A History Of Biblical Israel 04 - Rome

a history of ancient Israel lecture 11 a history of ancient Israel lecture 11 the coming of the Romans and Christianity in this lecture we will Christianity in this lecture we will take a look at the coming of the Romans take a look at the coming of the Romans take a look at the coming of the Romans to the area and the origins of to the area and the origins of to the area and the origins of Christianity we will walk ourselves from Christianity we will walk ourselves from Christianity we will walk ourselves from the days of pompy the great through the the days of pompy the great through the the days of pompy the great through the reign of Herod the Great take a look at reign of Herod the Great take a look at reign of Herod the Great take a look at the arrival of the Romans in Jerusalem the arrival of the Romans in Jerusalem the arrival of the Romans in Jerusalem and the land that they called pales sign and the land that they called pales sign and the land that they called pales sign and take a look at the major changes for and take a look at the major changes for and take a look at the major changes for the local inhabitants not least of which the local inhabitants not least of which the local inhabitants not least of which was the birth of was the birth of was the birth of Christianity we have seen that in the Christianity we have seen that in the Christianity we have seen that in the year 63 BCE the Romans in the form of year 63 BCE the Romans in the form of year 63 BCE the Romans in the form of pompy entered Jerusalem as conquerors pompy entered Jerusalem as conquerors pompy entered Jerusalem as conquerors they ended the independent rule of the they ended the independent rule of the they ended the independent rule of the haonan haonan haonan dynasty after a number of years a man dynasty after a number of years a man dynasty after a number of years a man named Herod was recognized by the Romans named Herod was recognized by the Romans named Herod was recognized by the Romans in the year 40 BC and was placed in in the year 40 BC and was placed in in the year 40 BC and was placed in charge he captured Jerusalem in the year charge he captured Jerusalem in the year charge he captured Jerusalem in the year 37 and then in the year 30 Herod was 37 and then in the year 30 Herod was 37 and then in the year 30 Herod was recognized by the Romans as the king of recognized by the Romans as the king of recognized by the Romans as the king of the Jews he ruled over the whole of the the Jews he ruled over the whole of the the Jews he ruled over the whole of the territory including Judea Samaria and territory including Judea Samaria and territory including Judea Samaria and the Galilee as well as other districts the Galilee as well as other districts the Galilee as well as other districts on various sides now this is the region on various sides now this is the region on various sides now this is the region known as Palestine by the Romans to the known as Palestine by the Romans to the known as Palestine by the Romans to the north is Syria to the South and the north is Syria to the South and the north is Syria to the South and the southeast is the naban kingdom with its southeast is the naban kingdom with its southeast is the naban kingdom with its capital at

capital at capital at Petra Herod otherwise known as Herod the Petra Herod otherwise known as Herod the Petra Herod otherwise known as Herod the Great was essentially of non-jewish Great was essentially of non-jewish Great was essentially of non-jewish descent he was a Jew by religion but he descent he was a Jew by religion but he descent he was a Jew by religion but he went as far as a Jew could go in terms went as far as a Jew could go in terms went as far as a Jew could go in terms of aligning himself with Rome he built of aligning himself with Rome he built of aligning himself with Rome he built and rebuilt many magnificent and rebuilt many magnificent and rebuilt many magnificent constructions including Harbor works at constructions including Harbor works at constructions including Harbor works at cesaria public buildings in Jerusalem cesaria public buildings in Jerusalem cesaria public buildings in Jerusalem and Samaria and and Samaria and and Samaria and elsewhere when Herod came into power and elsewhere when Herod came into power and elsewhere when Herod came into power and was in control of Jerusalem and all of was in control of Jerusalem and all of was in control of Jerusalem and all of Judea he stays in power for Judea he stays in power for Judea he stays in power for approximately 30 years and he proves to approximately 30 years and he proves to approximately 30 years and he proves to be a very ambitious Builder that's what be a very ambitious Builder that's what be a very ambitious Builder that's what he's best known for is his building he's best known for is his building he's best known for is his building activities he rebuilds for example the activities he rebuilds for example the activities he rebuilds for example the city walls of Jerusalem so that the city city walls of Jerusalem so that the city city walls of Jerusalem so that the city may have been as large as 230 Acres at may have been as large as 230 Acres at may have been as large as 230 Acres at that point and the population may have that point and the population may have that point and the population may have had as many as 40,000 permanent had as many as 40,000 permanent had as many as 40,000 permanent inhabitants in about the year 35 inhabitants in about the year 35 inhabitants in about the year 35 BC Herod had a fortress constructed in BC Herod had a fortress constructed in BC Herod had a fortress constructed in Jerusalem just north of the Temple Mount Jerusalem just north of the Temple Mount Jerusalem just north of the Temple Mount so that his soldiers could keep an eye so that his soldiers could keep an eye so that his soldiers could keep an eye on what was happening in the second on what was happening in the second on what was happening in the second temple he called it the temple he called it the temple he called it the Antonia after his good friend Mark Antonia after his good friend Mark Antonia after his good friend Mark Anthony the famous Roman it was massive Anthony the famous Roman it was massive Anthony the famous Roman it was massive a huge tower on either side and was a huge tower on either side and was a huge tower on either side and was manned by the Roman soldiers about a decade later about 23

soldiers about a decade later about 23 BCE Herod builds a huge Palace in BCE Herod builds a huge Palace in BCE Herod builds a huge Palace in Jerusalem defended by three towers which Jerusalem defended by three towers which Jerusalem defended by three towers which he named after his brother his wife and he named after his brother his wife and he named after his brother his wife and a good a good a good friend and then about 19 BCE Herod friend and then about 19 BCE Herod friend and then about 19 BCE Herod begins his most ambitious building Pro begins his most ambitious building Pro begins his most ambitious building Pro project that is renovating the second project that is renovating the second project that is renovating the second temple up on top of the Temple Mount if temple up on top of the Temple Mount if temple up on top of the Temple Mount if you will recall the second temple had you will recall the second temple had you will recall the second temple had originally been finished in about the originally been finished in about the originally been finished in about the year 516 or 515 BCE in particular by the year 516 or 515 BCE in particular by the year 516 or 515 BCE in particular by the Jews who had returned from Babylon by Jews who had returned from Babylon by Jews who had returned from Babylon by this point during the reign of Herod it this point during the reign of Herod it this point during the reign of Herod it is about 500 years old and was beginning is about 500 years old and was beginning is about 500 years old and was beginning to show signs of its age Herod decided to show signs of its age Herod decided to show signs of its age Herod decided not only to to restore it but also to not only to to restore it but also to not only to to restore it but also to enlarge it he said that he wanted it to enlarge it he said that he wanted it to enlarge it he said that he wanted it to be one of the eight Wonders of the be one of the eight Wonders of the be one of the eight Wonders of the World one of the first things that Herod World one of the first things that Herod World one of the first things that Herod does is to double the size of the does is to double the size of the does is to double the size of the platform upon which the temple stood so platform upon which the temple stood so platform upon which the temple stood so that the space that he could use for that the space that he could use for that the space that he could use for building covered about 35 Acres that building covered about 35 Acres that building covered about 35 Acres that would be about 15 American football would be about 15 American football would be about 15 American football fields five Fields by three Fields what fields five Fields by three Fields what fields five Fields by three Fields what he did was fill in the Central Valley he did was fill in the Central Valley he did was fill in the Central Valley that ran right through the eastern and that ran right through the eastern and that ran right through the eastern and western Ridges of the city and this western Ridges of the city and this western Ridges of the city and this allowed him then to have much more space allowed him then to have much more space allowed him then to have much more space on which to build in addition in

on which to build in addition in on which to build in addition in expanding the Temple Mount he had arches expanding the Temple Mount he had arches expanding the Temple Mount he had arches built underground and then paved built underground and then paved built underground and then paved over so that he extended the area over so that he extended the area over so that he extended the area available for building and it is these available for building and it is these available for building and it is these underground arches which today are underground arches which today are underground arches which today are erroneously called Solomon Stables they erroneously called Solomon Stables they erroneously called Solomon Stables they were neither built by Solomon nor were were neither built by Solomon nor were were neither built by Solomon nor were they used by Stables except by the they used by Stables except by the they used by Stables except by the Crusaders more than a thousand years Crusaders more than a thousand years Crusaders more than a thousand years later we can still see some evidence of later we can still see some evidence of later we can still see some evidence of herod's Building Construction today herod's Building Construction today herod's Building Construction today 2,000 years after he first had them 2,000 years after he first had them 2,000 years after he first had them constructed the so-called western or constructed the so-called western or constructed the so-called western or whaling wall at which the modern Jews whaling wall at which the modern Jews whaling wall at which the modern Jews prey was in fact the Western retaining prey was in fact the Western retaining prey was in fact the Western retaining wall of the Temple Mount as built by wall of the Temple Mount as built by wall of the Temple Mount as built by Herod the area that you can see today up Herod the area that you can see today up Herod the area that you can see today up on top of the Temple mount the area that on top of the Temple mount the area that on top of the Temple mount the area that the Muslims call the Haram El Sharif the the Muslims call the Haram El Sharif the the Muslims call the Haram El Sharif the noble Sanctuary on which you have the noble Sanctuary on which you have the noble Sanctuary on which you have the Dome of the Rock and the alaa mosque Dome of the Rock and the alaa mosque Dome of the Rock and the alaa mosque today is probably just about the size of today is probably just about the size of today is probably just about the size of the platform as it was enlarged by the platform as it was enlarged by the platform as it was enlarged by Herod now among other interesting Herod now among other interesting Herod now among other interesting features one thing we should note is features one thing we should note is features one thing we should note is that in rebuilding this Temple Herod that in rebuilding this Temple Herod that in rebuilding this Temple Herod essentially built built a new Temple he essentially built built a new Temple he essentially built built a new Temple he didn't just restore the old one he didn't just restore the old one he didn't just restore the old one he completely rebuilt it but in order so completely rebuilt it but in order so completely rebuilt it but in order so that it would not be seen as a new that it would not be seen as a new that it would not be seen as a new Temple Herod had all the building Temple Herod had all the building Temple Herod had all the building materials prepared beforehand and he

materials prepared beforehand and he materials prepared beforehand and he trained the priests as carpenters and trained the priests as carpenters and trained the priests as carpenters and Masons and Brick Layers and so that the Masons and Brick Layers and so that the Masons and Brick Layers and so that the religious Services continued while the religious Services continued while the religious Services continued while the building and reconstruction went building and reconstruction went building and reconstruction went on as a result even though this Temple on as a result even though this Temple on as a result even though this Temple should technically be called the Third should technically be called the Third should technically be called the Third Temple first temple being Solomon's Temple first temple being Solomon's Temple first temple being Solomon's second temple being the one that was second temple being the one that was second temple being the one that was built when the Exiles came back from built when the Exiles came back from built when the Exiles came back from Babylon and now this third temple being Babylon and now this third temple being Babylon and now this third temple being built by Herod since the religious built by Herod since the religious built by Herod since the religious ceremonies never ceased technically ceremonies never ceased technically ceremonies never ceased technically speaking herod's Temple remained the speaking herod's Temple remained the speaking herod's Temple remained the second second second temple it was sometime around the year temple it was sometime around the year temple it was sometime around the year 10 BCE that Herod held the dedication 10 BCE that Herod held the dedication 10 BCE that Herod held the dedication ceremony for the reconstructed ceremony for the reconstructed ceremony for the reconstructed Temple a apparently the reconstructed Temple a apparently the reconstructed Temple a apparently the reconstructed Temple was an absolute Temple was an absolute Temple was an absolute Marvel and we read in Josephus what it Marvel and we read in Josephus what it Marvel and we read in Josephus what it looked like he says now the outward face looked like he says now the outward face looked like he says now the outward face of the temple in its front wanted of the temple in its front wanted of the temple in its front wanted nothing that was likely to surprise nothing that was likely to surprise nothing that was likely to surprise either men's minds or their eyes for it either men's minds or their eyes for it either men's minds or their eyes for it was covered all over with plates of gold was covered all over with plates of gold was covered all over with plates of gold of great weight and at the first rising of great weight and at the first rising of great weight and at the first rising of the sun it reflected back a very of the sun it reflected back a very of the sun it reflected back a very fiery Splendor and made those who forced fiery Splendor and made those who forced fiery Splendor and made those who forced themselves to look upon it to turn their themselves to look upon it to turn their themselves to look upon it to turn their eyes away just as they would have done eyes away just as they would have done eyes away just as they would have done at the sun's own rays but this Temple at the sun's own rays but this Temple at the sun's own rays but this Temple appeared to strangers when they were appeared to strangers when they were appeared to strangers when they were coming to it at a distance like a coming to it at a distance like a coming to it at a distance like a mountain covered with snow for as to

mountain covered with snow for as to mountain covered with snow for as to those parts of it that were not guilt those parts of it that were not guilt those parts of it that were not guilt they were exceedingly they were exceedingly they were exceedingly white today very little remains of white today very little remains of white today very little remains of anything that Herod built most of his anything that Herod built most of his anything that Herod built most of his constructions were destroyed by the constructions were destroyed by the constructions were destroyed by the Romans in the year 70 CE when they Romans in the year 70 CE when they Romans in the year 70 CE when they crushed the first Jewish revolt and crushed the first Jewish revolt and crushed the first Jewish revolt and destroyed the city of Jerusalem again destroyed the city of Jerusalem again destroyed the city of Jerusalem again only a few things that are left only a few things that are left only a few things that are left including one of those three towers that including one of those three towers that including one of those three towers that was built by Herod and which today is was built by Herod and which today is was built by Herod and which today is known erroneously as the Tower of David known erroneously as the Tower of David known erroneously as the Tower of David just inside the old walls of just inside the old walls of just inside the old walls of Jerusalem Herod himself died in the year Jerusalem Herod himself died in the year Jerusalem Herod himself died in the year 4 BCE he was in pain during his final 4 BCE he was in pain during his final 4 BCE he was in pain during his final years we're told that suffered from years we're told that suffered from years we're told that suffered from constant fever from intestinal ulcers constant fever from intestinal ulcers constant fever from intestinal ulcers pain in his colon swollen feet inflamed pain in his colon swollen feet inflamed pain in his colon swollen feet inflamed abdomen difficulty breathing and other abdomen difficulty breathing and other abdomen difficulty breathing and other problems which we needn't go into here problems which we needn't go into here problems which we needn't go into here but I refer you to josephus's but I refer you to josephus's but I refer you to josephus's Antiquities of the Jews book 17 if you Antiquities of the Jews book 17 if you Antiquities of the Jews book 17 if you are are are interested although there were a number interested although there were a number interested although there were a number of riots just about the time of the of riots just about the time of the of riots just about the time of the death of Herod overall things remained death of Herod overall things remained death of Herod overall things remained reasonably quiet in Jerusalem for about reasonably quiet in Jerusalem for about reasonably quiet in Jerusalem for about the next 30 Years in part because the the next 30 Years in part because the the next 30 Years in part because the Roman Emperor Augustus was uh on alert Roman Emperor Augustus was uh on alert Roman Emperor Augustus was uh on alert for for for problems it is during this period when

problems it is during this period when problems it is during this period when the territory was officially made into a the territory was officially made into a the territory was officially made into a Roman province and was put under the Roman province and was put under the Roman province and was put under the governance of a Roman governance of a Roman governance of a Roman procurator the period also saw the birth procurator the period also saw the birth procurator the period also saw the birth of Jesus Jesus is born probably in the of Jesus Jesus is born probably in the of Jesus Jesus is born probably in the year 7 or the year 4 BCE it's a bit of a year 7 or the year 4 BCE it's a bit of a year 7 or the year 4 BCE it's a bit of a problemist to exactly when he was born problemist to exactly when he was born problemist to exactly when he was born but it is during this time just after but it is during this time just after but it is during this time just after the death of Herod the Great that Jesus the death of Herod the Great that Jesus the death of Herod the Great that Jesus grew to grew to grew to adulthood and we are told some of the adulthood and we are told some of the adulthood and we are told some of the events that are well known in the life events that are well known in the life events that are well known in the life of of of Jesus took place in the temple as Jesus took place in the temple as Jesus took place in the temple as restored by Herod restored by Herod restored by Herod itself the best known of the events in itself the best known of the events in itself the best known of the events in the life of Jesus that take place in the life of Jesus that take place in the life of Jesus that take place in Jerusalem and in the temple are depicted Jerusalem and in the temple are depicted Jerusalem and in the temple are depicted in the gospels specifically in Matthew in the gospels specifically in Matthew in the gospels specifically in Matthew 21 where it says and Jesus entered the 21 where it says and Jesus entered the 21 where it says and Jesus entered the temple of God and drove out all who sold temple of God and drove out all who sold temple of God and drove out all who sold and bought in the temple and he and bought in the temple and he and bought in the temple and he overturned the tables of the money overturned the tables of the money overturned the tables of the money changers and the seats of those who sold changers and the seats of those who sold changers and the seats of those who sold pigeons he said to them it is written my pigeons he said to them it is written my pigeons he said to them it is written my house shall be called a House of Prayer house shall be called a House of Prayer house shall be called a House of Prayer but you make it a den of robbers and the but you make it a den of robbers and the but you make it a den of robbers and the Blind and the lame came to him in the Blind and the lame came to him in the Blind and the lame came to him in the temple and he healed them so we get the temple and he healed them so we get the temple and he healed them so we get the birth of Christianity in Jerusalem birth of Christianity in Jerusalem birth of Christianity in Jerusalem during these years and we also get the during these years and we also get the during these years and we also get the story that Jesus accurately predicted

story that Jesus accurately predicted story that Jesus accurately predicted the coming Siege and fall of Jerusalem the coming Siege and fall of Jerusalem the coming Siege and fall of Jerusalem at the hands of the Romans in Matthew 24 at the hands of the Romans in Matthew 24 at the hands of the Romans in Matthew 24 it is it is it is written Jesus left the temple and was written Jesus left the temple and was written Jesus left the temple and was going away when his disciples came to going away when his disciples came to going away when his disciples came to point out to him the buildings of the point out to him the buildings of the point out to him the buildings of the temple but he answered them you see all temple but he answered them you see all temple but he answered them you see all these do you not truly I say to you these do you not truly I say to you these do you not truly I say to you there will not be left one stone upon there will not be left one stone upon there will not be left one stone upon the other that will not be thrown down the other that will not be thrown down the other that will not be thrown down and indeed the destruction of the city and indeed the destruction of the city and indeed the destruction of the city by the Romans would take place about by the Romans would take place about by the Romans would take place about four decades later the question is four decades later the question is four decades later the question is whether or not this was a prediction whether or not this was a prediction whether or not this was a prediction many people say that the gospels were many people say that the gospels were many people say that the gospels were written immediately after after the written immediately after after the written immediately after after the death of Jesus probably sometime in the death of Jesus probably sometime in the death of Jesus probably sometime in the 40s and 50s CE which would indeed have 40s and 50s CE which would indeed have 40s and 50s CE which would indeed have been before the City was destroyed by been before the City was destroyed by been before the City was destroyed by the Romans in the year 70 but other the Romans in the year 70 but other the Romans in the year 70 but other Scholars say that the gospels were not Scholars say that the gospels were not Scholars say that the gospels were not written down until the 80s or even the written down until the 80s or even the written down until the 80s or even the 90s CE in which case they were written 90s CE in which case they were written 90s CE in which case they were written down after Jerusalem had been destroyed down after Jerusalem had been destroyed down after Jerusalem had been destroyed and it is very easy to write up a and it is very easy to write up a and it is very easy to write up a prophecy if in fact it has already taken prophecy if in fact it has already taken prophecy if in fact it has already taken place so we will return to this in the place so we will return to this in the place so we will return to this in the next lecture for now though let me take next lecture for now though let me take next lecture for now though let me take a look quickly at Jesus and the origins a look quickly at Jesus and the origins a look quickly at Jesus and the origins and spread of Christianity as it affects and spread of Christianity as it affects and spread of Christianity as it affects in particular our area because the in particular our area because the in particular our area because the Triumph of Christianity within the Roman Triumph of Christianity within the Roman Triumph of Christianity within the Roman Empire represents one of the most Empire represents one of the most Empire represents one of the most remarkable cultural Revolutions in

remarkable cultural Revolutions in remarkable cultural Revolutions in history up until this time in both the history up until this time in both the history up until this time in both the Greek and Roman Worlds the Pagan Greek and Roman Worlds the Pagan Greek and Roman Worlds the Pagan philosophers had for the most part philosophers had for the most part philosophers had for the most part taught that you had to seize the moment taught that you had to seize the moment taught that you had to seize the moment carpedm because there was no certainty carpedm because there was no certainty carpedm because there was no certainty about tomorrow you didn't know what was about tomorrow you didn't know what was about tomorrow you didn't know what was going to happen in the life after death going to happen in the life after death going to happen in the life after death to Christians on the other hand this was to Christians on the other hand this was to Christians on the other hand this was not the world in which you wanted to not the world in which you wanted to not the world in which you wanted to live particularly you wanted to wait for live particularly you wanted to wait for live particularly you wanted to wait for the life after death when you could live the life after death when you could live the life after death when you could live in heaven and so what we get is the in heaven and so what we get is the in heaven and so what we get is the spread of Christianity among the spread of Christianity among the spread of Christianity among the underclasses to some degree that is underclasses to some degree that is underclasses to some degree that is among the slaves and the oppressed but among the slaves and the oppressed but among the slaves and the oppressed but also within the Army and this is one also within the Army and this is one also within the Army and this is one rather interesting aspect of early rather interesting aspect of early rather interesting aspect of early Christianity in fact we can take a look Christianity in fact we can take a look Christianity in fact we can take a look at two separate Origins for Christianity at two separate Origins for Christianity at two separate Origins for Christianity and merge them and out of them we may be and merge them and out of them we may be and merge them and out of them we may be able to explain early Christianity what able to explain early Christianity what able to explain early Christianity what we have on the one hand are the we have on the one hand are the we have on the one hand are the so-called mystery religions and on the so-called mystery religions and on the so-called mystery religions and on the other hand we've we've got Judaism as it other hand we've we've got Judaism as it other hand we've we've got Judaism as it existed at that period in time and let existed at that period in time and let existed at that period in time and let me look at one of these and then the me look at one of these and then the me look at one of these and then the other and show you what I other and show you what I other and show you what I mean on the one hand we had these mean on the one hand we had these mean on the one hand we had these so-called mystery religions they were a so-called mystery religions they were a so-called mystery religions they were a mystery because if you were not an mystery because if you were not an mystery because if you were not an initiate into it you didn't know exactly initiate into it you didn't know exactly initiate into it you didn't know exactly what took place these religions what took place these religions what took place these religions explained the ultimate purpose of life

explained the ultimate purpose of life explained the ultimate purpose of life they offered followers personal they offered followers personal they offered followers personal salvation that is life after death they salvation that is life after death they salvation that is life after death they had mysterious initiation had mysterious initiation had mysterious initiation rituals and their Believers woried a rituals and their Believers woried a rituals and their Believers woried a hero who had conquered hero who had conquered hero who had conquered death some examples of these mystery death some examples of these mystery death some examples of these mystery religions would be mithis orus Adonis religions would be mithis orus Adonis religions would be mithis orus Adonis Osiris these are all pagan gods who were Osiris these are all pagan gods who were Osiris these are all pagan gods who were worshiped probably the best of these is worshiped probably the best of these is worshiped probably the best of these is the god mithis he was a favorite of the the god mithis he was a favorite of the the god mithis he was a favorite of the Roman army and particularly with the Roman army and particularly with the Roman army and particularly with the soldiers mithis is usually accompanied soldiers mithis is usually accompanied soldiers mithis is usually accompanied by a scorpion and a dog he's frequently by a scorpion and a dog he's frequently by a scorpion and a dog he's frequently shown in the company of a bull because shown in the company of a bull because shown in the company of a bull because the way that you were initiated into the way that you were initiated into the way that you were initiated into mithraism as it's called as near as we mithraism as it's called as near as we mithraism as it's called as near as we can understand was to be placed can understand was to be placed can understand was to be placed underneath a white bull whose neck was underneath a white bull whose neck was underneath a white bull whose neck was then cut and you were splashed Head To then cut and you were splashed Head To then cut and you were splashed Head To Toe with the blood of the sacrificial Toe with the blood of the sacrificial Toe with the blood of the sacrificial bull many of the mitham as they're bull many of the mitham as they're bull many of the mitham as they're called the places where you worship called the places where you worship called the places where you worship mithis are underground they're in mithis are underground they're in mithis are underground they're in basements some of them have been found basements some of them have been found basements some of them have been found for example in London that is Roman for example in London that is Roman for example in London that is Roman londinium and mithis seems to have been londinium and mithis seems to have been londinium and mithis seems to have been a favorite then of the army perhaps a favorite then of the army perhaps a favorite then of the army perhaps because of the violence associated with because of the violence associated with because of the violence associated with his warship other examples would include

his warship other examples would include his warship other examples would include orus the uh Greek god who in playing his orus the uh Greek god who in playing his orus the uh Greek god who in playing his liar or harp attracts animals to liar or harp attracts animals to liar or harp attracts animals to him and then Adonis the Greek god who him and then Adonis the Greek god who him and then Adonis the Greek god who was so good-looking followed by the was so good-looking followed by the was so good-looking followed by the Egyptian god Osiris now as I say the Egyptian god Osiris now as I say the Egyptian god Osiris now as I say the mystery religions explained the ultimate mystery religions explained the ultimate mystery religions explained the ultimate purpose of life they offered followers purpose of life they offered followers purpose of life they offered followers personal salvation life after death they personal salvation life after death they personal salvation life after death they had mysterious initiation rituals and had mysterious initiation rituals and had mysterious initiation rituals and the Believers worshiped hero who had the Believers worshiped hero who had the Believers worshiped hero who had conquered conquered conquered death along with mithis and orus Adonis death along with mithis and orus Adonis death along with mithis and orus Adonis and Osiris one could easily ask who else and Osiris one could easily ask who else and Osiris one could easily ask who else fits this pattern and the answer would fits this pattern and the answer would fits this pattern and the answer would be Jesus Jesus was such a hero he be Jesus Jesus was such a hero he be Jesus Jesus was such a hero he claimed the faith of his followers he claimed the faith of his followers he claimed the faith of his followers he claimed to explain the ultimate purpose claimed to explain the ultimate purpose claimed to explain the ultimate purpose of life or maybe not he but his of life or maybe not he but his of life or maybe not he but his followers certainly said this it was followers certainly said this it was followers certainly said this it was thought that he offered his followers thought that he offered his followers thought that he offered his followers personal salvation life after personal salvation life after personal salvation life after death were there mysterious initiation death were there mysterious initiation death were there mysterious initiation rituals one could argue yes baptism and rituals one could argue yes baptism and rituals one could argue yes baptism and various other things if you have not various other things if you have not various other things if you have not gone through them yourself they are gone through them yourself they are gone through them yourself they are rather mysterious initiation rituals did rather mysterious initiation rituals did rather mysterious initiation rituals did he conquered death yes indeed his he conquered death yes indeed his he conquered death yes indeed his followers believe that he had risen from followers believe that he had risen from followers believe that he had risen from the the the dead there are however some differences dead there are however some differences dead there are however some differences and the major difference obviously is and the major difference obviously is and the major difference obviously is that Jesus was a historical person he

that Jesus was a historical person he that Jesus was a historical person he lived and walked on the face of the lived and walked on the face of the lived and walked on the face of the Earth the others did not neither mithis Earth the others did not neither mithis Earth the others did not neither mithis nor orus nor Adonis nor Osiris were real nor orus nor Adonis nor Osiris were real nor orus nor Adonis nor Osiris were real but Jesus was moreover Christianity but Jesus was moreover Christianity but Jesus was moreover Christianity required an upright and moral life the required an upright and moral life the required an upright and moral life the mystery religions said nothing about mystery religions said nothing about mystery religions said nothing about ethics and morals but Christianity ethics and morals but Christianity ethics and morals but Christianity certainly did where did Christianity get certainly did where did Christianity get certainly did where did Christianity get this and this is where I believe that we this and this is where I believe that we this and this is where I believe that we have to turn to Judaism at this time have to turn to Judaism at this time have to turn to Judaism at this time because Judaism had laws morals and because Judaism had laws morals and because Judaism had laws morals and ethics so I would suggest that if you ethics so I would suggest that if you ethics so I would suggest that if you take the mystery religions purpose for take the mystery religions purpose for take the mystery religions purpose for life life after death a hero who conquer life life after death a hero who conquer life life after death a hero who conquer death plus initiation rituals and add to death plus initiation rituals and add to death plus initiation rituals and add to it Judaism laws morals and ethics you it Judaism laws morals and ethics you it Judaism laws morals and ethics you may be looking at the earliest forms of may be looking at the earliest forms of may be looking at the earliest forms of Christianity as we know it and what we Christianity as we know it and what we Christianity as we know it and what we have to realize is is that during this have to realize is is that during this have to realize is is that during this period that is the 1 Century BCE and the period that is the 1 Century BCE and the period that is the 1 Century BCE and the 1 Century CE the Jews who were living in 1 Century CE the Jews who were living in 1 Century CE the Jews who were living in this region were not all United that is this region were not all United that is this region were not all United that is there were different sects of there were different sects of there were different sects of Judaism for example we have the Judaism for example we have the Judaism for example we have the Sadducees the Pharisees and the Essen Sadducees the Pharisees and the Essen Sadducees the Pharisees and the Essen who are well known to us from the Bible who are well known to us from the Bible who are well known to us from the Bible especially the New Testament the especially the New Testament the especially the New Testament the Sadducees for example advocated very Sadducees for example advocated very Sadducees for example advocated very strict adherence to Jewish

strict adherence to Jewish strict adherence to Jewish law they also rejected belief in an law they also rejected belief in an law they also rejected belief in an afterlife they denied the existence of afterlife they denied the existence of afterlife they denied the existence of angels and they weren't so happy with angels and they weren't so happy with angels and they weren't so happy with the idea of a personal redeeming the idea of a personal redeeming the idea of a personal redeeming God the Pharisees on the other hand were God the Pharisees on the other hand were God the Pharisees on the other hand were rather more rather more rather more liberal they were Jews who believed in a liberal they were Jews who believed in a liberal they were Jews who believed in a life after death they believed in angels life after death they believed in angels life after death they believed in angels and they accepted Gentile that is and they accepted Gentile that is and they accepted Gentile that is non-jewish convert to Judaism these non-jewish convert to Judaism these non-jewish convert to Judaism these Pharisees were upon occasion willing to Pharisees were upon occasion willing to Pharisees were upon occasion willing to modify Jewish law to accommodate the modify Jewish law to accommodate the modify Jewish law to accommodate the Greco Roman culture and they were Greco Roman culture and they were Greco Roman culture and they were popular preachers in the popular preachers in the popular preachers in the synagogues then there were the essin synagogues then there were the essin synagogues then there were the essin these are the people that have attracted these are the people that have attracted these are the people that have attracted the most concentrated attention in the most concentrated attention in the most concentrated attention in recent years they were an athetic recent years they were an athetic recent years they were an athetic community that sought isolation from the community that sought isolation from the community that sought isolation from the world and the attention that has been world and the attention that has been world and the attention that has been directed them in the past half Century directed them in the past half Century directed them in the past half Century since 1947 is because of the Dead Sea since 1947 is because of the Dead Sea since 1947 is because of the Dead Sea Scrolls which we will take a look at in Scrolls which we will take a look at in Scrolls which we will take a look at in a future a future a future lecture the earliest accounts of Jesus lecture the earliest accounts of Jesus lecture the earliest accounts of Jesus date from decades after his death there date from decades after his death there date from decades after his death there are therefore many problems in arriving are therefore many problems in arriving are therefore many problems in arriving at a clear picture of his life and his at a clear picture of his life and his at a clear picture of his life and his teaching the sources themselves present teaching the sources themselves present teaching the sources themselves present special difficulties because Jesus special difficulties because Jesus special difficulties because Jesus himself wrote nothing at all we can only himself wrote nothing at all we can only himself wrote nothing at all we can only see him through the writings of other see him through the writings of other see him through the writings of other people such as the writers of the

people such as the writers of the people such as the writers of the gospels in the New Testament and early gospels in the New Testament and early gospels in the New Testament and early converts such as St Paul who formed the converts such as St Paul who formed the converts such as St Paul who formed the first Christian communities all of these first Christian communities all of these first Christian communities all of these sources were written well after the sources were written well after the sources were written well after the death of Jesus at least 20 years later death of Jesus at least 20 years later death of Jesus at least 20 years later and even more perhaps because they and even more perhaps because they and even more perhaps because they expected him to come back at any moment expected him to come back at any moment expected him to come back at any moment the earliest writings that we have the earliest writings that we have the earliest writings that we have probably date from about the year 70 CE probably date from about the year 70 CE probably date from about the year 70 CE the latest are going to date from about the latest are going to date from about the latest are going to date from about the year 100 CE it's thought that the the year 100 CE it's thought that the the year 100 CE it's thought that the New Testament itself was collected and New Testament itself was collected and New Testament itself was collected and collated into a single work in about the collated into a single work in about the collated into a single work in about the year 90 that is at the end of the first year 90 that is at the end of the first year 90 that is at the end of the first century CE and even within the books of century CE and even within the books of century CE and even within the books of the New Testament the authors the New Testament the authors the New Testament the authors concentrate on the religious message and concentrate on the religious message and concentrate on the religious message and the Miracles of Jesus not on his whole the Miracles of Jesus not on his whole the Miracles of Jesus not on his whole life in chronological order it's thus life in chronological order it's thus life in chronological order it's thus next to impossible to write his complete next to impossible to write his complete next to impossible to write his complete biography indeed we do not know anything biography indeed we do not know anything biography indeed we do not know anything about his life as a child or a young about his life as a child or a young about his life as a child or a young adult or at least next to nothing so adult or at least next to nothing so adult or at least next to nothing so it's much like the Hebrew Bible here in it's much like the Hebrew Bible here in it's much like the Hebrew Bible here in that these descriptions are not meant as that these descriptions are not meant as that these descriptions are not meant as history they're not meant to be history they're not meant to be history they're not meant to be historical writings rather they were historical writings rather they were historical writings rather they were statements of Faith by True Believers statements of Faith by True Believers statements of Faith by True Believers trying to distinguish historical fact trying to distinguish historical fact trying to distinguish historical fact from nith and from religious Doctrine is from nith and from religious Doctrine is from nith and from religious Doctrine is rather difficult but there is some rather difficult but there is some rather difficult but there is some agreement on some basic agreement on some basic agreement on some basic points according to his followers Jesus points according to his followers Jesus points according to his followers Jesus was the son of Mary and he was born

was the son of Mary and he was born was the son of Mary and he was born somewhere about 7 or 4 BCE as I've somewhere about 7 or 4 BCE as I've somewhere about 7 or 4 BCE as I've mentioned we're not sure of the exact mentioned we're not sure of the exact mentioned we're not sure of the exact date in fact the dating system that we date in fact the dating system that we date in fact the dating system that we use today BCE and CE or BC and a was use today BCE and CE or BC and a was use today BCE and CE or BC and a was determined by a man named Dennis the determined by a man named Dennis the determined by a man named Dennis the monk in about the sixth or seventh monk in about the sixth or seventh monk in about the sixth or seventh century after the birth of Christ and he century after the birth of Christ and he century after the birth of Christ and he was trying to actually figure out when was trying to actually figure out when was trying to actually figure out when Christ was born he miscounted Christ was born he miscounted Christ was born he miscounted unfortunately forgot that a couple of unfortunately forgot that a couple of unfortunately forgot that a couple of Roman emperors had ruled together and Roman emperors had ruled together and Roman emperors had ruled together and miscalculated by either four or seven miscalculated by either four or seven miscalculated by either four or seven years so Jesus is born in the year 7 or years so Jesus is born in the year 7 or years so Jesus is born in the year 7 or the year 4 the year 4 the year 4 BCE now he was born in the province of BCE now he was born in the province of BCE now he was born in the province of Judea or Palestina in the time of Judea or Palestina in the time of Judea or Palestina in the time of Augustus which was ruled at that time by Augustus which was ruled at that time by Augustus which was ruled at that time by King Herod we are told that at about the King Herod we are told that at about the King Herod we are told that at about the age of 30 he was publicly baptized ized age of 30 he was publicly baptized ized age of 30 he was publicly baptized ized by a preacher known as John the Baptist by a preacher known as John the Baptist by a preacher known as John the Baptist and it is possible that John the Baptist and it is possible that John the Baptist and it is possible that John the Baptist was in fact an Essen after this he then was in fact an Essen after this he then was in fact an Essen after this he then enters upon a public life of teaching he enters upon a public life of teaching he enters upon a public life of teaching he was a very effective teacher in the was a very effective teacher in the was a very effective teacher in the tradition of the Israelite prophets and tradition of the Israelite prophets and tradition of the Israelite prophets and of the preachers of the day and we can of the preachers of the day and we can of the preachers of the day and we can indeed see that if we take a look at indeed see that if we take a look at indeed see that if we take a look at what he is saying at that time that the what he is saying at that time that the what he is saying at that time that the Romans might not have known what to make Romans might not have known what to make Romans might not have known what to make of him of him of him when you first take a look at the

when you first take a look at the when you first take a look at the preachings of Jesus you could say ah preachings of Jesus you could say ah preachings of Jesus you could say ah he's simply one of the mystery religions he's simply one of the mystery religions he's simply one of the mystery religions and you could ignore it if you're a and you could ignore it if you're a and you could ignore it if you're a Roman technically it was illegal to be a Roman technically it was illegal to be a Roman technically it was illegal to be a member of a mystery religion but so many member of a mystery religion but so many member of a mystery religion but so many Roman soldiers followed this that it Roman soldiers followed this that it Roman soldiers followed this that it tended to be overlooked as long as the tended to be overlooked as long as the tended to be overlooked as long as the soldiers and the other people worshiped soldiers and the other people worshiped soldiers and the other people worshiped the Roman gods as well as their own the Roman gods as well as their own the Roman gods as well as their own Mystery religion Mystery religion Mystery religion once the Romans figured out that Jesus once the Romans figured out that Jesus once the Romans figured out that Jesus and his followers were not actually and his followers were not actually and his followers were not actually members of a new mystery religion then members of a new mystery religion then members of a new mystery religion then it was fairly easy to say oh well it's it was fairly easy to say oh well it's it was fairly easy to say oh well it's simply a branch of Judaism you've simply a branch of Judaism you've simply a branch of Judaism you've already got the Pharisees the Sadducees already got the Pharisees the Sadducees already got the Pharisees the Sadducees and the essenes now you've got these and the essenes now you've got these and the essenes now you've got these people the Christians and we can ignore people the Christians and we can ignore people the Christians and we can ignore them as well because one could be a Jew them as well because one could be a Jew them as well because one could be a Jew in the Roman Empire it sometimes came in the Roman Empire it sometimes came in the Roman Empire it sometimes came along with the price that you had to pay along with the price that you had to pay along with the price that you had to pay a fee but you were allowed to practice a fee but you were allowed to practice a fee but you were allowed to practice your own your own your own religion so it was only later once the religion so it was only later once the religion so it was only later once the Romans realized that Christianity was Romans realized that Christianity was Romans realized that Christianity was not in fact another branch of Judaism not in fact another branch of Judaism not in fact another branch of Judaism for all intents and purposes that the for all intents and purposes that the for all intents and purposes that the persecutions are going to begin so again persecutions are going to begin so again persecutions are going to begin so again if we take a look at both mystery if we take a look at both mystery if we take a look at both mystery religions and Judaism it is at least in religions and Judaism it is at least in religions and Judaism it is at least in my opinion fairly easy to see where my opinion fairly easy to see where my opinion fairly easy to see where early Christianity came about early Christianity came about early Christianity came about now one thing to keep in mind is that it

now one thing to keep in mind is that it now one thing to keep in mind is that it is only after the death of Jesus who was is only after the death of Jesus who was is only after the death of Jesus who was crucified on the order of the Roman crucified on the order of the Roman crucified on the order of the Roman Governor Pontius Pilate probably in Governor Pontius Pilate probably in Governor Pontius Pilate probably in about the year 30 CE that Christianity about the year 30 CE that Christianity about the year 30 CE that Christianity really begins to really begins to really begins to spread even after the death of Jesus the spread even after the death of Jesus the spread even after the death of Jesus the Christians initially formed only one of Christians initially formed only one of Christians initially formed only one of these many sects within the larger body these many sects within the larger body these many sects within the larger body of Judaism they called themselves of Judaism they called themselves of Judaism they called themselves Christians these follow followers of the Christians these follow followers of the Christians these follow followers of the new Messiah and they seem to have been a new Messiah and they seem to have been a new Messiah and they seem to have been a little lost there was no clear notion to little lost there was no clear notion to little lost there was no clear notion to whom Jesus had directed his message was whom Jesus had directed his message was whom Jesus had directed his message was it aimed at Jews or aimed at Gentiles it aimed at Jews or aimed at Gentiles it aimed at Jews or aimed at Gentiles and what and where was the kingdom that and what and where was the kingdom that and what and where was the kingdom that he had promised them these issues were he had promised them these issues were he had promised them these issues were not completely not completely not completely clear the man who clarified these clear the man who clarified these clear the man who clarified these crucial issues and who reformed crucial issues and who reformed crucial issues and who reformed Christianity into a distinct religion Christianity into a distinct religion Christianity into a distinct religion was a Jew Jewish man from Tarsus by the was a Jew Jewish man from Tarsus by the was a Jew Jewish man from Tarsus by the name of Saul Saul is going to convert to name of Saul Saul is going to convert to name of Saul Saul is going to convert to Christianity and will take the name Christianity and will take the name Christianity and will take the name Paul Paul was an intellectual after he Paul Paul was an intellectual after he Paul Paul was an intellectual after he converted to Christianity he became its converted to Christianity he became its converted to Christianity he became its principal architect organized Christian principal architect organized Christian principal architect organized Christian churches throughout the Roman world and churches throughout the Roman world and churches throughout the Roman world and is by far the best known of the early is by far the best known of the early is by far the best known of the early Christian teachers the book of The Acts Christian teachers the book of The Acts Christian teachers the book of The Acts of the Apostles is largely concerned of the Apostles is largely concerned of the Apostles is largely concerned with his career plus we have his letters with his career plus we have his letters with his career plus we have his letters as as as well and what we can tell from the

well and what we can tell from the well and what we can tell from the writings both by Paul and about him is writings both by Paul and about him is writings both by Paul and about him is that he developed the first coherent that he developed the first coherent that he developed the first coherent Christian Theology and he is the one Christian Theology and he is the one Christian Theology and he is the one that also Begins the mission of that also Begins the mission of that also Begins the mission of preaching to the Gentiles and this is preaching to the Gentiles and this is preaching to the Gentiles and this is what is going to eventually spread what is going to eventually spread what is going to eventually spread Christianity across the Christianity across the Christianity across the Empire now the Christians set themselves Empire now the Christians set themselves Empire now the Christians set themselves apart from the members of other mystery apart from the members of other mystery apart from the members of other mystery religions by refusing to worship the religions by refusing to worship the religions by refusing to worship the Roman Gods as I mentioned as long as you Roman Gods as I mentioned as long as you Roman Gods as I mentioned as long as you worshiped the Roman gods you were free worshiped the Roman gods you were free worshiped the Roman gods you were free to do whatever you wanted even though it to do whatever you wanted even though it to do whatever you wanted even though it was illegal the Christians refus to was illegal the Christians refus to was illegal the Christians refus to worship the Roman gods and therefore we worship the Roman gods and therefore we worship the Roman gods and therefore we get the infamous get the infamous get the infamous persecutions persecutions however were persecutions persecutions however were persecutions persecutions however were not carried out nearly as frequently as not carried out nearly as frequently as not carried out nearly as frequently as many people seem to believe we have one many people seem to believe we have one many people seem to believe we have one set of persecutions in the year 64 by set of persecutions in the year 64 by set of persecutions in the year 64 by the Roman Emperor Nero who after he set the Roman Emperor Nero who after he set the Roman Emperor Nero who after he set Rome on fire and fiddled while it burned Rome on fire and fiddled while it burned Rome on fire and fiddled while it burned actually he didn't fiddle he sang the actually he didn't fiddle he sang the actually he didn't fiddle he sang the poem the sack of Troy while it burned poem the sack of Troy while it burned poem the sack of Troy while it burned but he then blamed the Christians for but he then blamed the Christians for but he then blamed the Christians for setting the fire and persecuted them setting the fire and persecuted them setting the fire and persecuted them there are also a number of other there are also a number of other there are also a number of other persecutions later in time but the persecutions later in time but the persecutions later in time but the persecutions do not really begin in persecutions do not really begin in persecutions do not really begin in Earnest until the 3r century CE which is Earnest until the 3r century CE which is Earnest until the 3r century CE which is beyond the scope of this beyond the scope of this beyond the scope of this course speaking of the essin and the course speaking of the essin and the course speaking of the essin and the Dead Sea Scrolls in the next lecture we Dead Sea Scrolls in the next lecture we Dead Sea Scrolls in the next lecture we will look specifically at the discovery will look specifically at the discovery will look specifically at the discovery of these Scrolls and what is it exactly

of these Scrolls and what is it exactly of these Scrolls and what is it exactly that is contained inside them that has that is contained inside them that has that is contained inside them that has excited so much news and publicity since excited so much news and publicity since excited so much news and publicity since their Discovery after listening to lecture 11 Discovery after listening to lecture 11 a student posed this question to a student posed this question to a student posed this question to Professor Klein what did Herod Professor Klein what did Herod Professor Klein what did Herod accomplish during his early years as accomplish during his early years as accomplish during his early years as ruler of Judea let's listen to the ruler of Judea let's listen to the ruler of Judea let's listen to the professor's professor's professor's response the story of herod's rise to response the story of herod's rise to response the story of herod's rise to power is a rather interesting one it is power is a rather interesting one it is power is a rather interesting one it is linked to the second triumverate in Rome linked to the second triumverate in Rome linked to the second triumverate in Rome in the days after Julius Caesar's in the days after Julius Caesar's in the days after Julius Caesar's assassination Herod and his brother took assassination Herod and his brother took assassination Herod and his brother took over their father's position and ruled over their father's position and ruled over their father's position and ruled jointly in Judea but uh almost jointly in Judea but uh almost jointly in Judea but uh almost immediately there was a feud between immediately there was a feud between immediately there was a feud between them and a rival them and a rival them and a rival family Herod is forced to flee from family Herod is forced to flee from family Herod is forced to flee from Jerusalem in about the year 40 he and Jerusalem in about the year 40 he and Jerusalem in about the year 40 he and his U men narrowly avoided capture they his U men narrowly avoided capture they his U men narrowly avoided capture they escaped from Jerusalem under cover of escaped from Jerusalem under cover of escaped from Jerusalem under cover of night made their way to Mada which we night made their way to Mada which we night made their way to Mada which we will talk about in a future lecture and will talk about in a future lecture and will talk about in a future lecture and there Herod left his immediate family there Herod left his immediate family there Herod left his immediate family including his fiance along with 800 including his fiance along with 800 including his fiance along with 800 troops to guard her and then in that troops to guard her and then in that troops to guard her and then in that year 40 BC accompanied by a strong year 40 BC accompanied by a strong year 40 BC accompanied by a strong escort Herod set out for Rome to argue escort Herod set out for Rome to argue escort Herod set out for Rome to argue his case before the Senate and to ask his case before the Senate and to ask his case before the Senate and to ask for assistance while he is traveling to for assistance while he is traveling to for assistance while he is traveling to Rome he receives word that his brother

Rome he receives word that his brother Rome he receives word that his brother had been forced to commit suicide and had been forced to commit suicide and had been forced to commit suicide and that he would be in sole charge if and that he would be in sole charge if and that he would be in sole charge if and when he came back from Rome with when he came back from Rome with when he came back from Rome with assistance from assistance from assistance from them Herod appeared before the senate in them Herod appeared before the senate in them Herod appeared before the senate in Rome his Patron was Mark Anthony one of Rome his Patron was Mark Anthony one of Rome his Patron was Mark Anthony one of the most powerful people in Rome the most powerful people in Rome the most powerful people in Rome apparently both Herod and his his apparently both Herod and his his apparently both Herod and his his patrons spoke rather eloquently the patrons spoke rather eloquently the patrons spoke rather eloquently the Senate was impressed and awarded Herod Senate was impressed and awarded Herod Senate was impressed and awarded Herod the title King of the Jews he the title King of the Jews he the title King of the Jews he immediately began the long trip back to immediately began the long trip back to immediately began the long trip back to Judea and got back probably late in the Judea and got back probably late in the Judea and got back probably late in the year 40 or early in the year year 40 or early in the year year 40 or early in the year 39 first thing he does is rescue his 39 first thing he does is rescue his 39 first thing he does is rescue his family from The Fortress up at Mada and family from The Fortress up at Mada and family from The Fortress up at Mada and then begins his campaign to reclaim his then begins his campaign to reclaim his then begins his campaign to reclaim his Kingdom City by City eventually he Kingdom City by City eventually he Kingdom City by City eventually he recaptures Jerusalem in the year 37 BCE recaptures Jerusalem in the year 37 BCE recaptures Jerusalem in the year 37 BCE fully 3 years after he had been given fully 3 years after he had been given fully 3 years after he had been given the title King of the Jews by the Roman the title King of the Jews by the Roman the title King of the Jews by the Roman settlement eventually he recaptures settlement eventually he recaptures settlement eventually he recaptures Jerusalem recaptures Judea and then Jerusalem recaptures Judea and then Jerusalem recaptures Judea and then remains in power for the next three remains in power for the next three remains in power for the next three decades this ends lecture 11 a history of ancient Israel lecture 11 a history of ancient Israel lecture 12 ES curses camran and the Dead Sea Scrolls in this lecture we will take a

Scrolls in this lecture we will take a look at kumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls look at kumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls look at kumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls which were discovered by ban Boys in which were discovered by ban Boys in which were discovered by ban Boys in 1947 and thought to be part of the 1947 and thought to be part of the 1947 and thought to be part of the library from the settlement of kumran on library from the settlement of kumran on library from the settlement of kumran on the shores of the Dead Sea these Scrolls the shores of the Dead Sea these Scrolls the shores of the Dead Sea these Scrolls include copies of almost all the books include copies of almost all the books include copies of almost all the books in the Hebrew Bible one of the most in the Hebrew Bible one of the most in the Hebrew Bible one of the most famous is the Copper Scroll which famous is the Copper Scroll which famous is the Copper Scroll which contain directions to dozens of contain directions to dozens of contain directions to dozens of different Treasures none of which has different Treasures none of which has different Treasures none of which has yet been yet been yet been located briefly speaking the Dead Sea located briefly speaking the Dead Sea located briefly speaking the Dead Sea Scrolls as a whole refer to Scrolls and Scrolls as a whole refer to Scrolls and Scrolls as a whole refer to Scrolls and fragments that have been discovered fragments that have been discovered fragments that have been discovered roughly between 1947 and 1960 at at roughly between 1947 and 1960 at at roughly between 1947 and 1960 at at least seven different sites along the least seven different sites along the least seven different sites along the Northwestern shore of the Dead Sea there Northwestern shore of the Dead Sea there Northwestern shore of the Dead Sea there are approximately 11 caves right near are approximately 11 caves right near are approximately 11 caves right near kumran and we will be particularly kumran and we will be particularly kumran and we will be particularly interested in these the most important interested in these the most important interested in these the most important of all these are approximately 800 100 of all these are approximately 800 100 of all these are approximately 800 100 Scrolls found in the caves around this Scrolls found in the caves around this Scrolls found in the caves around this kumran area the Scrolls date roughly kumran area the Scrolls date roughly kumran area the Scrolls date roughly between 200 BCE and 70 CE so the 3D between 200 BCE and 70 CE so the 3D between 200 BCE and 70 CE so the 3D centuries BCE through the first century centuries BCE through the first century centuries BCE through the first century CE these are the ones that we will talk CE these are the ones that we will talk CE these are the ones that we will talk about here in this about here in this about here in this lecture according to William F Albright lecture according to William F Albright lecture according to William F Albright the dean of biblical archaeology these the dean of biblical archaeology these the dean of biblical archaeology these Kuman texts these Dead Sea Scrolls are Kuman texts these Dead Sea Scrolls are Kuman texts these Dead Sea Scrolls are the greatest manuscript discovery in the greatest manuscript discovery in the greatest manuscript discovery in modern times they shed light on three modern times they shed light on three modern times they shed light on three different areas Judaism in the area at

different areas Judaism in the area at different areas Judaism in the area at the time just before and at the the time just before and at the the time just before and at the beginning of the Christian era the beginning of the Christian era the beginning of the Christian era the transmission of the Old Testament text transmission of the Old Testament text transmission of the Old Testament text during that same period and the during that same period and the during that same period and the Palestinian or Judean background of the Palestinian or Judean background of the Palestinian or Judean background of the New New New Testament in other words we are looking Testament in other words we are looking Testament in other words we are looking at Judaism at this time we are looking at Judaism at this time we are looking at Judaism at this time we are looking at what's going to happen in early at what's going to happen in early at what's going to happen in early Christianity Christianity Christianity and we looking at how the Hebrew Bible and we looking at how the Hebrew Bible and we looking at how the Hebrew Bible had been had been had been transmitted The Caves at kumran in which transmitted The Caves at kumran in which transmitted The Caves at kumran in which the Dead Sea Scrolls were found are the Dead Sea Scrolls were found are the Dead Sea Scrolls were found are situated about a mile from the western situated about a mile from the western situated about a mile from the western shore of the Dead Sea and about three shore of the Dead Sea and about three shore of the Dead Sea and about three miles from its northern end Jerusalem is miles from its northern end Jerusalem is miles from its northern end Jerusalem is 13 miles to the West Jericho is about 9 13 miles to the West Jericho is about 9 13 miles to the West Jericho is about 9 miles to the north both as the crow miles to the north both as the crow miles to the north both as the crow flies we are in the Judean Wilderness flies we are in the Judean Wilderness flies we are in the Judean Wilderness here and we are approximately 1300 ft here and we are approximately 1300 ft here and we are approximately 1300 ft below sea below sea below sea level the Dead Sea itself is not really level the Dead Sea itself is not really level the Dead Sea itself is not really a sea it's actually a large and salty a sea it's actually a large and salty a sea it's actually a large and salty lake which is fed primarily by the lake which is fed primarily by the lake which is fed primarily by the Jordan River there is no Outlet except Jordan River there is no Outlet except Jordan River there is no Outlet except by by by evaporation this accounts for the haze evaporation this accounts for the haze evaporation this accounts for the haze over the surface and the large salt over the surface and the large salt over the surface and the large salt content in fact the salt content is why content in fact the salt content is why content in fact the salt content is why it is famous it has approximately 30% it is famous it has approximately 30% it is famous it has approximately 30% salt so it's very very easy to remain salt so it's very very easy to remain salt so it's very very easy to remain buoyant even a non-swimmer can sit in buoyant even a non-swimmer can sit in buoyant even a non-swimmer can sit in the water and read a the water and read a the water and read a newspaper the setting of kumran though

newspaper the setting of kumran though newspaper the setting of kumran though is not as unfriendly as you might think is not as unfriendly as you might think is not as unfriendly as you might think because there are several fresh Springs because there are several fresh Springs because there are several fresh Springs that are less than 2 miles away and that are less than 2 miles away and that are less than 2 miles away and there are several Wades or Canyons that there are several Wades or Canyons that there are several Wades or Canyons that flood once or twice each year so water flood once or twice each year so water flood once or twice each year so water was available and animals could be was available and animals could be was available and animals could be kept the ruins of kumran are about a kept the ruins of kumran are about a kept the ruins of kumran are about a half a mile to the south of the cave in half a mile to the south of the cave in half a mile to the south of the cave in which the first Scrolls were which the first Scrolls were which the first Scrolls were found at the time back in found at the time back in found at the time back in 1947 there wasn't much visible but 1947 there wasn't much visible but 1947 there wasn't much visible but several eminent Travelers in the early several eminent Travelers in the early several eminent Travelers in the early 19th and 20th centuries had visited and 19th and 20th centuries had visited and 19th and 20th centuries had visited and described the remains of kumran one had described the remains of kumran one had described the remains of kumran one had even suggested back in about even suggested back in about even suggested back in about 1861 that they were the remains of the 1861 that they were the remains of the 1861 that they were the remains of the biblical city of Gomorrah we know now biblical city of Gomorrah we know now biblical city of Gomorrah we know now that this is not true but the only thing that this is not true but the only thing that this is not true but the only thing they could have seen was a sstn rather they could have seen was a sstn rather they could have seen was a sstn rather extensive Cemetery marked by piles of extensive Cemetery marked by piles of extensive Cemetery marked by piles of stone and a bit of the aqueduct system stone and a bit of the aqueduct system stone and a bit of the aqueduct system that brought water to the that brought water to the that brought water to the community the ruins of kumran were community the ruins of kumran were community the ruins of kumran were excavated in five original Seasons 1951 excavated in five original Seasons 1951 excavated in five original Seasons 1951 and then 1953 to and then 1953 to and then 1953 to 1956 there have been additional 1956 there have been additional 1956 there have been additional excavation since but it seems that the excavation since but it seems that the excavation since but it seems that the earliest period of occupation of Kum was earliest period of occupation of Kum was earliest period of occupation of Kum was during the Israelite period that is during the Israelite period that is during the Israelite period that is during the 8th Century BCE and the final during the 8th Century BCE and the final during the 8th Century BCE and the final period of occupation a brief one was period of occupation a brief one was period of occupation a brief one was when the area was occupied by Roman

when the area was occupied by Roman when the area was occupied by Roman soldiers sometime after the year 68 CE soldiers sometime after the year 68 CE soldiers sometime after the year 68 CE because the Essen Community was because the Essen Community was because the Essen Community was destroyed by the tth Legion in the year destroyed by the tth Legion in the year destroyed by the tth Legion in the year 68 during the first Jewish revolt 68 during the first Jewish revolt 68 during the first Jewish revolt against Rome which we will look at in against Rome which we will look at in against Rome which we will look at in the next the next the next lecture in between the beginning and the lecture in between the beginning and the lecture in between the beginning and the end of the settlement there are three end of the settlement there are three end of the settlement there are three phases of occupation which represent an phases of occupation which represent an phases of occupation which represent an almost continuous inhabitation of the almost continuous inhabitation of the almost continuous inhabitation of the site by this group called The site by this group called The site by this group called The essenes however that's not to say that essenes however that's not to say that essenes however that's not to say that this site is without questions in fact this site is without questions in fact this site is without questions in fact the exact nature of the settlement is the exact nature of the settlement is the exact nature of the settlement is the focus of debates ongoing even today the focus of debates ongoing even today the focus of debates ongoing even today the original excavator thought that the original excavator thought that the original excavator thought that Kuman was the settlement for the essenes Kuman was the settlement for the essenes Kuman was the settlement for the essenes this Jewish sect and he thought that this Jewish sect and he thought that this Jewish sect and he thought that they had left the Dead Sea they had left the Dead Sea they had left the Dead Sea Scrolls other Scholars have suggested Scrolls other Scholars have suggested Scrolls other Scholars have suggested that kumran was a large Villa or even that kumran was a large Villa or even that kumran was a large Villa or even something entirely different the debate something entirely different the debate something entirely different the debate is now ongoing fueled by more recent is now ongoing fueled by more recent is now ongoing fueled by more recent discoveries now Josephus the Jewish discoveries now Josephus the Jewish discoveries now Josephus the Jewish General and Roman historian whom we have General and Roman historian whom we have General and Roman historian whom we have mentioned as writing towards the end of mentioned as writing towards the end of mentioned as writing towards the end of the first century CE mentions three the first century CE mentions three the first century CE mentions three kinds of schools or visions of Jews in kinds of schools or visions of Jews in kinds of schools or visions of Jews in his day Pharisees Sadducees and Essen his day Pharisees Sadducees and Essen his day Pharisees Sadducees and Essen we've briefly discussed these in our we've briefly discussed these in our we've briefly discussed these in our previous lecture and let me just mention previous lecture and let me just mention previous lecture and let me just mention here that Josephus devotes his longest

here that Josephus devotes his longest here that Josephus devotes his longest description to the essenes in his book description to the essenes in his book description to the essenes in his book The Jewish Wars and even though what we The Jewish Wars and even though what we The Jewish Wars and even though what we know about the kumran community does not know about the kumran community does not know about the kumran community does not completely agree with Josephus in every completely agree with Josephus in every completely agree with Josephus in every detail most modern Scholars have detail most modern Scholars have detail most modern Scholars have accepted the identification of the accepted the identification of the accepted the identification of the kumran Community with the essenes or kumran Community with the essenes or kumran Community with the essenes or some branch of them and thus the Dead some branch of them and thus the Dead some branch of them and thus the Dead Sea Scrolls would represent the library Sea Scrolls would represent the library Sea Scrolls would represent the library of these of these of these essenes the Jewish philosopher Pho or essenes the Jewish philosopher Pho or essenes the Jewish philosopher Pho or felo of Alexandria who lived during the felo of Alexandria who lived during the felo of Alexandria who lived during the first half of the first century CE tells first half of the first century CE tells first half of the first century CE tells us that the esss numbered about 4,000 us that the esss numbered about 4,000 us that the esss numbered about 4,000 people in all and plenty the Elder who people in all and plenty the Elder who people in all and plenty the Elder who lives also in the first century CE tells lives also in the first century CE tells lives also in the first century CE tells us about a community of essenes and he us about a community of essenes and he us about a community of essenes and he writes as follows in his natural history writes as follows in his natural history writes as follows in his natural history on the west side of the Dead Sea out of on the west side of the Dead Sea out of on the west side of the Dead Sea out of range of the noxious exhalations of the range of the noxious exhalations of the range of the noxious exhalations of the coast is the solitary tribe of the essin coast is the solitary tribe of the essin coast is the solitary tribe of the essin which is remarkable beyond all the other which is remarkable beyond all the other which is remarkable beyond all the other tribes in the whole world as it has no tribes in the whole world as it has no tribes in the whole world as it has no women and has renounced all sexual women and has renounced all sexual women and has renounced all sexual desire has no money and has only palm desire has no money and has only palm desire has no money and has only palm trees for trees for trees for company day by day the throng of company day by day the throng of company day by day the throng of refugees is recruited to an equal number refugees is recruited to an equal number refugees is recruited to an equal number by numerous successions of personnel by numerous successions of personnel by numerous successions of personnel tired of life and driven there by ways tired of life and driven there by ways tired of life and driven there by ways of Fortune to adopt Their Manners thus of Fortune to adopt Their Manners thus of Fortune to adopt Their Manners thus through thousands of years incredible to through thousands of years incredible to through thousands of years incredible to relate a race in which no one is born

relate a race in which no one is born relate a race in which no one is born lives on forever so prolific for their lives on forever so prolific for their lives on forever so prolific for their advantage as other men's weariness of advantage as other men's weariness of advantage as other men's weariness of Life lying below the essenes was Life lying below the essenes was Life lying below the essenes was formerly the town of enti second only to formerly the town of enti second only to formerly the town of enti second only to Jerusalem next comes Mada a fortress on Jerusalem next comes Mada a fortress on Jerusalem next comes Mada a fortress on a rock itself also not far from the dead a rock itself also not far from the dead a rock itself also not far from the dead see this is the limit of Judea so we are see this is the limit of Judea so we are see this is the limit of Judea so we are given this geographical description and given this geographical description and given this geographical description and most Scholars today would agree that most Scholars today would agree that most Scholars today would agree that kumran is probably the home of this kumran is probably the home of this kumran is probably the home of this group called The group called The group called The essenes whether or not kumran is the essenes whether or not kumran is the essenes whether or not kumran is the home of the essenes it does seem most home of the essenes it does seem most home of the essenes it does seem most likely that the Dead Sea Scrolls came likely that the Dead Sea Scrolls came likely that the Dead Sea Scrolls came from the settlement of kumran and that from the settlement of kumran and that from the settlement of kumran and that they represent the library of the sett they represent the library of the sett they represent the library of the sett sement they were most likely hidden by sement they were most likely hidden by sement they were most likely hidden by members of the community who then fled members of the community who then fled members of the community who then fled from the Romans in the year 68 CE from the Romans in the year 68 CE from the Romans in the year 68 CE intending one day to return and retrieve intending one day to return and retrieve intending one day to return and retrieve their Library Unfortunately they did not their Library Unfortunately they did not their Library Unfortunately they did not return they were all probably killed or return they were all probably killed or return they were all probably killed or sent off into Exile and so their Library sent off into Exile and so their Library sent off into Exile and so their Library remained in the caves in which they hid remained in the caves in which they hid remained in the caves in which they hid it my students frequently refer to these it my students frequently refer to these it my students frequently refer to these as the most overdue library books in the as the most overdue library books in the as the most overdue library books in the history of the history of the history of the world if we turn specifically to the world if we turn specifically to the world if we turn specifically to the caves and the Scrolls that were found in caves and the Scrolls that were found in caves and the Scrolls that were found in them we're looking at about a total of them we're looking at about a total of them we're looking at about a total of 30 caves extending about 2 mil North and

30 caves extending about 2 mil North and 30 caves extending about 2 mil North and 2 miles south of kumran all of which 2 miles south of kumran all of which 2 miles south of kumran all of which were used and or occupied at the same were used and or occupied at the same were used and or occupied at the same time as the settlement of time as the settlement of time as the settlement of kumran the first Dead Sea Scrolls were kumran the first Dead Sea Scrolls were kumran the first Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered sometime during the winter of discovered sometime during the winter of discovered sometime during the winter of 1946 and 1946 and 1946 and 1947 three cousins belonging to a beduan 1947 three cousins belonging to a beduan 1947 three cousins belonging to a beduan tribe were watering their flocks of tribe were watering their flocks of tribe were watering their flocks of sheep and goat at a place called a feska sheep and goat at a place called a feska sheep and goat at a place called a feska nearby where several freshwater Springs nearby where several freshwater Springs nearby where several freshwater Springs are located this is about 2 miles to the are located this is about 2 miles to the are located this is about 2 miles to the south of kumran during this water stop south of kumran during this water stop south of kumran during this water stop one of the three boys began exploring one of the three boys began exploring one of the three boys began exploring the hundreds of caves that dotted the the hundreds of caves that dotted the the hundreds of caves that dotted the cliffs in the kumran area we're told cliffs in the kumran area we're told cliffs in the kumran area we're told that he was hoping to find hidden gold that he was hoping to find hidden gold that he was hoping to find hidden gold old one day this young man was intrigued old one day this young man was intrigued old one day this young man was intrigued by a pair of openings one above the by a pair of openings one above the by a pair of openings one above the other in The Cliff face above him he other in The Cliff face above him he other in The Cliff face above him he threw a rock into the cave many feet threw a rock into the cave many feet threw a rock into the cave many feet above him and heard the sound of above him and heard the sound of above him and heard the sound of shattering Pottery since it was already shattering Pottery since it was already shattering Pottery since it was already growing dark he decided to wait until growing dark he decided to wait until growing dark he decided to wait until the next day and brought his two friends the next day and brought his two friends the next day and brought his two friends with him to investigate this cave with him to investigate this cave with him to investigate this cave however one of his friends woke up however one of his friends woke up however one of his friends woke up earlier than the other Muhammad earlier than the other Muhammad earlier than the other Muhammad nicknamed The Wolf and he decided not to nicknamed The Wolf and he decided not to nicknamed The Wolf and he decided not to wait for his two friends climbed up to wait for his two friends climbed up to wait for his two friends climbed up to the cave by himself and when he got the cave by himself and when he got the cave by himself and when he got inside and his eyes grew accustomed to inside and his eyes grew accustomed to inside and his eyes grew accustomed to the darkness he saw that the floor was the darkness he saw that the floor was the darkness he saw that the floor was covered with broken pieces of pottery in covered with broken pieces of pottery in covered with broken pieces of pottery in fact what he saw was about 10 jars

fact what he saw was about 10 jars fact what he saw was about 10 jars stacked against the walls eight of the stacked against the walls eight of the stacked against the walls eight of the jars were empty one of course was broken jars were empty one of course was broken jars were empty one of course was broken by the rock that had been thrown in but by the rock that had been thrown in but by the rock that had been thrown in but from one of the jars he pulled out two from one of the jars he pulled out two from one of the jars he pulled out two bundles wrapped in linen as as well as a bundles wrapped in linen as as well as a bundles wrapped in linen as as well as a leather leather leather scroll when he got back his uh two scroll when he got back his uh two scroll when he got back his uh two friends his cousins uh were rather friends his cousins uh were rather friends his cousins uh were rather disapproving not only had he gone off disapproving not only had he gone off disapproving not only had he gone off without them but he had failed to find without them but he had failed to find without them but he had failed to find any gold and all he could show them were any gold and all he could show them were any gold and all he could show them were these three dirty bundles two wrapped in these three dirty bundles two wrapped in these three dirty bundles two wrapped in linen and then the scroll in leather linen and then the scroll in leather linen and then the scroll in leather when they unrolled the bundles in linen when they unrolled the bundles in linen when they unrolled the bundles in linen it turned out that they contained it turned out that they contained it turned out that they contained leather Scrolls also leather Scrolls also leather Scrolls also so these three Scrolls which were so these three Scrolls which were so these three Scrolls which were covered in writing in a strange script covered in writing in a strange script covered in writing in a strange script which they could not recognize were which they could not recognize were which they could not recognize were taken back to their bedan Camp were taken back to their bedan Camp were taken back to their bedan Camp were shown around for a while and then left shown around for a while and then left shown around for a while and then left to hang in a bag from a tent pole to hang in a bag from a tent pole to hang in a bag from a tent pole eventually they went to Bethlehem and eventually they went to Bethlehem and eventually they went to Bethlehem and sold the Scrolls to a dealer known as sold the Scrolls to a dealer known as sold the Scrolls to a dealer known as cando now cando was not only an cando now cando was not only an cando now cando was not only an Antiquities dealer but he was also a Antiquities dealer but he was also a Antiquities dealer but he was also a leather maker and the word is that he leather maker and the word is that he leather maker and the word is that he figured if he couldn't sell the Scrolls figured if he couldn't sell the Scrolls figured if he couldn't sell the Scrolls at the very least he could make them at the very least he could make them at the very least he could make them into sandals using the into sandals using the into sandals using the leather now we're not quite sure what leather now we're not quite sure what leather now we're not quite sure what happened in the months that followed it happened in the months that followed it happened in the months that followed it seems though that the bins began seems though that the bins began seems though that the bins began searching for more Scrolls and that

searching for more Scrolls and that searching for more Scrolls and that eventually four more Scrolls were eventually four more Scrolls were eventually four more Scrolls were brought back to Bethlehem and given to brought back to Bethlehem and given to brought back to Bethlehem and given to the dealer cando we think that these the dealer cando we think that these the dealer cando we think that these four additional Scrolls were found in four additional Scrolls were found in four additional Scrolls were found in the same cave as the first three Scrolls the same cave as the first three Scrolls the same cave as the first three Scrolls but we're not completely but we're not completely but we're not completely sure well the very first scholar to see sure well the very first scholar to see sure well the very first scholar to see the dead SE Scrolls was eleazer sukenic the dead SE Scrolls was eleazer sukenic the dead SE Scrolls was eleazer sukenic who is Professor of archaeology at the who is Professor of archaeology at the who is Professor of archaeology at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem during Hebrew University in Jerusalem during Hebrew University in Jerusalem during the last week in November in 1947 he the last week in November in 1947 he the last week in November in 1947 he received an Urgent received an Urgent received an Urgent Message From A Friend asking him to Message From A Friend asking him to Message From A Friend asking him to telephone as quickly as telephone as quickly as telephone as quickly as possible and when he went to meet the possible and when he went to meet the possible and when he went to meet the friend the the friend handed him a scrap friend the the friend handed him a scrap friend the the friend handed him a scrap of parchment held it up for him to of parchment held it up for him to of parchment held it up for him to see when sucan took a look at it he see when sucan took a look at it he see when sucan took a look at it he realized that it was an ancient scroll realized that it was an ancient scroll realized that it was an ancient scroll and he asked to see the rest of them he and he asked to see the rest of them he and he asked to see the rest of them he said that he would be willing to buy said that he would be willing to buy said that he would be willing to buy them on behalf of Hebrew University so them on behalf of Hebrew University so them on behalf of Hebrew University so sukenic and his friend went down to sukenic and his friend went down to sukenic and his friend went down to Bethlehem on the 29th of November in Bethlehem on the 29th of November in Bethlehem on the 29th of November in 1947 made arrangements to buy the three 1947 made arrangements to buy the three 1947 made arrangements to buy the three Scrolls that he had been offered he went Scrolls that he had been offered he went Scrolls that he had been offered he went down and back by bus made it back down and back by bus made it back down and back by bus made it back without incident and in possession of without incident and in possession of without incident and in possession of the Scrolls just a couple hours after he the Scrolls just a couple hours after he the Scrolls just a couple hours after he got back to Jerusalem the UN resolution got back to Jerusalem the UN resolution got back to Jerusalem the UN resolution was passed creating the state of Israel was passed creating the state of Israel was passed creating the state of Israel and all contact between the Jewish and and all contact between the Jewish and and all contact between the Jewish and the Arab sectors was cut off for the

the Arab sectors was cut off for the the Arab sectors was cut off for the next few months so he made it back next few months so he made it back next few months so he made it back literally by a matter of hours so what did he have what were in hours so what did he have what were in the three Scrolls the the first two were the three Scrolls the the first two were the three Scrolls the the first two were non-biblical Scrolls one was called The non-biblical Scrolls one was called The non-biblical Scrolls one was called The War of the sons of Light against the War of the sons of Light against the War of the sons of Light against the sons of darkness and the other was sons of darkness and the other was sons of darkness and the other was something called the Thanksgiving scroll something called the Thanksgiving scroll something called the Thanksgiving scroll the third scroll was a copy of the book the third scroll was a copy of the book the third scroll was a copy of the book of of of Isaiah now before the discovery of the Isaiah now before the discovery of the Isaiah now before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls the oldest copy of any Dead Sea Scrolls the oldest copy of any Dead Sea Scrolls the oldest copy of any part of the Hebrew Bible was dated to part of the Hebrew Bible was dated to part of the Hebrew Bible was dated to the year 895 CE the year 895 CE the year 895 CE this copy of the book of Isaiah was this copy of the book of Isaiah was this copy of the book of Isaiah was dated to about 100 BCE so it is nearly a dated to about 100 BCE so it is nearly a dated to about 100 BCE so it is nearly a thousand years thousand years thousand years earlier the difference between the Dead earlier the difference between the Dead earlier the difference between the Dead Sea scroll copy of the book of Isaiah Sea scroll copy of the book of Isaiah Sea scroll copy of the book of Isaiah and the later copies of the book of and the later copies of the book of and the later copies of the book of Isaiah are insignificant there are only Isaiah are insignificant there are only Isaiah are insignificant there are only about 13 little differences and this about 13 little differences and this about 13 little differences and this shows the care with which the text of shows the care with which the text of shows the care with which the text of the book of Isaiah have been transmitted the book of Isaiah have been transmitted the book of Isaiah have been transmitted over the centuries other books later over the centuries other books later over the centuries other books later they found out from the Dead Sea Scrolls they found out from the Dead Sea Scrolls they found out from the Dead Sea Scrolls show much more major differences but the show much more major differences but the show much more major differences but the book of Isaiah seems to have been handed book of Isaiah seems to have been handed book of Isaiah seems to have been handed down pretty much intact over the down pretty much intact over the down pretty much intact over the years it turned out upon further years it turned out upon further years it turned out upon further research that the so-called Thanksgiving research that the so-called Thanksgiving research that the so-called Thanksgiving scroll was a copy of the prayer book of

scroll was a copy of the prayer book of scroll was a copy of the prayer book of the the the community and the so-called War community and the so-called War community and the so-called War scroll is very very interesting scroll is very very interesting scroll is very very interesting as well the war scroll describes a war as well the war scroll describes a war as well the war scroll describes a war in which God and His angels will join in which God and His angels will join in which God and His angels will join the sons of Light as are the essenes in the sons of Light as are the essenes in the sons of Light as are the essenes in wiping out all evil and their enemies wiping out all evil and their enemies wiping out all evil and their enemies the sons of the sons of the sons of Darkness so in this war scroll it says Darkness so in this war scroll it says Darkness so in this war scroll it says and I quote the sons of Light ruled by and I quote the sons of Light ruled by and I quote the sons of Light ruled by the prince or angel of Light are the the prince or angel of Light are the the prince or angel of Light are the members of the sect ranged against them members of the sect ranged against them members of the sect ranged against them are the sons of Darkness who walk in the are the sons of Darkness who walk in the are the sons of Darkness who walk in the ways of the prince or Angel of Darkness ways of the prince or Angel of Darkness ways of the prince or Angel of Darkness the end of days will be marked by a the end of days will be marked by a the end of days will be marked by a climatic war between the two groups and climatic war between the two groups and climatic war between the two groups and with the help of the prince of light in with the help of the prince of light in with the help of the prince of light in the mighty hand of God the sons of Light the mighty hand of God the sons of Light the mighty hand of God the sons of Light will emerge the victors in other words will emerge the victors in other words will emerge the victors in other words we're looking at one of the first we're looking at one of the first we're looking at one of the first descriptions of the battle of descriptions of the battle of descriptions of the battle of Armageddon and if we take a look at Armageddon and if we take a look at Armageddon and if we take a look at portions of the New Testament you can portions of the New Testament you can portions of the New Testament you can see some things that are very similar to see some things that are very similar to see some things that are very similar to the phrases that we find in this war the phrases that we find in this war the phrases that we find in this war scroll for example in first thesans it scroll for example in first thesans it scroll for example in first thesans it says but you are not in darkness says but you are not in darkness says but you are not in darkness brethren for you are all sons of Light brethren for you are all sons of Light brethren for you are all sons of Light and Sons of the day and in 2 Corinthians and Sons of the day and in 2 Corinthians and Sons of the day and in 2 Corinthians it says for what partnership have it says for what partnership have it says for what partnership have righteousness and iniquity or what righteousness and iniquity or what righteousness and iniquity or what Fellowship has light with Fellowship has light with Fellowship has light with darkness and then the whole concept and darkness and then the whole concept and darkness and then the whole concept and comparison between light and darkness is comparison between light and darkness is comparison between light and darkness is continued in the fourth gospel and the

continued in the fourth gospel and the continued in the fourth gospel and the Epistles of John Jesus said to them He Epistles of John Jesus said to them He Epistles of John Jesus said to them He Who Walks in the darkness does not know Who Walks in the darkness does not know Who Walks in the darkness does not know where he goes while you have the light where he goes while you have the light where he goes while you have the light believe in the light that you may become believe in the light that you may become believe in the light that you may become sons of Light so it looks like the sons of Light so it looks like the sons of Light so it looks like the essens and the early Christians have a essens and the early Christians have a essens and the early Christians have a common theological world view both were common theological world view both were common theological world view both were living at the end of days both were living at the end of days both were living at the end of days both were living in a world in which the powers of living in a world in which the powers of living in a world in which the powers of righteousness and the power of evil are righteousness and the power of evil are righteousness and the power of evil are engaged in Warfare but we are not engaged in Warfare but we are not engaged in Warfare but we are not looking here at copies of the New looking here at copies of the New looking here at copies of the New Testament we are looking at something Testament we are looking at something Testament we are looking at something different and yet similar to what will different and yet similar to what will different and yet similar to what will be later written in the New Testament be later written in the New Testament be later written in the New Testament it's obvious that the essens saw it's obvious that the essens saw it's obvious that the essens saw themselves as soldiers in a holy war at themselves as soldiers in a holy war at themselves as soldiers in a holy war at the end of time in the war scroll they the end of time in the war scroll they the end of time in the war scroll they divide themselves into armies and divide themselves into armies and divide themselves into armies and divisions and companies and even divisions and companies and even divisions and companies and even squads since they're engaged in a war squads since they're engaged in a war squads since they're engaged in a war for God they believe in keeping the for God they believe in keeping the for God they believe in keeping the purity of their camps refraining from purity of their camps refraining from purity of their camps refraining from sex and from Marriage keeping stringent sex and from Marriage keeping stringent sex and from Marriage keeping stringent sanitary regulations and all the rest sanitary regulations and all the rest sanitary regulations and all the rest it's not that they forbade marriage as it's not that they forbade marriage as it's not that they forbade marriage as such but only marriage under the present such but only marriage under the present such but only marriage under the present circumstance an circumstance an circumstance an es now two months after elazer sukenic es now two months after elazer sukenic es now two months after elazer sukenic had bought the first set of Scrolls had bought the first set of Scrolls had bought the first set of Scrolls someone else got in touch with him again someone else got in touch with him again someone else got in touch with him again and produced four more Dead Sea Scrolls and produced four more Dead Sea Scrolls and produced four more Dead Sea Scrolls asked if succinic wanted to buy asked if succinic wanted to buy asked if succinic wanted to buy them the Scrolls belonged to the head of them the Scrolls belonged to the head of them the Scrolls belonged to the head of the Syrian Orthodox Church a man named

the Syrian Orthodox Church a man named the Syrian Orthodox Church a man named Archbishop Archbishop Archbishop Samuel the Archbishop had bought the Samuel the Archbishop had bought the Samuel the Archbishop had bought the four Scrolls from the same bwin that four Scrolls from the same bwin that four Scrolls from the same bwin that sucan had bought them and indeed these sucan had bought them and indeed these sucan had bought them and indeed these are the ones that probably came from the are the ones that probably came from the are the ones that probably came from the same cave we're told that the Archbishop same cave we're told that the Archbishop same cave we're told that the Archbishop had bought the four Scrolls for about had bought the four Scrolls for about had bought the four Scrolls for about $50 sucan looked at the four Scrolls $50 sucan looked at the four Scrolls $50 sucan looked at the four Scrolls said that they were genuine that they said that they were genuine that they said that they were genuine that they were from the same place as the three were from the same place as the three were from the same place as the three that he already had and that in fact one that he already had and that in fact one that he already had and that in fact one of them was another copy of the book of of them was another copy of the book of of them was another copy of the book of Isaiah but in even better condition than Isaiah but in even better condition than Isaiah but in even better condition than the one that he already the one that he already the one that he already had he told the Archbishop that he was had he told the Archbishop that he was had he told the Archbishop that he was willing to buy these four again for the willing to buy these four again for the willing to buy these four again for the Hebrew University and they agreed to Hebrew University and they agreed to Hebrew University and they agreed to meet a couple days later but the sale meet a couple days later but the sale meet a couple days later but the sale never took place that was the last that never took place that was the last that never took place that was the last that sukenic ever saw of the Scrolls months sukenic ever saw of the Scrolls months sukenic ever saw of the Scrolls months later he received a message saying that later he received a message saying that later he received a message saying that the Archbishop had decided not to sell the Archbishop had decided not to sell the Archbishop had decided not to sell the Scrolls and indeed it turned out the Scrolls and indeed it turned out the Scrolls and indeed it turned out that sucan had only been called in to that sucan had only been called in to that sucan had only been called in to ascertain that the Scrolls were genuine ascertain that the Scrolls were genuine ascertain that the Scrolls were genuine and when he expressed his desire ire to and when he expressed his desire ire to and when he expressed his desire ire to buy them the answer was obvious that buy them the answer was obvious that buy them the answer was obvious that these Scrolls were indeed genuine the these Scrolls were indeed genuine the these Scrolls were indeed genuine the Archbishop was advised that he could get Archbishop was advised that he could get Archbishop was advised that he could get a much better price for the Scrolls in a much better price for the Scrolls in a much better price for the Scrolls in the United States and that's where he the United States and that's where he the United States and that's where he eventually took them Archbishop Samuel eventually took them Archbishop Samuel eventually took them Archbishop Samuel came to the United States early in 1949 came to the United States early in 1949 came to the United States early in 1949 taking the scrolls with them and hoping taking the scrolls with them and hoping taking the scrolls with them and hoping to sell them for several million dollars

to sell them for several million dollars to sell them for several million dollars he tried to do so for the next 5 years he tried to do so for the next 5 years he tried to do so for the next 5 years but found no takers at that Hefty price but found no takers at that Hefty price but found no takers at that Hefty price elas succinic died early in elas succinic died early in elas succinic died early in 1953 never knowing that the additional 1953 never knowing that the additional 1953 never knowing that the additional four Scrolls would eventually end up four Scrolls would eventually end up four Scrolls would eventually end up back in Jerusalem and that he would know back in Jerusalem and that he would know back in Jerusalem and that he would know well the person responsible for well the person responsible for well the person responsible for retrieving retrieving retrieving them in them in them in 1954 an Israeli archaeologist by the 1954 an Israeli archaeologist by the 1954 an Israeli archaeologist by the name of yal yadin a rather famous name of yal yadin a rather famous name of yal yadin a rather famous Israeli archaeologist was in the United Israeli archaeologist was in the United Israeli archaeologist was in the United States lecturing in Baltimore and New States lecturing in Baltimore and New States lecturing in Baltimore and New York his topic was the translation and York his topic was the translation and York his topic was the translation and interpretation of the original Three interpretation of the original Three interpretation of the original Three Scrolls which sucan had bought while Scrolls which sucan had bought while Scrolls which sucan had bought while chatting with William F Albright at chatting with William F Albright at chatting with William F Albright at John's Hopkins University in Baltimore John's Hopkins University in Baltimore John's Hopkins University in Baltimore yugal odine heard that Archbishop Samuel yugal odine heard that Archbishop Samuel yugal odine heard that Archbishop Samuel had dropped his asking price for the had dropped his asking price for the had dropped his asking price for the four Scrolls from several million doar four Scrolls from several million doar four Scrolls from several million doar to down around a half a million dollars to down around a half a million dollars to down around a half a million dollars and that even at that price he had still and that even at that price he had still and that even at that price he had still found no American found no American found no American buyers a few days later on the 1st of buyers a few days later on the 1st of buyers a few days later on the 1st of June June June 1954 a journalist a friend of yet de 1954 a journalist a friend of yet de 1954 a journalist a friend of yet de drew his attention to a tiny drew his attention to a tiny drew his attention to a tiny advertisement in that day's issue of the advertisement in that day's issue of the advertisement in that day's issue of the Wall Street Journal the classified ad Wall Street Journal the classified ad Wall Street Journal the classified ad was labeled the four Dead Sea Scrolls was labeled the four Dead Sea Scrolls was labeled the four Dead Sea Scrolls and it read as and it read as and it read as follows biblical manuscripts dating back follows biblical manuscripts dating back follows biblical manuscripts dating back at least 200 BC are for sale ideal gift at least 200 BC are for sale ideal gift at least 200 BC are for sale ideal gift to an educational or religious to an educational or religious to an educational or religious institution by an individual or group

institution by an individual or group institution by an individual or group and then it gave a box number for and then it gave a box number for and then it gave a box number for replies obviously it was the Archbishop replies obviously it was the Archbishop replies obviously it was the Archbishop who had placed the who had placed the who had placed the ad to make a long story short acting ad to make a long story short acting ad to make a long story short acting through an intermediary with no obvious through an intermediary with no obvious through an intermediary with no obvious affiliation to Israel yugal yoden bought affiliation to Israel yugal yoden bought affiliation to Israel yugal yoden bought the four Scrolls from Archbishop Samuel the four Scrolls from Archbishop Samuel the four Scrolls from Archbishop Samuel for for for $250,000 the state of Israel actually $250,000 the state of Israel actually $250,000 the state of Israel actually underwrote the cost and repaid the underwrote the cost and repaid the underwrote the cost and repaid the person who had bought the Scrolls in the person who had bought the Scrolls in the person who had bought the Scrolls in the first place and most interestingly first place and most interestingly first place and most interestingly enough what many people do not realize enough what many people do not realize enough what many people do not realize is that yugal yudin was the son of is that yugal yudin was the son of is that yugal yudin was the son of Eleazar Suk Eleazar Suk Eleazar Suk he had taken an Israeli name and he had he had taken an Israeli name and he had he had taken an Israeli name and he had managed to purchase the four Scrolls managed to purchase the four Scrolls managed to purchase the four Scrolls that had eluded his father bringing them that had eluded his father bringing them that had eluded his father bringing them back to Jerusalem the seven Scrolls were back to Jerusalem the seven Scrolls were back to Jerusalem the seven Scrolls were United and were placed in what is now United and were placed in what is now United and were placed in what is now called The Shrine of the book which called The Shrine of the book which called The Shrine of the book which stands outside the Israel Museum its stands outside the Israel Museum its stands outside the Israel Museum its prize exhibits are the first seven Dead prize exhibits are the first seven Dead prize exhibits are the first seven Dead Sea Scrolls plus the temple scroll which Sea Scrolls plus the temple scroll which Sea Scrolls plus the temple scroll which yal yuden also managed to acquire for yal yuden also managed to acquire for yal yuden also managed to acquire for Israel now what was in the next four Israel now what was in the next four Israel now what was in the next four Scrolls that yal yoden had bought from Scrolls that yal yoden had bought from Scrolls that yal yoden had bought from Archbishop Samuel one of these as we Archbishop Samuel one of these as we Archbishop Samuel one of these as we have mentioned was another copy of the have mentioned was another copy of the have mentioned was another copy of the book of Isaiah more complete than the book of Isaiah more complete than the book of Isaiah more complete than the one that sukenic had bought in the first one that sukenic had bought in the first one that sukenic had bought in the first place this is the one that is now place this is the one that is now place this is the one that is now displayed unrolled in the Shrine of the displayed unrolled in the Shrine of the displayed unrolled in the Shrine of the book actually now there is a fact simile book actually now there is a fact simile book actually now there is a fact simile up there because the original was up there because the original was up there because the original was beginning to deteriorate the other Scrolls were the

deteriorate the other Scrolls were the manual of manual of manual of discipline some called The Genesis discipline some called The Genesis discipline some called The Genesis apocryphon which is a retelling of the apocryphon which is a retelling of the apocryphon which is a retelling of the story of Genesis from Noah to Abraham story of Genesis from Noah to Abraham story of Genesis from Noah to Abraham and something called the peser or a and something called the peser or a and something called the peser or a commentary on habakuk now the manual of commentary on habakuk now the manual of commentary on habakuk now the manual of discipline is the rule book of the Essen discipline is the rule book of the Essen discipline is the rule book of the Essen community in the manual of discipline it community in the manual of discipline it community in the manual of discipline it says for example he God has created man says for example he God has created man says for example he God has created man to govern the world and has appointed to govern the world and has appointed to govern the world and has appointed for him two Spirits in which to walk for him two Spirits in which to walk for him two Spirits in which to walk until the time of his visitation the until the time of his visitation the until the time of his visitation the spirits of Truth and falsehood the spirits of Truth and falsehood the spirits of Truth and falsehood the origins of Truth are from the source of origins of Truth are from the source of origins of Truth are from the source of light and of the source of Darkness are light and of the source of Darkness are light and of the source of Darkness are the origins of evil the sons of the origins of evil the sons of the origins of evil the sons of righteousness shall be ruled by the righteousness shall be ruled by the righteousness shall be ruled by the prince of light and in the hand of the prince of light and in the hand of the prince of light and in the hand of the Angel of Darkness is the rule of all the Angel of Darkness is the rule of all the Angel of Darkness is the rule of all the sons of evil and again these remind us a sons of evil and again these remind us a sons of evil and again these remind us a bit of the letters of John and Paul in bit of the letters of John and Paul in bit of the letters of John and Paul in the New the New the New Testament not long after this date the Testament not long after this date the Testament not long after this date the bedan described another cave which bedan described another cave which bedan described another cave which contain Scrolls close to the first one contain Scrolls close to the first one contain Scrolls close to the first one from this kumran cave number two came 33 from this kumran cave number two came 33 from this kumran cave number two came 33 fragmentary texts 18 biblical and 15 fragmentary texts 18 biblical and 15 fragmentary texts 18 biblical and 15 non-biblical non-biblical non-biblical these brought back the archaeologist and these brought back the archaeologist and these brought back the archaeologist and provoked a fullscale official search of provoked a fullscale official search of provoked a fullscale official search of all the caves and the cliffs extending all the caves and the cliffs extending all the caves and the cliffs extending over a stretch of 5 miles this search over a stretch of 5 miles this search over a stretch of 5 miles this search revealed cave number three which is the revealed cave number three which is the revealed cave number three which is the most Northerly of the caves that yielded

most Northerly of the caves that yielded most Northerly of the caves that yielded manuscripts in here there are 14 manuscripts in here there are 14 manuscripts in here there are 14 fragmentary text three of them from the fragmentary text three of them from the fragmentary text three of them from the Bible and 11 non-biblical Bible and 11 non-biblical Bible and 11 non-biblical cave number three also contained two cave number three also contained two cave number three also contained two Scrolls which caused a great deal of Scrolls which caused a great deal of Scrolls which caused a great deal of excitement for they were both made of excitement for they were both made of excitement for they were both made of copper and when connected for they copper and when connected for they copper and when connected for they turned out to form a single manuscript turned out to form a single manuscript turned out to form a single manuscript they have come to be known as The Copper they have come to be known as The Copper they have come to be known as The Copper Scroll this Copper Scroll was completely Scroll this Copper Scroll was completely Scroll this Copper Scroll was completely rolled up and was extremely difficult to rolled up and was extremely difficult to rolled up and was extremely difficult to unroll unroll unroll finally in Manchester England the Copper finally in Manchester England the Copper finally in Manchester England the Copper Scroll was saw it was cut into separate Scroll was saw it was cut into separate Scroll was saw it was cut into separate pieces once cut the pieces were then pieces once cut the pieces were then pieces once cut the pieces were then flattened again and reattached resulting flattened again and reattached resulting flattened again and reattached resulting in the original flat scroll as it had in the original flat scroll as it had in the original flat scroll as it had first been written and it could then be first been written and it could then be first been written and it could then be read for it turned out that it was read for it turned out that it was read for it turned out that it was written in written in written in Hebrew although the contents of the Hebrew although the contents of the Hebrew although the contents of the scroll were not published until scroll were not published until scroll were not published until 1956 it quickly became clear that the 1956 it quickly became clear that the 1956 it quickly became clear that the contents had to do with hidden treasure contents had to do with hidden treasure contents had to do with hidden treasure specifically as it turned out with 64 specifically as it turned out with 64 specifically as it turned out with 64 separate treasures and their separate treasures and their separate treasures and their locations among the suggestions that locations among the suggestions that locations among the suggestions that have been made is the speculation that have been made is the speculation that have been made is the speculation that this list refers to Temple Treasures this list refers to Temple Treasures this list refers to Temple Treasures smuggled out of Jerusalem during the smuggled out of Jerusalem during the smuggled out of Jerusalem during the first Jewish Revolt from the year 66 first Jewish Revolt from the year 66 first Jewish Revolt from the year 66 until until until 70 but despite more than one expedition 70 but despite more than one expedition 70 but despite more than one expedition in search of this lost wealth nothing

in search of this lost wealth nothing in search of this lost wealth nothing has turned up yet nothing has been found has turned up yet nothing has been found has turned up yet nothing has been found it's now widely suspected that not only it's now widely suspected that not only it's now widely suspected that not only the hiding places but perhaps the the hiding places but perhaps the the hiding places but perhaps the treasures themselves have been made up treasures themselves have been made up treasures themselves have been made up but the discussion continues until but the discussion continues until but the discussion continues until today now the archaeologist found cave today now the archaeologist found cave today now the archaeologist found cave number three the BNS found the next cave number three the BNS found the next cave number three the BNS found the next cave over the next six months they brought to over the next six months they brought to over the next six months they brought to Jerusalem more manuscripts from a couple Jerusalem more manuscripts from a couple Jerusalem more manuscripts from a couple of caves that they wouldn't identify of caves that they wouldn't identify of caves that they wouldn't identify their scroll hunt was undoubtedly being their scroll hunt was undoubtedly being their scroll hunt was undoubtedly being conducted on a massive conducted on a massive conducted on a massive scale cave number four proved to contain scale cave number four proved to contain scale cave number four proved to contain the remains of 500 the remains of 500 the remains of 500 manuscripts it didn't have any complete manuscripts it didn't have any complete manuscripts it didn't have any complete Scrolls but it had heaps upon heaps of Scrolls but it had heaps upon heaps of Scrolls but it had heaps upon heaps of fragments between 15,000 and 40,000 fragments between 15,000 and 40,000 fragments between 15,000 and 40,000 fragments which constitute a gigantic fragments which constitute a gigantic fragments which constitute a gigantic jigsaw puzzle for jigsaw puzzle for jigsaw puzzle for Scholars to date a total of 520 texts Scholars to date a total of 520 texts Scholars to date a total of 520 texts have been identified 157 from the Bible have been identified 157 from the Bible have been identified 157 from the Bible 13 commentaries un quoted parts of the 13 commentaries un quoted parts of the 13 commentaries un quoted parts of the Bible and 350 non-biblical documents Bible and 350 non-biblical documents Bible and 350 non-biblical documents including sectarian text Originals of including sectarian text Originals of including sectarian text Originals of previously known literature and many previously known literature and many previously known literature and many previously unknown Hebrew and Aramaic previously unknown Hebrew and Aramaic previously unknown Hebrew and Aramaic texts virtually all of the manuscripts texts virtually all of the manuscripts texts virtually all of the manuscripts are fragmentary and in an advanced State

are fragmentary and in an advanced State are fragmentary and in an advanced State of Decay of Decay of Decay some of the manuscripts are preserved in some of the manuscripts are preserved in some of the manuscripts are preserved in no more than one or two fragments others no more than one or two fragments others no more than one or two fragments others contain more than 40 Columns of text it contain more than 40 Columns of text it contain more than 40 Columns of text it seems that out of all these fragmentary seems that out of all these fragmentary seems that out of all these fragmentary texts from cave number four virtually texts from cave number four virtually texts from cave number four virtually every book from the Hebrew Bible is every book from the Hebrew Bible is every book from the Hebrew Bible is contained the only book that is missing contained the only book that is missing contained the only book that is missing is the Book of Esther probably by chance is the Book of Esther probably by chance is the Book of Esther probably by chance every other book has been identified in every other book has been identified in every other book has been identified in one or more copies from these Dead Sea one or more copies from these Dead Sea one or more copies from these Dead Sea Scrolls Scrolls Scrolls there is one fragment from the book of there is one fragment from the book of there is one fragment from the book of Samuel which is the oldest piece of the Samuel which is the oldest piece of the Samuel which is the oldest piece of the Bible yet found it dates back to the 3r Bible yet found it dates back to the 3r Bible yet found it dates back to the 3r century BCE we've also got from all the century BCE we've also got from all the century BCE we've also got from all the caves books of Isaiah Deuteronomy and caves books of Isaiah Deuteronomy and caves books of Isaiah Deuteronomy and Psalms Each of which is represented by Psalms Each of which is represented by Psalms Each of which is represented by at least 10 different at least 10 different at least 10 different copies well that concludes our study of copies well that concludes our study of copies well that concludes our study of kumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls in the kumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls in the kumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls in the next lecture we will move on and take a next lecture we will move on and take a next lecture we will move on and take a look at the first and second Jewish look at the first and second Jewish look at the first and second Jewish revolts the two rebellions of the Jews revolts the two rebellions of the Jews revolts the two rebellions of the Jews against the Roman overlords both of against the Roman overlords both of against the Roman overlords both of which ended in disaster and eventually which ended in disaster and eventually which ended in disaster and eventually culminated in the so-called diaspora culminated in the so-called diaspora culminated in the so-called diaspora that spread Jews and Judaism to the four that spread Jews and Judaism to the four that spread Jews and Judaism to the four corners of the 12 a history of ancient Israel lecture 12 a history of ancient Israel lecture 13 from the first Jewish Revolt to the 13 from the first Jewish Revolt to the 13 from the first Jewish Revolt to the second Jewish Rebellion

in this lecture we'll take a look at the in this lecture we'll take a look at the first and second Jewish revolts these first and second Jewish revolts these first and second Jewish revolts these two rebellions by the citizens of two rebellions by the citizens of two rebellions by the citizens of Jerusalem and Palestine against the Jerusalem and Palestine against the Jerusalem and Palestine against the Roman overlords which took place in the Roman overlords which took place in the Roman overlords which took place in the 1 and 2nd centuy CE both of them Ended 1 and 2nd centuy CE both of them Ended 1 and 2nd centuy CE both of them Ended as dramatic failures the first resulted as dramatic failures the first resulted as dramatic failures the first resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem and the in the destruction of Jerusalem and the in the destruction of Jerusalem and the second temple the second Rebellion second temple the second Rebellion second temple the second Rebellion resulted in the banishment of all Jews resulted in the banishment of all Jews resulted in the banishment of all Jews from the city of Jerusalem for more than from the city of Jerusalem for more than from the city of Jerusalem for more than 500 years together the failed rebell 500 years together the failed rebell 500 years together the failed rebell ions resulted in what is now known as ions resulted in what is now known as ions resulted in what is now known as the diaspora spreading Jews and Judaism the diaspora spreading Jews and Judaism the diaspora spreading Jews and Judaism to the four corners of the to the four corners of the to the four corners of the earth hundreds of years after the maban earth hundreds of years after the maban earth hundreds of years after the maban Rebellion against the Romans in 167 BCE Rebellion against the Romans in 167 BCE Rebellion against the Romans in 167 BCE the Jews rose up again twice more in an the Jews rose up again twice more in an the Jews rose up again twice more in an effort to throw off an Overlord in this effort to throw off an Overlord in this effort to throw off an Overlord in this case the Romans rather than the Greeks case the Romans rather than the Greeks case the Romans rather than the Greeks the maban Rebellion had been successful the maban Rebellion had been successful the maban Rebellion had been successful resulting in the haonan kingdom and resulting in the haonan kingdom and resulting in the haonan kingdom and independent Jewish Kingdom lasting for independent Jewish Kingdom lasting for independent Jewish Kingdom lasting for just under a century but these two just under a century but these two just under a century but these two rebellions would have very different rebellions would have very different rebellions would have very different results we begin in about the year 66 CE results we begin in about the year 66 CE results we begin in about the year 66 CE halfway through the 1 Century CE and halfway through the 1 Century CE and halfway through the 1 Century CE and here we have an uprising an uprising here we have an uprising an uprising here we have an uprising an uprising that spread all across not only uh that spread all across not only uh that spread all across not only uh Palestine but also into Egypt and other Palestine but also into Egypt and other Palestine but also into Egypt and other areas of the Roman Empire the Romans areas of the Roman Empire the Romans areas of the Roman Empire the Romans themselves decided that they could not themselves decided that they could not themselves decided that they could not allow this to continue and so they sent

allow this to continue and so they sent allow this to continue and so they sent Roman troops over to Palestina in order Roman troops over to Palestina in order Roman troops over to Palestina in order to put down the to put down the to put down the Rebellion the Roman troops which came to Rebellion the Roman troops which came to Rebellion the Roman troops which came to suppress the Jewish Rebellion were the suppress the Jewish Rebellion were the suppress the Jewish Rebellion were the 12th Legion the leio 12 fumata known as 12th Legion the leio 12 fumata known as 12th Legion the leio 12 fumata known as the Thunderbolts they were based in the Thunderbolts they were based in the Thunderbolts they were based in Antioch in Syria and other men were Antioch in Syria and other men were Antioch in Syria and other men were added to them as well so that there were added to them as well so that there were added to them as well so that there were probably close to 30,000 Infantry probably close to 30,000 Infantry probably close to 30,000 Infantry and and and Horsemen they were led by cestius gallus Horsemen they were led by cestius gallus Horsemen they were led by cestius gallus the Roman governor of the Roman governor of the Roman governor of Syria and in October of 66 CE his army Syria and in October of 66 CE his army Syria and in October of 66 CE his army was about 6 miles away from was about 6 miles away from was about 6 miles away from Jerusalem this in October of 66 is the Jerusalem this in October of 66 is the Jerusalem this in October of 66 is the outbreak of the first Jewish rebellion outbreak of the first Jewish rebellion outbreak of the first Jewish rebellion and we are told what happened by the and we are told what happened by the and we are told what happened by the Jewish General turned Roman historian Jewish General turned Roman historian Jewish General turned Roman historian Josephus he says as for the Jews when Josephus he says as for the Jews when Josephus he says as for the Jews when they saw the war approaching to their they saw the war approaching to their they saw the war approaching to their Metropolis they left the feast and Metropolis they left the feast and Metropolis they left the feast and betook themselves to their arms taking betook themselves to their arms taking betook themselves to their arms taking courage greatly from their multitude courage greatly from their multitude courage greatly from their multitude they went in in a sudden and disorderly they went in in a sudden and disorderly they went in in a sudden and disorderly manner to the fight with a great noise manner to the fight with a great noise manner to the fight with a great noise and a Rage which made them forget the and a Rage which made them forget the and a Rage which made them forget the religious observance because it was the religious observance because it was the religious observance because it was the Sabbath made them too hard for their Sabbath made them too hard for their Sabbath made them too hard for their enemies in the enemies in the enemies in the fight with such violence therefore did fight with such violence therefore did fight with such violence therefore did they fall upon the Romans as to break they fall upon the Romans as to break they fall upon the Romans as to break into their ranks and to March through into their ranks and to March through into their ranks and to March through the midst of them making a great the midst of them making a great the midst of them making a great Slaughter as they went in so much that Slaughter as they went in so much that Slaughter as they went in so much that 515 of the Romans were slain of which

515 of the Romans were slain of which 515 of the Romans were slain of which number 400 were footmen and the rest number 400 were footmen and the rest number 400 were footmen and the rest Horsemen while the Jews lost only Horsemen while the Jews lost only Horsemen while the Jews lost only 22 well this did nothing except to get 22 well this did nothing except to get 22 well this did nothing except to get cestius Gallas even more angry and he cestius Gallas even more angry and he cestius Gallas even more angry and he proceeded to try and besiege the City of proceeded to try and besiege the City of proceeded to try and besiege the City of Jerusalem suddenly and for unknown Jerusalem suddenly and for unknown Jerusalem suddenly and for unknown reasons he gave up and withdrew and the reasons he gave up and withdrew and the reasons he gave up and withdrew and the Roman army began marching away from the Roman army began marching away from the Roman army began marching away from the city of Jerusalem in the year city of Jerusalem in the year city of Jerusalem in the year 66 however the Jews followed and 66 however the Jews followed and 66 however the Jews followed and ambushed the retreating Roman army the ambushed the retreating Roman army the ambushed the retreating Roman army the Ambush was a complete success the Roman Ambush was a complete success the Roman Ambush was a complete success the Roman troops were absolutely massacred troops were absolutely massacred troops were absolutely massacred Josephus tells us that the Jews lost Josephus tells us that the Jews lost Josephus tells us that the Jews lost only a few soldiers but the Romans lost only a few soldiers but the Romans lost only a few soldiers but the Romans lost 5,300 footmen and 380 Horsemen and he 5,300 footmen and 380 Horsemen and he 5,300 footmen and 380 Horsemen and he says that this defeat happened in the says that this defeat happened in the says that this defeat happened in the 12th year of the reign of the emperor 12th year of the reign of the emperor 12th year of the reign of the emperor Nero so the 12th Legion was nearly wiped Nero so the 12th Legion was nearly wiped Nero so the 12th Legion was nearly wiped out and cestius gallus himself either out and cestius gallus himself either out and cestius gallus himself either died in the Battle or took his own life died in the Battle or took his own life died in the Battle or took his own life shortly shortly shortly thereafter what is particularly thereafter what is particularly thereafter what is particularly interesting about the accounts that we interesting about the accounts that we interesting about the accounts that we hear about this ambush of the 12th hear about this ambush of the 12th hear about this ambush of the 12th Legion in the year 66 is from the Legion in the year 66 is from the Legion in the year 66 is from the historian historian historian suetonius suetonius in his book The Life suetonius suetonius in his book The Life suetonius suetonius in his book The Life of Vespasian tells us that the Jews of Vespasian tells us that the Jews of Vespasian tells us that the Jews captured the eag standard of the 12th captured the eag standard of the 12th captured the eag standard of the 12th Legion this is the standard that went at Legion this is the standard that went at Legion this is the standard that went at the front of the Roman army it had an

the front of the Roman army it had an the front of the Roman army it had an eagle on top and it had on the pole of eagle on top and it had on the pole of eagle on top and it had on the pole of the standard the abbreviation the standard the abbreviation the standard the abbreviation spqr which stood for in English the spqr which stood for in English the spqr which stood for in English the Senate and the people of Senate and the people of Senate and the people of Rome this Eagle standard was the most Rome this Eagle standard was the most Rome this Eagle standard was the most important of all of the standards important of all of the standards important of all of the standards carried by each Roman legion and Su carried by each Roman legion and Su carried by each Roman legion and Su atonia simply says in one sentence the atonia simply says in one sentence the atonia simply says in one sentence the people of Judea took to themselves people of Judea took to themselves people of Judea took to themselves accordingly they revolted and after accordingly they revolted and after accordingly they revolted and after killing their governor they routed the killing their governor they routed the killing their governor they routed the Consular ruler of Syria as well when he Consular ruler of Syria as well when he Consular ruler of Syria as well when he came to the rescue and took one of his came to the rescue and took one of his came to the rescue and took one of his Eagles so this is a reference to the Eagles so this is a reference to the Eagles so this is a reference to the ambush of the 12th Legion by the Jews ambush of the 12th Legion by the Jews ambush of the 12th Legion by the Jews and suetonius tells us that they and suetonius tells us that they and suetonius tells us that they captured the eagle now it was an captured the eagle now it was an captured the eagle now it was an absolute disgrace for any Roman legion absolute disgrace for any Roman legion absolute disgrace for any Roman legion to lose their Eagle standard it happened to lose their Eagle standard it happened to lose their Eagle standard it happened very very very rarely and indeed it meant that the rarely and indeed it meant that the rarely and indeed it meant that the Roman legion itself that had carried it Roman legion itself that had carried it Roman legion itself that had carried it was probably an annihilated and wiped was probably an annihilated and wiped was probably an annihilated and wiped out it happened very rarely and indeed out it happened very rarely and indeed out it happened very rarely and indeed we can trace the other occasions when a we can trace the other occasions when a we can trace the other occasions when a legion lost its eagle and in every legion lost its eagle and in every legion lost its eagle and in every single case the Romans put as much time single case the Romans put as much time single case the Romans put as much time men and money as they had to to retrieve men and money as they had to to retrieve men and money as they had to to retrieve the Eagles we have a couple of instances the Eagles we have a couple of instances the Eagles we have a couple of instances up in Parthia that is modern day Syria up in Parthia that is modern day Syria up in Parthia that is modern day Syria Iran Iraq we've got another couple of Iran Iraq we've got another couple of Iran Iraq we've got another couple of famous instances in Germany where the famous instances in Germany where the famous instances in Germany where the Romans lost their Eagles and each and Romans lost their Eagles and each and Romans lost their Eagles and each and every case they sent armies out to every case they sent armies out to every case they sent armies out to capture them back now this means that if

capture them back now this means that if capture them back now this means that if for no other reason the Romans would for no other reason the Romans would for no other reason the Romans would have come up against the Jews again have come up against the Jews again have come up against the Jews again trying to get back their Eagle standard trying to get back their Eagle standard trying to get back their Eagle standard so the first Jewish Revolt which begins so the first Jewish Revolt which begins so the first Jewish Revolt which begins effectively with this ambush of cestius effectively with this ambush of cestius effectively with this ambush of cestius Gallas and the capture of the eagle Gallas and the capture of the eagle Gallas and the capture of the eagle standard is going to set the tone for standard is going to set the tone for standard is going to set the tone for the rest of the encounter now the first the rest of the encounter now the first the rest of the encounter now the first Jewish Revolt is going to last for a Jewish Revolt is going to last for a Jewish Revolt is going to last for a good 4 years or so we are not told ever good 4 years or so we are not told ever good 4 years or so we are not told ever whether the Romans regained their lost whether the Romans regained their lost whether the Romans regained their lost Eagle standard though I would presume Eagle standard though I would presume Eagle standard though I would presume that they did well it took quite a while that they did well it took quite a while that they did well it took quite a while for the Romans to actually attack for the Romans to actually attack for the Romans to actually attack Jerusalem again because in the meantime Jerusalem again because in the meantime Jerusalem again because in the meantime uh 66 6768 things were not going so well uh 66 6768 things were not going so well uh 66 6768 things were not going so well back in Rome itself and even in the year back in Rome itself and even in the year back in Rome itself and even in the year 69 which is known as the year of the 69 which is known as the year of the 69 which is known as the year of the four Emperors we have not one not two four Emperors we have not one not two four Emperors we have not one not two not three but four Roman emperors one not three but four Roman emperors one not three but four Roman emperors one after the other and the man who emerged after the other and the man who emerged after the other and the man who emerged ultimately Victorious and who became the ultimately Victorious and who became the ultimately Victorious and who became the next Roman Emperor was none other than next Roman Emperor was none other than next Roman Emperor was none other than Vespasian the man who had been in Judea Vespasian the man who had been in Judea Vespasian the man who had been in Judea uh previously had been sent to crush the uh previously had been sent to crush the uh previously had been sent to crush the Jewish revolt and to get the eagle Jewish revolt and to get the eagle Jewish revolt and to get the eagle standard back however since he was now standard back however since he was now standard back however since he was now Emperor he could not lead the Roman army Emperor he could not lead the Roman army Emperor he could not lead the Roman army himself but in instead he sent his son himself but in instead he sent his son himself but in instead he sent his son Titus to do the deed so it was probably Titus to do the deed so it was probably Titus to do the deed so it was probably in the month of May during the year 70

in the month of May during the year 70 in the month of May during the year 70 CE that the final battle for Jerusalem CE that the final battle for Jerusalem CE that the final battle for Jerusalem and the ending of the first Jewish and the ending of the first Jewish and the ending of the first Jewish Revolt finally came to Revolt finally came to Revolt finally came to pass at this time Josephus tells us that pass at this time Josephus tells us that pass at this time Josephus tells us that there were about there were about there were about 23,000 fighting men within the city 23,000 fighting men within the city 23,000 fighting men within the city tacitus tells us the total number of the tacitus tells us the total number of the tacitus tells us the total number of the besieged within Jerusalem of every age besieged within Jerusalem of every age besieged within Jerusalem of every age in both sexes was 600,000 that's in both sexes was 600,000 that's in both sexes was 600,000 that's probably a bit high but it may have probably a bit high but it may have probably a bit high but it may have included the pilgrims that had come to included the pilgrims that had come to included the pilgrims that had come to celebrate Passover within the city since celebrate Passover within the city since celebrate Passover within the city since we know the usual population of the city we know the usual population of the city we know the usual population of the city was probably only about 880,000 in which was probably only about 880,000 in which was probably only about 880,000 in which case josephus's number of about 23,000 case josephus's number of about 23,000 case josephus's number of about 23,000 fighting men might make a little bit fighting men might make a little bit fighting men might make a little bit more sense in any event we are given the more sense in any event we are given the more sense in any event we are given the details of the battle for Jerusalem in details of the battle for Jerusalem in details of the battle for Jerusalem in the year 70 in um excruciating detail by the year 70 in um excruciating detail by the year 70 in um excruciating detail by Josephus uh we will not go through all Josephus uh we will not go through all Josephus uh we will not go through all the details here suffice it to say that the details here suffice it to say that the details here suffice it to say that the Romans attacked from the north they the Romans attacked from the north they the Romans attacked from the north they came in and broke down through no fewer came in and broke down through no fewer came in and broke down through no fewer than three different walls which the than three different walls which the than three different walls which the inhabitants had put up to protect their inhabitants had put up to protect their inhabitants had put up to protect their Northern side you may recall that on Northern side you may recall that on Northern side you may recall that on three sides Jerusalem is protected by three sides Jerusalem is protected by three sides Jerusalem is protected by natural Ravines but the for side the natural Ravines but the for side the natural Ravines but the for side the north side is the way to conquer north side is the way to conquer north side is the way to conquer Jerusalem if you ever want to do this so Jerusalem if you ever want to do this so Jerusalem if you ever want to do this so the Romans had to break through three the Romans had to break through three the Romans had to break through three separate walls they eventually do this separate walls they eventually do this separate walls they eventually do this after quite a long

after quite a long after quite a long time and while they're doing this they time and while they're doing this they time and while they're doing this they have put the city under siege Josephus have put the city under siege Josephus have put the city under siege Josephus in fact tells us that the famine became in fact tells us that the famine became in fact tells us that the famine became so severe that children pulled the very so severe that children pulled the very so severe that children pulled the very morsels that their fathers were eating morsels that their fathers were eating morsels that their fathers were eating out of their very mouths and what was out of their very mouths and what was out of their very mouths and what was still more to be pied so did the mothers still more to be pied so did the mothers still more to be pied so did the mothers to their to their to their infants and he continues and tells us infants and he continues and tells us infants and he continues and tells us their hunger was so intolerable that it their hunger was so intolerable that it their hunger was so intolerable that it obliged them to chew everything nor did obliged them to chew everything nor did obliged them to chew everything nor did they at length abstain from girdles and they at length abstain from girdles and they at length abstain from girdles and shoes and the Very leather which shoes and the Very leather which shoes and the Very leather which belonged to their Shields they pulled belonged to their Shields they pulled belonged to their Shields they pulled off and gnawed sounds very much like The off and gnawed sounds very much like The off and gnawed sounds very much like The Siege of Jerusalem back in 586 by Siege of Jerusalem back in 586 by Siege of Jerusalem back in 586 by Nebuchadnezzar and the Neo Babylonians Nebuchadnezzar and the Neo Babylonians Nebuchadnezzar and the Neo Babylonians and so one could say in effect that and so one could say in effect that and so one could say in effect that history is repeating itself several history is repeating itself several history is repeating itself several centuries centuries centuries later as time went on the Romans pulled later as time went on the Romans pulled later as time went on the Romans pulled the Noose around Jerusalem ever Tighter the Noose around Jerusalem ever Tighter the Noose around Jerusalem ever Tighter by July Titus had launched an assault on by July Titus had launched an assault on by July Titus had launched an assault on the Antonia Fortress that Herod had the Antonia Fortress that Herod had the Antonia Fortress that Herod had built and he captured it ordered its built and he captured it ordered its built and he captured it ordered its demolition they demolished it so well demolition they demolished it so well demolition they demolished it so well that archaeologists today are still not that archaeologists today are still not that archaeologists today are still not completely certain where the Antonia completely certain where the Antonia completely certain where the Antonia ever ever ever stood and then came the temple itself stood and then came the temple itself stood and then came the temple itself within a week of capturing the Fortress within a week of capturing the Fortress within a week of capturing the Fortress the Romans began to build sieg the Romans began to build sieg the Romans began to build sieg embankments next to the temple and then embankments next to the temple and then embankments next to the temple and then eventually they brought up the battering eventually they brought up the battering eventually they brought up the battering rams the gates of the temple were set on rams the gates of the temple were set on rams the gates of the temple were set on fire and then the Roman soldiers dashed

fire and then the Roman soldiers dashed fire and then the Roman soldiers dashed in after taking control of the outer in after taking control of the outer in after taking control of the outer courts The Defenders went into the inner courts The Defenders went into the inner courts The Defenders went into the inner part of the temple the Temple of Herod part of the temple the Temple of Herod part of the temple the Temple of Herod where the sanctuary where the sanctuary where the sanctuary lay only a couple of days later in the lay only a couple of days later in the lay only a couple of days later in the last week of August in 70 CE the Roman last week of August in 70 CE the Roman last week of August in 70 CE the Roman soldiers broke into the inner Temple soldiers broke into the inner Temple soldiers broke into the inner Temple Josephus tells us that the Defenders Josephus tells us that the Defenders Josephus tells us that the Defenders were everywhere slain around the altar were everywhere slain around the altar were everywhere slain around the altar laid dead bodies heaped one upon another laid dead bodies heaped one upon another laid dead bodies heaped one upon another down the steps of the sanctuary flowed a down the steps of the sanctuary flowed a down the steps of the sanctuary flowed a stream of blood and the bodies of those stream of blood and the bodies of those stream of blood and the bodies of those killed above went sliding to the killed above went sliding to the killed above went sliding to the bottom eventually the sanctuary and the bottom eventually the sanctuary and the bottom eventually the sanctuary and the temple itself were set on fire not by temple itself were set on fire not by temple itself were set on fire not by policy set from on high but actually by policy set from on high but actually by policy set from on high but actually by an ordinary Roman soldier throwing a an ordinary Roman soldier throwing a an ordinary Roman soldier throwing a piece of burning wood into the temple piece of burning wood into the temple piece of burning wood into the temple Titus the son of espian who was Leading Titus the son of espian who was Leading Titus the son of espian who was Leading The Invasion later claimed that he never The Invasion later claimed that he never The Invasion later claimed that he never meant to destroy the temple and that he meant to destroy the temple and that he meant to destroy the temple and that he had in fact ordered his men to save it had in fact ordered his men to save it had in fact ordered his men to save it but it was too late the temple was but it was too late the temple was but it was too late the temple was consumed by the flames and for the consumed by the flames and for the consumed by the flames and for the second time in their history the holiest second time in their history the holiest second time in their history the holiest place of the Jews was destroyed by an place of the Jews was destroyed by an place of the Jews was destroyed by an invading Force the date on which this invading Force the date on which this invading Force the date on which this destruction took place was August 28th 7 destruction took place was August 28th 7 destruction took place was August 28th 7 CE more importantly according to the CE more importantly according to the CE more importantly according to the Hebrew calendar it was the 9th of ab Hebrew calendar it was the 9th of ab Hebrew calendar it was the 9th of ab this is the very same day that the this is the very same day that the this is the very same day that the Temple of Solomon had been destroyed Temple of Solomon had been destroyed Temple of Solomon had been destroyed more than 650 years

earlier in the end the Romans marched earlier in the end the Romans marched into the smoldering ruins of the temple into the smoldering ruins of the temple into the smoldering ruins of the temple set up the rest of their military set up the rest of their military set up the rest of their military standards and made sacrifices to them standards and made sacrifices to them standards and made sacrifices to them that was it for the temple the Temple of that was it for the temple the Temple of that was it for the temple the Temple of Herod was destroyed D just as the Temple Herod was destroyed D just as the Temple Herod was destroyed D just as the Temple of Solomon had been so many centuries of Solomon had been so many centuries of Solomon had been so many centuries earlier it took another month for the earlier it took another month for the earlier it took another month for the Romans to subdue the rest of Jerusalem Romans to subdue the rest of Jerusalem Romans to subdue the rest of Jerusalem mostly the upper City Titus ordered his mostly the upper City Titus ordered his mostly the upper City Titus ordered his soldiers to kill the inhabitants plunder soldiers to kill the inhabitants plunder soldiers to kill the inhabitants plunder the whole city and then set it on fire the whole city and then set it on fire the whole city and then set it on fire so that by the end of September in the so that by the end of September in the so that by the end of September in the year 70 the entire city was year 70 the entire city was year 70 the entire city was destroyed Josephus tells us that the destroyed Josephus tells us that the destroyed Josephus tells us that the number of those who were taken captive number of those who were taken captive number of those who were taken captive during this first Jewish Revolt was during this first Jewish Revolt was during this first Jewish Revolt was 97,000 people and that the number of 97,000 people and that the number of 97,000 people and that the number of those who were killed during The Siege those who were killed during The Siege those who were killed during The Siege of Jerusalem itself was 1,00,000 now of Jerusalem itself was 1,00,000 now of Jerusalem itself was 1,00,000 now that is 1,100,000 people that is almost that is 1,100,000 people that is almost that is 1,100,000 people that is almost certainly an exaggeration because first certainly an exaggeration because first certainly an exaggeration because first of all there were not nearly that many of all there were not nearly that many of all there were not nearly that many people living in Jerusalem and on the people living in Jerusalem and on the people living in Jerusalem and on the other hand there were enough judeans other hand there were enough judeans other hand there were enough judeans left to defy the Romans for the next 30 left to defy the Romans for the next 30 left to defy the Romans for the next 30 Years nevertheless it is likely that the Years nevertheless it is likely that the Years nevertheless it is likely that the judeans lost a substantial portion of judeans lost a substantial portion of judeans lost a substantial portion of their population at this time and we do their population at this time and we do their population at this time and we do have in Jerusalem itself one instance of have in Jerusalem itself one instance of have in Jerusalem itself one instance of somebody who lost their life during this somebody who lost their life during this somebody who lost their life during this battle for control of Jerusalem in 70 in battle for control of Jerusalem in 70 in battle for control of Jerusalem in 70 in the Jewish quarter there is a place the Jewish quarter there is a place the Jewish quarter there is a place called the burnt house and here in the

called the burnt house and here in the called the burnt house and here in the burnt house was found the arm and a hand burnt house was found the arm and a hand burnt house was found the arm and a hand of what the excavator nakan aiod of what the excavator nakan aiod of what the excavator nakan aiod describes as belonging to a 20 year-old describes as belonging to a 20 year-old describes as belonging to a 20 year-old woman now it can be rather difficult to woman now it can be rather difficult to woman now it can be rather difficult to determine the gender of an arm and a determine the gender of an arm and a determine the gender of an arm and a hand but nevertheless abig God said that hand but nevertheless abig God said that hand but nevertheless abig God said that this was from a young woman a defender this was from a young woman a defender this was from a young woman a defender of Jerusalem who had died in 70 and left of Jerusalem who had died in 70 and left of Jerusalem who had died in 70 and left her arm and hand there uh question of her arm and hand there uh question of her arm and hand there uh question of course is what happened to the rest of course is what happened to the rest of course is what happened to the rest of her body uh did somebody just have the her body uh did somebody just have the her body uh did somebody just have the have her arm chopped off or was the have her arm chopped off or was the have her arm chopped off or was the entire skeleton there at one point only entire skeleton there at one point only entire skeleton there at one point only to be disturbed later in time we will to be disturbed later in time we will to be disturbed later in time we will never know the answer to this but never know the answer to this but never know the answer to this but interestingly enough in the very next interestingly enough in the very next interestingly enough in the very next room of the same house there is a spear room of the same house there is a spear room of the same house there is a spear leaning up against the wall a spear leaning up against the wall a spear leaning up against the wall a spear which was unused in the battle for which was unused in the battle for which was unused in the battle for control of the house and all of control of the house and all of control of the house and all of Jerusalem we do not know if it belonged Jerusalem we do not know if it belonged Jerusalem we do not know if it belonged to the young woman or to her brother or to the young woman or to her brother or to the young woman or to her brother or husband or father all we know is that in husband or father all we know is that in husband or father all we know is that in one room we have an arm and a hand and one room we have an arm and a hand and one room we have an arm and a hand and in the other room we have a spear this in the other room we have a spear this in the other room we have a spear this is the only human remains that have been is the only human remains that have been is the only human remains that have been found from the entire destruction of the found from the entire destruction of the found from the entire destruction of the city in 70 CE by the city in 70 CE by the city in 70 CE by the Romans the majority of those who were Romans the majority of those who were Romans the majority of those who were captured were either taken off to Rome captured were either taken off to Rome captured were either taken off to Rome or sent to the mines to work as slaves or sent to the mines to work as slaves or sent to the mines to work as slaves in Egypt or were killed by wild animals in Egypt or were killed by wild animals in Egypt or were killed by wild animals or Gladiators in amphitheaters around or Gladiators in amphitheaters around or Gladiators in amphitheaters around the Roman

the Roman the Roman Empire we're told by Josephus as follows Empire we're told by Josephus as follows Empire we're told by Josephus as follows of the young men he Titus chose out the of the young men he Titus chose out the of the young men he Titus chose out the tallest and most beautiful and reserve tallest and most beautiful and reserve tallest and most beautiful and reserve them for the Triumph that is the parade them for the Triumph that is the parade them for the Triumph that is the parade in Rome and as for the rest of the in Rome and as for the rest of the in Rome and as for the rest of the multitude that were above 17 years old multitude that were above 17 years old multitude that were above 17 years old he put them into bonds and sent them to he put them into bonds and sent them to he put them into bonds and sent them to the Egyptian mines Titus also sent a the Egyptian mines Titus also sent a the Egyptian mines Titus also sent a great number into the provinces as a great number into the provinces as a great number into the provinces as a present to them that they might be present to them that they might be present to them that they might be destroyed upon their theaters by The destroyed upon their theaters by The destroyed upon their theaters by The Sword and by the wild beasts but those Sword and by the wild beasts but those Sword and by the wild beasts but those that were under 17 years of age were that were under 17 years of age were that were under 17 years of age were sold for slaves indeed we're told that sold for slaves indeed we're told that sold for slaves indeed we're told that so many people were sold as slaves that so many people were sold as slaves that so many people were sold as slaves that the price may have dropped by as much as the price may have dropped by as much as the price may have dropped by as much as a half in the Roman Empire and so much a half in the Roman Empire and so much a half in the Roman Empire and so much gold was taken away from Jerusalem that gold was taken away from Jerusalem that gold was taken away from Jerusalem that the price of gold again dropped by about the price of gold again dropped by about the price of gold again dropped by about half Titus ordered the Roman soldiers to half Titus ordered the Roman soldiers to half Titus ordered the Roman soldiers to demolish most of what remained of demolish most of what remained of demolish most of what remained of Jerusalem and they left standing only Jerusalem and they left standing only Jerusalem and they left standing only the three towers that had been built by the three towers that had been built by the three towers that had been built by Herod way back when one of which is now Herod way back when one of which is now Herod way back when one of which is now still called the Tower of still called the Tower of still called the Tower of David in the meantime upon titus's David in the meantime upon titus's David in the meantime upon titus's triumphal return to Rome in the year 71 triumphal return to Rome in the year 71 triumphal return to Rome in the year 71 he held a parade in which hundreds of he held a parade in which hundreds of he held a parade in which hundreds of Jewish prisoners were forced to March Jewish prisoners were forced to March Jewish prisoners were forced to March including some of the captured leaders including some of the captured leaders including some of the captured leaders and he carried the booty from the Judean and he carried the booty from the Judean and he carried the booty from the Judean campaign through the streets of Rome campaign through the streets of Rome campaign through the streets of Rome among these were objects that had been among these were objects that had been among these were objects that had been taken from the temple in Jerusalem that taken from the temple in Jerusalem that taken from the temple in Jerusalem that is the golden table of the weight of is the golden table of the weight of is the golden table of the weight of many talents the Candlestick also that

many talents the Candlestick also that many talents the Candlestick also that was made of gold and the last of all the was made of gold and the last of all the was made of gold and the last of all the spoils was carried the law of the Jews spoils was carried the law of the Jews spoils was carried the law of the Jews that is the Torah that is the Torah that is the Torah in order to celebrate his victory Titus in order to celebrate his victory Titus in order to celebrate his victory Titus built a triumphal Arch at the Eastern built a triumphal Arch at the Eastern built a triumphal Arch at the Eastern end of The Forum in Rome and inside he end of The Forum in Rome and inside he end of The Forum in Rome and inside he had carved a depiction of his soldiers had carved a depiction of his soldiers had carved a depiction of his soldiers carrying off the treasures from herod's carrying off the treasures from herod's carrying off the treasures from herod's Temple the inscription that accompanies Temple the inscription that accompanies Temple the inscription that accompanies it is not entirely accurate but was only it is not entirely accurate but was only it is not entirely accurate but was only a little a little a little exaggerated the Roman senate and the exaggerated the Roman senate and the exaggerated the Roman senate and the people dedicate this to the emperor people dedicate this to the emperor people dedicate this to the emperor Titus he subdued the Jew people and Titus he subdued the Jew people and Titus he subdued the Jew people and destroyed the city of Jerusalem which destroyed the city of Jerusalem which destroyed the city of Jerusalem which all generals Kings and peoples before all generals Kings and peoples before all generals Kings and peoples before him had either attacked without success him had either attacked without success him had either attacked without success or left entirely or left entirely or left entirely unassailed this inscription obviously is unassailed this inscription obviously is unassailed this inscription obviously is not entirely accurate for Not only was not entirely accurate for Not only was not entirely accurate for Not only was this not the first time that Jerusalem this not the first time that Jerusalem this not the first time that Jerusalem had been captured and besieged it would had been captured and besieged it would had been captured and besieged it would also not be the last time for Titus also not be the last time for Titus also not be the last time for Titus while he destroy Jerusalem did not end while he destroy Jerusalem did not end while he destroy Jerusalem did not end it all he did was end the first Jewish it all he did was end the first Jewish it all he did was end the first Jewish Rebellion Rebellion Rebellion now one thing that has been brought up now one thing that has been brought up now one thing that has been brought up in recent years that may be of interest in recent years that may be of interest in recent years that may be of interest to us here is the suggestion that to us here is the suggestion that to us here is the suggestion that perhaps the Coliseum in Rome the famous perhaps the Coliseum in Rome the famous perhaps the Coliseum in Rome the famous Coliseum may have been built using the Coliseum may have been built using the Coliseum may have been built using the money that was captured by vaspian and money that was captured by vaspian and money that was captured by vaspian and Titus in putting down the first Jewish Titus in putting down the first Jewish Titus in putting down the first Jewish Rebellion outside the Coliseum there is

Rebellion outside the Coliseum there is Rebellion outside the Coliseum there is a marble slab on which is written in a marble slab on which is written in a marble slab on which is written in Latin an inscription telling us that a Latin an inscription telling us that a Latin an inscription telling us that a certain Ro ran restored a new at his own certain Ro ran restored a new at his own certain Ro ran restored a new at his own expense the arena of the amphitheater expense the arena of the amphitheater expense the arena of the amphitheater together with the podium and platform together with the podium and platform together with the podium and platform and rear doors this inscription is dated and rear doors this inscription is dated and rear doors this inscription is dated to the fifth century CE that is just to the fifth century CE that is just to the fifth century CE that is just before Rome itself was before Rome itself was before Rome itself was destroyed but recently in looking at destroyed but recently in looking at destroyed but recently in looking at this Marble Slab Professor Gaza alfoldi this Marble Slab Professor Gaza alfoldi this Marble Slab Professor Gaza alfoldi of heidleberg University noticed a of heidleberg University noticed a of heidleberg University noticed a series of holes in the actual marble and series of holes in the actual marble and series of holes in the actual marble and what he realized he was looking at is what he realized he was looking at is what he realized he was looking at is what is known as a ghost inscription what is known as a ghost inscription what is known as a ghost inscription that is the inscription I just read to that is the inscription I just read to that is the inscription I just read to you that was chiseled into the marble you that was chiseled into the marble you that was chiseled into the marble was a later inscription and the original was a later inscription and the original was a later inscription and the original inscription on this block had been inscription on this block had been inscription on this block had been composed of bronze letters that had composed of bronze letters that had composed of bronze letters that had little pegs and the pegs were inserted little pegs and the pegs were inserted little pegs and the pegs were inserted in the holes in the marble so the in the holes in the marble so the in the holes in the marble so the challenge for Professor alaly was to challenge for Professor alaly was to challenge for Professor alaly was to decide which letters would fit the decide which letters would fit the decide which letters would fit the pattern of holes that he could see in pattern of holes that he could see in pattern of holes that he could see in the marble and after much examination he the marble and after much examination he the marble and after much examination he came up with a very interesting came up with a very interesting came up with a very interesting reconstruction of the original reconstruction of the original reconstruction of the original inscription the inscription that he inscription the inscription that he inscription the inscription that he determined had been on the original slab determined had been on the original slab determined had been on the original slab a marble reads as follows the emperor a marble reads as follows the emperor a marble reads as follows the emperor Caesar Vespasian Augustus ordered the Caesar Vespasian Augustus ordered the Caesar Vespasian Augustus ordered the new Amphitheater to be made from the new Amphitheater to be made from the new Amphitheater to be made from the proceeds from the sale of the booty and proceeds from the sale of the booty and proceeds from the sale of the booty and it dates to the year 79 CE so

it dates to the year 79 CE so it dates to the year 79 CE so approximately 9 years after Jerusalem approximately 9 years after Jerusalem approximately 9 years after Jerusalem fell now there was no other major camp fell now there was no other major camp fell now there was no other major camp campaign that Vespasian or Titus campaign that Vespasian or Titus campaign that Vespasian or Titus undertook during these years that would undertook during these years that would undertook during these years that would have yielded quite as much money and have yielded quite as much money and have yielded quite as much money and booty so if this reconstruction of this booty so if this reconstruction of this booty so if this reconstruction of this original inscription is correct this original inscription is correct this original inscription is correct this must be a reference to the capture of must be a reference to the capture of must be a reference to the capture of Jerusalem in which case the proceeds Jerusalem in which case the proceeds Jerusalem in which case the proceeds from the temple and everything else may from the temple and everything else may from the temple and everything else may have gone towards the construction of have gone towards the construction of have gone towards the construction of the Coliseum however there was one part the Coliseum however there was one part the Coliseum however there was one part of the inscription which still bothered of the inscription which still bothered of the inscription which still bothered Professor alfoldi there were a couple of Professor alfoldi there were a couple of Professor alfoldi there were a couple of holes which did not fit into his pattern holes which did not fit into his pattern holes which did not fit into his pattern and he realized that there had been an and he realized that there had been an and he realized that there had been an adjustment made to this inscription adjustment made to this inscription adjustment made to this inscription shortly after it had been put on display shortly after it had been put on display shortly after it had been put on display the very next year in 80 CE somebody had the very next year in 80 CE somebody had the very next year in 80 CE somebody had inserted the letter T into this inserted the letter T into this inserted the letter T into this inscription and thereby changed it inscription and thereby changed it inscription and thereby changed it completely now instead of saying the completely now instead of saying the completely now instead of saying the emperor Caesar Vespasian Augustus it now emperor Caesar Vespasian Augustus it now emperor Caesar Vespasian Augustus it now said the emperor Titus Caesar Vespasian said the emperor Titus Caesar Vespasian said the emperor Titus Caesar Vespasian Augustus ordered the new Amphitheater to Augustus ordered the new Amphitheater to Augustus ordered the new Amphitheater to be made from the booty so with the be made from the booty so with the be made from the booty so with the insertion of a single letter Titus insertion of a single letter Titus insertion of a single letter Titus claimed that he had built the Coliseum claimed that he had built the Coliseum claimed that he had built the Coliseum rather than his father Vespasian so rather than his father Vespasian so rather than his father Vespasian so there we have a possible and fascinating there we have a possible and fascinating there we have a possible and fascinating solution to a mystery that we did not solution to a mystery that we did not solution to a mystery that we did not even know existed namely where did Titus even know existed namely where did Titus even know existed namely where did Titus and vaspian get the money to build the

and vaspian get the money to build the and vaspian get the money to build the Coliseum and the answer now we know Coliseum and the answer now we know Coliseum and the answer now we know maybe from the destruction of Jerusalem maybe from the destruction of Jerusalem maybe from the destruction of Jerusalem and the end of the first Jewish and the end of the first Jewish and the end of the first Jewish Rebellion well with the ending of the Rebellion well with the ending of the Rebellion well with the ending of the first Jewish Rebellion the Jews have first Jewish Rebellion the Jews have first Jewish Rebellion the Jews have been subdued but that does not mean that been subdued but that does not mean that been subdued but that does not mean that the Romans leave the area in fact the the Romans leave the area in fact the the Romans leave the area in fact the Romans build headquarters in Jerusalem Romans build headquarters in Jerusalem Romans build headquarters in Jerusalem and archaeologists have been able to and archaeologists have been able to and archaeologists have been able to excavate some of the remnants of Roman excavate some of the remnants of Roman excavate some of the remnants of Roman Jerusalem from this period including Jerusalem from this period including Jerusalem from this period including inscriptions reading things like inscriptions reading things like inscriptions reading things like imperator Caesar vespasius Augustus uh imperator Caesar vespasius Augustus uh imperator Caesar vespasius Augustus uh another one reading to Marco junio another one reading to Marco junio another one reading to Marco junio Maximo legate on behalf of the Emperors Maximo legate on behalf of the Emperors Maximo legate on behalf of the Emperors of the 10th Legion this colum was of the 10th Legion this colum was of the 10th Legion this colum was prepared by so and so we have in effect prepared by so and so we have in effect prepared by so and so we have in effect epigraphic and archaeological evidence epigraphic and archaeological evidence epigraphic and archaeological evidence for the presence of Romans in Jerusalem for the presence of Romans in Jerusalem for the presence of Romans in Jerusalem following the end of the first Jewish following the end of the first Jewish following the end of the first Jewish rebellion in fact we have roof tiles rebellion in fact we have roof tiles rebellion in fact we have roof tiles that are stamped with the logo of the that are stamped with the logo of the that are stamped with the logo of the 10th Legion and we know that the Romans 10th Legion and we know that the Romans 10th Legion and we know that the Romans headquartered their 10th Legion in headquartered their 10th Legion in headquartered their 10th Legion in Jerusalem to keep control of the area the second Jewish Rebellion which area the second Jewish Rebellion which is also known as the baroka Rebellion is also known as the baroka Rebellion is also known as the baroka Rebellion after its charismatic leader started in after its charismatic leader started in after its charismatic leader started in the year 132 CE so it's approximately 60 the year 132 CE so it's approximately 60 the year 132 CE so it's approximately 60 years after the first Jewish Rebellion years after the first Jewish Rebellion years after the first Jewish Rebellion has been crushed it lasts for 3 or 4 has been crushed it lasts for 3 or 4 has been crushed it lasts for 3 or 4 years from 132 to 135

years from 132 to 135 years from 132 to 135 CE Now by this time the historian CE Now by this time the historian CE Now by this time the historian Josephus has died so we can't use him as Josephus has died so we can't use him as Josephus has died so we can't use him as a source but we can use archaeology and a source but we can use archaeology and a source but we can use archaeology and we can use other ancient authors we can use other ancient authors we can use other ancient authors including the Roman historian dioc including the Roman historian dioc including the Roman historian dioc Casius the church historian father Casius the church historian father Casius the church historian father eusebius and even Hadrian's biography we eusebius and even Hadrian's biography we eusebius and even Hadrian's biography we get a lot of information about the get a lot of information about the get a lot of information about the second Jewish rebellion and what we are second Jewish rebellion and what we are second Jewish rebellion and what we are told is that when the Roman Emperor told is that when the Roman Emperor told is that when the Roman Emperor hadrien visited Jerusalem as part of a hadrien visited Jerusalem as part of a hadrien visited Jerusalem as part of a grand tour of his Empire in the year 29 grand tour of his Empire in the year 29 grand tour of his Empire in the year 29 and 130 CE that hadrien announced that and 130 CE that hadrien announced that and 130 CE that hadrien announced that Jerusalem would be renamed henceforth it Jerusalem would be renamed henceforth it Jerusalem would be renamed henceforth it would be called Alia capitolina named would be called Alia capitolina named would be called Alia capitolina named for both the emperor himself Alia for both the emperor himself Alia for both the emperor himself Alia hadrianus and the cult of the capitoline hadrianus and the cult of the capitoline hadrianus and the cult of the capitoline at Rome well as you may imagine this at Rome well as you may imagine this at Rome well as you may imagine this announcement was met with intense announcement was met with intense announcement was met with intense resentment and Rebellion soon broke out resentment and Rebellion soon broke out resentment and Rebellion soon broke out in Judea there were probably other in Judea there were probably other in Judea there were probably other factors which contributed to this Revolt factors which contributed to this Revolt factors which contributed to this Revolt including a possible ban on circumcision including a possible ban on circumcision including a possible ban on circumcision but it was most likely herod's but it was most likely herod's but it was most likely herod's announcement that he was going to announcement that he was going to announcement that he was going to refound and renamed the city that was refound and renamed the city that was refound and renamed the city that was the last straw now the uprising lasted the last straw now the uprising lasted the last straw now the uprising lasted for 3 years and was led by baroka whom for 3 years and was led by baroka whom for 3 years and was led by baroka whom some people including the famous Rabbi some people including the famous Rabbi some people including the famous Rabbi Akiba regarded as the Messiah Baraka Akiba regarded as the Messiah Baraka Akiba regarded as the Messiah Baraka meant son of the star and was a n dear

meant son of the star and was a n dear meant son of the star and was a n dear for the rebel leader for the rebel leader for the rebel leader we have discovered letters and Scrolls we have discovered letters and Scrolls we have discovered letters and Scrolls indicating that his real name was indicating that his real name was indicating that his real name was probably Shimon probably Shimon probably Shimon Barosa But whichever way he was called Barosa But whichever way he was called Barosa But whichever way he was called he was one of the most effective leaders he was one of the most effective leaders he was one of the most effective leaders that the Jews had had it's been that the Jews had had it's been that the Jews had had it's been estimated it took 80,000 Romans to estimated it took 80,000 Romans to estimated it took 80,000 Romans to suppress his suppress his suppress his Revolt one of the letters that has been Revolt one of the letters that has been Revolt one of the letters that has been discovered by archaeologist is signed discovered by archaeologist is signed discovered by archaeologist is signed Shimon Barosa president over Israel and Shimon Barosa president over Israel and Shimon Barosa president over Israel and we are told the Wonder beautiful story we are told the Wonder beautiful story we are told the Wonder beautiful story of yugal yudin taking that scroll to the of yugal yudin taking that scroll to the of yugal yudin taking that scroll to the president of modern Israel saluting him president of modern Israel saluting him president of modern Israel saluting him and saying message from your predecessor and saying message from your predecessor and saying message from your predecessor sir which the president of Israel sir which the president of Israel sir which the president of Israel appreciated to no end appreciated to no end appreciated to no end reportedly now during the course of this reportedly now during the course of this reportedly now during the course of this second Jewish Rebellion apparently second Jewish Rebellion apparently second Jewish Rebellion apparently baruka and his men inflicted heavy baruka and his men inflicted heavy baruka and his men inflicted heavy losses on the Roman troops because dius losses on the Roman troops because dius losses on the Roman troops because dius says in his books on Roman history many says in his books on Roman history many says in his books on Roman history many Romans moreover perished in this war Romans moreover perished in this war Romans moreover perished in this war therefore hadrien in writing to the therefore hadrien in writing to the therefore hadrien in writing to the Senate did not employ the opening phrase Senate did not employ the opening phrase Senate did not employ the opening phrase commonly affected by the Emperors in commonly affected by the Emperors in commonly affected by the Emperors in which he says if you and your children which he says if you and your children which he says if you and your children are in health It is Well I and the are in health It is Well I and the are in health It is Well I and the legions are in health now Adrien did not legions are in health now Adrien did not legions are in health now Adrien did not say this and much has been made of this say this and much has been made of this say this and much has been made of this statement for it is very unusual for him statement for it is very unusual for him statement for it is very unusual for him not to have said it it's usually been not to have said it it's usually been not to have said it it's usually been interpreted as saying that the judeans interpreted as saying that the judeans interpreted as saying that the judeans were killing a large number of Romans

were killing a large number of Romans were killing a large number of Romans however the judeans fared worse dioc however the judeans fared worse dioc however the judeans fared worse dioc casus says that 50 important outposts casus says that 50 important outposts casus says that 50 important outposts and almost a Thousand Villages were and almost a Thousand Villages were and almost a Thousand Villages were burnt to the ground during the Roman burnt to the ground during the Roman burnt to the ground during the Roman suppression of the second suppression of the second suppression of the second Revolt dioc casus also tells us that so Revolt dioc casus also tells us that so Revolt dioc casus also tells us that so many people were taken as slaves that many people were taken as slaves that many people were taken as slaves that once again the price of slaves drops once again the price of slaves drops once again the price of slaves drops drastically in the Mediterranean area drastically in the Mediterranean area drastically in the Mediterranean area and that so many judeans were carried and that so many judeans were carried and that so many judeans were carried off that almost the whole of Judea was off that almost the whole of Judea was off that almost the whole of Judea was made desolate made desolate made desolate in the end the rebellion was suppressed in the end the rebellion was suppressed in the end the rebellion was suppressed baruka and his men were baruka and his men were baruka and his men were killed and Hadrian proceeded with his killed and Hadrian proceeded with his killed and Hadrian proceeded with his plan to rename Jerusalem Alia capitolina plan to rename Jerusalem Alia capitolina plan to rename Jerusalem Alia capitolina they replanned the city you can still they replanned the city you can still they replanned the city you can still see uh some of the major streets that see uh some of the major streets that see uh some of the major streets that were put up in what is now the old city were put up in what is now the old city were put up in what is now the old city of Jerusalem a statue of hadrien was set of Jerusalem a statue of hadrien was set of Jerusalem a statue of hadrien was set up somewhere on the Temple mount a up somewhere on the Temple mount a up somewhere on the Temple mount a temple to Jupiter was built somewhere in temple to Jupiter was built somewhere in temple to Jupiter was built somewhere in the city perhaps even on the Temple the city perhaps even on the Temple the city perhaps even on the Temple Mount and the the emperor expelled all Mount and the the emperor expelled all Mount and the the emperor expelled all remaining Jews from Jerusalem and remaining Jews from Jerusalem and remaining Jews from Jerusalem and forbade them to ever live there forbade them to ever live there forbade them to ever live there again Jerusalem was now Alia capitalina again Jerusalem was now Alia capitalina again Jerusalem was now Alia capitalina Judea was now Syria Palestina or simply Judea was now Syria Palestina or simply Judea was now Syria Palestina or simply Palestina and so the diaspora of the Palestina and so the diaspora of the Palestina and so the diaspora of the Jews began the Jews were forbidden to Jews began the Jews were forbidden to Jews began the Jews were forbidden to live in Jerusalem or Alia capitalina for live in Jerusalem or Alia capitalina for live in Jerusalem or Alia capitalina for the next 500 years they were only the next 500 years they were only the next 500 years they were only allowed to go in once a year that is on allowed to go in once a year that is on allowed to go in once a year that is on the 9th of OB the holiest day and even

the 9th of OB the holiest day and even the 9th of OB the holiest day and even for that they had to pay a for that they had to pay a for that they had to pay a price that is not to say that the city price that is not to say that the city price that is not to say that the city did not flourish indeed it grew in did not flourish indeed it grew in did not flourish indeed it grew in importance between the 2 and the 6th importance between the 2 and the 6th importance between the 2 and the 6th Century CE in part because it became a Century CE in part because it became a Century CE in part because it became a holy city to the Christians sometime holy city to the Christians sometime holy city to the Christians sometime after 200 CE the Christian pilgrims after 200 CE the Christian pilgrims after 200 CE the Christian pilgrims began coming to Jerusalem and new began coming to Jerusalem and new began coming to Jerusalem and new churches monasteries and even hostels churches monasteries and even hostels churches monasteries and even hostels were built to house the were built to house the were built to house the pilgrims now once again just like the pilgrims now once again just like the pilgrims now once again just like the maban Rebellion the early Zionist seized maban Rebellion the early Zionist seized maban Rebellion the early Zionist seized upon these rebellions by the Jews upon these rebellions by the Jews upon these rebellions by the Jews against their Roman against their Roman against their Roman overlords and I would cite in particular overlords and I would cite in particular overlords and I would cite in particular Max nordal the right-hand man of theater Max nordal the right-hand man of theater Max nordal the right-hand man of theater Herzel who liked to site baroka who said Herzel who liked to site baroka who said Herzel who liked to site baroka who said baroka was a hero who refused to suffer baroka was a hero who refused to suffer baroka was a hero who refused to suffer any defeat when victory was denied him any defeat when victory was denied him any defeat when victory was denied him he knew how to die baruka was the last he knew how to die baruka was the last he knew how to die baruka was the last embodiment in world history of a battle embodiment in world history of a battle embodiment in world history of a battle hardened and bellicose jewry hardened and bellicose jewry hardened and bellicose jewry now there have been a number of people now there have been a number of people now there have been a number of people that have cited the Baraka Rebellion that have cited the Baraka Rebellion that have cited the Baraka Rebellion including David benan right after the including David benan right after the including David benan right after the 1948 war of 1948 war of 1948 war of independence and even in independence and even in independence and even in 1969 when the bones of barakar were 1969 when the bones of barakar were 1969 when the bones of barakar were supposedly discovered and given a state supposedly discovered and given a state supposedly discovered and given a state burial never mind that the archaeologist burial never mind that the archaeologist burial never mind that the archaeologist said these were not Baraka in fact they said these were not Baraka in fact they said these were not Baraka in fact they were probably bones of Roman soldiers were probably bones of Roman soldiers were probably bones of Roman soldiers nevertheless they were given a state nevertheless they were given a state nevertheless they were given a state burial some Scholars have said that this burial some Scholars have said that this burial some Scholars have said that this is a major problem to hark back to

is a major problem to hark back to is a major problem to hark back to rebellions which suffered defeat one rebellions which suffered defeat one rebellions which suffered defeat one scholar for instance says that baraka's scholar for instance says that baraka's scholar for instance says that baraka's defeat was one of the three greatest defeat was one of the three greatest defeat was one of the three greatest disasters of the Jews in Antiquity the disasters of the Jews in Antiquity the disasters of the Jews in Antiquity the other two being the destructions of the other two being the destructions of the other two being the destructions of the first and the second temples and that first and the second temples and that first and the second temples and that barakus defeat should be identified as barakus defeat should be identified as barakus defeat should be identified as such rather than being held up as an such rather than being held up as an such rather than being held up as an event to be event to be event to be revered so nevertheless one way or revered so nevertheless one way or revered so nevertheless one way or another the two rebellions against the another the two rebellions against the another the two rebellions against the Romans continue to resonate to this day Romans continue to resonate to this day Romans continue to resonate to this day one of the big questions we've got one of the big questions we've got one of the big questions we've got remaining however is exactly what remaining however is exactly what remaining however is exactly what happened after the first Rebellion when happened after the first Rebellion when happened after the first Rebellion when some of the Jews escaped in the year 70 some of the Jews escaped in the year 70 some of the Jews escaped in the year 70 from Jerusalem and made their way to from Jerusalem and made their way to from Jerusalem and made their way to Mada that Fortress which Herod had Mada that Fortress which Herod had Mada that Fortress which Herod had fortified so many years before what fortified so many years before what fortified so many years before what exactly happened at Mada in the year 74 exactly happened at Mada in the year 74 exactly happened at Mada in the year 74 CE remains a question and to this we CE remains a question and to this we CE remains a question and to this we will turn in the next 13 a history of ancient Israel lecture 13 a history of ancient Israel lecture 14 Masada what really happened in this lecture we will take a happened in this lecture we will take a look at the famous suicide in quotes by look at the famous suicide in quotes by look at the famous suicide in quotes by The Defenders of Mada in the spring of The Defenders of Mada in the spring of The Defenders of Mada in the spring of 74 CE which is described in detail tale 74 CE which is described in detail tale 74 CE which is described in detail tale by flavius Josephus the Jewish General by flavius Josephus the Jewish General by flavius Josephus the Jewish General who became a Roman historian and

who became a Roman historian and who became a Roman historian and apologist josephus's story has now been apologist josephus's story has now been apologist josephus's story has now been called into question by some leading called into question by some leading called into question by some leading ancient historians and so here we want ancient historians and so here we want ancient historians and so here we want to try to figure out what really to try to figure out what really to try to figure out what really happened to The Defenders of Mada in 74 happened to The Defenders of Mada in 74 happened to The Defenders of Mada in 74 CE msada is perhaps the most spectacular CE msada is perhaps the most spectacular CE msada is perhaps the most spectacular site in the country of Israel it is site in the country of Israel it is site in the country of Israel it is located near the southern end of the located near the southern end of the located near the southern end of the Dead Sea just south of kumran and the Dead Sea just south of kumran and the Dead Sea just south of kumran and the Dead Sea scroll caves which we have Dead Sea scroll caves which we have Dead Sea scroll caves which we have discussed in a previous lecture it is a discussed in a previous lecture it is a discussed in a previous lecture it is a great Rock rising up out of the Judean great Rock rising up out of the Judean great Rock rising up out of the Judean desert shaped a little bit like an desert shaped a little bit like an desert shaped a little bit like an aircraft carrier mored to the Western aircraft carrier mored to the Western aircraft carrier mored to the Western Cliffs of the Dead Sea it was excavated Cliffs of the Dead Sea it was excavated Cliffs of the Dead Sea it was excavated by the Israeli archaeologist yal yadin by the Israeli archaeologist yal yadin by the Israeli archaeologist yal yadin and a team of international volunteers and a team of international volunteers and a team of international volunteers between 1963 and between 1963 and between 1963 and 1965 prior to yin's excavations all of 1965 prior to yin's excavations all of 1965 prior to yin's excavations all of our information our information our information about madic came from the writings of about madic came from the writings of about madic came from the writings of Josephus the writings where we get the Josephus the writings where we get the Josephus the writings where we get the most detail is in his book simply called most detail is in his book simply called most detail is in his book simply called the Jewish the Jewish the Jewish war and in here he says as follows there war and in here he says as follows there war and in here he says as follows there was a rock not small in circumference was a rock not small in circumference was a rock not small in circumference and very high it was encompassed with and very high it was encompassed with and very high it was encompassed with valleys of such vast depth downward that valleys of such vast depth downward that valleys of such vast depth downward that the eye could not reach their bottoms the eye could not reach their bottoms the eye could not reach their bottoms they were abrupt and such as no animal they were abrupt and such as no animal they were abrupt and such as no animal could walk upon excepting at two places could walk upon excepting at two places could walk upon excepting at two places of the rock where it sides in order to of the rock where it sides in order to of the rock where it sides in order to afford a passage for Ascent though not afford a passage for Ascent though not afford a passage for Ascent though not without

without without difficulty now of the ways that lead to difficulty now of the ways that lead to difficulty now of the ways that lead to it one is from the lake asfalis towards it one is from the lake asfalis towards it one is from the lake asfalis towards the sunrising and another on the west the sunrising and another on the west the sunrising and another on the west where the asent is easier the one of where the asent is easier the one of where the asent is easier the one of these ways is called the serpent as these ways is called the serpent as these ways is called the serpent as resembling that animal in its narrowness resembling that animal in its narrowness resembling that animal in its narrowness and its Perpetual windings for it is and its Perpetual windings for it is and its Perpetual windings for it is broken off at The prominent precipices broken off at The prominent precipices broken off at The prominent precipices of The Rock and returns frequently into of The Rock and returns frequently into of The Rock and returns frequently into itself and lengthening Again by little itself and lengthening Again by little itself and lengthening Again by little and little hath much ad do to proceed and little hath much ad do to proceed and little hath much ad do to proceed forward and he that would walk along it forward and he that would walk along it forward and he that would walk along it must first go on one leg and then on the must first go on one leg and then on the must first go on one leg and then on the other there is also nothing but other there is also nothing but other there is also nothing but destruction in case your feet slip for destruction in case your feet slip for destruction in case your feet slip for on each side there is a vastly deep on each side there is a vastly deep on each side there is a vastly deep Chasm and precipice sufficient to quell Chasm and precipice sufficient to quell Chasm and precipice sufficient to quell the courage of every body by the terror the courage of every body by the terror the courage of every body by the terror it infuses into the mind when therefore it infuses into the mind when therefore it infuses into the mind when therefore a man hath gone along this way for 30 a man hath gone along this way for 30 a man hath gone along this way for 30 furlongs the rest is the top of the hill furlongs the rest is the top of the hill furlongs the rest is the top of the hill not ending at a small point but is no not ending at a small point but is no not ending at a small point but is no other than a plane upon the highest part other than a plane upon the highest part other than a plane upon the highest part of the mountain upon this top of the of the mountain upon this top of the of the mountain upon this top of the hill Jonathan the high priest first of hill Jonathan the high priest first of hill Jonathan the high priest first of all built a fortress and called it all built a fortress and called it all built a fortress and called it Masada this description that Josephus Masada this description that Josephus Masada this description that Josephus gives us is none other than a gives us is none other than a gives us is none other than a description of the so-called snake path description of the so-called snake path description of the so-called snake path which some tourists still use to get up which some tourists still use to get up which some tourists still use to get up to the top today there are three ways to the top today there are three ways to the top today there are three ways you can get up to the top one is by you can get up to the top one is by you can get up to the top one is by doing the snake path one is by taking doing the snake path one is by taking doing the snake path one is by taking the cable car up to the top and and the the cable car up to the top and and the the cable car up to the top and and the other is by climbing The Siege ramp on other is by climbing The Siege ramp on other is by climbing The Siege ramp on the side of the side of the side of Mada now we know that Mada was first

Mada now we know that Mada was first Mada now we know that Mada was first fortified During the helenistic period fortified During the helenistic period fortified During the helenistic period by one of the helenistic Kings but that by one of the helenistic Kings but that by one of the helenistic Kings but that it was really fortified in part by Herod it was really fortified in part by Herod it was really fortified in part by Herod the Great when he left his fiance and the Great when he left his fiance and the Great when he left his fiance and 800 soldiers on the top of Masada in the 800 soldiers on the top of Masada in the 800 soldiers on the top of Masada in the year 40 BCE as he escaped across the year 40 BCE as he escaped across the year 40 BCE as he escaped across the desert to desert to desert to Rome when he came back Rome when he came back Rome when he came back and took charge of Judea Herod realized and took charge of Judea Herod realized and took charge of Judea Herod realized that this would be a great place for him that this would be a great place for him that this would be a great place for him to escape if he ever had to and so he to escape if he ever had to and so he to escape if he ever had to and so he continued to fortify Mada though he in continued to fortify Mada though he in continued to fortify Mada though he in fact never actually had to use it so fact never actually had to use it so fact never actually had to use it so Masada became quite a grand Masada became quite a grand Masada became quite a grand place at the beginning of the first place at the beginning of the first place at the beginning of the first Jewish rebellion in the year Jewish rebellion in the year Jewish rebellion in the year 66 some of the Jewish Rebels took over 66 some of the Jewish Rebels took over 66 some of the Jewish Rebels took over Mada using a trick they didn't take much Mada using a trick they didn't take much Mada using a trick they didn't take much part in the war after that preferring to part in the war after that preferring to part in the war after that preferring to occupy themselves with raids on the occupy themselves with raids on the occupy themselves with raids on the surrounding Villages msada didn't pose surrounding Villages msada didn't pose surrounding Villages msada didn't pose any threat to the Romans and so they any threat to the Romans and so they any threat to the Romans and so they didn't move against it either even after didn't move against it either even after didn't move against it either even after Jerusalem fell in the year 70 and the Jerusalem fell in the year 70 and the Jerusalem fell in the year 70 and the first Jewish Revolt officially ended first Jewish Revolt officially ended first Jewish Revolt officially ended Mada still held out and the Romans Mada still held out and the Romans Mada still held out and the Romans ignored it until the winter of the Year ignored it until the winter of the Year ignored it until the winter of the Year 73 then the Roman general flavus Silva 73 then the Roman general flavus Silva 73 then the Roman general flavus Silva moved against it and what he did was to moved against it and what he did was to moved against it and what he did was to set up a ring of camps surrounding Mada set up a ring of camps surrounding Mada set up a ring of camps surrounding Mada isolating it and putting it under siege isolating it and putting it under siege isolating it and putting it under siege there were eight fortified camps all

there were eight fortified camps all there were eight fortified camps all linked by a wall which was a rather linked by a wall which was a rather linked by a wall which was a rather futile effort but was done according to futile effort but was done according to futile effort but was done according to the Roman military textbook then in the Roman military textbook then in the Roman military textbook then in order to reach the top he built a huge order to reach the top he built a huge order to reach the top he built a huge ramp now the top of the hill is a good ramp now the top of the hill is a good ramp now the top of the hill is a good 450 ft above the desert floor so it took 450 ft above the desert floor so it took 450 ft above the desert floor so it took quite a bit to build this ramp but quite a bit to build this ramp but quite a bit to build this ramp but having then built the ramp he was able having then built the ramp he was able having then built the ramp he was able to bring up all kinds of Roman Siege to bring up all kinds of Roman Siege to bring up all kinds of Roman Siege engines battering rams and everything engines battering rams and everything engines battering rams and everything else high-powered catapults were also else high-powered catapults were also else high-powered catapults were also placed there and flavus Silva began the placed there and flavus Silva began the placed there and flavus Silva began the assault of Mada now up on top of Masada assault of Mada now up on top of Masada assault of Mada now up on top of Masada was an elaborate set of buildings was an elaborate set of buildings was an elaborate set of buildings because Herod had put up not one but two because Herod had put up not one but two because Herod had put up not one but two palaces and we get a description in fact palaces and we get a description in fact palaces and we get a description in fact from Josephus where he said says from Josephus where he said says from Josephus where he said says moreover he meaning Herod built a palace moreover he meaning Herod built a palace moreover he meaning Herod built a palace therein at the Western Ascent it was therein at the Western Ascent it was therein at the Western Ascent it was within and beneath the walls of the within and beneath the walls of the within and beneath the walls of the Citadel but inclined to its north side Citadel but inclined to its north side Citadel but inclined to its north side now the wall of this Palace was very now the wall of this Palace was very now the wall of this Palace was very high and strong and had at its Four high and strong and had at its Four high and strong and had at its Four Corners Towers 60 cubits High the Corners Towers 60 cubits High the Corners Towers 60 cubits High the furniture also of the edifices and of furniture also of the edifices and of furniture also of the edifices and of the cloysters and of the baths was of the cloysters and of the baths was of the cloysters and of the baths was of great variety and very costly and these great variety and very costly and these great variety and very costly and these buildings were supported by pillars of buildings were supported by pillars of buildings were supported by pillars of single stones on every side you can see single stones on every side you can see single stones on every side you can see that Joseph goes into a great deal of that Joseph goes into a great deal of that Joseph goes into a great deal of detail and it sounds as if he himself detail and it sounds as if he himself detail and it sounds as if he himself were actually were actually were actually there Josephus tells us then what there Josephus tells us then what there Josephus tells us then what flavius Silva did he says as

flavius Silva did he says as flavius Silva did he says as follows there was a certain eminency of follows there was a certain eminency of follows there was a certain eminency of the rock very Broad and very prominent the rock very Broad and very prominent the rock very Broad and very prominent but it was 300 cubits beneath the but it was 300 cubits beneath the but it was 300 cubits beneath the highest part of Mada accordingly he got highest part of Mada accordingly he got highest part of Mada accordingly he got upon that part of the Rock and ordered upon that part of the Rock and ordered upon that part of the Rock and ordered the Army to bring Earth and when they the Army to bring Earth and when they the Army to bring Earth and when they fell to that work with alacrity and an fell to that work with alacrity and an fell to that work with alacrity and an abundance of them together the bank was abundance of them together the bank was abundance of them together the bank was raised and became solid for 200 cubits raised and became solid for 200 cubits raised and became solid for 200 cubits in height yet was not this Bank thought in height yet was not this Bank thought in height yet was not this Bank thought sufficiently high for the use of the sufficiently high for the use of the sufficiently high for the use of the engines that were to be set upon it but engines that were to be set upon it but engines that were to be set upon it but still another elevated work of great still another elevated work of great still another elevated work of great Stones compacted together was raised Stones compacted together was raised Stones compacted together was raised upon that bank this was 50 cubits both upon that bank this was 50 cubits both upon that bank this was 50 cubits both in breadth and in height so the Romans in breadth and in height so the Romans in breadth and in height so the Romans constructed a huge Siege ramp that went constructed a huge Siege ramp that went constructed a huge Siege ramp that went up against the side of Mada following up against the side of Mada following up against the side of Mada following some natural Contours and Josephus tells some natural Contours and Josephus tells some natural Contours and Josephus tells us the the other machines that were now us the the other machines that were now us the the other machines that were now got ready were like to those that have got ready were like to those that have got ready were like to those that have been first devised by vaspian and been first devised by vaspian and been first devised by vaspian and afterward by Titus for sieges there was afterward by Titus for sieges there was afterward by Titus for sieges there was also a Tower made of the height of 60 also a Tower made of the height of 60 also a Tower made of the height of 60 cubits and all over plated with iron out cubits and all over plated with iron out cubits and all over plated with iron out of which the Romans threw darts and of which the Romans threw darts and of which the Romans threw darts and stones from the engines and soon made stones from the engines and soon made stones from the engines and soon made those that fought from the walls of the those that fought from the walls of the those that fought from the walls of the place to retire and would not let them place to retire and would not let them place to retire and would not let them lift up their heads above the works so lift up their heads above the works so lift up their heads above the works so the Romans go to work on Mada with the Romans go to work on Mada with the Romans go to work on Mada with alacrity as Josephus says hurling stones alacrity as Josephus says hurling stones alacrity as Josephus says hurling stones and arrows from the catapults and the and arrows from the catapults and the and arrows from the catapults and the ballistas getting The Siege engines up ballistas getting The Siege engines up ballistas getting The Siege engines up to the walls and letting the battering to the walls and letting the battering to the walls and letting the battering rams go to work and indeed the rams go to work and indeed the rams go to work and indeed the excavations inside uh up on top of Mada

excavations inside uh up on top of Mada excavations inside uh up on top of Mada by yugal yudin and his international by yugal yudin and his international by yugal yudin and his international team of excavators managed to reveal a team of excavators managed to reveal a team of excavators managed to reveal a number of items that impacted this siege number of items that impacted this siege number of items that impacted this siege for example we have the stones that the for example we have the stones that the for example we have the stones that the Defenders were hurling down upon the Defenders were hurling down upon the Defenders were hurling down upon the Roman attackers we have other things as Roman attackers we have other things as Roman attackers we have other things as well now Josephus continues and says at well now Josephus continues and says at well now Josephus continues and says at the same time Silva ordered that the the same time Silva ordered that the the same time Silva ordered that the great battering ram which he had made to great battering ram which he had made to great battering ram which he had made to be brought thither and to be set against be brought thither and to be set against be brought thither and to be set against the wall and to make frequent batteries the wall and to make frequent batteries the wall and to make frequent batteries against it which with some difficulty against it which with some difficulty against it which with some difficulty broke down a part of the wall and quite broke down a part of the wall and quite broke down a part of the wall and quite overthrew it so we have this image of a overthrew it so we have this image of a overthrew it so we have this image of a battering ram being brought up against battering ram being brought up against battering ram being brought up against the walls of Mada and plunging itself the walls of Mada and plunging itself the walls of Mada and plunging itself again and again against the wall again and again against the wall again and again against the wall eventually breaking it down and making a eventually breaking it down and making a eventually breaking it down and making a hole now we are hole now we are hole now we are told by Josephus that when the Romans told by Josephus that when the Romans told by Josephus that when the Romans battered down this outer defensive wall battered down this outer defensive wall battered down this outer defensive wall they found inside a new wall that the they found inside a new wall that the they found inside a new wall that the Jewish Defenders had put up this was a woodenfish he says the Defenders woodenfish he says the Defenders presently built another presently built another presently built another wall it was made soft and yielding and wall it was made soft and yielding and wall it was made soft and yielding and so was capable of avoiding the terrible so was capable of avoiding the terrible so was capable of avoiding the terrible blows that affected the outer wall it blows that affected the outer wall it blows that affected the outer wall it was framed after the following manner was framed after the following manner was framed after the following manner they laid together great beams of wood they laid together great beams of wood they laid together great beams of wood lengthwise one close to the end of lengthwise one close to the end of lengthwise one close to the end of another and the same way in which they

another and the same way in which they another and the same way in which they were cut there were two of these rows were cut there were two of these rows were cut there were two of these rows parallel to one another and laid at such parallel to one another and laid at such parallel to one another and laid at such a distance from each other as the a distance from each other as the a distance from each other as the breadth of the wall required and Earth breadth of the wall required and Earth breadth of the wall required and Earth was put into the space between those was put into the space between those was put into the space between those rolls so what we've got are two sets of rolls so what we've got are two sets of rolls so what we've got are two sets of wood and in between the wood then is put wood and in between the wood then is put wood and in between the wood then is put Earth now you can imagine what this did Earth now you can imagine what this did Earth now you can imagine what this did as the battering ram hit the outer stone as the battering ram hit the outer stone as the battering ram hit the outer stone wall these inner softer wall made of wall these inner softer wall made of wall these inner softer wall made of wood then Earth then wood absorbed the wood then Earth then wood absorbed the wood then Earth then wood absorbed the impact of the battering ram and thus it impact of the battering ram and thus it impact of the battering ram and thus it took much longer than the Romans took much longer than the Romans took much longer than the Romans expected to knock a hole in that outer expected to knock a hole in that outer expected to knock a hole in that outer wall and then once they did put a a hole wall and then once they did put a a hole wall and then once they did put a a hole in that outer wall they found themselves in that outer wall they found themselves in that outer wall they found themselves facing the first stack of wood which facing the first stack of wood which facing the first stack of wood which went above their heads and had Defenders went above their heads and had Defenders went above their heads and had Defenders on Top shooting down at them throwing on Top shooting down at them throwing on Top shooting down at them throwing stones upon their heads and perhaps stones upon their heads and perhaps stones upon their heads and perhaps pouring boiling oil well the Romans did pouring boiling oil well the Romans did pouring boiling oil well the Romans did as one might expect they simply started as one might expect they simply started as one might expect they simply started tossing Burning uh arrows and torches tossing Burning uh arrows and torches tossing Burning uh arrows and torches inside Josephus tells us that Silva inside Josephus tells us that Silva inside Josephus tells us that Silva thinking it easier to destroy this wall thinking it easier to destroy this wall thinking it easier to destroy this wall by fire ordered his soldiers to hurl at by fire ordered his soldiers to hurl at by fire ordered his soldiers to hurl at it a shower of burning torches being it a shower of burning torches being it a shower of burning torches being made mainly of wood it quickly caught made mainly of wood it quickly caught made mainly of wood it quickly caught fire and from its Hollow nature became fire and from its Hollow nature became fire and from its Hollow nature became ignited right through and blazed up in a ignited right through and blazed up in a ignited right through and blazed up in a volume of flames so everything then volume of flames so everything then volume of flames so everything then caught fire The Defenders had one little caught fire The Defenders had one little caught fire The Defenders had one little moment of Hope when the wind changed

moment of Hope when the wind changed moment of Hope when the wind changed Direction and blew the Flames back Direction and blew the Flames back Direction and blew the Flames back against the Romans Towers but then the against the Romans Towers but then the against the Romans Towers but then the wind changed yet again and came back and wind changed yet again and came back and wind changed yet again and came back and the rest of the wall burned down the rest of the wall burned down the rest of the wall burned down Josephus tells us that night was falling Josephus tells us that night was falling Josephus tells us that night was falling just at this point and so the Romans now just at this point and so the Romans now just at this point and so the Romans now returned let me quote to you what he returned let me quote to you what he returned let me quote to you what he says the Romans having now assistance says the Romans having now assistance says the Romans having now assistance from God returned to their camp with joy from God returned to their camp with joy from God returned to their camp with joy and resolved to attack their enemies the and resolved to attack their enemies the and resolved to attack their enemies the very next day on which occasion they set very next day on which occasion they set very next day on which occasion they set their watch more carefully that night their watch more carefully that night their watch more carefully that night lest any of the Jews should run away lest any of the Jews should run away lest any of the Jews should run away from them without being discovered now from them without being discovered now from them without being discovered now the action shifts to inside the camp up the action shifts to inside the camp up the action shifts to inside the camp up on top the Jews realizing now that on top the Jews realizing now that on top the Jews realizing now that everything was lost and Josephus says everything was lost and Josephus says everything was lost and Josephus says neither did Eleazar he's the leader of neither did Eleazar he's the leader of neither did Eleazar he's the leader of the Jewish Defenders neither did Eleazar the Jewish Defenders neither did Eleazar the Jewish Defenders neither did Eleazar once think of flying away nor would he once think of flying away nor would he once think of flying away nor would he permit anyone else to do so but when he permit anyone else to do so but when he permit anyone else to do so but when he saw their wall burned down by the fire saw their wall burned down by the fire saw their wall burned down by the fire and could devise no other way of and could devise no other way of and could devise no other way of escaping or room for their further escaping or room for their further escaping or room for their further courage setting Before Their Eyes what courage setting Before Their Eyes what courage setting Before Their Eyes what the Romans would do to them their the Romans would do to them their the Romans would do to them their children and their wives if they got children and their wives if they got children and their wives if they got them into their power he consulted about them into their power he consulted about them into their power he consulted about having them all slain having them all slain having them all slain now as he judged this to be the best now as he judged this to be the best now as he judged this to be the best thing they could do in their present thing they could do in their present thing they could do in their present circumstances he gathered the most circumstances he gathered the most circumstances he gathered the most courageous of his companions together courageous of his companions together courageous of his companions together and encouraged them to take that course and encouraged them to take that course and encouraged them to take that course by a speech which he made to them in the by a speech which he made to them in the by a speech which he made to them in the manner as follows and then Josephus manner as follows and then Josephus manner as follows and then Josephus quotes elazer the commander of the

quotes elazer the commander of the quotes elazer the commander of the Defenders and he says since we long ago Defenders and he says since we long ago Defenders and he says since we long ago my generous friends resolved never to be my generous friends resolved never to be my generous friends resolved never to be servants to the Romans nor to any other servants to the Romans nor to any other servants to the Romans nor to any other than to God himself who alone is the than to God himself who alone is the than to God himself who alone is the true and just Lord of mankind the time true and just Lord of mankind the time true and just Lord of mankind the time has now come that obliges us to make has now come that obliges us to make has now come that obliges us to make that resolution true in practice it is that resolution true in practice it is that resolution true in practice it is still in our power to die bravely still in our power to die bravely still in our power to die bravely Eleazar said and in a state of Freedom Eleazar said and in a state of Freedom Eleazar said and in a state of Freedom which has not been the case of others which has not been the case of others which has not been the case of others who were conquered who were conquered who were conquered unexpectedly it is very plain that we unexpectedly it is very plain that we unexpectedly it is very plain that we shall be taken within a day's time but shall be taken within a day's time but shall be taken within a day's time but it is still an eligible thing to die it is still an eligible thing to die it is still an eligible thing to die after a glorious manner together with after a glorious manner together with after a glorious manner together with our dearest friends the punishments let our dearest friends the punishments let our dearest friends the punishments let us not receive from the Romans but from us not receive from the Romans but from us not receive from the Romans but from God himself as executed by our own hands God himself as executed by our own hands God himself as executed by our own hands for these will be more moderate than the for these will be more moderate than the for these will be more moderate than the other let our wives die before they are other let our wives die before they are other let our wives die before they are abused and our children before they have abused and our children before they have abused and our children before they have tasted of slavery and after we have tasted of slavery and after we have tasted of slavery and after we have slain them let us bestow that glorious slain them let us bestow that glorious slain them let us bestow that glorious benefit upon one another mutually and benefit upon one another mutually and benefit upon one another mutually and preserve ourselves in Freedom as an preserve ourselves in Freedom as an preserve ourselves in Freedom as an excellent funeral Monument for us but excellent funeral Monument for us but excellent funeral Monument for us but first let us destroy our money and the first let us destroy our money and the first let us destroy our money and the Fortress by fire for I am well assured Fortress by fire for I am well assured Fortress by fire for I am well assured that this this will be a great grief to that this this will be a great grief to that this this will be a great grief to the Romans that they shall not be able the Romans that they shall not be able the Romans that they shall not be able to seize upon our bodies and shall fall to seize upon our bodies and shall fall to seize upon our bodies and shall fall of our wealth also and let us spare of our wealth also and let us spare of our wealth also and let us spare nothing but our Provisions for they will nothing but our Provisions for they will nothing but our Provisions for they will be a testimonial when we are dead that be a testimonial when we are dead that be a testimonial when we are dead that we were not subdued for want of we were not subdued for want of we were not subdued for want of Necessities but that according to our Necessities but that according to our Necessities but that according to our original resolution we have preferred

original resolution we have preferred original resolution we have preferred death before slavery this is one of the death before slavery this is one of the death before slavery this is one of the most famous statements from Antiquity most famous statements from Antiquity most famous statements from Antiquity and it is still held up to and it is still held up to and it is still held up to today just jifa says now as Eleazar was today just jifa says now as Eleazar was today just jifa says now as Eleazar was proceeding on in this exhortation they proceeding on in this exhortation they proceeding on in this exhortation they all cut him off short and made haste to all cut him off short and made haste to all cut him off short and made haste to do the work moved with a demonical fury do the work moved with a demonical fury do the work moved with a demonical fury so they went their ways nor indeed when so they went their ways nor indeed when so they went their ways nor indeed when they came to the work itself did their they came to the work itself did their they came to the work itself did their courage fail them as one might imagine courage fail them as one might imagine courage fail them as one might imagine it would have done but they held fast to it would have done but they held fast to it would have done but they held fast to the same resolution without wavering for the same resolution without wavering for the same resolution without wavering for the husbands tenderly embraced their the husbands tenderly embraced their the husbands tenderly embraced their wives and took their children into their wives and took their children into their wives and took their children into their arms and gave the longest parting kisses arms and gave the longest parting kisses arms and gave the longest parting kisses to them with tears in their eyes yet at to them with tears in their eyes yet at to them with tears in their eyes yet at the same time did they complete what the same time did they complete what the same time did they complete what they had resolved on every one of them they had resolved on every one of them they had resolved on every one of them dispatched his dearest dispatched his dearest dispatched his dearest relations so they being not able to Bear relations so they being not able to Bear relations so they being not able to Bear the grief they were under for what they the grief they were under for what they the grief they were under for what they had done any longer and esteeming it an had done any longer and esteeming it an had done any longer and esteeming it an injury to those they had slain to live injury to those they had slain to live injury to those they had slain to live even the shortest space of time after even the shortest space of time after even the shortest space of time after them they presently laid all they had them they presently laid all they had them they presently laid all they had upon a heap and set fire to it they then upon a heap and set fire to it they then upon a heap and set fire to it they then chose 10 men by lot out of them to slay chose 10 men by lot out of them to slay chose 10 men by lot out of them to slay all the rest every one of whom laid all the rest every one of whom laid all the rest every one of whom laid himself down by his wife and children on himself down by his wife and children on himself down by his wife and children on the ground and threw his arms about them the ground and threw his arms about them the ground and threw his arms about them and they offered their necks to the and they offered their necks to the and they offered their necks to the stroke of those who by lot executed that stroke of those who by lot executed that stroke of those who by lot executed that Melancholy office and when these 10 had Melancholy office and when these 10 had Melancholy office and when these 10 had without fear slain them all they made without fear slain them all they made without fear slain them all they made the same rule for casting lots for the same rule for casting lots for the same rule for casting lots for themselves that he whose lot it was themselves that he whose lot it was themselves that he whose lot it was should first kill the other nine and

should first kill the other nine and should first kill the other nine and after all should kill himself after all should kill himself after all should kill himself accordingly the nine offered their necks accordingly the nine offered their necks accordingly the nine offered their necks to the Executioner and he who was the to the Executioner and he who was the to the Executioner and he who was the last of all set fire to the palace and last of all set fire to the palace and last of all set fire to the palace and with the great force of his hand ran his with the great force of his hand ran his with the great force of his hand ran his sword entirely through himself and fell sword entirely through himself and fell sword entirely through himself and fell down dead near to his own down dead near to his own down dead near to his own relations so these people died with this relations so these people died with this relations so these people died with this intention that they would not leave so intention that they would not leave so intention that they would not leave so much as one Soul among them all alive to much as one Soul among them all alive to much as one Soul among them all alive to be subject to the Romans yet there was be subject to the Romans yet there was be subject to the Romans yet there was an ancient woman and another who was of an ancient woman and another who was of an ancient woman and another who was of kin to Eleazar and Superior to most kin to Eleazar and Superior to most kin to Eleazar and Superior to most women in prudence and learning with five women in prudence and learning with five women in prudence and learning with five children who had concealed themselves in children who had concealed themselves in children who had concealed themselves in Caverns Underground Caverns Underground Caverns Underground and had carried water thither for their and had carried water thither for their and had carried water thither for their drink and were hidden there when the drink and were hidden there when the drink and were hidden there when the rest were intent upon the slaughter of rest were intent upon the slaughter of rest were intent upon the slaughter of one another those others were 960 in one another those others were 960 in one another those others were 960 in Number the women and children being with Number the women and children being with Number the women and children being with all included in that computation this all included in that computation this all included in that computation this calamitous Slaughter was made on the calamitous Slaughter was made on the calamitous Slaughter was made on the 15th day of the month of Nissan so out 15th day of the month of Nissan so out 15th day of the month of Nissan so out of this we have two women and five of this we have two women and five of this we have two women and five children who survived the Carnage and children who survived the Carnage and children who survived the Carnage and emerged the next morning when the Romans emerged the next morning when the Romans emerged the next morning when the Romans came up rather than battle they found an came up rather than battle they found an came up rather than battle they found an ominous silence and calling into the ominous silence and calling into the ominous silence and calling into the Eerie quiet the two women and the five Eerie quiet the two women and the five Eerie quiet the two women and the five children emerged and recounted the story children emerged and recounted the story children emerged and recounted the story of what had happened and from that we of what had happened and from that we of what had happened and from that we get josephus's get josephus's get josephus's account this story was told and retold account this story was told and retold account this story was told and retold especially from 1948 on until the early

especially from 1948 on until the early especially from 1948 on until the early 1980s when the new recruits being sworn 1980s when the new recruits being sworn 1980s when the new recruits being sworn into the Israeli Army were sworn in at into the Israeli Army were sworn in at into the Israeli Army were sworn in at the top of Masada where they vowed never the top of Masada where they vowed never the top of Masada where they vowed never again and moreover during the again and moreover during the again and moreover during the excavations by yugal yaden they found excavations by yugal yaden they found excavations by yugal yaden they found broken pot shirs with the names of some broken pot shirs with the names of some broken pot shirs with the names of some of the Israeli Defenders including one of the Israeli Defenders including one of the Israeli Defenders including one with the name of eleazer the name of the with the name of eleazer the name of the with the name of eleazer the name of the leader and so they said that they had leader and so they said that they had leader and so they said that they had found the very lots that had been used found the very lots that had been used found the very lots that had been used back then so what's the problem sounds back then so what's the problem sounds back then so what's the problem sounds like a good story the problem is that like a good story the problem is that like a good story the problem is that the historicity of this famous account the historicity of this famous account the historicity of this famous account is completely uncertain the basic is completely uncertain the basic is completely uncertain the basic elements are of course accurate and elements are of course accurate and elements are of course accurate and confirmed by archaeology there was a confirmed by archaeology there was a confirmed by archaeology there was a rebel presence up on top of Mada there rebel presence up on top of Mada there rebel presence up on top of Mada there were Roman Siege engines there were were Roman Siege engines there were were Roman Siege engines there were Roman camps surrounding Mada you can see Roman camps surrounding Mada you can see Roman camps surrounding Mada you can see them even today and the Roman ramp which them even today and the Roman ramp which them even today and the Roman ramp which was used is still there even in a was used is still there even in a was used is still there even in a remarkable state of preservation we've remarkable state of preservation we've remarkable state of preservation we've even found the stones that were hurled even found the stones that were hurled even found the stones that were hurled by the Romans up on top of Mada so by the Romans up on top of Mada so by the Romans up on top of Mada so here's the problem Josephus was not at here's the problem Josephus was not at here's the problem Josephus was not at Mada it is not a firsthand account he Mada it is not a firsthand account he Mada it is not a firsthand account he did have access to the official field did have access to the official field did have access to the official field reports and he may even have consulted reports and he may even have consulted reports and he may even have consulted Flavia Silva who was at Rome in the year Flavia Silva who was at Rome in the year Flavia Silva who was at Rome in the year 81 just when Josephus was writing this 81 just when Josephus was writing this 81 just when Josephus was writing this account so he is reliable on some account so he is reliable on some account so he is reliable on some instances but the secondhand nature of instances but the secondhand nature of instances but the secondhand nature of his knowledge becomes evident when we his knowledge becomes evident when we his knowledge becomes evident when we look at questions of detail for example

look at questions of detail for example look at questions of detail for example Josephus is wrong on the heights of the Josephus is wrong on the heights of the Josephus is wrong on the heights of the walls and the towers he is wrong in his walls and the towers he is wrong in his walls and the towers he is wrong in his description of the northern Palace and description of the northern Palace and description of the northern Palace and indeed Josephus thinks there's only one indeed Josephus thinks there's only one indeed Josephus thinks there's only one Palace up on top of Mada when in fact Palace up on top of Mada when in fact Palace up on top of Mada when in fact there are two the northern and the there are two the northern and the there are two the northern and the Western but where josephus's account Western but where josephus's account Western but where josephus's account becomes completely unbelievable is when becomes completely unbelievable is when becomes completely unbelievable is when he has the Romans stop for the night he has the Romans stop for the night he has the Romans stop for the night just after they breach that outer wall just after they breach that outer wall just after they breach that outer wall and saw the inner wall and knew that it and saw the inner wall and knew that it and saw the inner wall and knew that it was catching on fire and they could go was catching on fire and they could go was catching on fire and they could go in any moment that they wanted to in any moment that they wanted to in any moment that they wanted to Josephus says that the Roman troops Josephus says that the Roman troops Josephus says that the Roman troops stopped for the night went back down to stopped for the night went back down to stopped for the night went back down to their camps and waited for the their camps and waited for the their camps and waited for the morning now even though nighttime had morning now even though nighttime had morning now even though nighttime had fallen the Romans would never have fallen the Romans would never have fallen the Romans would never have stopped the Roman military textbook stopped the Roman military textbook stopped the Roman military textbook manuals called for them to push the manuals called for them to push the manuals called for them to push the attack wherever and whenever it was attack wherever and whenever it was attack wherever and whenever it was called for that is if the Romans had called for that is if the Romans had called for that is if the Romans had broken through the outer wall even as broken through the outer wall even as broken through the outer wall even as the sun were setting they would have the sun were setting they would have the sun were setting they would have carried on with the attack they would carried on with the attack they would carried on with the attack they would not have stopped for the night and not have stopped for the night and not have stopped for the night and indeed the burning wood and other indeed the burning wood and other indeed the burning wood and other elements up on top of Mada would have elements up on top of Mada would have elements up on top of Mada would have meant that they could see probably meant that they could see probably meant that they could see probably almost as plainly as day and yet almost as plainly as day and yet almost as plainly as day and yet Josephus has them stop for the night why Josephus has them stop for the night why Josephus has them stop for the night why does he have them do this because that's does he have them do this because that's does he have them do this because that's what allows the Jews up on top time to what allows the Jews up on top time to what allows the Jews up on top time to commit their mass commit their mass commit their mass suicide once you recognize this once you

suicide once you recognize this once you suicide once you recognize this once you recognize that stopping for the night recognize that stopping for the night recognize that stopping for the night was complet completely out of the Roman was complet completely out of the Roman was complet completely out of the Roman character then josephus's scenario character then josephus's scenario character then josephus's scenario crumbles completely and in its place we crumbles completely and in its place we crumbles completely and in its place we have to assume that the usual occurred have to assume that the usual occurred have to assume that the usual occurred probably some of the Jews up top killed probably some of the Jews up top killed probably some of the Jews up top killed their family and then themselves they their family and then themselves they their family and then themselves they probably burnt their possessions and probably burnt their possessions and probably burnt their possessions and some of the public buildings but the some of the public buildings but the some of the public buildings but the majority of them were captured by the majority of them were captured by the majority of them were captured by the Romans and probably not captured but Romans and probably not captured but Romans and probably not captured but probably killed put to death in other probably killed put to death in other probably killed put to death in other words we may have had a Massac words we may have had a Massac words we may have had a Massac up on top of Mada rather than a up on top of Mada rather than a up on top of Mada rather than a suicide there are some that tried to suicide there are some that tried to suicide there are some that tried to escape there is a cave in which a number escape there is a cave in which a number escape there is a cave in which a number of skeletons have been found we're not of skeletons have been found we're not of skeletons have been found we're not clear if these are people that were clear if these are people that were clear if these are people that were found by the Romans and killed or found by the Romans and killed or found by the Romans and killed or whether they are actually Roman soldiers whether they are actually Roman soldiers whether they are actually Roman soldiers themselves that are in these caves or themselves that are in these caves or themselves that are in these caves or indeed if perhaps they are people who indeed if perhaps they are people who indeed if perhaps they are people who after they've been killed were dragged after they've been killed were dragged after they've been killed were dragged into the caves by wild hyenas or other into the caves by wild hyenas or other into the caves by wild hyenas or other animals animals animals the speech that Josephus puts into the the speech that Josephus puts into the the speech that Josephus puts into the mouth of eleazer is highly unlikely mouth of eleazer is highly unlikely mouth of eleazer is highly unlikely Josephus is probably inventing this or Josephus is probably inventing this or Josephus is probably inventing this or exaggerating it but it is very exaggerating it but it is very exaggerating it but it is very interesting that what takes place mimics interesting that what takes place mimics interesting that what takes place mimics an event that actually occurred during an event that actually occurred during an event that actually occurred during josephus's own life indeed Josephus josephus's own life indeed Josephus josephus's own life indeed Josephus before he became a Roman historian and before he became a Roman historian and before he became a Roman historian and apologist was a Jewish General he had

apologist was a Jewish General he had apologist was a Jewish General he had been captured by vespasian's forces been captured by vespasian's forces been captured by vespasian's forces after he had hidden in a cave with a after he had hidden in a cave with a after he had hidden in a cave with a number of other people and had persuaded number of other people and had persuaded number of other people and had persuaded all of the others to commit suicide all of the others to commit suicide all of the others to commit suicide leaving only him and one other man alive leaving only him and one other man alive leaving only him and one other man alive and then he persuaded the other man to and then he persuaded the other man to and then he persuaded the other man to give up with him so josephus's own life give up with him so josephus's own life give up with him so josephus's own life has seen an event much as he described has seen an event much as he described has seen an event much as he described only he had survived it so in terms of only he had survived it so in terms of only he had survived it so in terms of making up a tale it should not be too making up a tale it should not be too making up a tale it should not be too surprising if Josephus is able to come surprising if Josephus is able to come surprising if Josephus is able to come up with a story such as the one that we up with a story such as the one that we up with a story such as the one that we find in his find in his find in his book The Thinking is that Josephus may book The Thinking is that Josephus may book The Thinking is that Josephus may have invented the speech of eleazer in have invented the speech of eleazer in have invented the speech of eleazer in part to lay the blame on the Jews part to lay the blame on the Jews part to lay the blame on the Jews themselves he may have elaborated the themselves he may have elaborated the themselves he may have elaborated the suicide to take the onus to take the suicide to take the onus to take the suicide to take the onus to take the burden of the massacre off the hands of burden of the massacre off the hands of burden of the massacre off the hands of the Romans and to turn this massacre the Romans and to turn this massacre the Romans and to turn this massacre into a suicide for which the Romans were into a suicide for which the Romans were into a suicide for which the Romans were not themselves not themselves not themselves responsible now here again there is much responsible now here again there is much responsible now here again there is much debate today a number of Scholars have debate today a number of Scholars have debate today a number of Scholars have reinvestigated this question of Mada reinvestigated this question of Mada reinvestigated this question of Mada there are any number of books and there are any number of books and there are any number of books and articles that can be turned to today and articles that can be turned to today and articles that can be turned to today and the upshot is that as I've already the upshot is that as I've already the upshot is that as I've already mentioned the Israeli Army has now mentioned the Israeli Army has now mentioned the Israeli Army has now ceased to swear in their new soldiers up ceased to swear in their new soldiers up ceased to swear in their new soldiers up on top of Masada the uh initiation on top of Masada the uh initiation on top of Masada the uh initiation ceremonies are held elsewhere and indeed ceremonies are held elsewhere and indeed ceremonies are held elsewhere and indeed the entire question of the suicide at the entire question of the suicide at the entire question of the suicide at msada has been called into question it's

msada has been called into question it's msada has been called into question it's now being referred to as the myth of now being referred to as the myth of now being referred to as the myth of Mada and the debate is still ongoing Mada and the debate is still ongoing Mada and the debate is still ongoing even today was it a mass suicide was it even today was it a mass suicide was it even today was it a mass suicide was it a massacre at the moment the feeling is a massacre at the moment the feeling is a massacre at the moment the feeling is leaning towards a massacre and that leaning towards a massacre and that leaning towards a massacre and that Josephus made up the entire story but Josephus made up the entire story but Josephus made up the entire story but there are those who still hold that this there are those who still hold that this there are those who still hold that this was a mass suicide and that it should be was a mass suicide and that it should be was a mass suicide and that it should be upheld as something which never happens upheld as something which never happens upheld as something which never happens again so especially as we have seen in again so especially as we have seen in again so especially as we have seen in this lecture and this disc discussion of this lecture and this disc discussion of this lecture and this disc discussion of what happened at Mada the history of what happened at Mada the history of what happened at Mada the history of ancient Israel is neither ancient nor ancient Israel is neither ancient nor ancient Israel is neither ancient nor particularly dead it is still discussed particularly dead it is still discussed particularly dead it is still discussed today it is still relevant today there today it is still relevant today there today it is still relevant today there are any number of topics upon which we are any number of topics upon which we are any number of topics upon which we have touched that are still discussed in have touched that are still discussed in have touched that are still discussed in houses of worship and around dinner houses of worship and around dinner houses of worship and around dinner tables even now and we have only just tables even now and we have only just tables even now and we have only just begun to touch upon this fascinating begun to touch upon this fascinating begun to touch upon this fascinating history what we have done in this course history what we have done in this course history what we have done in this course is to survey the history of ancient is to survey the history of ancient is to survey the history of ancient Israel from essentially the time of the Israel from essentially the time of the Israel from essentially the time of the Patriarchs through the Roman period that Patriarchs through the Roman period that Patriarchs through the Roman period that is from the early 2 millennium BCE right is from the early 2 millennium BCE right is from the early 2 millennium BCE right through the 2 Century CE and along our through the 2 Century CE and along our through the 2 Century CE and along our way we have surveyed topics ranging from way we have surveyed topics ranging from way we have surveyed topics ranging from historical to archaeological we've historical to archaeological we've historical to archaeological we've touched on some of the political and touched on some of the political and touched on some of the political and religious as well as diplomatic matters religious as well as diplomatic matters religious as well as diplomatic matters military has come into play economic and military has come into play economic and military has come into play economic and intellectual events we have looked intellectual events we have looked intellectual events we have looked primarily at the discussion in the

primarily at the discussion in the primarily at the discussion in the Hebrew Bible but where we could we Hebrew Bible but where we could we Hebrew Bible but where we could we brought in extra biblical textual brought in extra biblical textual brought in extra biblical textual material as well ranging everywhere from material as well ranging everywhere from material as well ranging everywhere from the inscriptions of the Egyptians to the inscriptions of the Egyptians to the inscriptions of the Egyptians to those of the Babylonians and Assyrians those of the Babylonians and Assyrians those of the Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the evidence from archaeology as well as the evidence from archaeology as well as the evidence from archaeology wherever and whenever wherever and whenever wherever and whenever appropriate I've tried to pay particular appropriate I've tried to pay particular appropriate I've tried to pay particular emphasis to the problems and the debates emphasis to the problems and the debates emphasis to the problems and the debates that are currently embroiling the field that are currently embroiling the field that are currently embroiling the field because it is this that shows that the because it is this that shows that the because it is this that shows that the history of ancient Israel is still history of ancient Israel is still history of ancient Israel is still relevant to today we touched on the relevant to today we touched on the relevant to today we touched on the topic of the biblical minimalist who topic of the biblical minimalist who topic of the biblical minimalist who tend to deny that David and Solomon ever tend to deny that David and Solomon ever tend to deny that David and Solomon ever existed we also just now discussed the existed we also just now discussed the existed we also just now discussed the events that took place at Mada 2,000 events that took place at Mada 2,000 events that took place at Mada 2,000 years ago and there are any other number years ago and there are any other number years ago and there are any other number of such issues and topics that we could of such issues and topics that we could of such issues and topics that we could point to each and every one of which point to each and every one of which point to each and every one of which could be further developed and made into could be further developed and made into could be further developed and made into a course of its a course of its a course of its own so I hope with Within These series own so I hope with Within These series own so I hope with Within These series of lectures I've managed to uh pique of lectures I've managed to uh pique of lectures I've managed to uh pique your interest just a little bit I would your interest just a little bit I would your interest just a little bit I would urge you to take a look at the suggested urge you to take a look at the suggested urge you to take a look at the suggested further reading and to check the website further reading and to check the website further reading and to check the website and we will see if we can continue and we will see if we can continue and we will see if we can continue discussing these topics with you in the discussing these topics with you in the discussing these topics with you in the future in some way shape or form it's future in some way shape or form it's future in some way shape or form it's been a pleasure to be with you for these been a pleasure to be with you for these been a pleasure to be with you for these lectures and I thank you for your attention this ends lecture attention this ends lecture 14 now that you completed of this course 14 now that you completed of this course 14 now that you completed of this course be sure to test your comprehension by

be sure to test your comprehension by be sure to test your comprehension by taking the final exam you'll find the taking the final exam you'll find the taking the final exam you'll find the exam on this course's web page at exam on this course's web page at exam on this course's web page at www. moderns scholar.com www. moderns scholar.com www. moderns scholar.com if you enjoyed this program the modern if you enjoyed this program the modern if you enjoyed this program the modern scholar series from recorded books scholar series from recorded books scholar series from recorded books offers courses on a variety of subject offers courses on a variety of subject offers courses on a variety of subject areas taught by the world's greatest areas taught by the world's greatest areas taught by the world's greatest professors call 1-800 636 3399 or visit professors call 1-800 636 3399 or visit professors call 1-800 636 3399 or visit the coures web page for a free the coures web page for a free the coures web page for a free catalog this course produced by John J catalog this course produced by John J catalog this course produced by John J Alexander is copyrighted 2006 by Alexander is copyrighted 2006 by Alexander is copyrighted 2006 by recorded books LLC the lecture text is recorded books LLC the lecture text is recorded books LLC the lecture text is copyrighted 2006 by Eric Klein the copyrighted 2006 by Eric Klein the copyrighted 2006 by Eric Klein the lectures were recorded under the lectures were recorded under the lectures were recorded under the direction of Matthew kavar