge from his service demand their discharge from his service demand their discharge from his service they knew that he was under the they knew that he was under the they knew that he was under the necessity of immediately making a necessity of immediately making a necessity of immediately making a campaign in Africa and that of course he campaign in Africa and that of course he campaign in Africa and that of course he could not possibly as they supposed could not possibly as they supposed could not possibly as they supposed dispense with them he would consequently dispense with them he would consequently dispense with them he would consequently if they asked their discharge begged if they asked their discharge begged if they asked their discharge begged them to remain and to induce them to do them to remain and to induce them to do them to remain and to induce them to do it would comply with all their it would comply with all their it would comply with all their expectations and desires such was their expectations and desires such was their expectations and desires such was their plan to tender however a resignation of plan to tender however a resignation of plan to tender however a resignation of an office as a means of bringing an an office as a means of bringing an an office as a means of bringing an opposite party to terms is always a very opposite party to terms is always a very opposite party to terms is always a very hazardous experiment we easily over rate hazardous experiment we easily over rate hazardous experiment we easily over rate the estimation in which our own services the estimation in which our own services the estimation in which our own services are held taking what is said to us in are held taking what is said to us in are held taking what is said to us in kindness or courtesy by friends as the kindness or courtesy by friends as the kindness or courtesy by friends as the sober and deliberate judgment of the sober and deliberate judgment of the sober and deliberate judgment of the public and thus it often happened that public and thus it often happened that public and thus it often happened that persons who in such cases offered to persons who in such cases offered to persons who in such cases offered to resign are astonished to find their resign are astonished to find their resign are astonished to find their resignations readily accepted when resignations readily accepted when resignations readily accepted when Caesars mutineers arrived the gates they Caesars mutineers arrived the gates they Caesars mutineers arrived the gates they found instead of opposition only orders found instead of opposition only orders found instead of opposition only orders from Caesar by which they were directed from Caesar by which they were directed from Caesar by which they were directed to leave all their arms except their to leave all their arms except their to leave all their arms except their swords and march into the city stay swords and march into the city stay swords and march into the city stay obeyed they were then directed to go to obeyed they were then directed to go to obeyed they were then directed to go to the Campus Martius a vast parade ground the Campus Martius a vast parade ground the Campus Martius a vast parade ground situated within the walls and to await

situated within the walls and to await situated within the walls and to await Caesars orders there Caesar met them in Caesars orders there Caesar met them in Caesars orders there Caesar met them in the Campus Martius and demanded why they the Campus Martius and demanded why they the Campus Martius and demanded why they had left their encampment without orders had left their encampment without orders had left their encampment without orders and come to the city they stated in and come to the city they stated in and come to the city they stated in reply as they had previously planned to reply as they had previously planned to reply as they had previously planned to do that they wish to be discharged from do that they wish to be discharged from do that they wish to be discharged from the public service to their great the public service to their great the public service to their great astonishment Caesar seemed to consider astonishment Caesar seemed to consider astonishment Caesar seemed to consider this request as nothing at all this request as nothing at all this request as nothing at all extraordinary but promised on the other extraordinary but promised on the other extraordinary but promised on the other hand very readily to grant it he said hand very readily to grant it he said hand very readily to grant it he said that they should be at once discharged that they should be at once discharged that they should be at once discharged and should receive faithfully all the and should receive faithfully all the and should receive faithfully all the rewards which had been promised them at rewards which had been promised them at rewards which had been promised them at the close of the war for their long and the close of the war for their long and the close of the war for their long and arduous services at the same time he arduous services at the same time he arduous services at the same time he expressed his deep regret that to obtain expressed his deep regret that to obtain expressed his deep regret that to obtain what he was perfectly willing and ready what he was perfectly willing and ready what he was perfectly willing and ready at any time to grant they should have so at any time to grant they should have so at any time to grant they should have so far forgotten their duties as Romans and far forgotten their duties as Romans and far forgotten their duties as Romans and violated the discipline which should violated the discipline which should violated the discipline which should always be held absolutely sacred by always be held absolutely sacred by always be held absolutely sacred by every soldier he particularly regretted every soldier he particularly regretted every soldier he particularly regretted that the 10th Legion on which he had that the 10th Legion on which he had that the 10th Legion on which he had been long accustomed so been long accustomed so been long accustomed so implicitly to real I should have taken a implicitly to real I should have taken a implicitly to real I should have taken a part in such transactions in making this part in such transactions in making this part in such transactions in making this address address address Caesar assumed a kind and considerate Caesar assumed a kind and considerate Caesar assumed a kind and considerate and even respectful tone and even respectful tone and even respectful tone towards his men calling them queer towards his men calling them queer towards his men calling them queer rights instead of soldiers an honorary rights instead of soldiers an honorary rights instead of soldiers an honorary model of appellation which recognize model of appellation which recognize model of appellation which recognize them as constituent members of the Roman them as constituent members of the Roman them as constituent members of the Roman Commonwealth the effect of the whole Commonwealth the effect of the whole Commonwealth the effect of the whole transaction was what might have been transaction was what might have been transaction was what might have been anticipated a universal desire was anticipated a universal desire was anticipated a universal desire was awakened throughout the whole army to awakened throughout the whole army to awakened throughout the whole army to return to their duty they sent return to their duty they sent return to their duty they sent deputations to Caesar begging not to be deputations to Caesar begging not to be deputations to Caesar begging not to be taken at their word but to be retained taken at their word but to be retained taken at their word but to be retained in the service and allowed to accompany in the service and allowed to accompany in the service and allowed to accompany him to Africa after much hesitation and

him to Africa after much hesitation and him to Africa after much hesitation and delay Caesar consented to receive them delay Caesar consented to receive them delay Caesar consented to receive them again all excepting the tenth Legion who again all excepting the tenth Legion who again all excepting the tenth Legion who he said had now irrevocably lost his he said had now irrevocably lost his he said had now irrevocably lost his confidence in regard it is a striking confidence in regard it is a striking confidence in regard it is a striking illustration of the strength of the illustration of the strength of the illustration of the strength of the attachment which bound Caesars soldiers attachment which bound Caesars soldiers attachment which bound Caesars soldiers to their commander that the tenth Legion to their commander that the tenth Legion to their commander that the tenth Legion would not be discharged after all would not be discharged after all would not be discharged after all they followed Caesar of their own accord they followed Caesar of their own accord they followed Caesar of their own accord into Africa earnestly entreating him into Africa earnestly entreating him into Africa earnestly entreating him again and again to receive him he again and again to receive him he again and again to receive him he finally did receive them in detachments finally did receive them in detachments finally did receive them in detachments which he incorporated with the rest of which he incorporated with the rest of which he incorporated with the rest of his army or sent undestand service but his army or sent undestand service but his army or sent undestand service but he would never organize them as the 10th he would never organize them as the 10th he would never organize them as the 10th Legion again it was now early in the Legion again it was now early in the Legion again it was now early in the winter a stormy season for crossing the winter a stormy season for crossing the winter a stormy season for crossing the Mediterranean Sea Caesar however set off Mediterranean Sea Caesar however set off Mediterranean Sea Caesar however set off from Rome immediately proceeded south to from Rome immediately proceeded south to from Rome immediately proceeded south to Sicily and encamped on the seashore Sicily and encamped on the seashore Sicily and encamped on the seashore there till the fleet was ready to convey there till the fleet was ready to convey there till the fleet was ready to convey his forces to Africa the usual fortune his forces to Africa the usual fortune his forces to Africa the usual fortune attended him in the African campaigns attended him in the African campaigns attended him in the African campaigns his fleet was exposed to imminent his fleet was exposed to imminent his fleet was exposed to imminent dangers in crossing the sea but in dangers in crossing the sea but in dangers in crossing the sea but in consequence of the extreme deliberation consequence of the extreme deliberation consequence of the extreme deliberation and skill with which his arrangements and skill with which his arrangements and skill with which his arrangements were made he escaped them all he were made he escaped them all he were made he escaped them all he overcame one after another of the overcame one after another of the overcame one after another of the military difficulties which were in his military difficulties which were in his military difficulties which were in his way in Africa his army endured in the way in Africa his army endured in the way in Africa his army endured in the depth of winter great exposures and depth of winter great exposures and depth of winter great exposures and fatigues and they had to encounter a fatigues and they had to encounter a fatigues and they had to encounter a large hostile force under the charge of large hostile force under the charge of large hostile force under the charge of Cato they were however successful in Cato they were however successful in Cato they were however successful in every undertaking Cato retreated at last every undertaking Cato retreated at last every undertaking Cato retreated at last to the city of Utica where he shut to the city of Utica where he shut to the city of Utica where he shut himself up with the remains of his army himself up with the remains of his army himself up with the remains of his army but finding at length when Caesar drew but finding at length when Caesar drew but finding at length when Caesar drew near that there was no hope or near that there was no hope or near that there was no hope or possibility of making good his defense

possibility of making good his defense possibility of making good his defense and as his stern and indomitable spirit and as his stern and indomitable spirit and as his stern and indomitable spirit could no could no could no not endure the thought of submission to not endure the thought of submission to not endure the thought of submission to one whom he considered as an enemy to one whom he considered as an enemy to one whom he considered as an enemy to his country and a traitor he resolved his country and a traitor he resolved his country and a traitor he resolved upon a very effectual mode of escaping upon a very effectual mode of escaping upon a very effectual mode of escaping from his conquerors power he feigned to from his conquerors power he feigned to from his conquerors power he feigned to abandon all hope of defending the city abandon all hope of defending the city abandon all hope of defending the city and began to make arrangements to and began to make arrangements to and began to make arrangements to facilitate the escape of his soldiers facilitate the escape of his soldiers facilitate the escape of his soldiers over the sea he collected the vessels in over the sea he collected the vessels in over the sea he collected the vessels in the harbor and allowed all to embark who the harbor and allowed all to embark who the harbor and allowed all to embark who were willing to take the risks of the were willing to take the risks of the were willing to take the risks of the stormy water stormy water stormy water he took apparently great interest in the he took apparently great interest in the he took apparently great interest in the embarkation and when evening came on he embarkation and when evening came on he embarkation and when evening came on he sent repeatedly down to the seaside to sent repeatedly down to the seaside to sent repeatedly down to the seaside to inquire about the state of the wind and inquire about the state of the wind and inquire about the state of the wind and the progress of the operation at length the progress of the operation at length the progress of the operation at length he retired to his apartment and when all he retired to his apartment and when all he retired to his apartment and when all was quiet in the house he made down upon was quiet in the house he made down upon was quiet in the house he made down upon his bed and stabbed himself with his his bed and stabbed himself with his his bed and stabbed himself with his sword he fell from the bed by the blow sword he fell from the bed by the blow sword he fell from the bed by the blow or else from the effect of some or else from the effect of some or else from the effect of some convulsive motion which the penetrating convulsive motion which the penetrating convulsive motion which the penetrating steel occasioned his son and servants steel occasioned his son and servants steel occasioned his son and servants hearing the fall came rushing into the hearing the fall came rushing into the hearing the fall came rushing into the room raised him from the floor and room raised him from the floor and room raised him from the floor and attempted to bind up and staunch the attempted to bind up and staunch the attempted to bind up and staunch the wound Cato would not permit them to do wound Cato would not permit them to do wound Cato would not permit them to do it he resisted them violently as soon as it he resisted them violently as soon as it he resisted them violently as soon as he was conscious of what they intended he was conscious of what they intended he was conscious of what they intended finding that a struggle would only finding that a struggle would only finding that a struggle would only aggravate the horrors of the scene and aggravate the horrors of the scene and aggravate the horrors of the scene and even hasten its termination even hasten its termination even hasten its termination they left the bleeding hero to his fate they left the bleeding hero to his fate they left the bleeding hero to his fate and in a few minutes he died the and in a few minutes he died the and in a few minutes he died the character of Cato and the circumstances character of Cato and the circumstances character of Cato and the circumstances under which his suicide was committed under which his suicide was committed under which his suicide was committed make it on the whole the most make it on the whole the most make it on the whole the most conspicuous act of suicide which history conspicuous act of suicide which history conspicuous act of suicide which history records and the events which followed records and the events which followed records and the events which followed showing an equally conspicuous manner

showing an equally conspicuous manner showing an equally conspicuous manner the extreme folly of the deed in respect the extreme folly of the deed in respect the extreme folly of the deed in respect to its wickedness Cato not having had to its wickedness Cato not having had to its wickedness Cato not having had the light of Christianity before him is the light of Christianity before him is the light of Christianity before him is to be leniently judged as to the folly to be leniently judged as to the folly to be leniently judged as to the folly of the deed however he is to be held of the deed however he is to be held of the deed however he is to be held strictly accountable if he had lived and strictly accountable if he had lived and strictly accountable if he had lived and yielded to his Conqueror as he might yielded to his Conqueror as he might yielded to his Conqueror as he might have done gracefully and without have done gracefully and without have done gracefully and without dishonor since all his means of dishonor since all his means of dishonor since all his means of resistance were exhausted Caesar would resistance were exhausted Caesar would resistance were exhausted Caesar would have treated him with generosity and have treated him with generosity and have treated him with generosity and respect and would have taken him to Rome respect and would have taken him to Rome respect and would have taken him to Rome and as within a year or two of this time and as within a year or two of this time and as within a year or two of this time Caesar himself was no more Cato's vast Caesar himself was no more Cato's vast Caesar himself was no more Cato's vast influence and power might have been and influence and power might have been and influence and power might have been and undoubtedly would have been called most undoubtedly would have been called most undoubtedly would have been called most effectually into action for the benefit effectually into action for the benefit effectually into action for the benefit of his country if anyone in defending of his country if anyone in defending of his country if anyone in defending Cato should say he could not foresee Cato should say he could not foresee Cato should say he could not foresee this we reply he could have foreseen it this we reply he could have foreseen it this we reply he could have foreseen it not the precise not the precise not the precise Vence indeed which occurred but he could Vence indeed which occurred but he could Vence indeed which occurred but he could have foreseen that vast changes must have foreseen that vast changes must have foreseen that vast changes must take place and new aspects of affairs take place and new aspects of affairs take place and new aspects of affairs arise in which his powers would be arise in which his powers would be arise in which his powers would be called into requisition we can always called into requisition we can always called into requisition we can always foresee in the midst of any storm foresee in the midst of any storm foresee in the midst of any storm however dark and gloomy that clear skies however dark and gloomy that clear skies however dark and gloomy that clear skies will certainly sooner or later come will certainly sooner or later come will certainly sooner or later come again and this is just as true again and this is just as true again and this is just as true metaphorically in respect to the metaphorically in respect to the metaphorically in respect to the vicissitudes of human life as it is vicissitudes of human life as it is vicissitudes of human life as it is literally in regard to the ordinary literally in regard to the ordinary literally in regard to the ordinary phenomena of the skies from Africa phenomena of the skies from Africa phenomena of the skies from Africa Caesar returned to Rome and from Rome he Caesar returned to Rome and from Rome he Caesar returned to Rome and from Rome he went to subdue the resistance which was went to subdue the resistance which was went to subdue the resistance which was offered by the sons of Pompey in Spain offered by the sons of Pompey in Spain offered by the sons of Pompey in Spain he was equally successful here the he was equally successful here the he was equally successful here the oldest son was wounded in battle and was oldest son was wounded in battle and was oldest son was wounded in battle and was carried off from the field upon a litter

carried off from the field upon a litter carried off from the field upon a litter Saint and almost dying he recovered in Saint and almost dying he recovered in Saint and almost dying he recovered in some degree and finding escape from the some degree and finding escape from the some degree and finding escape from the eager pursuit of Caesar soldiers eager pursuit of Caesar soldiers eager pursuit of Caesar soldiers impossible he concealed himself in a impossible he concealed himself in a impossible he concealed himself in a cave where he lingered for a little time cave where he lingered for a little time cave where he lingered for a little time in destitution and misery he was in destitution and misery he was in destitution and misery he was discovered at last his head was cut off discovered at last his head was cut off discovered at last his head was cut off by his captors and sent to Caesar as his by his captors and sent to Caesar as his by his captors and sent to Caesar as his father's had been the younger son father's had been the younger son father's had been the younger son succeeded in escaping but he became a succeeded in escaping but he became a succeeded in escaping but he became a wretched fugitive and outlaw and all wretched fugitive and outlaw and all wretched fugitive and outlaw and all manifestations of resistance to Caesars manifestations of resistance to Caesars manifestations of resistance to Caesars sway disappeared from Spain the sway disappeared from Spain the sway disappeared from Spain the Conqueror returned to Rome the Conqueror returned to Rome the Conqueror returned to Rome the undisputed master of the whole Roman undisputed master of the whole Roman undisputed master of the whole Roman world then came his triumph trials were world then came his triumph trials were world then came his triumph trials were great celebrations by which military great celebrations by which military great celebrations by which military heroes in the days of the Roman heroes in the days of the Roman heroes in the days of the Roman Commonwealth signalized their victories Commonwealth signalized their victories Commonwealth signalized their victories on their return to the city Caesars on their return to the city Caesars on their return to the city Caesars triumphs were for one for each of his triumphs were for one for each of his triumphs were for one for each of his four great successful campaigns viz in four great successful campaigns viz in four great successful campaigns viz in Egypt in Asia Minor in Africa and in Egypt in Asia Minor in Africa and in Egypt in Asia Minor in Africa and in Spain Spain Spain each was celebrated on a separate day each was celebrated on a separate day each was celebrated on a separate day and there was an interval of several and there was an interval of several and there was an interval of several days between them to magnify their days between them to magnify their days between them to magnify their importance and swell the general importance and swell the general importance and swell the general interest which they excited among the interest which they excited among the interest which they excited among the vast population of the city on one of vast population of the city on one of vast population of the city on one of these days the triumphal car in which these days the triumphal car in which these days the triumphal car in which Caesar Road which was most magnificently Caesar Road which was most magnificently Caesar Road which was most magnificently adorned broke down on the way and Caesar adorned broke down on the way and Caesar adorned broke down on the way and Caesar was nearly thrown out of it by the shock was nearly thrown out of it by the shock was nearly thrown out of it by the shock the immense train of cars horses the immense train of cars horses the immense train of cars horses elephants flags banners captives and elephants flags banners captives and elephants flags banners captives and trophies which formed the splendid trophies which formed the splendid trophies which formed the splendid procession was all stopped by the procession was all stopped by the procession was all stopped by the accident accident accident and a considerable delay ensued night

and a considerable delay ensued night and a considerable delay ensued night came on in fact before the column could came on in fact before the column could came on in fact before the column could again be put in motion to enter the city again be put in motion to enter the city again be put in motion to enter the city and then Caesar who genius was never and then Caesar who genius was never and then Caesar who genius was never more strikingly shown than when he had more strikingly shown than when he had more strikingly shown than when he had opportunity to turn a calamity to opportunity to turn a calamity to opportunity to turn a calamity to advantage conceived the idea of advantage conceived the idea of advantage conceived the idea of employing the forty elephants of the employing the forty elephants of the employing the forty elephants of the train as torch bearers the long train as torch bearers the long train as torch bearers the long procession accordingly advanced through procession accordingly advanced through procession accordingly advanced through the streets and ascended to the capital the streets and ascended to the capital the streets and ascended to the capital lighted by the great blazing flambeau's lighted by the great blazing flambeau's lighted by the great blazing flambeau's which the sagacious and docile beasts which the sagacious and docile beasts which the sagacious and docile beasts were easily taught to bear each elephant were easily taught to bear each elephant were easily taught to bear each elephant holding one in its proboscis and waving holding one in its proboscis and waving holding one in its proboscis and waving it above the crowd around him in these it above the crowd around him in these it above the crowd around him in these triumphal processions everything was triumphal processions everything was triumphal processions everything was born in exhibition which could serve as born in exhibition which could serve as born in exhibition which could serve as a symbol of the conquered country or a a symbol of the conquered country or a a symbol of the conquered country or a trophy of victory flags and banners trophy of victory flags and banners trophy of victory flags and banners taken from the enemy vessels of gold and taken from the enemy vessels of gold and taken from the enemy vessels of gold and silver and other treasures loaded in silver and other treasures loaded in silver and other treasures loaded in vans wretched captives conveyed in open vans wretched captives conveyed in open vans wretched captives conveyed in open carriages or marching sorrowfully on carriages or marching sorrowfully on carriages or marching sorrowfully on foot and destined some of them to public foot and destined some of them to public foot and destined some of them to public execution when the ceremony of the execution when the ceremony of the execution when the ceremony of the triumph was ended displays of arms and triumph was ended displays of arms and triumph was ended displays of arms and implements and dresses and all else implements and dresses and all else implements and dresses and all else which might serve to give the Roman which might serve to give the Roman which might serve to give the Roman crowd an idea of the customs and usages crowd an idea of the customs and usages crowd an idea of the customs and usages of the remote and conquered nations the of the remote and conquered nations the of the remote and conquered nations the animals they used comparison din the animals they used comparison din the animals they used comparison din the manner in which they used them these and manner in which they used them these and manner in which they used them these and a thousand other trophies and emblems a thousand other trophies and emblems a thousand other trophies and emblems were brought into the line to excite the were brought into the line to excite the were brought into the line to excite the admiration of the crowd and to add to admiration of the crowd and to add to admiration of the crowd and to add to the gorgeousness of the spectacle in the gorgeousness of the spectacle in the gorgeousness of the spectacle in fact it was always a great object of fact it was always a great object of fact it was always a great object of solicitude and exertion with all the solicitude and exertion with all the solicitude and exertion with all the Roman generals when on distant and Roman generals when on distant and Roman generals when on distant and dangerous expeditions to possess

dangerous expeditions to possess dangerous expeditions to possess themselves of every possible prize in themselves of every possible prize in themselves of every possible prize in the progress of their campaign which the progress of their campaign which the progress of their campaign which could aid in adding splendour to the could aid in adding splendour to the could aid in adding splendour to the triumph which was to signalize its end triumph which was to signalize its end triumph which was to signalize its end in these triumphs of Caesar a young in these triumphs of Caesar a young in these triumphs of Caesar a young sister of Cleopatra was in the line of sister of Cleopatra was in the line of sister of Cleopatra was in the line of the Egyptian procession in that devoted the Egyptian procession in that devoted the Egyptian procession in that devoted to Asia Minor was a great banner to Asia Minor was a great banner to Asia Minor was a great banner containing the words already referred to containing the words already referred to containing the words already referred to veni vidi vici veni vidi vici veni vidi vici there were great paintings too borne there were great paintings too borne there were great paintings too borne aloft representing battles and other aloft representing battles and other aloft representing battles and other striking scenes of course all Rome was striking scenes of course all Rome was striking scenes of course all Rome was in the highest state of excitement in the highest state of excitement in the highest state of excitement during the days of the exhibition of during the days of the exhibition of during the days of the exhibition of this pageantry the whole surrounding this pageantry the whole surrounding this pageantry the whole surrounding country flocked to the Capitol to country flocked to the Capitol to country flocked to the Capitol to witness it and Caesars greatness and witness it and Caesars greatness and witness it and Caesars greatness and glory were signalized in the most glory were signalized in the most glory were signalized in the most conspicuous conspicuous conspicuous manner to all mankind after these manner to all mankind after these manner to all mankind after these triumphs a series of splendid public triumphs a series of splendid public triumphs a series of splendid public entertainments were given over 20,000 entertainments were given over 20,000 entertainments were given over 20,000 tables having been spread for the tables having been spread for the tables having been spread for the populace of a city shows of every populace of a city shows of every populace of a city shows of every possible character and variety were possible character and variety were possible character and variety were exhibited there were dramatic plays and exhibited there were dramatic plays and exhibited there were dramatic plays and equestrian performances in the circus equestrian performances in the circus equestrian performances in the circus and gladiatorial combats and battles and gladiatorial combats and battles and gladiatorial combats and battles with wild beasts and dances and chariot with wild beasts and dances and chariot with wild beasts and dances and chariot races and every other imaginable races and every other imaginable races and every other imaginable amusement which could be devised and amusement which could be devised and amusement which could be devised and carried into effect to gratify a carried into effect to gratify a carried into effect to gratify a population highly cultivated in all the population highly cultivated in all the population highly cultivated in all the arts of life but barbarous and cruel in arts of life but barbarous and cruel in arts of life but barbarous and cruel in heart and character some of the accounts heart and character some of the accounts heart and character some of the accounts which have come down to us of the which have come down to us of the which have come down to us of the magnificence of the scale on which these magnificence of the scale on which these magnificence of the scale on which these entertainments were conducted are entertainments were conducted are entertainments were conducted are absolutely incredible it is said for absolutely incredible it is said for absolutely incredible it is said for example that an immense Basin was example that an immense Basin was example that an immense Basin was constructed near the Tiber large enough

constructed near the Tiber large enough constructed near the Tiber large enough to contain two fleets of galleys which to contain two fleets of galleys which to contain two fleets of galleys which had on board 2,000 rowers each and 1,000 had on board 2,000 rowers each and 1,000 had on board 2,000 rowers each and 1,000 fighting men these fleets were then fighting men these fleets were then fighting men these fleets were then manned with captives the one with manned with captives the one with manned with captives the one with Asiatics and the other with Egyptians Asiatics and the other with Egyptians Asiatics and the other with Egyptians and when all was ready they were and when all was ready they were and when all was ready they were compelled to fight a real battle for the compelled to fight a real battle for the compelled to fight a real battle for the amusement of the spectators which throng amusement of the spectators which throng amusement of the spectators which throng the shores until vast numbers were the shores until vast numbers were the shores until vast numbers were killed and the waters of the lake were killed and the waters of the lake were killed and the waters of the lake were dyed with blood it is also said that the dyed with blood it is also said that the dyed with blood it is also said that the whole forum in some of the great streets whole forum in some of the great streets whole forum in some of the great streets in the neighborhood where the principal in the neighborhood where the principal in the neighborhood where the principal gladiatorial shows were held were gladiatorial shows were held were gladiatorial shows were held were covered with silken awnings to protect covered with silken awnings to protect covered with silken awnings to protect the vast crowds of spectators from the the vast crowds of spectators from the the vast crowds of spectators from the Sun and thousands of tents were erected Sun and thousands of tents were erected Sun and thousands of tents were erected to accommodate the people from the to accommodate the people from the to accommodate the people from the surrounding country surrounding country surrounding country whom the buildings of the city could not whom the buildings of the city could not whom the buildings of the city could not contain all open opposition to Caesar's contain all open opposition to Caesar's contain all open opposition to Caesar's power and Dominion now entirely power and Dominion now entirely power and Dominion now entirely disappeared even the Senate vied with disappeared even the Senate vied with disappeared even the Senate vied with the people in rendering him every the people in rendering him every the people in rendering him every possible honor the supreme power had possible honor the supreme power had possible honor the supreme power had been hitherto lodged in the hands of two been hitherto lodged in the hands of two been hitherto lodged in the hands of two consuls chosen annually and the Roman consuls chosen annually and the Roman consuls chosen annually and the Roman people had been extremely jealous of any people had been extremely jealous of any people had been extremely jealous of any distinction for anyone higher than that distinction for anyone higher than that distinction for anyone higher than that of an elective annual office with a of an elective annual office with a of an elective annual office with a return to private life again when the return to private life again when the return to private life again when the brief period should have expired they brief period should have expired they brief period should have expired they now however made Caesar in the first now however made Caesar in the first now however made Caesar in the first place consul for 10 years and then place consul for 10 years and then place consul for 10 years and then perpetual dictator they conferred upon perpetual dictator they conferred upon perpetual dictator they conferred upon him the title of the father of his him the title of the father of his him the title of the father of his country the name of the month country the name of the month country the name of the month in which in which in which is born was changed to Julius from his is born was changed to Julius from his is born was changed to Julius from his pre naman and we still retain the name pre naman and we still retain the name pre naman and we still retain the name he was made also commander-in-chief of

he was made also commander-in-chief of he was made also commander-in-chief of all the armies of the Commonwealth the all the armies of the Commonwealth the all the armies of the Commonwealth the title to which vast military power was title to which vast military power was title to which vast military power was expressed in the Latin language by the expressed in the Latin language by the expressed in the Latin language by the word Imperator Caesar was highly elated word Imperator Caesar was highly elated word Imperator Caesar was highly elated with all these substantial proofs of the with all these substantial proofs of the with all these substantial proofs of the greatness and glory to which he had greatness and glory to which he had greatness and glory to which he had attained and was also very evidently attained and was also very evidently attained and was also very evidently gratified with smaller but equally gratified with smaller but equally gratified with smaller but equally expressive proofs of the general regard expressive proofs of the general regard expressive proofs of the general regard statues representing his person statues representing his person statues representing his person were placed in the public edifices and were placed in the public edifices and were placed in the public edifices and borne in processions like those of the borne in processions like those of the borne in processions like those of the gods conspicuous and splendidly gods conspicuous and splendidly gods conspicuous and splendidly ornamented seats were constructed for ornamented seats were constructed for ornamented seats were constructed for him in all the places of public assembly him in all the places of public assembly him in all the places of public assembly and on these he sat to listen to debates and on these he sat to listen to debates and on these he sat to listen to debates or witness spectacles as if he were upon or witness spectacles as if he were upon or witness spectacles as if he were upon a throne he had either by his influence a throne he had either by his influence a throne he had either by his influence or by his direct power the control of or by his direct power the control of or by his direct power the control of all the appointments to office and was all the appointments to office and was all the appointments to office and was in fact in everything but the name a in fact in everything but the name a in fact in everything but the name a sovereign and an absolute king he began sovereign and an absolute king he began sovereign and an absolute king he began now to form great schemes of internal now to form great schemes of internal now to form great schemes of internal improvement for the general benefit of improvement for the general benefit of improvement for the general benefit of the Empire he wished to increase still the Empire he wished to increase still the Empire he wished to increase still more the great obligations which the more the great obligations which the more the great obligations which the Roman people were under to him for what Roman people were under to him for what Roman people were under to him for what he had already done they really were he had already done they really were he had already done they really were under vast obligations to him for under vast obligations to him for under vast obligations to him for considering Rome as a community which considering Rome as a community which considering Rome as a community which was to subsist by governing the world was to subsist by governing the world was to subsist by governing the world Caesar had immensely enlarged the means Caesar had immensely enlarged the means Caesar had immensely enlarged the means of its subsistence by establishing its of its subsistence by establishing its of its subsistence by establishing its way everywhere and providing for an way everywhere and providing for an way everywhere and providing for an incalculable increase of its revenues incalculable increase of its revenues incalculable increase of its revenues from the tribute and the taxation of from the tribute and the taxation of from the tribute and the taxation of conquered provinces and kingdoms since conquered provinces and kingdoms since conquered provinces and kingdoms since this work of conquest was now completed this work of conquest was now completed this work of conquest was now completed he turned his attention to the internal

he turned his attention to the internal he turned his attention to the internal affairs of the Empire and made many affairs of the Empire and made many affairs of the Empire and made many improvements in the system of improvements in the system of improvements in the system of administration looking carefully into administration looking carefully into administration looking carefully into everything and introducing everywhere everything and introducing everywhere everything and introducing everywhere those exact and systematic principles those exact and systematic principles those exact and systematic principles which such a mind as his seeks which such a mind as his seeks which such a mind as his seeks instinctively in everything over which instinctively in everything over which instinctively in everything over which it has any control one great change it has any control one great change it has any control one great change which he effected continues in perfect which he effected continues in perfect which he effected continues in perfect operation throughout Europe to the operation throughout Europe to the operation throughout Europe to the present day it related to the division present day it related to the division present day it related to the division of time the system of months in use in of time the system of months in use in of time the system of months in use in his day correspond it so imperfectly his day correspond it so imperfectly his day correspond it so imperfectly with the annual circuit of a Sun that with the annual circuit of a Sun that with the annual circuit of a Sun that the months were moving continually along the months were moving continually along the months were moving continually along the year in such a manner that the the year in such a manner that the the year in such a manner that the winter months came at length winter months came at length winter months came at length the summer and the summer months in the the summer and the summer months in the the summer and the summer months in the winter this led to great practical winter this led to great practical winter this led to great practical inconveniences for whenever for example inconveniences for whenever for example inconveniences for whenever for example anything was required by law to be done anything was required by law to be done anything was required by law to be done in certain months intending to have them in certain months intending to have them in certain months intending to have them done in the summer and the specified done in the summer and the specified done in the summer and the specified months came at length to be a winter months came at length to be a winter months came at length to be a winter month the law would require the thing to month the law would require the thing to month the law would require the thing to be done in exactly the wrong season be done in exactly the wrong season be done in exactly the wrong season she'sa remedied all this by adopting a she'sa remedied all this by adopting a she'sa remedied all this by adopting a new system of months which should give new system of months which should give new system of months which should give 365 days to the year for three years and 365 days to the year for three years and 365 days to the year for three years and 366 for the 4th and so exact was the 366 for the 4th and so exact was the 366 for the 4th and so exact was the system which he thus introduced that it system which he thus introduced that it system which he thus introduced that it went on unchanged for 16 centuries the went on unchanged for 16 centuries the went on unchanged for 16 centuries the months were then found to be 11 days out months were then found to be 11 days out months were then found to be 11 days out of the way when a new correction was of the way when a new correction was of the way when a new correction was introduced and it will now go on 3,000 introduced and it will now go on 3,000 introduced and it will now go on 3,000 years before the error will amount to a years before the error will amount to a years before the error will amount to a single day Caesar employed a Greek single day Caesar employed a Greek single day Caesar employed a Greek astronomer to arrange the system that he astronomer to arrange the system that he astronomer to arrange the system that he adopted and it was in part on account of adopted and it was in part on account of adopted and it was in part on account of the improvement which he thus effected

the improvement which he thus effected the improvement which he thus effected that one of the months as has already that one of the months as has already that one of the months as has already been mentioned was called July it's been mentioned was called July it's been mentioned was called July it's named before with Quint Ellis Caesar named before with Quint Ellis Caesar named before with Quint Ellis Caesar formed a great many other vast and formed a great many other vast and formed a great many other vast and magnificent schemes he planned public magnificent schemes he planned public magnificent schemes he planned public buildings for the city which were going buildings for the city which were going buildings for the city which were going to exceed in magnitude and splendor all to exceed in magnitude and splendor all to exceed in magnitude and splendor all the edifice of the world he commenced the edifice of the world he commenced the edifice of the world he commenced the collection of vast libraries formed the collection of vast libraries formed the collection of vast libraries formed plans for draining the pontine marshes plans for draining the pontine marshes plans for draining the pontine marshes for bringing great supplies of water for bringing great supplies of water for bringing great supplies of water into the city by an aqueduct for cutting into the city by an aqueduct for cutting into the city by an aqueduct for cutting a new passage for the Tiber from Rome to a new passage for the Tiber from Rome to a new passage for the Tiber from Rome to the sea and making an enormous the sea and making an enormous the sea and making an enormous artificial Harbor at its mouth he was artificial Harbor at its mouth he was artificial Harbor at its mouth he was going to make a road along the Apennines going to make a road along the Apennines going to make a road along the Apennines and cut a canal through the Isthmus of and cut a canal through the Isthmus of and cut a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth and construct other vast works Corinth and construct other vast works Corinth and construct other vast works which were to make Rome the center of which were to make Rome the center of which were to make Rome the center of the commerce of the world in a word his the commerce of the world in a word his the commerce of the world in a word his head was filled with the grandest head was filled with the grandest head was filled with the grandest schemes and he was gathering around him schemes and he was gathering around him schemes and he was gathering around him all the means and resources necessary all the means and resources necessary all the means and resources necessary for the execution of them end of chapter for the execution of them end of chapter for the execution of them end of chapter 10 chapter 11 chapter 11 three of Julius Caesar this is a three of Julius Caesar this is a three of Julius Caesar this is a librivox recording all librivox librivox recording all librivox librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public domain for recordings are in the public domain for recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please more information or to volunteer please more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by Cathy visit librivox.org recording by Cathy visit librivox.org recording by Cathy Barrett history of Julius Caesar by Barrett history of Julius Caesar by Barrett history of Julius Caesar by Jacob Abbott chapter eleven the Jacob Abbott chapter eleven the Jacob Abbott chapter eleven the conspiracy Caesars greatness and glory conspiracy Caesars greatness and glory conspiracy Caesars greatness and glory came at last to a very sudden and came at last to a very sudden and came at last to a very sudden and violent and he was assassinated all the violent and he was assassinated all the violent and he was assassinated all the attendant circumstances of this deed too

attendant circumstances of this deed too attendant circumstances of this deed too were of the most extraordinary character were of the most extraordinary character were of the most extraordinary character and thus the dramatic interest which and thus the dramatic interest which and thus the dramatic interest which adorns all parts of the great conquerors adorns all parts of the great conquerors adorns all parts of the great conquerors history marks strikingly its end his history marks strikingly its end his history marks strikingly its end his prosperity and power awakened of course prosperity and power awakened of course prosperity and power awakened of course a secret jealousy and ill-will those who a secret jealousy and ill-will those who a secret jealousy and ill-will those who were disappointed in their expectations were disappointed in their expectations were disappointed in their expectations of his favour murmured others who had of his favour murmured others who had of his favour murmured others who had once been his rivals hated him for once been his rivals hated him for once been his rivals hated him for having triumphed over them then there having triumphed over them then there having triumphed over them then there was a stirring spirit of democracy to was a stirring spirit of democracy to was a stirring spirit of democracy to among certain classes of the citizens of among certain classes of the citizens of among certain classes of the citizens of Rome which could not Brook a master it Rome which could not Brook a master it Rome which could not Brook a master it is true that the sovereign power in the is true that the sovereign power in the is true that the sovereign power in the Roman Commonwealth had never been shared Roman Commonwealth had never been shared Roman Commonwealth had never been shared by all the inhabitants it was only in by all the inhabitants it was only in by all the inhabitants it was only in certain privileged classes that the certain privileged classes that the certain privileged classes that the sovereignty was vested but among these sovereignty was vested but among these sovereignty was vested but among these the functions of government were divided the functions of government were divided the functions of government were divided and distributed in such a way as to and distributed in such a way as to and distributed in such a way as to balance one interest against another and balance one interest against another and balance one interest against another and to give all their proper share of to give all their proper share of to give all their proper share of influence and authority terrible influence and authority terrible influence and authority terrible struggles in conflict often occurred struggles in conflict often occurred struggles in conflict often occurred among these various sections of society among these various sections of society among these various sections of society as one or another of them attempted from as one or another of them attempted from as one or another of them attempted from time to time to encroach upon the rights time to time to encroach upon the rights time to time to encroach upon the rights or privileges of the rest these or privileges of the rest these or privileges of the rest these struggles however ended usually in at struggles however ended usually in at struggles however ended usually in at last restoring again the equilibrium last restoring again the equilibrium last restoring again the equilibrium which had been disturbed which had been disturbed which had been disturbed no one power could ever gain the entire no one power could ever gain the entire no one power could ever gain the entire ascendancy and thus as all monarchism ascendancy and thus as all monarchism ascendancy and thus as all monarchism seemed excluded from their system they seemed excluded from their system they seemed excluded from their system they called it a republic Caesar however had called it a republic Caesar however had called it a republic Caesar however had now concentrated in himself all the now concentrated in himself all the now concentrated in himself all the principal elements of power and there principal elements of power and there principal elements of power and there began to be suspicions that he wished to began to be suspicions that he wished to began to be suspicions that he wished to make himself in name and openly as well make himself in name and openly as well make himself in name and openly as well as secretly and in fact a king

as secretly and in fact a king as secretly and in fact a king the Romans abhorred the very name of the Romans abhorred the very name of the Romans abhorred the very name of King they had had kings in the early King they had had kings in the early King they had had kings in the early periods of their history but they made periods of their history but they made periods of their history but they made themselves odious by their pride and themselves odious by their pride and themselves odious by their pride and their oppressions and the people had their oppressions and the people had their oppressions and the people had deposed deposed deposed expelled them the modern nations of expelled them the modern nations of expelled them the modern nations of Europe have several times performed the Europe have several times performed the Europe have several times performed the same exploit but they have generally same exploit but they have generally same exploit but they have generally felt unprotected and illa DS without a felt unprotected and illa DS without a felt unprotected and illa DS without a personal sovereign over them and have personal sovereign over them and have personal sovereign over them and have accordingly in most cases after a few accordingly in most cases after a few accordingly in most cases after a few years restored some branch of the years restored some branch of the years restored some branch of the expelled dynasty to the throne the expelled dynasty to the throne the expelled dynasty to the throne the Romans were more persevering infirm they Romans were more persevering infirm they Romans were more persevering infirm they had managed their empire now for five had managed their empire now for five had managed their empire now for five hundred years as a republic and though hundred years as a republic and though hundred years as a republic and though they had had internal dissensions they had had internal dissensions they had had internal dissensions conflicts and quarrels without end had conflicts and quarrels without end had conflicts and quarrels without end had persisted so firmly and unanimously in persisted so firmly and unanimously in persisted so firmly and unanimously in their data station of all regal their data station of all regal their data station of all regal authority that no one of the long line authority that no one of the long line authority that no one of the long line of ambitious and powerful statesmen of ambitious and powerful statesmen of ambitious and powerful statesmen generals or conquerors by which the generals or conquerors by which the generals or conquerors by which the history of the Empire had been history of the Empire had been history of the Empire had been signalized had ever dared to aspire to signalized had ever dared to aspire to signalized had ever dared to aspire to the name of King there began however the name of King there began however the name of King there began however soon to appear some indications that soon to appear some indications that soon to appear some indications that Caesar who certainly now possessed regal Caesar who certainly now possessed regal Caesar who certainly now possessed regal power would like the regal name power would like the regal name power would like the regal name ambitious men in such cases do not ambitious men in such cases do not ambitious men in such cases do not directly assume themselves the titles directly assume themselves the titles directly assume themselves the titles and symbols of royalty others make the and symbols of royalty others make the and symbols of royalty others make the claim for them while they faintly claim for them while they faintly claim for them while they faintly disavow it till they have the disavow it till they have the disavow it till they have the opportunity to see what effect the idea opportunity to see what effect the idea opportunity to see what effect the idea produces on the public mind the produces on the public mind the produces on the public mind the following incidents occurred which it following incidents occurred which it following incidents occurred which it was thought indicated such a design on was thought indicated such a design on was thought indicated such a design on the part of Caesar there were in some of the part of Caesar there were in some of the part of Caesar there were in some of the public buildings certain statues of the public buildings certain statues of the public buildings certain statues of Kings where it must be understood that

Kings where it must be understood that Kings where it must be understood that the Roman disliked the Kings was only a the Roman disliked the Kings was only a the Roman disliked the Kings was only a dislike for having kingly Authority dislike for having kingly Authority dislike for having kingly Authority exercised over themselves they respected exercised over themselves they respected exercised over themselves they respected and sometimes admired the kings of other and sometimes admired the kings of other and sometimes admired the kings of other countries and honored their exploits and countries and honored their exploits and countries and honored their exploits and made statues to commemorate their fame made statues to commemorate their fame made statues to commemorate their fame they were willing that Kings should they were willing that Kings should they were willing that Kings should reign elsewhere so long as there were no reign elsewhere so long as there were no reign elsewhere so long as there were no king of Rome the American feeling at the king of Rome the American feeling at the king of Rome the American feeling at the present day is much the same if the present day is much the same if the present day is much the same if the Queen of England were to make a progress Queen of England were to make a progress Queen of England were to make a progress through this country she would receive through this country she would receive through this country she would receive perhaps as many and a striking marks of perhaps as many and a striking marks of perhaps as many and a striking marks of attention and honour as would be attention and honour as would be attention and honour as would be rendered to her in her own realm we rendered to her in her own realm we rendered to her in her own realm we venerate the antiquity of her royal line venerate the antiquity of her royal line venerate the antiquity of her royal line we admire the efficiency of her we admire the efficiency of her we admire the efficiency of her government and the sublime grandeur of government and the sublime grandeur of government and the sublime grandeur of her Empire and have as high an idea as her Empire and have as high an idea as her Empire and have as high an idea as any of the powers and prerogatives of any of the powers and prerogatives of any of the powers and prerogatives of her crown and these feelings would show her crown and these feelings would show her crown and these feelings would show themselves most abundantly on any proper themselves most abundantly on any proper themselves most abundantly on any proper occasion we are willing nay wish that occasion we are willing nay wish that occasion we are willing nay wish that she should continue to reign over she should continue to reign over she should continue to reign over Englishmen Englishmen Englishmen and yet after all it would take some and yet after all it would take some and yet after all it would take some millions of bayonets to place a queen millions of bayonets to place a queen millions of bayonets to place a queen security upon a throne over this land security upon a throne over this land security upon a throne over this land regal power was accordingly in the regal power was accordingly in the regal power was accordingly in the abstract looked up to at Rome as it is abstract looked up to at Rome as it is abstract looked up to at Rome as it is elsewhere with great respect and it was elsewhere with great respect and it was elsewhere with great respect and it was in fact all the more tempting as an in fact all the more tempting as an in fact all the more tempting as an object of ambition from the object of ambition from the object of ambition from the determination felt by the people that it determination felt by the people that it determination felt by the people that it should not be exercised there there were should not be exercised there there were should not be exercised there there were accordingly statues of Kings at Rome accordingly statues of Kings at Rome accordingly statues of Kings at Rome Caesar placed his own statue among them Caesar placed his own statue among them Caesar placed his own statue among them some approved others murmured there was some approved others murmured there was some approved others murmured there was a public theater in the city where the a public theater in the city where the a public theater in the city where the officers of the government were officers of the government were officers of the government were accustomed to sit in honorable seats accustomed to sit in honorable seats accustomed to sit in honorable seats prepared expressly for them those of the

prepared expressly for them those of the prepared expressly for them those of the Senate being higher and more Senate being higher and more Senate being higher and more distinguished than the rest Caesar had a distinguished than the rest Caesar had a distinguished than the rest Caesar had a seat prepared for himself they're seat prepared for himself they're seat prepared for himself they're similar in form to a throne and adorned similar in form to a throne and adorned similar in form to a throne and adorned it magnificently was gilding and it magnificently was gilding and it magnificently was gilding and ornaments of gold which gave it the ornaments of gold which gave it the ornaments of gold which gave it the entire preeminence over all the other entire preeminence over all the other entire preeminence over all the other seats he had a similar throne placed in seats he had a similar throne placed in seats he had a similar throne placed in the Senate chamber to be occupied by the Senate chamber to be occupied by the Senate chamber to be occupied by himself when attending there like the himself when attending there like the himself when attending there like the throne of the King of England in the throne of the King of England in the throne of the King of England in the House of Lords he held moreover a great House of Lords he held moreover a great House of Lords he held moreover a great many public celebrations and triumphs in many public celebrations and triumphs in many public celebrations and triumphs in the city in commemoration of his the city in commemoration of his the city in commemoration of his exploits and honors and on one of these exploits and honors and on one of these exploits and honors and on one of these occasions it was arranged that the occasions it was arranged that the occasions it was arranged that the Senate were to come to him at a temple Senate were to come to him at a temple Senate were to come to him at a temple in a body and announce to him certain in a body and announce to him certain in a body and announce to him certain decrees which they had passed to his decrees which they had passed to his decrees which they had passed to his honor vast crowds had assembled to honor vast crowds had assembled to honor vast crowds had assembled to witness the ceremony Caesar was seated witness the ceremony Caesar was seated witness the ceremony Caesar was seated in a magnificent chair which might have in a magnificent chair which might have in a magnificent chair which might have been called either a chair or a throne been called either a chair or a throne been called either a chair or a throne and was surrounded by officers and and was surrounded by officers and and was surrounded by officers and attendants when the Senate approached attendants when the Senate approached attendants when the Senate approached Caesar did not rise to receive them but Caesar did not rise to receive them but Caesar did not rise to receive them but remain seated like a monarch receiving a remain seated like a monarch receiving a remain seated like a monarch receiving a deputation of his subjects the incident deputation of his subjects the incident deputation of his subjects the incident would not seem to be in itself of any would not seem to be in itself of any would not seem to be in itself of any great importance but considered as an great importance but considered as an great importance but considered as an indication of Caesars designs it indication of Caesars designs it indication of Caesars designs it attracted great attention and produced a attracted great attention and produced a attracted great attention and produced a very general excitement the act was very general excitement the act was very general excitement the act was adroitly managed so as to be somewhat adroitly managed so as to be somewhat adroitly managed so as to be somewhat equivocal in its character in order that equivocal in its character in order that equivocal in its character in order that it might be represented one way or the it might be represented one way or the it might be represented one way or the other on the following day according as other on the following day according as other on the following day according as the indications of public sentiment the indications of public sentiment the indications of public sentiment might incline some said that Caesar was might incline some said that Caesar was might incline some said that Caesar was intending to rise but was prevented and intending to rise but was prevented and intending to rise but was prevented and held down by those who stood around him held down by those who stood around him held down by those who stood around him others said that an officer motioned to

others said that an officer motioned to others said that an officer motioned to him to rise but he rebuked his him to rise but he rebuked his him to rise but he rebuked his interference by a frown interference by a frown interference by a frown and continued his seat thus while in and continued his seat thus while in and continued his seat thus while in fact he received the Roman Senate as fact he received the Roman Senate as fact he received the Roman Senate as their monarch and sovereign his own their monarch and sovereign his own their monarch and sovereign his own intentions and designs and so doing were intentions and designs and so doing were intentions and designs and so doing were left somewhat in doubt in order to avoid left somewhat in doubt in order to avoid left somewhat in doubt in order to avoid awakening a sudden and violent awakening a sudden and violent awakening a sudden and violent opposition not long after this as he was opposition not long after this as he was opposition not long after this as he was returning in public from some great returning in public from some great returning in public from some great festival the streets being full of festival the streets being full of festival the streets being full of crowds and the populace following him in crowds and the populace following him in crowds and the populace following him in great throngs with loud acclamations a great throngs with loud acclamations a great throngs with loud acclamations a man went up to his statue as he passed man went up to his statue as he passed man went up to his statue as he passed it and placed upon the head of it a it and placed upon the head of it a it and placed upon the head of it a laurel crown fastened with a white laurel crown fastened with a white laurel crown fastened with a white ribbon which was a badge of royalty some ribbon which was a badge of royalty some ribbon which was a badge of royalty some officers ordered the ribbon to be taken officers ordered the ribbon to be taken officers ordered the ribbon to be taken down and sent the man to prison Caesar down and sent the man to prison Caesar down and sent the man to prison Caesar was very much displeased with the was very much displeased with the was very much displeased with the officers and dismissed them from their officers and dismissed them from their officers and dismissed them from their office he wished he said to have the office he wished he said to have the office he wished he said to have the opportunity to disavow himself such opportunity to disavow himself such opportunity to disavow himself such claims and not to have others disavowed claims and not to have others disavowed claims and not to have others disavowed them for him Jesus disavowal were them for him Jesus disavowal were them for him Jesus disavowal were however so faint and people had so however so faint and people had so however so faint and people had so little confidence in their sincerity little confidence in their sincerity little confidence in their sincerity that the cases became more and more that the cases became more and more that the cases became more and more frequent in which the titles and symbols frequent in which the titles and symbols frequent in which the titles and symbols of royalty were connected with his name of royalty were connected with his name of royalty were connected with his name the people who wish to gain his favour the people who wish to gain his favour the people who wish to gain his favour saluted him in public with the name of saluted him in public with the name of saluted him in public with the name of Rex the Latin word for king he replied Rex the Latin word for king he replied Rex the Latin word for king he replied that his name was Caesar not Rex showing that his name was Caesar not Rex showing that his name was Caesar not Rex showing however no other signs of displeasure on however no other signs of displeasure on however no other signs of displeasure on one great occasion a high public officer one great occasion a high public officer one great occasion a high public officer a near relative of his repeatedly placed a near relative of his repeatedly placed a near relative of his repeatedly placed a diadem on his head Caesar himself as a diadem on his head Caesar himself as a diadem on his head Caesar himself as often as he did it gently putting it off often as he did it gently putting it off often as he did it gently putting it off at last he sent the diadem away to a

at last he sent the diadem away to a at last he sent the diadem away to a temple that was near saying that there temple that was near saying that there temple that was near saying that there was no king in Rome but Jupiter in a was no king in Rome but Jupiter in a was no king in Rome but Jupiter in a word all his conduct indicated that he word all his conduct indicated that he word all his conduct indicated that he wished to have it appear that the people wished to have it appear that the people wished to have it appear that the people were pressing the crown upon him when he were pressing the crown upon him when he were pressing the crown upon him when he himself was steadily refusing it this himself was steadily refusing it this himself was steadily refusing it this state of things produced a very strong state of things produced a very strong state of things produced a very strong and universal though suppressed and universal though suppressed and universal though suppressed excitement in the city parties were excitement in the city parties were excitement in the city parties were formed some began to be willing to make formed some began to be willing to make formed some began to be willing to make Caesar King others were determined to Caesar King others were determined to Caesar King others were determined to hazard their lives to prevent it none hazard their lives to prevent it none hazard their lives to prevent it none dared however openly to utter their dared however openly to utter their dared however openly to utter their sentiments on either side they expressed sentiments on either side they expressed sentiments on either side they expressed them by mysterious look and dark them by mysterious look and dark them by mysterious look and dark intimations at the time when Caesar intimations at the time when Caesar intimations at the time when Caesar refused to rise to receive the Senate refused to rise to receive the Senate refused to rise to receive the Senate many of the members were threw in many of the members were threw in many of the members were threw in silence and with looks of offended silence and with looks of offended silence and with looks of offended dignity when the crown was placed upon dignity when the crown was placed upon dignity when the crown was placed upon his statue or upon his own brow a his statue or upon his own brow a his statue or upon his own brow a portion of the popular portion of the popular portion of the popular would applaud with loud acclamation and would applaud with loud acclamation and would applaud with loud acclamation and whenever he disavowed these act either whenever he disavowed these act either whenever he disavowed these act either by words or counter actions of his own by words or counter actions of his own by words or counter actions of his own an equally loud acclamation would arise an equally loud acclamation would arise an equally loud acclamation would arise from the other side on the whole however from the other side on the whole however from the other side on the whole however the idea that Caesar was gradually the idea that Caesar was gradually the idea that Caesar was gradually advancing toward the kingdom steadily advancing toward the kingdom steadily advancing toward the kingdom steadily gained ground and yet Caesar himself gained ground and yet Caesar himself gained ground and yet Caesar himself spoke frequently with great humility in spoke frequently with great humility in spoke frequently with great humility in respect to his pretensions and claims respect to his pretensions and claims respect to his pretensions and claims and when he found public sentiment and when he found public sentiment and when he found public sentiment turning against the ambitious schemes he turning against the ambitious schemes he turning against the ambitious schemes he seemed secretly to have cherished he seemed secretly to have cherished he seemed secretly to have cherished he would present some excuse or explanation would present some excuse or explanation would present some excuse or explanation for his conduct plausible enough to for his conduct plausible enough to for his conduct plausible enough to answer the purpose of a disavowal when answer the purpose of a disavowal when answer the purpose of a disavowal when he received the Senate sitting like a he received the Senate sitting like a he received the Senate sitting like a king on the occasion before referred to king on the occasion before referred to king on the occasion before referred to when they read to him the decrees which when they read to him the decrees which when they read to him the decrees which they had passed in his favour he replied

they had passed in his favour he replied they had passed in his favour he replied to them that there was more need of to them that there was more need of to them that there was more need of diminishing the public honors which he diminishing the public honors which he diminishing the public honors which he received than of increasing them when he received than of increasing them when he received than of increasing them when he found two how much excitement his found two how much excitement his found two how much excitement his conduct on that occasion had produced he conduct on that occasion had produced he conduct on that occasion had produced he explained it by saying that he had explained it by saying that he had explained it by saying that he had retained his sitting posture on account retained his sitting posture on account retained his sitting posture on account of the infirmity of his health as it of the infirmity of his health as it of the infirmity of his health as it made him dizzy to stand he thought made him dizzy to stand he thought made him dizzy to stand he thought probably that these pretext would tend probably that these pretext would tend probably that these pretext would tend to quiet the strong and turbulent to quiet the strong and turbulent to quiet the strong and turbulent spirits around him from those whose envy spirits around him from those whose envy spirits around him from those whose envy or rivalry he had most to fear without or rivalry he had most to fear without or rivalry he had most to fear without at all interfering with the effect which at all interfering with the effect which at all interfering with the effect which the act itself would have produced upon the act itself would have produced upon the act itself would have produced upon the masses of the population the masses of the population the masses of the population he wished in a word to accustom them to he wished in a word to accustom them to he wished in a word to accustom them to see him assume the position and the see him assume the position and the see him assume the position and the bearing of a sovereign while by his bearing of a sovereign while by his bearing of a sovereign while by his apparent humility in his intercourse apparent humility in his intercourse apparent humility in his intercourse with those immediately around him he with those immediately around him he with those immediately around him he avoided as much as possible irritating avoided as much as possible irritating avoided as much as possible irritating and arousing the jealous and watchful and arousing the jealous and watchful and arousing the jealous and watchful rivals who were next to him in power if rivals who were next to him in power if rivals who were next to him in power if this were his plan it seemed to be this were his plan it seemed to be this were his plan it seemed to be advancing prosperously toward its advancing prosperously toward its advancing prosperously toward its accomplishment the population of the accomplishment the population of the accomplishment the population of the city seemed to become more and more city seemed to become more and more city seemed to become more and more familiar with the idea that Caesar was familiar with the idea that Caesar was familiar with the idea that Caesar was about to become a king the opposition about to become a king the opposition about to become a king the opposition which the idea had first awakened which the idea had first awakened which the idea had first awakened appeared to subside or at least the appeared to subside or at least the appeared to subside or at least the public expression of it which daily public expression of it which daily public expression of it which daily became more and more determined and became more and more determined and became more and more determined and dangerous was restrained at length the dangerous was restrained at length the dangerous was restrained at length the time arrived when it appeared safe to time arrived when it appeared safe to time arrived when it appeared safe to introduce the subject to the Roman introduce the subject to the Roman introduce the subject to the Roman Senate this of course was a hazardous Senate this of course was a hazardous Senate this of course was a hazardous experiment it was managed however in a experiment it was managed however in a experiment it was managed however in a very adroit and ingenious manner there very adroit and ingenious manner there very adroit and ingenious manner there were in Rome and in fact in many other were in Rome and in fact in many other were in Rome and in fact in many other cities and countries of the world in cities and countries of the world in cities and countries of the world in those days a variety of prophetic books

those days a variety of prophetic books those days a variety of prophetic books called the sibylline oracles in which it called the sibylline oracles in which it called the sibylline oracles in which it was generally believed that future was generally believed that future was generally believed that future events were foretold some of these events were foretold some of these events were foretold some of these volumes or roles which were very ancient volumes or roles which were very ancient volumes or roles which were very ancient and of great Authority were preserved in and of great Authority were preserved in and of great Authority were preserved in the temples at Rome under the charge of the temples at Rome under the charge of the temples at Rome under the charge of a board of guardians who were to keep a board of guardians who were to keep a board of guardians who were to keep them with the utmost care and to consult them with the utmost care and to consult them with the utmost care and to consult them on great occasions in order to them on great occasions in order to them on great occasions in order to discover beforehand what would be the discover beforehand what would be the discover beforehand what would be the result of public measures or great result of public measures or great result of public measures or great enterprises which were in contemplation enterprises which were in contemplation enterprises which were in contemplation it happened that at this time the Romans it happened that at this time the Romans it happened that at this time the Romans were engaged in a war with the Parthian were engaged in a war with the Parthian were engaged in a war with the Parthian a very wealthy and powerful nation of a very wealthy and powerful nation of a very wealthy and powerful nation of Asia Caesar was making preparations for Asia Caesar was making preparations for Asia Caesar was making preparations for an expedition to the east to attempt to an expedition to the east to attempt to an expedition to the east to attempt to subdue this people he gave orders that subdue this people he gave orders that subdue this people he gave orders that the sibylline oracles should be the sibylline oracles should be the sibylline oracles should be consulted the proper officers after consulted the proper officers after consulted the proper officers after consulting them with the usual solemn consulting them with the usual solemn consulting them with the usual solemn ceremonies reported to the Senate that ceremonies reported to the Senate that ceremonies reported to the Senate that they found it recorded in these sacred they found it recorded in these sacred they found it recorded in these sacred prophecies that the Parthian could not prophecies that the Parthian could not prophecies that the Parthian could not be conquered except by a king a senator be conquered except by a king a senator be conquered except by a king a senator proposed therefore that to meet the proposed therefore that to meet the proposed therefore that to meet the emergency Caesar should be made king emergency Caesar should be made king emergency Caesar should be made king during the war there was at first no during the war there was at first no during the war there was at first no decisive action on this proposal it was decisive action on this proposal it was decisive action on this proposal it was dangerous to express any opinion people dangerous to express any opinion people dangerous to express any opinion people were thoughtful serious and silent as on were thoughtful serious and silent as on were thoughtful serious and silent as on the eve of some great convulsion no one the eve of some great convulsion no one the eve of some great convulsion no one knew what others were meditating and knew what others were meditating and knew what others were meditating and thus did not dared to express his own thus did not dared to express his own thus did not dared to express his own wishes or designs there soon however was wishes or designs there soon however was wishes or designs there soon however was a prevailing understanding that Caesars a prevailing understanding that Caesars a prevailing understanding that Caesars friends were determined on executing the friends were determined on executing the friends were determined on executing the design of crowning him and that the 15th design of crowning him and that the 15th design of crowning him and that the 15th of March called in their phraseology the of March called in their phraseology the of March called in their phraseology the Ides of March was fixed upon as the Ides of March was fixed upon as the Ides of March was fixed upon as the coronation day in the meantime Caesars

coronation day in the meantime Caesars coronation day in the meantime Caesars enemies though to all outward appearance enemies though to all outward appearance enemies though to all outward appearance quiet and calm had not been inactive quiet and calm had not been inactive quiet and calm had not been inactive finding that his plans were now ripe for finding that his plans were now ripe for finding that his plans were now ripe for execution and that they had no open execution and that they had no open execution and that they had no open means of resisting them they formed a means of resisting them they formed a means of resisting them they formed a conspiracy to assassinate Caesar himself conspiracy to assassinate Caesar himself conspiracy to assassinate Caesar himself and thus bring his ambitious schemes to and thus bring his ambitious schemes to and thus bring his ambitious schemes to an effectual and final end the name of an effectual and final end the name of an effectual and final end the name of the original leader of this conspiracy the original leader of this conspiracy the original leader of this conspiracy was Cassius Cassius had been for a long was Cassius Cassius had been for a long was Cassius Cassius had been for a long time Caesars personal rival and enemy he time Caesars personal rival and enemy he time Caesars personal rival and enemy he was a man of a very violent and ardent was a man of a very violent and ardent was a man of a very violent and ardent temperament impetuous and fearless very temperament impetuous and fearless very temperament impetuous and fearless very fond of exercising power himself but fond of exercising power himself but fond of exercising power himself but very restless and uneasy and having it very restless and uneasy and having it very restless and uneasy and having it exercised over him he had all the roman exercised over him he had all the roman exercised over him he had all the roman repugnance to being under the authority repugnance to being under the authority repugnance to being under the authority of a master with an additional personal of a master with an additional personal of a master with an additional personal determination determination determination his own not to submit to Caesar he his own not to submit to Caesar he his own not to submit to Caesar he determined to slay Caesar rather than to determined to slay Caesar rather than to determined to slay Caesar rather than to allow him to be made a king and he went allow him to be made a king and he went allow him to be made a king and he went to work with great caution to bring to work with great caution to bring to work with great caution to bring other leading and influential men to other leading and influential men to other leading and influential men to join him in this determination some of join him in this determination some of join him in this determination some of those to whom he applied said that they those to whom he applied said that they those to whom he applied said that they would unite with him in his plot would unite with him in his plot would unite with him in his plot provided he would get Marcus Brutus to provided he would get Marcus Brutus to provided he would get Marcus Brutus to join them Brutus was the preacher of the join them Brutus was the preacher of the join them Brutus was the preacher of the city city city the preacher ship of the city was a very the preacher ship of the city was a very the preacher ship of the city was a very high municipal office the conspirators high municipal office the conspirators high municipal office the conspirators wish to have Brutus join them partly on wish to have Brutus join them partly on wish to have Brutus join them partly on account of his station as a magistrate account of his station as a magistrate account of his station as a magistrate as if they supposed that by having the as if they supposed that by having the as if they supposed that by having the highest public magistrate of the city highest public magistrate of the city highest public magistrate of the city for their leader in the deed the for their leader in the deed the for their leader in the deed the destruction of their victim would appear destruction of their victim would appear destruction of their victim would appear less like a murder and would be invested less like a murder and would be invested less like a murder and would be invested instead in some respects with the instead in some respects with the instead in some respects with the sanctions and with the dignity of an sanctions and with the dignity of an sanctions and with the dignity of an official execution then again they wish

official execution then again they wish official execution then again they wish for the moral support which would be for the moral support which would be for the moral support which would be afforded them in their desperate afforded them in their desperate afforded them in their desperate enterprise by Brutus extraordinary enterprise by Brutus extraordinary enterprise by Brutus extraordinary personal character he was younger than personal character he was younger than personal character he was younger than Cassius but he was grave thoughtful Cassius but he was grave thoughtful Cassius but he was grave thoughtful taciturn calm a man of inflexible taciturn calm a man of inflexible taciturn calm a man of inflexible integrity of the coolest determination integrity of the coolest determination integrity of the coolest determination and at the same time of the most and at the same time of the most and at the same time of the most undaunted courage the conspirators undaunted courage the conspirators undaunted courage the conspirators distrusted one another for the distrusted one another for the distrusted one another for the resolution of impetuous men is very apt resolution of impetuous men is very apt resolution of impetuous men is very apt to fail when the emergency arrives which to fail when the emergency arrives which to fail when the emergency arrives which puts it to the test but as for Brutus puts it to the test but as for Brutus puts it to the test but as for Brutus they knew very well that whatever he they knew very well that whatever he they knew very well that whatever he undertook he would most certainly do undertook he would most certainly do undertook he would most certainly do there was a great deal even in his name there was a great deal even in his name there was a great deal even in his name it was a Brutus that five centuries it was a Brutus that five centuries it was a Brutus that five centuries before had been the main instrument of before had been the main instrument of before had been the main instrument of the expulsion of the Roman kings he had the expulsion of the Roman kings he had the expulsion of the Roman kings he had secretly meditated the design and the secretly meditated the design and the secretly meditated the design and the better to conceal it had feigned idiocy better to conceal it had feigned idiocy better to conceal it had feigned idiocy as the story was that he might not be as the story was that he might not be as the story was that he might not be watched or suspected until the favorable watched or suspected until the favorable watched or suspected until the favorable hour for executing his design should hour for executing his design should hour for executing his design should arrive you therefore cease to speak and arrive you therefore cease to speak and arrive you therefore cease to speak and seem to lose his reason he wandered seem to lose his reason he wandered seem to lose his reason he wandered about the city silent and gloomy like a about the city silent and gloomy like a about the city silent and gloomy like a brute his name had been Lucius Junius brute his name had been Lucius Junius brute his name had been Lucius Junius before they added Brutus now to before they added Brutus now to before they added Brutus now to designate his condition when at last designate his condition when at last designate his condition when at last however the crisis arrived which he however the crisis arrived which he however the crisis arrived which he judged favourable for the expulsion of judged favourable for the expulsion of judged favourable for the expulsion of the Kings the Kings the Kings he suddenly reassumed his speech and his he suddenly reassumed his speech and his he suddenly reassumed his speech and his reason called the astonished Brahmins to reason called the astonished Brahmins to reason called the astonished Brahmins to arms and triumphantly accomplished his arms and triumphantly accomplished his arms and triumphantly accomplished his design his name and memory had been design his name and memory had been design his name and memory had been cherished ever since that day as of a cherished ever since that day as of a cherished ever since that day as of a great deliverer they therefore who great deliverer they therefore who great deliverer they therefore who looked upon Caesar as another looked upon Caesar as another looked upon Caesar as another naturally turned their thoughts to the naturally turned their thoughts to the naturally turned their thoughts to the Brutus of their day hoping to find in

Brutus of their day hoping to find in Brutus of their day hoping to find in him another deliverer Brutus found from him another deliverer Brutus found from him another deliverer Brutus found from time to time inscriptions on his ancient time to time inscriptions on his ancient time to time inscriptions on his ancient namesake statue expressing the wish that namesake statue expressing the wish that namesake statue expressing the wish that he were now alive he also found each he were now alive he also found each he were now alive he also found each morning as he came to the tribunal where morning as he came to the tribunal where morning as he came to the tribunal where he was accustomed to sit in the he was accustomed to sit in the he was accustomed to sit in the discharge of the duties of his office discharge of the duties of his office discharge of the duties of his office brief writings which had been left there brief writings which had been left there brief writings which had been left there during the night in which few words during the night in which few words during the night in which few words expressed deep meaning such as awake expressed deep meaning such as awake expressed deep meaning such as awake Brutus to thy duty and art thou indeed a Brutus to thy duty and art thou indeed a Brutus to thy duty and art thou indeed a Brutus still it seemed hardly possible Brutus still it seemed hardly possible Brutus still it seemed hardly possible that Brutus could be led to take a that Brutus could be led to take a that Brutus could be led to take a decided stand against Caesar for they decided stand against Caesar for they decided stand against Caesar for they had been warm personal friends ever had been warm personal friends ever had been warm personal friends ever since the conclusion of the civil wars since the conclusion of the civil wars since the conclusion of the civil wars Brutus had indeed been on Pompey's side Brutus had indeed been on Pompey's side Brutus had indeed been on Pompey's side while that general lived he fought with while that general lived he fought with while that general lived he fought with him at the Battle of Pharsalia but he him at the Battle of Pharsalia but he him at the Battle of Pharsalia but he had been taken prisoner there and Caesar had been taken prisoner there and Caesar had been taken prisoner there and Caesar instead of executing him as a traitor as instead of executing him as a traitor as instead of executing him as a traitor as most victorious generals in a civil war most victorious generals in a civil war most victorious generals in a civil war would have done spared his life forgave would have done spared his life forgave would have done spared his life forgave him for his hostility received him into him for his hostility received him into him for his hostility received him into his own service and afterward raised him his own service and afterward raised him his own service and afterward raised him to very high and honorable stations he to very high and honorable stations he to very high and honorable stations he gave him the government of the richest gave him the government of the richest gave him the government of the richest province and after his return from it province and after his return from it province and after his return from it loaded with wealth and honors he made loaded with wealth and honors he made loaded with wealth and honors he made him pre-tour of the city in a word it him pre-tour of the city in a word it him pre-tour of the city in a word it would seem that he had done everything would seem that he had done everything would seem that he had done everything which it was possible to do to make him which it was possible to do to make him which it was possible to do to make him one of his most trustworthy and devoted one of his most trustworthy and devoted one of his most trustworthy and devoted friends the men therefore to whom friends the men therefore to whom friends the men therefore to whom Cassius first applied perhaps thought Cassius first applied perhaps thought Cassius first applied perhaps thought that they were very safe in saying that that they were very safe in saying that that they were very safe in saying that they would unite in the intended they would unite in the intended they would unite in the intended conspiracy if he would get Brutus to conspiracy if he would get Brutus to conspiracy if he would get Brutus to join them they expected Cassius himself join them they expected Cassius himself join them they expected Cassius himself to make the attempt to secure the to make the attempt to secure the to make the attempt to secure the cooperation of Brutus as Cassius was on cooperation of Brutus as Cassius was on cooperation of Brutus as Cassius was on terms of intimacy with him on account of

terms of intimacy with him on account of terms of intimacy with him on account of a family connection Cassius his wife was a family connection Cassius his wife was a family connection Cassius his wife was the sister of Brutus this had made the the sister of Brutus this had made the the sister of Brutus this had made the two men intimate associates and warm two men intimate associates and warm two men intimate associates and warm friends in former years though they had friends in former years though they had friends in former years though they had been recently somewhat estranged from been recently somewhat estranged from been recently somewhat estranged from each other on account of having been each other on account of having been each other on account of having been competitors to the same offices and competitors to the same offices and competitors to the same offices and honors in these contests Caesar had honors in these contests Caesar had honors in these contests Caesar had decided in favor of Brutus Cassius said decided in favor of Brutus Cassius said decided in favor of Brutus Cassius said he on one such occasion gives the best he on one such occasion gives the best he on one such occasion gives the best reasons but I cannot refuse Brutus reasons but I cannot refuse Brutus reasons but I cannot refuse Brutus anything he asked for in fact Caesar had anything he asked for in fact Caesar had anything he asked for in fact Caesar had conceived a strong personal friendship conceived a strong personal friendship conceived a strong personal friendship for Brutus and believed him to be for Brutus and believed him to be for Brutus and believed him to be entirely devoted to his cause Cassius entirely devoted to his cause Cassius entirely devoted to his cause Cassius however sought an interview with Brutus however sought an interview with Brutus however sought an interview with Brutus with a view of engaging him in his with a view of engaging him in his with a view of engaging him in his design he easily affected his own design he easily affected his own design he easily affected his own reconciliation with him as he had reconciliation with him as he had reconciliation with him as he had himself than the offended party and himself than the offended party and himself than the offended party and their estrangement from each other their estrangement from each other their estrangement from each other he asked Brutus whether he intended to he asked Brutus whether he intended to he asked Brutus whether he intended to be present in the Senate on the Ides of be present in the Senate on the Ides of be present in the Senate on the Ides of March when the Friends of Caesar as was March when the Friends of Caesar as was March when the Friends of Caesar as was understood were intending to present him understood were intending to present him understood were intending to present him with the crown with the crown with the crown Brutus said he should not be there but Brutus said he should not be there but Brutus said he should not be there but suppose said Cassius we are especially suppose said Cassius we are especially suppose said Cassius we are especially summoned then said Brutus I shall go and summoned then said Brutus I shall go and summoned then said Brutus I shall go and shall be ready to die if necessary to shall be ready to die if necessary to shall be ready to die if necessary to defend the liberty of my country Cassius defend the liberty of my country Cassius defend the liberty of my country Cassius then assured Brutus that there were many then assured Brutus that there were many then assured Brutus that there were many other Roman citizens of the other Roman citizens of the other Roman citizens of the highest-ranked who were animated by the highest-ranked who were animated by the highest-ranked who were animated by the same determination and that they all same determination and that they all same determination and that they all looked up to him to lead and direct them looked up to him to lead and direct them looked up to him to lead and direct them in the work which it was now very in the work which it was now very in the work which it was now very evident must be done men look said evident must be done men look said evident must be done men look said Cassius to other preachers to entertain Cassius to other preachers to entertain Cassius to other preachers to entertain them with games spectacles and shows but them with games spectacles and shows but them with games spectacles and shows but they have very different ideas in

they have very different ideas in they have very different ideas in respect to you your character your name respect to you your character your name respect to you your character your name your position your ancestry and the your position your ancestry and the your position your ancestry and the course of conduct which you have already course of conduct which you have already course of conduct which you have already always pursued inspire the whole city always pursued inspire the whole city always pursued inspire the whole city with the hope that you are to be their with the hope that you are to be their with the hope that you are to be their deliverer the citizens are all ready to deliverer the citizens are all ready to deliverer the citizens are all ready to aid you and to sustain you at the hazard aid you and to sustain you at the hazard aid you and to sustain you at the hazard of their lives but they look to you to of their lives but they look to you to of their lives but they look to you to go forward and to act in their name and go forward and to act in their name and go forward and to act in their name and in their behalf in the crisis which is in their behalf in the crisis which is in their behalf in the crisis which is now approaching men of a very calm now approaching men of a very calm now approaching men of a very calm exterior are often susceptible to the exterior are often susceptible to the exterior are often susceptible to the profoundest agitations within the profoundest agitations within the profoundest agitations within the emotions seeming to be sometimes all the emotions seeming to be sometimes all the emotions seeming to be sometimes all the more permanent and uncontrollable from more permanent and uncontrollable from more permanent and uncontrollable from the absence of outward display Brutus the absence of outward display Brutus the absence of outward display Brutus said little but his soul was excited and said little but his soul was excited and said little but his soul was excited and fired by Cassius's words there was a fired by Cassius's words there was a fired by Cassius's words there was a struggle in his soul between his struggle in his soul between his struggle in his soul between his grateful sense of his political grateful sense of his political grateful sense of his political obligations to Caesar and his personal obligations to Caesar and his personal obligations to Caesar and his personal attachment to him on the one hand and on attachment to him on the one hand and on attachment to him on the one hand and on the other a certain Stern Roman the other a certain Stern Roman the other a certain Stern Roman conviction that everything should be conviction that everything should be conviction that everything should be sacrificed even friendship and gratitude sacrificed even friendship and gratitude sacrificed even friendship and gratitude as well as fortune and life to the as well as fortune and life to the as well as fortune and life to the welfare of his country he acceded to the welfare of his country he acceded to the welfare of his country he acceded to the plan and began forthwith to enter upon plan and began forthwith to enter upon plan and began forthwith to enter upon the necessary measures for putting it the necessary measures for putting it the necessary measures for putting it into execution there was a certain into execution there was a certain into execution there was a certain general named ligurius who had been in general named ligurius who had been in general named ligurius who had been in Pompey's army and whose hostility to Pompey's army and whose hostility to Pompey's army and whose hostility to Caesar had never been really subdued he Caesar had never been really subdued he Caesar had never been really subdued he was now sick Brutus went to see him he was now sick Brutus went to see him he was now sick Brutus went to see him he found him in his bed the excitement in found him in his bed the excitement in found him in his bed the excitement in Rome was so intense Rome was so intense Rome was so intense the expressions of it were suppressed the expressions of it were suppressed the expressions of it were suppressed and restrained that everyone was and restrained that everyone was and restrained that everyone was expecting continually some great event expecting continually some great event expecting continually some great event and every motion and look was and every motion and look was and every motion and look was interpreted to have some deep meaning

interpreted to have some deep meaning interpreted to have some deep meaning ligurius read in the countenance of ligurius read in the countenance of ligurius read in the countenance of brutus as he approached his bedside that brutus as he approached his bedside that brutus as he approached his bedside that he had not come on any trifling errand he had not come on any trifling errand he had not come on any trifling errand ligurius said brutus this is not a time ligurius said brutus this is not a time ligurius said brutus this is not a time for you to be sick for you to be sick for you to be sick Brutus replied ligurius rising at once Brutus replied ligurius rising at once Brutus replied ligurius rising at once from his couch if you have any from his couch if you have any from his couch if you have any enterprise in mind it is worthy of you I enterprise in mind it is worthy of you I enterprise in mind it is worthy of you I am well Brutus explained to the sick man am well Brutus explained to the sick man am well Brutus explained to the sick man their design and he entered into it with their design and he entered into it with their design and he entered into it with ardour the plan was divulged to one ardour the plan was divulged to one ardour the plan was divulged to one after another of such men as the after another of such men as the after another of such men as the conspirators supposed most worthy of conspirators supposed most worthy of conspirators supposed most worthy of confidence in such a desperate confidence in such a desperate confidence in such a desperate undertaking and meetings for undertaking and meetings for undertaking and meetings for consultation were held to determine what consultation were held to determine what consultation were held to determine what plan to adopt for finally accomplishing plan to adopt for finally accomplishing plan to adopt for finally accomplishing their end it was agreed that Caesar must their end it was agreed that Caesar must their end it was agreed that Caesar must be slain but the time the place and the be slain but the time the place and the be slain but the time the place and the manner in which the deed should be manner in which the deed should be manner in which the deed should be performed were all yet undecided various performed were all yet undecided various performed were all yet undecided various plans were proposed in the consultations plans were proposed in the consultations plans were proposed in the consultations which the conspirators held but there which the conspirators held but there which the conspirators held but there was one thing peculiar to them all which was one thing peculiar to them all which was one thing peculiar to them all which was that they did not any wisdom was that they did not any wisdom was that they did not any wisdom contemplate or provide for anything like contemplate or provide for anything like contemplate or provide for anything like secrecy in the commission of the deed it secrecy in the commission of the deed it secrecy in the commission of the deed it was to be performed in the most open and was to be performed in the most open and was to be performed in the most open and public manner with a stern and undaunted public manner with a stern and undaunted public manner with a stern and undaunted boldness which has always been boldness which has always been boldness which has always been considered by mankind as truly sublime considered by mankind as truly sublime considered by mankind as truly sublime they determined that in respect to the they determined that in respect to the they determined that in respect to the actual execution itself of the solemn actual execution itself of the solemn actual execution itself of the solemn judgment which they had pronounced there judgment which they had pronounced there judgment which they had pronounced there should be nothing private or concealed should be nothing private or concealed should be nothing private or concealed they thought over the various public they thought over the various public they thought over the various public situations in which they might find situations in which they might find situations in which they might find Caesar and where they might strike him Caesar and where they might strike him Caesar and where they might strike him down only to select the one which would down only to select the one which would down only to select the one which would be most public of all they kept of be most public of all they kept of be most public of all they kept of course their preliminary councils course their preliminary councils course their preliminary councils private to prevent the adoption of

private to prevent the adoption of private to prevent the adoption of measures for counteracting them but they measures for counteracting them but they measures for counteracting them but they were to perform the deed in such a were to perform the deed in such a were to perform the deed in such a manner as that so soon as it was manner as that so soon as it was manner as that so soon as it was performed they should stand out to view performed they should stand out to view performed they should stand out to view exposed fully to the gaze of all mankind exposed fully to the gaze of all mankind exposed fully to the gaze of all mankind as the authors of it they planned no as the authors of it they planned no as the authors of it they planned no retreat no concealment no protection retreat no concealment no protection retreat no concealment no protection whatever for themselves seeming to feel whatever for themselves seeming to feel whatever for themselves seeming to feel that the deed which they were about to that the deed which they were about to that the deed which they were about to perform of destroying the master and perform of destroying the master and perform of destroying the master and monarch of the world was indeed in its monarch of the world was indeed in its monarch of the world was indeed in its own nature so grand and sublime as to own nature so grand and sublime as to own nature so grand and sublime as to raise the perpetrators of it entirely raise the perpetrators of it entirely raise the perpetrators of it entirely above all considerations relating to above all considerations relating to above all considerations relating to their own personal safety there their own personal safety there their own personal safety there therefore was to keep their therefore was to keep their therefore was to keep their consultations and arrangements secret consultations and arrangements secret consultations and arrangements secret until they were prepared to strike the until they were prepared to strike the until they were prepared to strike the blow then to strike it in the most blow then to strike it in the most blow then to strike it in the most public and imposing manner possible and public and imposing manner possible and public and imposing manner possible and calmly afterward to await the calmly afterward to await the calmly afterward to await the consequences in this view of the subject consequences in this view of the subject consequences in this view of the subject they decided that the chamber of the they decided that the chamber of the they decided that the chamber of the Roman Senate was the proper place and Roman Senate was the proper place and Roman Senate was the proper place and the Ides of March the day on which he the Ides of March the day on which he the Ides of March the day on which he was appointed to be crowned was the was appointed to be crowned was the was appointed to be crowned was the proper time for Caesar to be slain end proper time for Caesar to be slain end proper time for Caesar to be slain end of chapter 11 chapter 12 of history of of chapter 11 chapter 12 of history of of chapter 11 chapter 12 of history of Julius Caesar this is a librivox Julius Caesar this is a librivox Julius Caesar this is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in recording all librivox recordings are in recording all librivox recordings are in the public domain for more information the public domain for more information the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit or to volunteer please visit or to volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by Cathy Barrett librivox.org recording by Cathy Barrett librivox.org recording by Cathy Barrett history of Julius Caesar by Jacob Abbott history of Julius Caesar by Jacob Abbott history of Julius Caesar by Jacob Abbott chapter 12 the assassination according chapter 12 the assassination according chapter 12 the assassination according to the account given by his historians

to the account given by his historians to the account given by his historians Caesar received many warnings of his Caesar received many warnings of his Caesar received many warnings of his approaching fate which however he would approaching fate which however he would approaching fate which however he would not heed many of these warnings were not heed many of these warnings were not heed many of these warnings were strange portents and prodigies which the strange portents and prodigies which the strange portents and prodigies which the philosophical writers who recorded them philosophical writers who recorded them philosophical writers who recorded them half believed themselves in which they half believed themselves in which they half believed themselves in which they were always ready to add to their were always ready to add to their were always ready to add to their narratives even if they did not believe narratives even if they did not believe narratives even if they did not believe him on account of the great influence him on account of the great influence him on account of the great influence which such an introduction of the which such an introduction of the which such an introduction of the supernatural and the divine had with supernatural and the divine had with supernatural and the divine had with readers in those days in enhancing the readers in those days in enhancing the readers in those days in enhancing the dignity and the dramatic interest of the dignity and the dramatic interest of the dignity and the dramatic interest of the story these warnings were as follows at story these warnings were as follows at story these warnings were as follows at Capua which was a great City at some Capua which was a great City at some Capua which was a great City at some distance south of Rome the second in distance south of Rome the second in distance south of Rome the second in fact in Italy and the one which Hannibal fact in Italy and the one which Hannibal fact in Italy and the one which Hannibal had proposed to make his capital some had proposed to make his capital some had proposed to make his capital some workmen were removing certain ancient workmen were removing certain ancient workmen were removing certain ancient sepulchers to make room for the sepulchers to make room for the sepulchers to make room for the foundations of a splendid edifice which foundations of a splendid edifice which foundations of a splendid edifice which among his other plans for the among his other plans for the among his other plans for the embellishment of the cities of Italy embellishment of the cities of Italy embellishment of the cities of Italy Caesar was intending to have erected Caesar was intending to have erected Caesar was intending to have erected there as the excavations advanced the there as the excavations advanced the there as the excavations advanced the workmen came at last to an ancient tomb workmen came at last to an ancient tomb workmen came at last to an ancient tomb which proved to be that of the original which proved to be that of the original which proved to be that of the original founder of Capua and in bringing out the founder of Capua and in bringing out the founder of Capua and in bringing out the sarcophagus they found an inscription sarcophagus they found an inscription sarcophagus they found an inscription worked upon a brass plate and in the worked upon a brass plate and in the worked upon a brass plate and in the Greek character predicting that if those Greek character predicting that if those Greek character predicting that if those remains were ever disturbed a great remains were ever disturbed a great remains were ever disturbed a great member of the Julian family would be member of the Julian family would be member of the Julian family would be assassinated by his own friends and his assassinated by his own friends and his assassinated by his own friends and his death would be followed by extended death would be followed by extended death would be followed by extended stationed throughout all Italy the stationed throughout all Italy the stationed throughout all Italy the horses - with which Caesar had passed horses - with which Caesar had passed horses - with which Caesar had passed the Rubicon and which had been ever the Rubicon and which had been ever the Rubicon and which had been ever since that time living in honorable since that time living in honorable since that time living in honorable retirement in a splendid Park which retirement in a splendid Park which retirement in a splendid Park which Caesar had provided for them by some Caesar had provided for them by some Caesar had provided for them by some mysterious instinct or from some divine

mysterious instinct or from some divine mysterious instinct or from some divine communication had warning of the communication had warning of the communication had warning of the approach of their great benefactors and approach of their great benefactors and approach of their great benefactors and they refused their food and walked about they refused their food and walked about they refused their food and walked about with melancholy and dejected looks with melancholy and dejected looks with melancholy and dejected looks morning apparently and in a manner morning apparently and in a manner morning apparently and in a manner almost human some impending grief there almost human some impending grief there almost human some impending grief there was a class of prophets in those days was a class of prophets in those days was a class of prophets in those days called by a name which has been called by a name which has been called by a name which has been translated soothsayers these soothsayers translated soothsayers these soothsayers translated soothsayers these soothsayers were able as was supposed to look were able as was supposed to look were able as was supposed to look somewhat into Futurity dimly and somewhat into Futurity dimly and somewhat into Futurity dimly and doubtfully it is true but really by doubtfully it is true but really by doubtfully it is true but really by means of certain appearances exhibited means of certain appearances exhibited means of certain appearances exhibited by the bodies of the animals offered in by the bodies of the animals offered in by the bodies of the animals offered in sacrifices these soothsayers were sacrifices these soothsayers were sacrifices these soothsayers were consulted on all important occasions and consulted on all important occasions and consulted on all important occasions and if the auspices proved unfavourable when if the auspices proved unfavourable when if the auspices proved unfavourable when any great Enterprise was about to be any great Enterprise was about to be any great Enterprise was about to be undertaken it was often on that account undertaken it was often on that account undertaken it was often on that account abandoned or postponed one of these abandoned or postponed one of these abandoned or postponed one of these soothsayers names Farina came to Caesar soothsayers names Farina came to Caesar soothsayers names Farina came to Caesar one day and informed him that he had one day and informed him that he had one day and informed him that he had found by means of a public sacrifice found by means of a public sacrifice found by means of a public sacrifice which he had just been offering that which he had just been offering that which he had just been offering that there was a great and mysterious danger there was a great and mysterious danger there was a great and mysterious danger impending over him which was connected impending over him which was connected impending over him which was connected in some way with the Ides of March and in some way with the Ides of March and in some way with the Ides of March and he counseled him to be particularly he counseled him to be particularly he counseled him to be particularly cautious and circumspect until that day cautious and circumspect until that day cautious and circumspect until that day should have passed the Senate were to should have passed the Senate were to should have passed the Senate were to meet on the Ides of March in a new and meet on the Ides of March in a new and meet on the Ides of March in a new and splendid edifice which had been erected splendid edifice which had been erected splendid edifice which had been erected for their use by Pompey there was in the for their use by Pompey there was in the for their use by Pompey there was in the interior of the building among other interior of the building among other interior of the building among other decorations a statue of Pompey the day decorations a statue of Pompey the day decorations a statue of Pompey the day before the Ides of March some birds of before the Ides of March some birds of before the Ides of March some birds of prey from a neighboring Grove came prey from a neighboring Grove came prey from a neighboring Grove came flying into this hall pursuing a little flying into this hall pursuing a little flying into this hall pursuing a little Wren with a sprig of Laurel in its mouth Wren with a sprig of Laurel in its mouth Wren with a sprig of Laurel in its mouth the birds tore the Wren to pieces the

the birds tore the Wren to pieces the the birds tore the Wren to pieces the laurel dropping from its bill to the laurel dropping from its bill to the laurel dropping from its bill to the marble pavement of the floor below marble pavement of the floor below marble pavement of the floor below now as Caesar had been always accustomed now as Caesar had been always accustomed now as Caesar had been always accustomed to wear a crown of laurel on great to wear a crown of laurel on great to wear a crown of laurel on great occasions and had always evinced a occasions and had always evinced a occasions and had always evinced a particular fondness for that decoration particular fondness for that decoration particular fondness for that decoration that plant had come to be considered his that plant had come to be considered his that plant had come to be considered his own proper badge and the fall of the own proper badge and the fall of the own proper badge and the fall of the laurel therefore was naturally thought laurel therefore was naturally thought laurel therefore was naturally thought to pretend some great calamity to him to pretend some great calamity to him to pretend some great calamity to him the night before the Ides of March the night before the Ides of March the night before the Ides of March Caesar could not sleep it would not seem Caesar could not sleep it would not seem Caesar could not sleep it would not seem however to be necessary to suppose however to be necessary to suppose however to be necessary to suppose anything anything anything supernatural to account for his supernatural to account for his supernatural to account for his wakefulness he lay upon his bed restless wakefulness he lay upon his bed restless wakefulness he lay upon his bed restless and excited or if he fell into a and excited or if he fell into a and excited or if he fell into a momentary slumber his thoughts instead momentary slumber his thoughts instead momentary slumber his thoughts instead of finding repose were only plunged into of finding repose were only plunged into of finding repose were only plunged into greater agitations produced by strange greater agitations produced by strange greater agitations produced by strange and as he thought supernatural dreams he and as he thought supernatural dreams he and as he thought supernatural dreams he imagined that he ascended into the sky imagined that he ascended into the sky imagined that he ascended into the sky and was received there by Jupiter the and was received there by Jupiter the and was received there by Jupiter the supreme divinity as an associate and supreme divinity as an associate and supreme divinity as an associate and equal while shaking hands with the great equal while shaking hands with the great equal while shaking hands with the great father of gods and men the sleeper was father of gods and men the sleeper was father of gods and men the sleeper was startled by a frightful sound he awoke startled by a frightful sound he awoke startled by a frightful sound he awoke and found his wife Calpurnia groaning and found his wife Calpurnia groaning and found his wife Calpurnia groaning and struggling in her sleep and struggling in her sleep and struggling in her sleep he saw her by the moonlight which was he saw her by the moonlight which was he saw her by the moonlight which was shining into the room he spoke to her shining into the room he spoke to her shining into the room he spoke to her and aroused her after staring wildly for and aroused her after staring wildly for and aroused her after staring wildly for a moment till she had recovered her a moment till she had recovered her a moment till she had recovered her thoughts she said that she had had a thoughts she said that she had had a thoughts she said that she had had a dreadful dream she had dreamed that the dreadful dream she had dreamed that the dreadful dream she had dreamed that the roof of the house had fallen in and that roof of the house had fallen in and that roof of the house had fallen in and that at the same instant the doors had been at the same instant the doors had been at the same instant the doors had been burst open and some robber or assassin burst open and some robber or assassin burst open and some robber or assassin had stabbed her husband as he was lying had stabbed her husband as he was lying had stabbed her husband as he was lying in her arms the philosophy of those days in her arms the philosophy of those days in her arms the philosophy of those days found in these dreams mysterious and found in these dreams mysterious and found in these dreams mysterious and preternatural warnings of impending preternatural warnings of impending preternatural warnings of impending danger that of ours however sees nothing

danger that of ours however sees nothing danger that of ours however sees nothing either in the absurd sacrilegious nosov either in the absurd sacrilegious nosov either in the absurd sacrilegious nosov Caesars thoughts or his wife's Caesars thoughts or his wife's Caesars thoughts or his wife's incoherent and inconsistent images of incoherent and inconsistent images of incoherent and inconsistent images of Terror nothing more than the natural and Terror nothing more than the natural and Terror nothing more than the natural and proper effects on the one hand of the proper effects on the one hand of the proper effects on the one hand of the insatiable ambition of man and on the insatiable ambition of man and on the insatiable ambition of man and on the other of the conjugal affection and other of the conjugal affection and other of the conjugal affection and solicitude of woman the ancient solicitude of woman the ancient solicitude of woman the ancient sculptures carved out images of men by sculptures carved out images of men by sculptures carved out images of men by the forms and lineaments of which we see the forms and lineaments of which we see the forms and lineaments of which we see that the physical characteristics of that the physical characteristics of that the physical characteristics of humanity have not changed history seems humanity have not changed history seems humanity have not changed history seems to do the same with the affections and to do the same with the affections and to do the same with the affections and passions of the soul passions of the soul passions of the soul the dreams of Caesar and his wife on the the dreams of Caesar and his wife on the the dreams of Caesar and his wife on the night before the Ides of March as thus night before the Ides of March as thus night before the Ides of March as thus recorded form a sort of spiritual statue recorded form a sort of spiritual statue recorded form a sort of spiritual statue which remains from generation to which remains from generation to which remains from generation to generation generation generation to show if how precisely all the inward to show if how precisely all the inward to show if how precisely all the inward workings of human nature are from age to workings of human nature are from age to workings of human nature are from age to age the same when the morning came age the same when the morning came age the same when the morning came Caesar and Calpurnia arose both restless Caesar and Calpurnia arose both restless Caesar and Calpurnia arose both restless and ill at ease Caesar ordered the and ill at ease Caesar ordered the and ill at ease Caesar ordered the auspices to be consulted with reference auspices to be consulted with reference auspices to be consulted with reference to the intended Proceedings of the day to the intended Proceedings of the day to the intended Proceedings of the day the soothsayers came in in due time and the soothsayers came in in due time and the soothsayers came in in due time and reported that the result was unfavorable reported that the result was unfavorable reported that the result was unfavorable Calpurnia too earnestly entreated her Calpurnia too earnestly entreated her Calpurnia too earnestly entreated her husband not to go to the Senate house husband not to go to the Senate house husband not to go to the Senate house that day she had a very strong that day she had a very strong that day she had a very strong sentiment that if he did go some great sentiment that if he did go some great sentiment that if he did go some great calamity would ensue Caesar himself calamity would ensue Caesar himself calamity would ensue Caesar himself hesitated he was half inclined to yield hesitated he was half inclined to yield hesitated he was half inclined to yield and postpone his coronation to another and postpone his coronation to another and postpone his coronation to another occasion in the course of the day while occasion in the course of the day while occasion in the course of the day while Caesar was in this state of doubt and Caesar was in this state of doubt and Caesar was in this state of doubt and uncertainty one of the conspirators uncertainty one of the conspirators uncertainty one of the conspirators named Decimus Brutus came in this Brutus named Decimus Brutus came in this Brutus named Decimus Brutus came in this Brutus was not a man of any extraordinary was not a man of any extraordinary was not a man of any extraordinary courage or energy but he had been

courage or energy but he had been courage or energy but he had been invited by the other conspirators to invited by the other conspirators to invited by the other conspirators to join them on account of his having under join them on account of his having under join them on account of his having under his charge a large number of gladiators his charge a large number of gladiators his charge a large number of gladiators who being desperate and reckless men who being desperate and reckless men who being desperate and reckless men would constitute a very suitable armed would constitute a very suitable armed would constitute a very suitable armed force for them to call into their aid in force for them to call into their aid in force for them to call into their aid in case of any emergency arising which case of any emergency arising which case of any emergency arising which should require it the conspirators should require it the conspirators should require it the conspirators having thus all their plans arranged having thus all their plans arranged having thus all their plans arranged Decimus Brutus was commissioned to call Decimus Brutus was commissioned to call Decimus Brutus was commissioned to call it caesar's house when the time it caesar's house when the time it caesar's house when the time approached for the assembling of the approached for the assembling of the approached for the assembling of the senate both to avert suspicion from senate both to avert suspicion from senate both to avert suspicion from Caesars mind and to assure himself that Caesars mind and to assure himself that Caesars mind and to assure himself that nothing had been discovered it was in nothing had been discovered it was in nothing had been discovered it was in the afternoon the time for the meeting the afternoon the time for the meeting the afternoon the time for the meeting of the Senators having been fixed at of the Senators having been fixed at of the Senators having been fixed at five o'clock five o'clock five o'clock Decimus Brutus found Caesar troubled and Decimus Brutus found Caesar troubled and Decimus Brutus found Caesar troubled and perplexed and uncertain what to do after perplexed and uncertain what to do after perplexed and uncertain what to do after hearing what he had to say he replied by hearing what he had to say he replied by hearing what he had to say he replied by urging him to go by all means to the urging him to go by all means to the urging him to go by all means to the Senate house as he had intended quote Senate house as he had intended quote Senate house as he had intended quote you have formally called the Senate you have formally called the Senate you have formally called the Senate together said he and they are now together said he and they are now together said he and they are now assembling they are all prepared to assembling they are all prepared to assembling they are all prepared to confer upon you the rank and title of confer upon you the rank and title of confer upon you the rank and title of King not only in Parthia King not only in Parthia King not only in Parthia while you are conducting this war but while you are conducting this war but while you are conducting this war but everywhere by sea and land except in everywhere by sea and land except in everywhere by sea and land except in Italy and now while they are all in Italy and now while they are all in Italy and now while they are all in their places waiting to consummate the their places waiting to consummate the their places waiting to consummate the great act great act great act how absurd will it be for you to send how absurd will it be for you to send how absurd will it be for you to send them word to go home again and come back them word to go home again and come back them word to go home again and come back some other day when Calpurnia shall have some other day when Calpurnia shall have some other day when Calpurnia shall have had better dreams and quote he urged too had better dreams and quote he urged too had better dreams and quote he urged too that even if caesar was determined to that even if caesar was determined to that even if caesar was determined to put off the option of the senate to put off the option of the senate to put off the option of the senate to another day he was imperiously bound to another day he was imperiously bound to another day he was imperiously bound to go himself and adjourn the session in go himself and adjourn the session in go himself and adjourn the session in person so saying he took the hesitating person so saying he took the hesitating person so saying he took the hesitating potentate by the arm and adding to his potentate by the arm and adding to his potentate by the arm and adding to his arguments a little gentle force

arguments a little gentle force arguments a little gentle force conducted him along the conspirators conducted him along the conspirators conducted him along the conspirators supposed that all was safe the fact was supposed that all was safe the fact was supposed that all was safe the fact was however that all had been discovered however that all had been discovered however that all had been discovered there was a certain Greek a teacher of there was a certain Greek a teacher of there was a certain Greek a teacher of oratory named our Demetrius he had oratory named our Demetrius he had oratory named our Demetrius he had contrived to learn something of the plot contrived to learn something of the plot contrived to learn something of the plot from some of the conspirators who were from some of the conspirators who were from some of the conspirators who were his pupils he wrote a brief statement of his pupils he wrote a brief statement of his pupils he wrote a brief statement of the the the particulars and having no other mode of particulars and having no other mode of particulars and having no other mode of access to Caesar he determined to hand access to Caesar he determined to hand access to Caesar he determined to hand it to him on the way as he went to the it to him on the way as he went to the it to him on the way as he went to the Senate House of course the occasion was Senate House of course the occasion was Senate House of course the occasion was one of great public interest and crowds one of great public interest and crowds one of great public interest and crowds had assembled in the streets to see the had assembled in the streets to see the had assembled in the streets to see the great Conqueror as he went along as great Conqueror as he went along as great Conqueror as he went along as usual at such times when powerful usual at such times when powerful usual at such times when powerful officers of state appear in public many officers of state appear in public many officers of state appear in public many people came up to present petitions to people came up to present petitions to people came up to present petitions to him as he passed these he received and him as he passed these he received and him as he passed these he received and handed them without reading to his handed them without reading to his handed them without reading to his secretary who attended him as if to have secretary who attended him as if to have secretary who attended him as if to have them preserved for future examination them preserved for future examination them preserved for future examination our Demetrius who was waiting for his our Demetrius who was waiting for his our Demetrius who was waiting for his opportunity when he perceived what opportunity when he perceived what opportunity when he perceived what disposition Caesar made of the papers disposition Caesar made of the papers disposition Caesar made of the papers which were given to him began to be which were given to him began to be which were given to him began to be afraid that his own communication would afraid that his own communication would afraid that his own communication would not be attended to until it was too late not be attended to until it was too late not be attended to until it was too late he accordingly pressed up near to Caesar he accordingly pressed up near to Caesar he accordingly pressed up near to Caesar refusing to allow anyone else to pass refusing to allow anyone else to pass refusing to allow anyone else to pass the paper in and when at last he the paper in and when at last he the paper in and when at last he obtained an opportunity he gave it obtained an opportunity he gave it obtained an opportunity he gave it directly into Caesars hands saying to directly into Caesars hands saying to directly into Caesars hands saying to him quote read this immediately it him quote read this immediately it him quote read this immediately it concerns yourself and is of the utmost concerns yourself and is of the utmost concerns yourself and is of the utmost importance and quote Caesar took the importance and quote Caesar took the importance and quote Caesar took the paper and attempted to read it but new paper and attempted to read it but new paper and attempted to read it but new petitions and other interruptions petitions and other interruptions petitions and other interruptions constantly prevented him finally he gave constantly prevented him finally he gave constantly prevented him finally he gave up the attempt and went on his way up the attempt and went on his way up the attempt and went on his way receiving and passing to his secretary

receiving and passing to his secretary receiving and passing to his secretary all other papers but retaining this all other papers but retaining this all other papers but retaining this paper of Artemidorus in his hand paper of Artemidorus in his hand paper of Artemidorus in his hand Caesar passed Farina on his way to the Caesar passed Farina on his way to the Caesar passed Farina on his way to the Senate house the soothsayer who had Senate house the soothsayer who had Senate house the soothsayer who had predicted some great danger connected predicted some great danger connected predicted some great danger connected with the Ides of March as soon as he with the Ides of March as soon as he with the Ides of March as soon as he recognized him he accosted him with the recognized him he accosted him with the recognized him he accosted him with the words quote Welles Purina the Ides of words quote Welles Purina the Ides of words quote Welles Purina the Ides of March have come and I am safe and quote March have come and I am safe and quote March have come and I am safe and quote quote yes replied Sabrina quote yes replied Sabrina quote yes replied Sabrina they have come but they are not yet over they have come but they are not yet over they have come but they are not yet over and quote at length he arrived at the and quote at length he arrived at the and quote at length he arrived at the Senate house with the paper of our Senate house with the paper of our Senate house with the paper of our Demeter is still unread in his hand the Demeter is still unread in his hand the Demeter is still unread in his hand the senators were all convened the leading senators were all convened the leading senators were all convened the leading conspirators among them they all rose to conspirators among them they all rose to conspirators among them they all rose to receive Caesar as he entered Caesar receive Caesar as he entered Caesar receive Caesar as he entered Caesar advanced to the seat provided for him advanced to the seat provided for him advanced to the seat provided for him and when he was seated the Senators and when he was seated the Senators and when he was seated the Senators himself sat down the moment had now himself sat down the moment had now himself sat down the moment had now arrived and the conspirators with pale arrived and the conspirators with pale arrived and the conspirators with pale looks and beating hearts felt that now looks and beating hearts felt that now looks and beating hearts felt that now or never the deed was to be done it or never the deed was to be done it or never the deed was to be done it requires a very considerable degree of requires a very considerable degree of requires a very considerable degree of physical courage and Hardy who physical courage and Hardy who physical courage and Hardy who for men to come to a calm and deliberate for men to come to a calm and deliberate for men to come to a calm and deliberate decision that they will kill one whom decision that they will kill one whom decision that they will kill one whom they hate and still more actually to they hate and still more actually to they hate and still more actually to strike the blow even when under the strike the blow even when under the strike the blow even when under the immediate impulse of passion but men who immediate impulse of passion but men who immediate impulse of passion but men who are perfectly capable of either of these are perfectly capable of either of these are perfectly capable of either of these often find their resolution fail them as often find their resolution fail them as often find their resolution fail them as the time comes for striking a dagger the time comes for striking a dagger the time comes for striking a dagger into the living flesh of their victim into the living flesh of their victim into the living flesh of their victim when he sits at ease and unconcerned when he sits at ease and unconcerned when he sits at ease and unconcerned before them unarmed and defenseless and before them unarmed and defenseless and before them unarmed and defenseless and doing nothing to excite those feelings

doing nothing to excite those feelings doing nothing to excite those feelings of irritation and anger which are of irritation and anger which are of irritation and anger which are generally found so necessary to nerve generally found so necessary to nerve generally found so necessary to nerve the human arm to such deeds utter the human arm to such deeds utter the human arm to such deeds utter defenselessness is accordingly defenselessness is accordingly defenselessness is accordingly sometimes a greater protection than an sometimes a greater protection than an sometimes a greater protection than an Armour of Steel even Casius himself the Armour of Steel even Casius himself the Armour of Steel even Casius himself the originator and the soul of the whole originator and the soul of the whole originator and the soul of the whole enterprise found his courage hardly enterprise found his courage hardly enterprise found his courage hardly adequate to the work now that the moment adequate to the work now that the moment adequate to the work now that the moment had arrived and in order to arouse the had arrived and in order to arouse the had arrived and in order to arouse the necessary excitement in his soul he necessary excitement in his soul he necessary excitement in his soul he looked up to the statue of Pompey looked up to the statue of Pompey looked up to the statue of Pompey Caesars ancient and most formidable Caesars ancient and most formidable Caesars ancient and most formidable enemy and invoked its aid it gave him enemy and invoked its aid it gave him enemy and invoked its aid it gave him its aid it inspired him with some its aid it inspired him with some its aid it inspired him with some portion of the enmity with which the portion of the enmity with which the portion of the enmity with which the soul of its great original had burned soul of its great original had burned soul of its great original had burned and thus the soul of the living assassin and thus the soul of the living assassin and thus the soul of the living assassin was nerved to its work by a sort of was nerved to its work by a sort of was nerved to its work by a sort of sympathy with a block of stone sympathy with a block of stone sympathy with a block of stone foreseeing the necessity of something foreseeing the necessity of something foreseeing the necessity of something like a stimulus to action when the like a stimulus to action when the like a stimulus to action when the immediate moment for action should immediate moment for action should immediate moment for action should arrive the conspirators had agreed that arrive the conspirators had agreed that arrive the conspirators had agreed that as soon as Caesar was seated they would as soon as Caesar was seated they would as soon as Caesar was seated they would approach him with a petition which he approach him with a petition which he approach him with a petition which he would probably refuse and then gathering would probably refuse and then gathering would probably refuse and then gathering around him they would urge him with around him they would urge him with around him they would urge him with their importunate ease so as to produce their importunate ease so as to produce their importunate ease so as to produce in the confusion a sort of excitement in the confusion a sort of excitement in the confusion a sort of excitement that would make it easier for them to that would make it easier for them to that would make it easier for them to strike the blow there was one person a strike the blow there was one person a strike the blow there was one person a relative and friend of Caesars named relative and friend of Caesars named relative and friend of Caesars named Marcus Antonius called commonly however Marcus Antonius called commonly however Marcus Antonius called commonly however in English narratives Mark Antony the in English narratives Mark Antony the in English narratives Mark Antony the same who has been already mentioned as same who has been already mentioned as same who has been already mentioned as having been subsequently connected with having been subsequently connected with having been subsequently connected with Cleopatra he was a very energetic and Cleopatra he was a very energetic and Cleopatra he was a very energetic and determined man who they thought might determined man who they thought might determined man who they thought might possibly attempt to defend him to

possibly attempt to defend him to possibly attempt to defend him to prevent this one of the conspirators had prevent this one of the conspirators had prevent this one of the conspirators had been designated to take him aside and been designated to take him aside and been designated to take him aside and occupy his attention with some pretended occupy his attention with some pretended occupy his attention with some pretended subject of discourse ready at the same subject of discourse ready at the same subject of discourse ready at the same time to resist and prevent his time to resist and prevent his time to resist and prevent his interference if he should show himself interference if he should show himself interference if he should show himself inclined to offer any inclined to offer any inclined to offer any things being thus arranged the things being thus arranged the things being thus arranged the petitioner as had been agreed advanced petitioner as had been agreed advanced petitioner as had been agreed advanced to Caesar with his petition others to Caesar with his petition others to Caesar with his petition others coming up at the same time as if to coming up at the same time as if to coming up at the same time as if to second the request the object of the second the request the object of the second the request the object of the petition was to ask for the pardon of petition was to ask for the pardon of petition was to ask for the pardon of the brother of one of the conspirators the brother of one of the conspirators the brother of one of the conspirators Caesar declined granting it the others Caesar declined granting it the others Caesar declined granting it the others then crowded around him urging him to then crowded around him urging him to then crowded around him urging him to grant the request with pressing grant the request with pressing grant the request with pressing importuning all apparently reluctant to importuning all apparently reluctant to importuning all apparently reluctant to strike the first blow Caesar began to be strike the first blow Caesar began to be strike the first blow Caesar began to be alarmed and attempted to repel them one alarmed and attempted to repel them one alarmed and attempted to repel them one of them then pulled down his robe from of them then pulled down his robe from of them then pulled down his robe from his neck to lay it bare Caesar arose his neck to lay it bare Caesar arose his neck to lay it bare Caesar arose exclaiming quote but this is violence exclaiming quote but this is violence exclaiming quote but this is violence and quote at the same instant one of the and quote at the same instant one of the and quote at the same instant one of the conspirators struck at him with his conspirators struck at him with his conspirators struck at him with his sword and wounded him slightly in the sword and wounded him slightly in the sword and wounded him slightly in the neck all was now terror outcry and neck all was now terror outcry and neck all was now terror outcry and confusion Caesar had no time to draw his confusion Caesar had no time to draw his confusion Caesar had no time to draw his sword but fought a moment with his style sword but fought a moment with his style sword but fought a moment with his style a sharp instrument of iron with which a sharp instrument of iron with which a sharp instrument of iron with which they wrote in those days on wax and they wrote in those days on wax and they wrote in those days on wax and tablets and which he happened then to tablets and which he happened then to tablets and which he happened then to have in his hand with his instrument he have in his hand with his instrument he have in his hand with his instrument he ran one of his enemies through the arm ran one of his enemies through the arm ran one of his enemies through the arm this resistance was just what was this resistance was just what was this resistance was just what was necessary to excite the conspirators and necessary to excite the conspirators and necessary to excite the conspirators and give them the requisite resolution to give them the requisite resolution to give them the requisite resolution to finish their work finish their work finish their work Caesar soon saw the swords accordingly Caesar soon saw the swords accordingly Caesar soon saw the swords accordingly gleaming all around him and thrusting

gleaming all around him and thrusting gleaming all around him and thrusting themselves at him on every side the themselves at him on every side the themselves at him on every side the Senators rose in confusion and dismay Senators rose in confusion and dismay Senators rose in confusion and dismay perfectly thunderstruck at the scene and perfectly thunderstruck at the scene and perfectly thunderstruck at the scene and not knowing what to do Antony perceived not knowing what to do Antony perceived not knowing what to do Antony perceived that all resistance on his part would be that all resistance on his part would be that all resistance on his part would be unavailing and accordingly did not unavailing and accordingly did not unavailing and accordingly did not attempt any Caesar defended himself attempt any Caesar defended himself attempt any Caesar defended himself alone for a few minutes as well as he alone for a few minutes as well as he alone for a few minutes as well as he could looking all around him in vain for could looking all around him in vain for could looking all around him in vain for help and retreating at the same time help and retreating at the same time help and retreating at the same time toward the pedestal of Pompey's statue toward the pedestal of Pompey's statue toward the pedestal of Pompey's statue at length when he saw Brutus among his at length when he saw Brutus among his at length when he saw Brutus among his murderers he exclaimed quote and you too murderers he exclaimed quote and you too murderers he exclaimed quote and you too Brutus and quote and seemed from that Brutus and quote and seemed from that Brutus and quote and seemed from that moment to give up in despair he drew his moment to give up in despair he drew his moment to give up in despair he drew his robe over his face and soon fell under robe over his face and soon fell under robe over his face and soon fell under the wounds which he received his blood the wounds which he received his blood the wounds which he received his blood ran out upon the pavement at the foot of ran out upon the pavement at the foot of ran out upon the pavement at the foot of Pompey's statue as if his death were a Pompey's statue as if his death were a Pompey's statue as if his death were a sacrifice offered to appease his ancient sacrifice offered to appease his ancient sacrifice offered to appease his ancient enemies revenge in the midst of the enemies revenge in the midst of the enemies revenge in the midst of the scene Brutus made an attempt to address scene Brutus made an attempt to address scene Brutus made an attempt to address the Senators and to vindicate what they the Senators and to vindicate what they the Senators and to vindicate what they had done but the had done but the had done but the confusion and excitement were so great confusion and excitement were so great confusion and excitement were so great that it was impossible that anything that it was impossible that anything that it was impossible that anything could be heard the senators were in fact could be heard the senators were in fact could be heard the senators were in fact rapidly leaving the place going off in rapidly leaving the place going off in rapidly leaving the place going off in every direction and spreading the every direction and spreading the every direction and spreading the tidings over the city the event of tidings over the city the event of tidings over the city the event of course produced universal commotion the course produced universal commotion the course produced universal commotion the citizens began to close their shops and citizens began to close their shops and citizens began to close their shops and some to barricade their houses while some to barricade their houses while some to barricade their houses while others hurried to and fro about the others hurried to and fro about the others hurried to and fro about the streets and to see inquiring for streets and to see inquiring for streets and to see inquiring for intelligence and wondering what dreadful intelligence and wondering what dreadful intelligence and wondering what dreadful event was next to be expected Antony and event was next to be expected Antony and event was next to be expected Antony and Lepidus who received his two most Lepidus who received his two most Lepidus who received his two most faithful and influential friends not

faithful and influential friends not faithful and influential friends not knowing how extensive the conspiracy knowing how extensive the conspiracy knowing how extensive the conspiracy might be nor how far the hostility to might be nor how far the hostility to might be nor how far the hostility to Caesar in his party might extend fled Caesar in his party might extend fled Caesar in his party might extend fled and not daring to go to their own houses and not daring to go to their own houses and not daring to go to their own houses lest the assassins or their confederates lest the assassins or their confederates lest the assassins or their confederates might pursue them there sought might pursue them there sought might pursue them there sought concealment in the houses of friends on concealment in the houses of friends on concealment in the houses of friends on whom they suppose they could rely and whom they suppose they could rely and whom they suppose they could rely and who were willing to receive them in the who were willing to receive them in the who were willing to receive them in the meantime conspirators glorying in the meantime conspirators glorying in the meantime conspirators glorying in the deed which they had perpetrated and deed which they had perpetrated and deed which they had perpetrated and congratulating each other on the congratulating each other on the congratulating each other on the successful issue of their enterprise successful issue of their enterprise successful issue of their enterprise sallied forth together from the Senate sallied forth together from the Senate sallied forth together from the Senate house leaving the body of their victim house leaving the body of their victim house leaving the body of their victim weltering in its blood and marched with weltering in its blood and marched with weltering in its blood and marched with drawn swords in their hands along the drawn swords in their hands along the drawn swords in their hands along the streets from the Senate house to the streets from the Senate house to the streets from the Senate house to the Capitol Brutus went at the head of them Capitol Brutus went at the head of them Capitol Brutus went at the head of them preceded by a liberty cap borne upon the preceded by a liberty cap borne upon the preceded by a liberty cap borne upon the point of a spear and with his bloody point of a spear and with his bloody point of a spear and with his bloody dagger in his hand the capital was the dagger in his hand the capital was the dagger in his hand the capital was the citadel built magnificently upon the citadel built magnificently upon the citadel built magnificently upon the Capitoline hill and surrounded by Capitoline hill and surrounded by Capitoline hill and surrounded by temples and other sacred and civil temples and other sacred and civil temples and other sacred and civil edifices which made the spot the edifices which made the spot the edifices which made the spot the architectural wonder of the world as architectural wonder of the world as architectural wonder of the world as Brutus and his company proceeded thither Brutus and his company proceeded thither Brutus and his company proceeded thither they announced the citizens as they went they announced the citizens as they went they announced the citizens as they went along the great deed of deliverance along the great deed of deliverance along the great deed of deliverance which they had wrought out for the which they had wrought out for the which they had wrought out for the country instead of seeking concealment country instead of seeking concealment country instead of seeking concealment they glory din the work which they had they glory din the work which they had they glory din the work which they had done and they so far succeeded in done and they so far succeeded in done and they so far succeeded in inspiring others with a portion of their inspiring others with a portion of their inspiring others with a portion of their enthusiasm that some men who had really enthusiasm that some men who had really enthusiasm that some men who had really taken no part in the deed joined Brutus taken no part in the deed joined Brutus taken no part in the deed joined Brutus and his company in their March to obtain and his company in their March to obtain and his company in their March to obtain by stealth a share in the glory the body by stealth a share in the glory the body by stealth a share in the glory the body of Caesar lay for some time unheeded of Caesar lay for some time unheeded of Caesar lay for some time unheeded where it had fallen the attention of where it had fallen the attention of where it had fallen the attention of everyone being turned to the excitement

everyone being turned to the excitement everyone being turned to the excitement which was extending through the city and which was extending through the city and which was extending through the city and to the expectation of other great events to the expectation of other great events to the expectation of other great events which might suddenly develop themselves which might suddenly develop themselves which might suddenly develop themselves in other quarters of Rome there were in other quarters of Rome there were in other quarters of Rome there were left only three left only three left only three Kizer slaves who gathered around the Kizer slaves who gathered around the Kizer slaves who gathered around the body to look at the wounds they counted body to look at the wounds they counted body to look at the wounds they counted them and found the number 23 them and found the number 23 them and found the number 23 it shows however how strikingly and with it shows however how strikingly and with it shows however how strikingly and with what reluctance the actors in this what reluctance the actors in this what reluctance the actors in this tragedy came up to their work at last tragedy came up to their work at last tragedy came up to their work at last that of all these twenty-three wounds that of all these twenty-three wounds that of all these twenty-three wounds only one was a mortal one in fact it is only one was a mortal one in fact it is only one was a mortal one in fact it is probable that while all of the probable that while all of the probable that while all of the conspirators struck the victim in their conspirators struck the victim in their conspirators struck the victim in their turn to fulfill the pledge which they turn to fulfill the pledge which they turn to fulfill the pledge which they had given to one another that they would had given to one another that they would had given to one another that they would every one inflict a wound each one hoped every one inflict a wound each one hoped every one inflict a wound each one hoped that the fatal blow would be given after that the fatal blow would be given after that the fatal blow would be given after all by some other hand than his own all by some other hand than his own all by some other hand than his own at last the slaves decided to convey the at last the slaves decided to convey the at last the slaves decided to convey the body home they obtained a sort of chair body home they obtained a sort of chair body home they obtained a sort of chair which was made to be borne by poles and which was made to be borne by poles and which was made to be borne by poles and placed the body upon it then lifting at placed the body upon it then lifting at placed the body upon it then lifting at the three handles and allowing the for the three handles and allowing the for the three handles and allowing the for us to hang unsupported for want of a man us to hang unsupported for want of a man us to hang unsupported for want of a man they bore the ghastly remains home to they bore the ghastly remains home to they bore the ghastly remains home to the distracted Calpurnia the next day the distracted Calpurnia the next day the distracted Calpurnia the next day Brutus and his associates called an Brutus and his associates called an Brutus and his associates called an assembly of the people in the forum and assembly of the people in the forum and assembly of the people in the forum and made an address to them explaining the made an address to them explaining the made an address to them explaining the motives which had led them to the motives which had led them to the motives which had led them to the commission of the deed and vindicating commission of the deed and vindicating commission of the deed and vindicating the necessity and the Justice of it the the necessity and the Justice of it the the necessity and the Justice of it the people received these explanations in people received these explanations in people received these explanations in silence they expressed neither silence they expressed neither silence they expressed neither approbation nor displeasure it was not approbation nor displeasure it was not approbation nor displeasure it was not in fact to be expected that they would in fact to be expected that they would in fact to be expected that they would feel or events any satisfaction at the feel or events any satisfaction at the feel or events any satisfaction at the loss of their master he had been their loss of their master he had been their loss of their master he had been their champion and as they believed their

champion and as they believed their champion and as they believed their friend the removal of Caesar brought no friend the removal of Caesar brought no friend the removal of Caesar brought no accession of power nor increase of accession of power nor increase of accession of power nor increase of Liberty to them it might have been again Liberty to them it might have been again Liberty to them it might have been again too ambitious senators or powerful too ambitious senators or powerful too ambitious senators or powerful generals or high officers of state by generals or high officers of state by generals or high officers of state by removing a successful rival out of their removing a successful rival out of their removing a successful rival out of their way but it seemed to promise little way but it seemed to promise little way but it seemed to promise little advantage to the community at large advantage to the community at large advantage to the community at large other than the changing of one despotism other than the changing of one despotism other than the changing of one despotism for another besides a populace who know for another besides a populace who know for another besides a populace who know that they must be governed prefer that they must be governed prefer that they must be governed prefer generally if they must submit to some generally if they must submit to some generally if they must submit to some control to yield their submission to control to yield their submission to control to yield their submission to someone master spirit whom they can look someone master spirit whom they can look someone master spirit whom they can look up to as a great and acknowledged up to as a great and acknowledged up to as a great and acknowledged superior they had rather have a Caesar superior they had rather have a Caesar superior they had rather have a Caesar than a Senate to command them the higher than a Senate to command them the higher than a Senate to command them the higher authorities however were as might have authorities however were as might have authorities however were as might have been expected disposed to acquiesce in been expected disposed to acquiesce in been expected disposed to acquiesce in the removal of Caesar from his intended the removal of Caesar from his intended the removal of Caesar from his intended throne the Senate met and passed an act throne the Senate met and passed an act throne the Senate met and passed an act of indemnity to shield the conspirators of indemnity to shield the conspirators of indemnity to shield the conspirators from all legal liability for the deed from all legal liability for the deed from all legal liability for the deed they had done they had done they had done in order however to satisfy the people in order however to satisfy the people in order however to satisfy the people to as far as possible they decreed to as far as possible they decreed to as far as possible they decreed divine honors to Caesar confirmed and divine honors to Caesar confirmed and divine honors to Caesar confirmed and ratified all that he had done while in ratified all that he had done while in ratified all that he had done while in the exercise of supreme power and the exercise of supreme power and the exercise of supreme power and appointed a time for the funeral appointed a time for the funeral appointed a time for the funeral ordering arrangements to be made for a ordering arrangements to be made for a ordering arrangements to be made for a very pompous celebration of it a will very pompous celebration of it a will very pompous celebration of it a will was soon found which Caesar it seems had was soon found which Caesar it seems had was soon found which Caesar it seems had made some time before Calpurnia's father made some time before Calpurnia's father made some time before Calpurnia's father proposed that this will should be opened proposed that this will should be opened proposed that this will should be opened and read in public at Antony's house and and read in public at Antony's house and and read in public at Antony's house and this was accordingly done the provisions this was accordingly done the provisions this was accordingly done the provisions of the will were many of them of such a of the will were many of them of such a of the will were many of them of such a character as renewed the feelings of character as renewed the feelings of character as renewed the feelings of interest in sympathy which the people of interest in sympathy which the people of interest in sympathy which the people of Rome had begun to cherish for Caesars

Rome had begun to cherish for Caesars Rome had begun to cherish for Caesars memory his vast estate was divided memory his vast estate was divided memory his vast estate was divided chiefly among the children of his sister chiefly among the children of his sister chiefly among the children of his sister as he had no children of his own while as he had no children of his own while as he had no children of his own while the very men who had been most prominent the very men who had been most prominent the very men who had been most prominent in his assassination were named as in his assassination were named as in his assassination were named as trustees and guardians of the property trustees and guardians of the property trustees and guardians of the property and one of them and one of them and one of them Decimus Brutus the one who had been so Decimus Brutus the one who had been so Decimus Brutus the one who had been so urgent to conduct him to the Senate urgent to conduct him to the Senate urgent to conduct him to the Senate house was a second heir he had some house was a second heir he had some house was a second heir he had some splendid gardens near the Tiber which he splendid gardens near the Tiber which he splendid gardens near the Tiber which he bequeathed to the citizens of Rome the bequeathed to the citizens of Rome the bequeathed to the citizens of Rome the large amount of money also to be divided large amount of money also to be divided large amount of money also to be divided among them sufficient to give every man among them sufficient to give every man among them sufficient to give every man a considerable sum the time for the a considerable sum the time for the a considerable sum the time for the celebration of the funeral ceremonies celebration of the funeral ceremonies celebration of the funeral ceremonies was made known by proclamation and as was made known by proclamation and as was made known by proclamation and as the concourse of strangers and citizens the concourse of strangers and citizens the concourse of strangers and citizens of Rome was likely to be so great as to of Rome was likely to be so great as to of Rome was likely to be so great as to forbid the forming of all into one forbid the forming of all into one forbid the forming of all into one procession without consuming more than procession without consuming more than procession without consuming more than one day the various classes of the one day the various classes of the one day the various classes of the community were invited to come each in community were invited to come each in community were invited to come each in their own way to the field of Mars their own way to the field of Mars their own way to the field of Mars bringing with them such insignia bringing with them such insignia bringing with them such insignia offerings and ablations as they pleased offerings and ablations as they pleased offerings and ablations as they pleased the field of Mars was an immense parade the field of Mars was an immense parade the field of Mars was an immense parade ground reserved for military reviews ground reserved for military reviews ground reserved for military reviews spectacles and shows a funeral pile was spectacles and shows a funeral pile was spectacles and shows a funeral pile was erected here for the burning of the body erected here for the burning of the body erected here for the burning of the body there was to be a funeral discourse there was to be a funeral discourse there was to be a funeral discourse pronounced and Mark Antony had been pronounced and Mark Antony had been pronounced and Mark Antony had been designated to perform this duty the body designated to perform this duty the body designated to perform this duty the body had been placed in a gilded bed under a had been placed in a gilded bed under a had been placed in a gilded bed under a magnificent canopy in the form of a magnificent canopy in the form of a magnificent canopy in the form of a temple before the rostra where the temple before the rostra where the temple before the rostra where the funeral discourse was to be pronounced funeral discourse was to be pronounced funeral discourse was to be pronounced the bed was covered with scarlet and the bed was covered with scarlet and the bed was covered with scarlet and cloth of gold and at the head of it was cloth of gold and at the head of it was cloth of gold and at the head of it was laid the robe in which Caesar had been laid the robe in which Caesar had been laid the robe in which Caesar had been slain it was stained with blood and slain it was stained with blood and slain it was stained with blood and pierced with the holes that the swords

pierced with the holes that the swords pierced with the holes that the swords and daggers of the conspirators had made and daggers of the conspirators had made and daggers of the conspirators had made Mark Antony Mark Antony Mark Antony instead of pronouncing a formal instead of pronouncing a formal instead of pronouncing a formal panegyric upon his deceased friend panegyric upon his deceased friend panegyric upon his deceased friend ordered a crier to read the decrees of ordered a crier to read the decrees of ordered a crier to read the decrees of the Senate in which all honors human and the Senate in which all honors human and the Senate in which all honors human and divine had been ascribed to Caesar he divine had been ascribed to Caesar he divine had been ascribed to Caesar he then added a few words of his own the then added a few words of his own the then added a few words of his own the bed was then taken up with the body upon bed was then taken up with the body upon bed was then taken up with the body upon it and borne out into the forum it and borne out into the forum it and borne out into the forum preparatory to conveying it to the pile preparatory to conveying it to the pile preparatory to conveying it to the pile which had been prepared for it upon the which had been prepared for it upon the which had been prepared for it upon the field of Mars a question however here field of Mars a question however here field of Mars a question however here arose among the multitude assembled in arose among the multitude assembled in arose among the multitude assembled in respect to the proper place for burning respect to the proper place for burning respect to the proper place for burning the body the people seemed inclined to the body the people seemed inclined to the body the people seemed inclined to select the most honorable place which select the most honorable place which select the most honorable place which could be found within the limits of the could be found within the limits of the could be found within the limits of the city some proposed a beautiful temple on city some proposed a beautiful temple on city some proposed a beautiful temple on the Capitoline Hill others wished to the Capitoline Hill others wished to the Capitoline Hill others wished to take it to the Senate house where he had take it to the Senate house where he had take it to the Senate house where he had been slain the Senate and those who were been slain the Senate and those who were been slain the Senate and those who were less inclined to pay extravagant honors less inclined to pay extravagant honors less inclined to pay extravagant honors to the departed hero were in favor of to the departed hero were in favor of to the departed hero were in favor of some more retired spot under pretence some more retired spot under pretence some more retired spot under pretence that the buildings of the city would be that the buildings of the city would be that the buildings of the city would be endangered by the fire this discussion endangered by the fire this discussion endangered by the fire this discussion was fast becoming a dispute when it was was fast becoming a dispute when it was was fast becoming a dispute when it was suddenly ended by two men with swords at suddenly ended by two men with swords at suddenly ended by two men with swords at their sides and two knees in their hands their sides and two knees in their hands their sides and two knees in their hands forcing their way through the crowd was forcing their way through the crowd was forcing their way through the crowd was lighted torches and setting the bed and lighted torches and setting the bed and lighted torches and setting the bed and its canopy on fire where it lay this its canopy on fire where it lay this its canopy on fire where it lay this settled the question and the whole settled the question and the whole settled the question and the whole company were soon in the wildest company were soon in the wildest company were soon in the wildest excitement with the work of building up excitement with the work of building up excitement with the work of building up a funeral pile upon the spot at first a funeral pile upon the spot at first a funeral pile upon the spot at first they brought and threw upon the they brought and threw upon the they brought and threw upon the fire then benches from the neighboring fire then benches from the neighboring fire then benches from the neighboring courts and porticos and then anything courts and porticos and then anything courts and porticos and then anything combustible which came to hand the honor

combustible which came to hand the honor combustible which came to hand the honor done to the memory of a deceased hero done to the memory of a deceased hero done to the memory of a deceased hero was in some sense in proportion to the was in some sense in proportion to the was in some sense in proportion to the greatness of his funeral pile and all greatness of his funeral pile and all greatness of his funeral pile and all the populace on this occasion began soon the populace on this occasion began soon the populace on this occasion began soon to seize everything they could find to seize everything they could find to seize everything they could find appropriate and unappropriate provided appropriate and unappropriate provided appropriate and unappropriate provided that it would increase the flame the that it would increase the flame the that it would increase the flame the soldiers threw on their Lance's and soldiers threw on their Lance's and soldiers threw on their Lance's and Spears the musicians their instruments Spears the musicians their instruments Spears the musicians their instruments and others stripped off the cloths and and others stripped off the cloths and and others stripped off the cloths and trappings from the furniture of the trappings from the furniture of the trappings from the furniture of the procession and heaped them upon the procession and heaped them upon the procession and heaped them upon the burning pile so fierce and extensive was burning pile so fierce and extensive was burning pile so fierce and extensive was the fire that spread to some of the the fire that spread to some of the the fire that spread to some of the neighboring houses and required great neighboring houses and required great neighboring houses and required great efforts to prevent a general efforts to prevent a general efforts to prevent a general conflagration the people too became conflagration the people too became conflagration the people too became greatly excited by the scene they greatly excited by the scene they greatly excited by the scene they lighted torches by the fire and went to lighted torches by the fire and went to lighted torches by the fire and went to the houses of brutus and cassius the houses of brutus and cassius the houses of brutus and cassius threatening vengeance upon them for the threatening vengeance upon them for the threatening vengeance upon them for the murder of Caesar murder of Caesar murder of Caesar the authorities succeeded though with the authorities succeeded though with the authorities succeeded though with infinite difficulty in protecting brutus infinite difficulty in protecting brutus infinite difficulty in protecting brutus and cassius from the violence of the mob and cassius from the violence of the mob and cassius from the violence of the mob but they seized one unfortunate citizen but they seized one unfortunate citizen but they seized one unfortunate citizen of the name of Cinna thinking at a of the name of Cinna thinking at a of the name of Cinna thinking at a certain Cinna who had been known as an certain Cinna who had been known as an certain Cinna who had been known as an enemy of Caesar they cut off his head enemy of Caesar they cut off his head enemy of Caesar they cut off his head notwithstanding his shrieks in cries and notwithstanding his shrieks in cries and notwithstanding his shrieks in cries and carried it about the city on the tip of carried it about the city on the tip of carried it about the city on the tip of a pike a dreadful symbol of their a pike a dreadful symbol of their a pike a dreadful symbol of their hostility to the enemies of Caesar as hostility to the enemies of Caesar as hostility to the enemies of Caesar as frequently happens however in such deeds frequently happens however in such deeds frequently happens however in such deeds of sudden violence these tasty and of sudden violence these tasty and of sudden violence these tasty and lawless Avengers found afterward that lawless Avengers found afterward that lawless Avengers found afterward that they had made a mistake and beheaded the they had made a mistake and beheaded the they had made a mistake and beheaded the wrong man the Roman people erected a wrong man the Roman people erected a wrong man the Roman people erected a column to the memory of Caesar on which column to the memory of Caesar on which column to the memory of Caesar on which they placed the inscription quote to the

they placed the inscription quote to the they placed the inscription quote to the father of his country and quote The father of his country and quote The father of his country and quote The Dukes the figure of a star upon the Dukes the figure of a star upon the Dukes the figure of a star upon the summit of it and sometime afterward summit of it and sometime afterward summit of it and sometime afterward while the people were celebrating some while the people were celebrating some while the people were celebrating some games in honor of his memory a great games in honor of his memory a great games in honor of his memory a great comet blazed for seven nights in the sky comet blazed for seven nights in the sky comet blazed for seven nights in the sky which they recognised as the mighty which they recognised as the mighty which they recognised as the mighty heroes soul reposing in heaven end of heroes soul reposing in heaven end of heroes soul reposing in heaven end of history of Julius Caesar