Roman History 06 - The Late Republic 1 200 - 130 BC

[Music] [Music] hello and welcome to the history of hello and welcome to the history of hello and welcome to the history of Rome episode 24 the second Macedonian Rome episode 24 the second Macedonian Rome episode 24 the second Macedonian War last time we ended with the Roman War last time we ended with the Roman War last time we ended with the Roman victory over Carthage in 202 BC leaving victory over Carthage in 202 BC leaving victory over Carthage in 202 BC leaving Rome as the Undisputed Master of the Rome as the Undisputed Master of the Rome as the Undisputed Master of the Western Western Western Mediterranean after nearly 20 years Mediterranean after nearly 20 years Mediterranean after nearly 20 years locked in a massively destructive locked in a massively destructive locked in a massively destructive conflict one might assume that the conflict one might assume that the conflict one might assume that the Romans would take some time off after Romans would take some time off after Romans would take some time off after all the demise of Carthage left no real all the demise of Carthage left no real all the demise of Carthage left no real challenge to the Roman Hemy in the west challenge to the Roman Hemy in the west challenge to the Roman Hemy in the west and there was an abundance of new and there was an abundance of new and there was an abundance of new trading opportunities lands to settle trading opportunities lands to settle trading opportunities lands to settle Farms to rebuild and families to grow Farms to rebuild and families to grow Farms to rebuild and families to grow why not enjoy the fruits of their why not enjoy the fruits of their why not enjoy the fruits of their Newfound dominance and retire peacefully Newfound dominance and retire peacefully Newfound dominance and retire peacefully to Country Estates to grow olives and to Country Estates to grow olives and to Country Estates to grow olives and sip wine beat the swords into plowshares sip wine beat the swords into plowshares sip wine beat the swords into plowshares as it were and leave the battlefield as it were and leave the battlefield as it were and leave the battlefield unstained with Roman blood at least for unstained with Roman blood at least for unstained with Roman blood at least for a little while a generation maybe not a little while a generation maybe not a little while a generation maybe not likely immediately after winning the likely immediately after winning the likely immediately after winning the West the Romans wasted no time West the Romans wasted no time West the Romans wasted no time leveraging their Newfound Big Boy status leveraging their Newfound Big Boy status leveraging their Newfound Big Boy status and embroiling themselves in the and embroiling themselves in the and embroiling themselves in the Cutthroat world of Greek power Cutthroat world of Greek power Cutthroat world of Greek power Politics the rationale behind an Politics the rationale behind an Politics the rationale behind an intervention in the East is obscure and intervention in the East is obscure and intervention in the East is obscure and at first blush doesn't seem to make a at first blush doesn't seem to make a at first blush doesn't seem to make a whole lot of sense the Romans had no whole lot of sense the Romans had no whole lot of sense the Romans had no long-standing ties in Greece and no true long-standing ties in Greece and no true long-standing ties in Greece and no true investment in the region as I've investment in the region as I've investment in the region as I've mentioned a few times the Adriatic mentioned a few times the Adriatic mentioned a few times the Adriatic divided the Mediterranean into two divided the Mediterranean into two divided the Mediterranean into two worlds the Romans had finally won worlds the Romans had finally won worlds the Romans had finally won control of their half it seemed strange

control of their half it seemed strange control of their half it seemed strange that they would risk what they had just that they would risk what they had just that they would risk what they had just achieved by suddenly launching achieved by suddenly launching achieved by suddenly launching themselves into the middle of a game themselves into the middle of a game themselves into the middle of a game they had never before competed in or they had never before competed in or they had never before competed in or stood any real chance of winning without stood any real chance of winning without stood any real chance of winning without immense effort but history is what it is immense effort but history is what it is immense effort but history is what it is and rather than taking a breath the and rather than taking a breath the and rather than taking a breath the Romans moved East as a first step Romans moved East as a first step Romans moved East as a first step towards capturing the whole of the towards capturing the whole of the towards capturing the whole of the Mediterranean a feat never before Mediterranean a feat never before Mediterranean a feat never before accomplished and since the fall of Rome accomplished and since the fall of Rome accomplished and since the fall of Rome a Fe never again a Fe never again a Fe never again repeated Roman intervention in Greece repeated Roman intervention in Greece repeated Roman intervention in Greece was precipitated by a fateful pact was precipitated by a fateful pact was precipitated by a fateful pact between two men who would command the between two men who would command the between two men who would command the armies opposite the legions in the armies opposite the legions in the armies opposite the legions in the coming decades Philip I of Macedon and coming decades Philip I of Macedon and coming decades Philip I of Macedon and Antiochus the great of the cocd Antiochus the great of the cocd Antiochus the great of the cocd Empire the Eastern Mediterranean was Empire the Eastern Mediterranean was Empire the Eastern Mediterranean was still very much living in a post still very much living in a post still very much living in a post alexandrian world and the dominant alexandrian world and the dominant alexandrian world and the dominant kingdoms jockeying for position had kingdoms jockeying for position had kingdoms jockeying for position had grown from the satrapies established by grown from the satrapies established by grown from the satrapies established by Alexander's Alexander's Alexander's generals Egypt was ruled by the generals Egypt was ruled by the generals Egypt was ruled by the descendants of tmy Syria and Persia were descendants of tmy Syria and Persia were descendants of tmy Syria and Persia were ruled by the descendants of salus and ruled by the descendants of salus and ruled by the descendants of salus and Macedon the birthplace of the great Macedon the birthplace of the great Macedon the birthplace of the great General was reising to a position of General was reising to a position of General was reising to a position of power under Philip V after years caught power under Philip V after years caught power under Philip V after years caught up in dynastic up in dynastic up in dynastic struggles in 204 BC as skipio was struggles in 204 BC as skipio was struggles in 204 BC as skipio was launching his expedition against launching his expedition against launching his expedition against Carthage tmy IV of Egypt died leaving Carthage tmy IV of Egypt died leaving Carthage tmy IV of Egypt died leaving his six-year-old son as his six-year-old son as his six-year-old son as Heir seizing quickly on the leadership Heir seizing quickly on the leadership Heir seizing quickly on the leadership vacuum in Egypt Philip and and Antiochus vacuum in Egypt Philip and and Antiochus vacuum in Egypt Philip and and Antiochus agreed to jointly exploit the situation agreed to jointly exploit the situation agreed to jointly exploit the situation and move against Egyptian Holdings in and move against Egyptian Holdings in and move against Egyptian Holdings in Asia Minor and Syria the idea was simple

Asia Minor and Syria the idea was simple Asia Minor and Syria the idea was simple attack quickly on two fronts and Conquer attack quickly on two fronts and Conquer attack quickly on two fronts and Conquer what territory they what territory they what territory they could around the same time skipio was could around the same time skipio was could around the same time skipio was dictating terms to the carthaginians dictating terms to the carthaginians dictating terms to the carthaginians Antiochus moved South towards the Red Antiochus moved South towards the Red Antiochus moved South towards the Red Sea and Philip moved East attacking thce Sea and Philip moved East attacking thce Sea and Philip moved East attacking thce the territory west of the narrow sea the territory west of the narrow sea the territory west of the narrow sea Lane that links the aan and black Seas Lane that links the aan and black Seas Lane that links the aan and black Seas called the hell spot ancient times and called the hell spot ancient times and called the hell spot ancient times and today called the today called the today called the dardel this joint action immediately dardel this joint action immediately dardel this joint action immediately upset the apple card of Greek pow upset the apple card of Greek pow upset the apple card of Greek pow sharing and sent the kingdom of pergamum sharing and sent the kingdom of pergamum sharing and sent the kingdom of pergamum which lay on the east side of the which lay on the east side of the which lay on the east side of the hellespont into a tizzy at Talus I king hellespont into a tizzy at Talus I king hellespont into a tizzy at Talus I king of pergamum smelled absolutely nothing of pergamum smelled absolutely nothing of pergamum smelled absolutely nothing good coming from an alliance between good coming from an alliance between good coming from an alliance between Philip and Philip and Philip and Antiochus at talis's Kingdom in Asia Antiochus at talis's Kingdom in Asia Antiochus at talis's Kingdom in Asia Minor bordered both rival Powers it was Minor bordered both rival Powers it was Minor bordered both rival Powers it was not hard to Define where the two Allied not hard to Define where the two Allied not hard to Define where the two Allied Kings would look next when they were Kings would look next when they were Kings would look next when they were done stripping young tmy of his done stripping young tmy of his done stripping young tmy of his inheritance but luckily at Talus had inheritance but luckily at Talus had inheritance but luckily at Talus had built up invaluable Good Will from the built up invaluable Good Will from the built up invaluable Good Will from the ascendant Romans who were just coming ascendant Romans who were just coming ascendant Romans who were just coming off their big win over off their big win over off their big win over Carthage atalis had been amongst those Carthage atalis had been amongst those Carthage atalis had been amongst those allied with Rome against Macedon during allied with Rome against Macedon during allied with Rome against Macedon during the first Macedonian War along with the the first Macedonian War along with the the first Macedonian War along with the aians atalis had helped keep Philip's aians atalis had helped keep Philip's aians atalis had helped keep Philip's attention firmly in Greece and the attention firmly in Greece and the attention firmly in Greece and the Romans understood the role this played Romans understood the role this played Romans understood the role this played in their ultimate victory over Carthage in their ultimate victory over Carthage in their ultimate victory over Carthage or at least the tallest hope they they or at least the tallest hope they they or at least the tallest hope they they understood because it was time for them understood because it was time for them understood because it was time for them to repay the to repay the to repay the favor pergamum allied with the island favor pergamum allied with the island favor pergamum allied with the island Kingdom of erods was for the time being Kingdom of erods was for the time being Kingdom of erods was for the time being holding its own against Macedonian

holding its own against Macedonian holding its own against Macedonian encroachment but in 2011 BC official encroachment but in 2011 BC official encroachment but in 2011 BC official envoys were sent to Rome to plead for envoys were sent to Rome to plead for envoys were sent to Rome to plead for Aid the Roman senate while not Aid the Roman senate while not Aid the Roman senate while not forgetting their friendship with at forgetting their friendship with at forgetting their friendship with at Talus still sent the Greek envoys away Talus still sent the Greek envoys away Talus still sent the Greek envoys away without the promise of Aid they had just without the promise of Aid they had just without the promise of Aid they had just come off a costly war with Carthage now come off a costly war with Carthage now come off a costly war with Carthage now was not the time to go plunging headlong was not the time to go plunging headlong was not the time to go plunging headlong into Gree into Gree into Gree but elements within the Senate argued but elements within the Senate argued but elements within the Senate argued for immediate action Philip had been for immediate action Philip had been for immediate action Philip had been moving for years against Rome and if his moving for years against Rome and if his moving for years against Rome and if his ambition was allowed to proceed ambition was allowed to proceed ambition was allowed to proceed unchecked when his attention inevitably unchecked when his attention inevitably unchecked when his attention inevitably turned back to the West he would come turned back to the West he would come turned back to the West he would come knocking that much richer and that much knocking that much richer and that much knocking that much richer and that much stronger if Rome was worried about the stronger if Rome was worried about the stronger if Rome was worried about the cost of a war today think of what the cost of a war today think of what the cost of a war today think of what the cost would be cost would be cost would be tomorrow it was agreed then that envoys tomorrow it was agreed then that envoys tomorrow it was agreed then that envoys should be sent to Greece to take the should be sent to Greece to take the should be sent to Greece to take the temperature of the locals and reassess temperature of the locals and reassess temperature of the locals and reassess whether the Romans needed to take stand whether the Romans needed to take stand whether the Romans needed to take stand now or whether they could afford to now or whether they could afford to now or whether they could afford to wait on the road to Athens the Roman wait on the road to Athens the Roman wait on the road to Athens the Roman envoys were fast concluding that a war envoys were fast concluding that a war envoys were fast concluding that a war with Macedon was the last thing anyone with Macedon was the last thing anyone with Macedon was the last thing anyone wanted but coinciding with their arrival wanted but coinciding with their arrival wanted but coinciding with their arrival in Athens the Athenians declared war in Athens the Athenians declared war in Athens the Athenians declared war against Macedon and Philip ordered a against Macedon and Philip ordered a against Macedon and Philip ordered a force to pacify force to pacify force to pacify Atta meeting with the Talis and Atta meeting with the Talis and Atta meeting with the Talis and ambassadors from rhs and Athens the ambassadors from rhs and Athens the ambassadors from rhs and Athens the Romans decided to issue an ultimatum to Romans decided to issue an ultimatum to Romans decided to issue an ultimatum to maedon clear out of Greece and come to maedon clear out of Greece and come to maedon clear out of Greece and come to terms with pergamum and rhs or deal with terms with pergamum and rhs or deal with terms with pergamum and rhs or deal with the the the consequences the Macedonian force in consequences the Macedonian force in consequences the Macedonian force in Attica retreated and the message was Attica retreated and the message was Attica retreated and the message was taken to taken to taken to Phillip the Macedonian King rejected the

Phillip the Macedonian King rejected the Phillip the Macedonian King rejected the ultimatum ordering his forces to attack ultimatum ordering his forces to attack ultimatum ordering his forces to attack Athens again and moved himself back East Athens again and moved himself back East Athens again and moved himself back East to the helispot where he launched a to the helispot where he launched a to the helispot where he launched a campaign to rest control of the Eastern campaign to rest control of the Eastern campaign to rest control of the Eastern Bank from Bank from Bank from pergamum in 200 BC Roman envoys found pergamum in 200 BC Roman envoys found pergamum in 200 BC Roman envoys found Philip still directing his troops along Philip still directing his troops along Philip still directing his troops along pergamum border and issued him a second pergamum border and issued him a second pergamum border and issued him a second ultimat ultimat ultimat withdraw from All Greek cities and withdraw from All Greek cities and withdraw from All Greek cities and confine himself back to traditional confine himself back to traditional confine himself back to traditional Macedonian territory or he would be Macedonian territory or he would be Macedonian territory or he would be looking at war with looking at war with looking at war with Rome Philip protested that nothing he Rome Philip protested that nothing he Rome Philip protested that nothing he had done was in violation of the treaty had done was in violation of the treaty had done was in violation of the treaty he had signed with the Romans at the end he had signed with the Romans at the end he had signed with the Romans at the end of the first Macedonian war and they of the first Macedonian war and they of the first Macedonian war and they were reaching well beyond their were reaching well beyond their were reaching well beyond their Authority if they thought they could Authority if they thought they could Authority if they thought they could dictate policy so far from dictate policy so far from dictate policy so far from Italy the second ultimatum however was a Italy the second ultimatum however was a Italy the second ultimatum however was a mere mere mere formality at the same time Roman envoys formality at the same time Roman envoys formality at the same time Roman envoys were explaining what they would do if were explaining what they would do if were explaining what they would do if Philip rejected peace they were already Philip rejected peace they were already Philip rejected peace they were already launching an army knowing Philip would launching an army knowing Philip would launching an army knowing Philip would never accept Roman never accept Roman never accept Roman terms confident after securing allies in terms confident after securing allies in terms confident after securing allies in Greece the senate had changed its tune Greece the senate had changed its tune Greece the senate had changed its tune and decided that war now was preferable and decided that war now was preferable and decided that war now was preferable to war later Philip had to be stopped to war later Philip had to be stopped to war later Philip had to be stopped before he acquired more before he acquired more before he acquired more strength Legions under the command of strength Legions under the command of strength Legions under the command of puus gwa were sent across the Adriatic puus gwa were sent across the Adriatic puus gwa were sent across the Adriatic into Alyria the Roman Beach head in the into Alyria the Roman Beach head in the into Alyria the Roman Beach head in the East what followed was a year of East what followed was a year of East what followed was a year of indeterminate skirmishing with neither indeterminate skirmishing with neither indeterminate skirmishing with neither side doing much to risk their armies side doing much to risk their armies side doing much to risk their armies Philip was still trying to get a handle Philip was still trying to get a handle Philip was still trying to get a handle on whether the Romans were truly on whether the Romans were truly on whether the Romans were truly committed to a war and galba had no real committed to a war and galba had no real committed to a war and galba had no real interest in a Fallon attack the next

interest in a Fallon attack the next interest in a Fallon attack the next year saw changing consoles but the year saw changing consoles but the year saw changing consoles but the continuation of the same policy open War continuation of the same policy open War continuation of the same policy open War was not being courted and the entire was not being courted and the entire was not being courted and the entire Affair seemed destined for counter Affair seemed destined for counter Affair seemed destined for counter Maneuvers until the two sides made Maneuvers until the two sides made Maneuvers until the two sides made concessions to one another and reached concessions to one another and reached concessions to one another and reached an amenable an amenable an amenable piece however in the third year 198 BC piece however in the third year 198 BC piece however in the third year 198 BC things would change Titus flaminius was things would change Titus flaminius was things would change Titus flaminius was elected Consul and given command of elected Consul and given command of elected Consul and given command of Greek Greek Greek operations he fully embraced the notion operations he fully embraced the notion operations he fully embraced the notion that Philip had to be brought low or that Philip had to be brought low or that Philip had to be brought low or Macedon would forever pose a threat to Macedon would forever pose a threat to Macedon would forever pose a threat to Rome Beyond these immediate strategic Rome Beyond these immediate strategic Rome Beyond these immediate strategic interests flaminius himself was a great interests flaminius himself was a great interests flaminius himself was a great lover of Greek culture and saw Roman lover of Greek culture and saw Roman lover of Greek culture and saw Roman exposure to and power over Greece to be exposure to and power over Greece to be exposure to and power over Greece to be inherently beneficial and well worth inherently beneficial and well worth inherently beneficial and well worth fighting fighting fighting for flaminius took a bold stand against for flaminius took a bold stand against for flaminius took a bold stand against Philip and hoping to win over the mostly Philip and hoping to win over the mostly Philip and hoping to win over the mostly neutral Greek cities recast Roman policy neutral Greek cities recast Roman policy neutral Greek cities recast Roman policy as a defense of Greek Liberty in this as a defense of Greek Liberty in this as a defense of Greek Liberty in this conception Rome was not another Power conception Rome was not another Power conception Rome was not another Power looking for new territory but a shield looking for new territory but a shield looking for new territory but a shield against Macedonian tyranny this against Macedonian tyranny this against Macedonian tyranny this recasting of the struggle won over the recasting of the struggle won over the recasting of the struggle won over the elites of the Greek city states and elites of the Greek city states and elites of the Greek city states and momentum began to shift towards momentum began to shift towards momentum began to shift towards Rome his diplomatic coup while underway Rome his diplomatic coup while underway Rome his diplomatic coup while underway flaminius matched word with action and flaminius matched word with action and flaminius matched word with action and went looking for pH ph's Army intent on went looking for pH ph's Army intent on went looking for pH ph's Army intent on Breaking the Breaking the Breaking the macedonians later in the year a short macedonians later in the year a short macedonians later in the year a short battle was fought between the two armies battle was fought between the two armies battle was fought between the two armies with the upshot being the withdrawal of with the upshot being the withdrawal of with the upshot being the withdrawal of Philip and the stage being set for a Philip and the stage being set for a Philip and the stage being set for a larger decisive confrontation the next

larger decisive confrontation the next larger decisive confrontation the next year the Greeks were flocking to Rome year the Greeks were flocking to Rome year the Greeks were flocking to Rome and away from Macedon sensing that the and away from Macedon sensing that the and away from Macedon sensing that the ball game had changed and the Romans ball game had changed and the Romans ball game had changed and the Romans were now serious about the fight Philip were now serious about the fight Philip were now serious about the fight Philip made peace overtures to made peace overtures to made peace overtures to flaminius the Roman Cil opened flaminius the Roman Cil opened flaminius the Roman Cil opened negotiations negotiations negotiations but was himself unsure of how he wanted but was himself unsure of how he wanted but was himself unsure of how he wanted to proceed the Consular elections were to proceed the Consular elections were to proceed the Consular elections were coming up and flaminius like so many of coming up and flaminius like so many of coming up and flaminius like so many of his predecessors was worried about some his predecessors was worried about some his predecessors was worried about some newbie Sweeping in and stealing all his newbie Sweeping in and stealing all his newbie Sweeping in and stealing all his glory he intentionally dragged out the glory he intentionally dragged out the glory he intentionally dragged out the talks waiting to hear from his allies in talks waiting to hear from his allies in talks waiting to hear from his allies in the Senate whether his command in Greece the Senate whether his command in Greece the Senate whether his command in Greece would be renewed or given to someone would be renewed or given to someone would be renewed or given to someone else if the Senate ordered the new conso else if the Senate ordered the new conso else if the Senate ordered the new conso for the year to take over flaminius for the year to take over flaminius for the year to take over flaminius planned to cut a quick piece with Philip planned to cut a quick piece with Philip planned to cut a quick piece with Philip and return a and return a and return a hero if he was kept on as proc Consul hero if he was kept on as proc Consul hero if he was kept on as proc Consul however he would end talks and plan for however he would end talks and plan for however he would end talks and plan for a new campaign the next a new campaign the next a new campaign the next year he made all kinds of excuses to year he made all kinds of excuses to year he made all kinds of excuses to explain the slow pace of negotiations explain the slow pace of negotiations explain the slow pace of negotiations and even advised Philip to send envoys and even advised Philip to send envoys and even advised Philip to send envoys directly to Rome to speed things along directly to Rome to speed things along directly to Rome to speed things along but it was all to buy time and soon but it was all to buy time and soon but it was all to buy time and soon enough flaminius got word that the enough flaminius got word that the enough flaminius got word that the senate had decided to allow him to senate had decided to allow him to senate had decided to allow him to continue to lead the war against Phillip continue to lead the war against Phillip continue to lead the war against Phillip with that peace talks were cut off and with that peace talks were cut off and with that peace talks were cut off and flaminius Reed his army for more flaminius Reed his army for more flaminius Reed his army for more fighting Philip non Plus at the whole fighting Philip non Plus at the whole fighting Philip non Plus at the whole Affair acquired 25,000 mercenaries in an Affair acquired 25,000 mercenaries in an Affair acquired 25,000 mercenaries in an attempt to match the growing Roman attempt to match the growing Roman attempt to match the growing Roman Allied Force which now included the Allied Force which now included the Allied Force which now included the full-throated support of the atolan full-throated support of the atolan full-throated support of the atolan league the collection of cities that had

league the collection of cities that had league the collection of cities that had proved so Troublesome to Philip during proved so Troublesome to Philip during proved so Troublesome to Philip during the first Macedonian War numbering the first Macedonian War numbering the first Macedonian War numbering somewhere north of 30,000 the Romans met somewhere north of 30,000 the Romans met somewhere north of 30,000 the Romans met Philip and his army at Cil in 197 Philip and his army at Cil in 197 Philip and his army at Cil in 197 BC what followed was not just the BC what followed was not just the BC what followed was not just the decisive Battle of the war but one of decisive Battle of the war but one of decisive Battle of the war but one of the most important turning points in the the most important turning points in the the most important turning points in the history of the Western World the waxing history of the Western World the waxing history of the Western World the waxing of Rome and the waning of Greece was of Rome and the waning of Greece was of Rome and the waning of Greece was confirmed that day as the maniple system confirmed that day as the maniple system confirmed that day as the maniple system of the Roman Legions decimated the of the Roman Legions decimated the of the Roman Legions decimated the Macedonian Macedonian Macedonian failings it was one thing for Rome to failings it was one thing for Rome to failings it was one thing for Rome to defeat other Italians and Gauls or defeat other Italians and Gauls or defeat other Italians and Gauls or Spaniards and North Africans but Greece Spaniards and North Africans but Greece Spaniards and North Africans but Greece had been the home of the Premier had been the home of the Premier had been the home of the Premier military powers of the ancient world military powers of the ancient world military powers of the ancient world Alexander the Great Sparta the Navy of Alexander the Great Sparta the Navy of Alexander the Great Sparta the Navy of Athens all were ahead of their time and Athens all were ahead of their time and Athens all were ahead of their time and irresistible forces on the battlefield irresistible forces on the battlefield irresistible forces on the battlefield it was Unthinkable for the Greeks to it was Unthinkable for the Greeks to it was Unthinkable for the Greeks to lose in battle to foreigners and yet at lose in battle to foreigners and yet at lose in battle to foreigners and yet at the end of the day Rome stood triumphant the end of the day Rome stood triumphant the end of the day Rome stood triumphant and Greek Liberty despite flaminius and Greek Liberty despite flaminius and Greek Liberty despite flaminius clever propaganda was snuffed out once clever propaganda was snuffed out once clever propaganda was snuffed out once and for and for and for all as I mentioned in episode 14 the all as I mentioned in episode 14 the all as I mentioned in episode 14 the Romans had taken the phix and modified Romans had taken the phix and modified Romans had taken the phix and modified it to be more maneuverable more it to be more maneuverable more it to be more maneuverable more versatile and allow for independent versatile and allow for independent versatile and allow for independent lines of attack all of these Advan vages lines of attack all of these Advan vages lines of attack all of these Advan vages would come into play at would come into play at would come into play at cphil the Battle itself came about by cphil the Battle itself came about by cphil the Battle itself came about by accident in 197 flaminius marched North accident in 197 flaminius marched North accident in 197 flaminius marched North from thieves into Macedonian territory from thieves into Macedonian territory from thieves into Macedonian territory looking for philli the two armies looking for philli the two armies looking for philli the two armies encountered each other and fought a

encountered each other and fought a encountered each other and fought a brief Skirmish but each pulled out to brief Skirmish but each pulled out to brief Skirmish but each pulled out to reprovision and find better ground to reprovision and find better ground to reprovision and find better ground to fight on by sheer luck both armies fight on by sheer luck both armies fight on by sheer luck both armies headed in the same direction looking for headed in the same direction looking for headed in the same direction looking for Provisions however the cphil hills Provisions however the cphil hills Provisions however the cphil hills divided the two and they were unaware of divided the two and they were unaware of divided the two and they were unaware of each each each other the next morning some of Philip's other the next morning some of Philip's other the next morning some of Philip's troops became disoriented in an early troops became disoriented in an early troops became disoriented in an early fog and marched over the hills the fog and marched over the hills the fog and marched over the hills the Romans noticed this sudden appearance of Romans noticed this sudden appearance of Romans noticed this sudden appearance of the enemy and flaminius ordered some of the enemy and flaminius ordered some of the enemy and flaminius ordered some of his Cavalry numidians now fighting on his Cavalry numidians now fighting on his Cavalry numidians now fighting on the side of Rome to pursue the the side of Rome to pursue the the side of Rome to pursue the macedonians the Cavalry stumbled across macedonians the Cavalry stumbled across macedonians the Cavalry stumbled across Philip's main force and flaminius Philip's main force and flaminius Philip's main force and flaminius ordered 2,000 troops to press an attack ordered 2,000 troops to press an attack ordered 2,000 troops to press an attack on Philip's Camp forcing the macedonians on Philip's Camp forcing the macedonians on Philip's Camp forcing the macedonians to pull up into the hills and Mass to pull up into the hills and Mass to pull up into the hills and Mass after driving off the Roman after driving off the Roman after driving off the Roman expeditionary Force Philip ordered his expeditionary Force Philip ordered his expeditionary Force Philip ordered his troops to come down a ways from the troops to come down a ways from the troops to come down a ways from the hills and form in the rigid line of a hills and form in the rigid line of a hills and form in the rigid line of a failinks for failinks for failinks for battle flaminius had by this time lined battle flaminius had by this time lined battle flaminius had by this time lined up his own troops and led the Roman left up his own troops and led the Roman left up his own troops and led the Roman left personally against the Macedonian right personally against the Macedonian right personally against the Macedonian right which was led by which was led by which was led by Phillip the Macedonian right with The Phillip the Macedonian right with The Phillip the Macedonian right with The High Ground in their favor was proving High Ground in their favor was proving High Ground in their favor was proving more than a match for flaminius but the more than a match for flaminius but the more than a match for flaminius but the Macedonian left was having a difficult Macedonian left was having a difficult Macedonian left was having a difficult time lining up on the Broken Ground and time lining up on the Broken Ground and time lining up on the Broken Ground and the Roman right was able to smash the Roman right was able to smash the Roman right was able to smash through the line before it was formed at through the line before it was formed at through the line before it was formed at this point an unnamed Roman officer on this point an unnamed Roman officer on this point an unnamed Roman officer on his own initiative ordered a group of his own initiative ordered a group of his own initiative ordered a group of manipol under his command to wheel manipol under his command to wheel manipol under his command to wheel around and attack the rear of Philip's around and attack the rear of Philip's around and attack the rear of Philip's Army trapped in their failings the Army trapped in their failings the Army trapped in their failings the macedonians were unable to turn to face

macedonians were unable to turn to face macedonians were unable to turn to face this new threat and as soon as the new this new threat and as soon as the new this new threat and as soon as the new Roman Force hit the battle turned from a Roman Force hit the battle turned from a Roman Force hit the battle turned from a fair fight into a fair fight into a fair fight into a Slaughter Philip was able to slip away Slaughter Philip was able to slip away Slaughter Philip was able to slip away but his army was decimated but his army was decimated but his army was decimated the Roman maniples which formed quicker the Roman maniples which formed quicker the Roman maniples which formed quicker on rough terrain and were capable of on rough terrain and were capable of on rough terrain and were capable of independent action proved superior to independent action proved superior to independent action proved superior to the Greek failings which was only the Greek failings which was only the Greek failings which was only effective on the right terrain and even effective on the right terrain and even effective on the right terrain and even then only if given enough time to form then only if given enough time to form then only if given enough time to form properly and of course once a failinks properly and of course once a failinks properly and of course once a failinks was flanked That's All She was flanked That's All She was flanked That's All She Wrote the structural advantage of the Wrote the structural advantage of the Wrote the structural advantage of the Roman maniple system was the decisive Roman maniple system was the decisive Roman maniple system was the decisive element of the battle which in time element of the battle which in time element of the battle which in time would come to symbolize more than just a would come to symbolize more than just a would come to symbolize more than just a tactical Victory but Mark a critical tactical Victory but Mark a critical tactical Victory but Mark a critical turning point in history in a clever move born out of history in a clever move born out of necessity flaminius announced that the necessity flaminius announced that the necessity flaminius announced that the Roman Legions would not Garrison Greece Roman Legions would not Garrison Greece Roman Legions would not Garrison Greece Greece was free he declared much to the Greece was free he declared much to the Greece was free he declared much to the relieved ears of the relieved ears of the relieved ears of the Greeks the truth was that the Romans had Greeks the truth was that the Romans had Greeks the truth was that the Romans had not the men nor the money to occupy not the men nor the money to occupy not the men nor the money to occupy Greece but of course the Romans sold the Greece but of course the Romans sold the Greece but of course the Romans sold the absence of an occupying Army and the absence of an occupying Army and the absence of an occupying Army and the loftiest moral terms the Greeks proud of loftiest moral terms the Greeks proud of loftiest moral terms the Greeks proud of their historical Liberty were more than their historical Liberty were more than their historical Liberty were more than happy to go along with the Roman story happy to go along with the Roman story happy to go along with the Roman story and thanked flaminius for setting them and thanked flaminius for setting them and thanked flaminius for setting them free it would prove to be a peculiar free it would prove to be a peculiar free it would prove to be a peculiar form of Freedom as the Romans had no form of Freedom as the Romans had no form of Freedom as the Romans had no intention of just allowing the Greeks to intention of just allowing the Greeks to intention of just allowing the Greeks to go off and do whatever they want to the go off and do whatever they want to the go off and do whatever they want to the Romans a freed slave still had Romans a freed slave still had Romans a freed slave still had obligations to his former Master the

obligations to his former Master the obligations to his former Master the Greeks who thought they really were free Greeks who thought they really were free Greeks who thought they really were free began to chafe under the demands from began to chafe under the demands from began to chafe under the demands from Rome for Rome for Rome for tribute the tension between the tribute the tension between the tribute the tension between the allegedly free Greeks and the Romans allegedly free Greeks and the Romans allegedly free Greeks and the Romans would boil over soon enough and after 50 would boil over soon enough and after 50 would boil over soon enough and after 50 years of sporadic fighting all pretenses years of sporadic fighting all pretenses years of sporadic fighting all pretenses would be lifted and Greece would be would be lifted and Greece would be would be lifted and Greece would be incorporated as a collection of provinces the honeymoon period did not provinces the honeymoon period did not last long and next week the bitter last long and next week the bitter last long and next week the bitter aolian League denied territorial aolian League denied territorial aolian League denied territorial consessions during the peace consessions during the peace consessions during the peace negotiations with Philip would call upon negotiations with Philip would call upon negotiations with Philip would call upon the last best defender of helenistic the last best defender of helenistic the last best defender of helenistic power Antiochus the great to enter power Antiochus the great to enter power Antiochus the great to enter Greece and free them from their not yet Greece and free them from their not yet Greece and free them from their not yet official official official bondage the war with Antiochus would bondage the war with Antiochus would bondage the war with Antiochus would draw the Romans further east where they draw the Romans further east where they draw the Romans further east where they would run smack into an enemy they would run smack into an enemy they would run smack into an enemy they thought they had driven off forever thought they had driven off forever thought they had driven off forever Hannibal the great Hannibal the great Hannibal the great [Music] terrible hello and welcome to the terrible hello and welcome to the history of Rome episode 25 the Syrian history of Rome episode 25 the Syrian history of Rome episode 25 the Syrian War last week Rome was drawn into the War last week Rome was drawn into the War last week Rome was drawn into the thick of Greek politics and emerged from thick of Greek politics and emerged from thick of Greek politics and emerged from its brief war with Philip of Macedon the its brief war with Philip of Macedon the its brief war with Philip of Macedon the leading power west of the leading power west of the leading power west of the aan the hero of the second Macedonian aan the hero of the second Macedonian aan the hero of the second Macedonian War gas flaminius had declared Greece War gas flaminius had declared Greece War gas flaminius had declared Greece free from foreign interference to the free from foreign interference to the free from foreign interference to the great joy of The Proud great joy of The Proud great joy of The Proud Greeks however it was a peculiar form of

Greeks however it was a peculiar form of Greeks however it was a peculiar form of Freedom as flaminius did not seem to Freedom as flaminius did not seem to Freedom as flaminius did not seem to count Rome amongst the foreign powers count Rome amongst the foreign powers count Rome amongst the foreign powers Greece was free from soon enough the Greece was free from soon enough the Greece was free from soon enough the Greeks would begin to look sideways at Greeks would begin to look sideways at Greeks would begin to look sideways at their liberators who were fast becoming their liberators who were fast becoming their liberators who were fast becoming occupiers a faction of Greeks fed up occupiers a faction of Greeks fed up occupiers a faction of Greeks fed up with the Roman presence would look with the Roman presence would look with the Roman presence would look across the aan to the only other power across the aan to the only other power across the aan to the only other power in the Mediterranean who could possibly in the Mediterranean who could possibly in the Mediterranean who could possibly expel the Romans the cocd Empire of expel the Romans the cocd Empire of expel the Romans the cocd Empire of Syria led by Antiochus the Syria led by Antiochus the Syria led by Antiochus the great trouble began in 195 BC the year great trouble began in 195 BC the year great trouble began in 195 BC the year after flaminius after flaminius after flaminius declaration the itan league the declaration the itan league the declaration the itan league the collection of cities that had been collection of cities that had been collection of cities that had been Rome's first allies in Greece felt they Rome's first allies in Greece felt they Rome's first allies in Greece felt they had not received the rewards they had not received the rewards they had not received the rewards they deserved for all the help they had given deserved for all the help they had given deserved for all the help they had given the the the Romans all their aid for Rome had been Romans all their aid for Rome had been Romans all their aid for Rome had been given with the assumption that once they given with the assumption that once they given with the assumption that once they helped clear out Macedon the aolan helped clear out Macedon the aolan helped clear out Macedon the aolan league would be handed control of Greece league would be handed control of Greece league would be handed control of Greece with Rome withdrawing into the role of with Rome withdrawing into the role of with Rome withdrawing into the role of Silent Partner but the generous Romans Silent Partner but the generous Romans Silent Partner but the generous Romans had not punished their Greek enemies at had not punished their Greek enemies at had not punished their Greek enemies at the bargaining table and had left the the bargaining table and had left the the bargaining table and had left the existing power structure in place existing power structure in place existing power structure in place granting the itans no more control than granting the itans no more control than granting the itans no more control than they had prior to the war against they had prior to the war against they had prior to the war against Phillip Phillip Phillip Rome was well aware of the aolan Rome was well aware of the aolan Rome was well aware of the aolan Grievances and was also well aware that Grievances and was also well aware that Grievances and was also well aware that the itans were entering negotiations the itans were entering negotiations the itans were entering negotiations with Sparta to form an alliance that with Sparta to form an alliance that with Sparta to form an alliance that could then offer itself to Antiochus if could then offer itself to Antiochus if could then offer itself to Antiochus if the Syrian King agreed to launch an the Syrian King agreed to launch an the Syrian King agreed to launch an anti-roman anti-roman anti-roman offensive hoping to preempt an alliance offensive hoping to preempt an alliance offensive hoping to preempt an alliance flaminius led a force against Sparta and flaminius led a force against Sparta and flaminius led a force against Sparta and easily overran the outnumbered

easily overran the outnumbered easily overran the outnumbered Greeks the move was a tactical victory Greeks the move was a tactical victory Greeks the move was a tactical victory in the sense that it forestalled an atol in the sense that it forestalled an atol in the sense that it forestalled an atol and Spartan alliance but strategically and Spartan alliance but strategically and Spartan alliance but strategically the move backfired turning Greek public the move backfired turning Greek public the move backfired turning Greek public opinion against Rome if Greece was free opinion against Rome if Greece was free opinion against Rome if Greece was free why was a Roman army attacking Sparta if why was a Roman army attacking Sparta if why was a Roman army attacking Sparta if Greece was free what was a Roman army Greece was free what was a Roman army Greece was free what was a Roman army doing here in the first doing here in the first doing here in the first place the public relations crisis only place the public relations crisis only place the public relations crisis only ballooned from there friends of Rome and ballooned from there friends of Rome and ballooned from there friends of Rome and Greece were fast becoming an endangered Greece were fast becoming an endangered Greece were fast becoming an endangered species at the same time Rome moved species at the same time Rome moved species at the same time Rome moved against Sparta envoys including the against Sparta envoys including the against Sparta envoys including the leading citizen of his day skipio leading citizen of his day skipio leading citizen of his day skipio Africanus were sent to Antioch in Syria Africanus were sent to Antioch in Syria Africanus were sent to Antioch in Syria to convince him to keep out of to convince him to keep out of to convince him to keep out of Greece the Roman delegates announced Greece the Roman delegates announced Greece the Roman delegates announced their policy of Greek freedom and their policy of Greek freedom and their policy of Greek freedom and ordered Antiochus to stay on his side of ordered Antiochus to stay on his side of ordered Antiochus to stay on his side of the the the hellespont Antiochus was amused by these hellespont Antiochus was amused by these hellespont Antiochus was amused by these demands pointing out that if Greece was demands pointing out that if Greece was demands pointing out that if Greece was so free what were the Romans doing there so free what were the Romans doing there so free what were the Romans doing there it was a fair point and the Romans had it was a fair point and the Romans had it was a fair point and the Romans had no real answer for it Antioch sent the no real answer for it Antioch sent the no real answer for it Antioch sent the delegation away telling them flatly that delegation away telling them flatly that delegation away telling them flatly that Roman demands regarding Greece were as Roman demands regarding Greece were as Roman demands regarding Greece were as absurd as Antiochus dictating policy to absurd as Antiochus dictating policy to absurd as Antiochus dictating policy to the Romans in Italy they would each do the Romans in Italy they would each do the Romans in Italy they would each do well to mind their own well to mind their own well to mind their own business but before The Cordial visit business but before The Cordial visit business but before The Cordial visit passed into open antagonism Antioch has passed into open antagonism Antioch has passed into open antagonism Antioch has greeted the Romans with all the honors greeted the Romans with all the honors greeted the Romans with all the honors due of visiting due of visiting due of visiting power present also as a guest of power present also as a guest of power present also as a guest of Antiochus was Hannibal the scourge of Antiochus was Hannibal the scourge of Antiochus was Hannibal the scourge of Carthage now living with the king in Carthage now living with the king in Carthage now living with the king in Exile in one of the most interesting

Exile in one of the most interesting Exile in one of the most interesting face to face meetings of the ancient face to face meetings of the ancient face to face meetings of the ancient world skipio and Hannibal found world skipio and Hannibal found world skipio and Hannibal found themselves present at a banquet together themselves present at a banquet together themselves present at a banquet together skipio perhaps needling Hannibal a bit skipio perhaps needling Hannibal a bit skipio perhaps needling Hannibal a bit asked the carthaginian casually who he asked the carthaginian casually who he asked the carthaginian casually who he thought were the greatest Generals in thought were the greatest Generals in thought were the greatest Generals in history Hannibal replied that he placed history Hannibal replied that he placed history Hannibal replied that he placed Alexander first a choice skipio heartily Alexander first a choice skipio heartily Alexander first a choice skipio heartily seconded next Hannibal needling the seconded next Hannibal needling the seconded next Hannibal needling the Romans back a bit announced that purus Romans back a bit announced that purus Romans back a bit announced that purus was his choice for second greatest was his choice for second greatest was his choice for second greatest general of all time pointing out his general of all time pointing out his general of all time pointing out his succession of Victories against the succession of Victories against the succession of Victories against the Romans Hannibal then boldly declared Romans Hannibal then boldly declared Romans Hannibal then boldly declared that he put himself thir on the list that he put himself thir on the list that he put himself thir on the list skipio who was preparing for the skipio who was preparing for the skipio who was preparing for the satisfaction of Hannibal acknowledging satisfaction of Hannibal acknowledging satisfaction of Hannibal acknowledging that he was the better General was that he was the better General was that he was the better General was shocked at the Choice how could Hannibal shocked at the Choice how could Hannibal shocked at the Choice how could Hannibal claim he was better than a man who had claim he was better than a man who had claim he was better than a man who had beaten him as a way of reminding beaten him as a way of reminding beaten him as a way of reminding Hannibal of the outcome at Zama he asked Hannibal of the outcome at Zama he asked Hannibal of the outcome at Zama he asked Hannibal and where would you stand if Hannibal and where would you stand if Hannibal and where would you stand if you had actually you know beaten me you had actually you know beaten me you had actually you know beaten me Hannibal replied that had he beaten Hannibal replied that had he beaten Hannibal replied that had he beaten skipio he would Place himself even above skipio he would Place himself even above skipio he would Place himself even above Alexander a backhanded acknowledgement Alexander a backhanded acknowledgement Alexander a backhanded acknowledgement that beating skip IO would have indeed that beating skip IO would have indeed that beating skip IO would have indeed been a major accomplishment but that the been a major accomplishment but that the been a major accomplishment but that the Roman general did not Merit a place Roman general did not Merit a place Roman general did not Merit a place amongst the very best of all amongst the very best of all amongst the very best of all time skipio nursed his wounded ego no time skipio nursed his wounded ego no time skipio nursed his wounded ego no doubt by remembering that he was dining doubt by remembering that he was dining doubt by remembering that he was dining with the king of Syria as a leading with the king of Syria as a leading with the king of Syria as a leading representative of a great power while representative of a great power while representative of a great power while Hannibal was dining as little more than Hannibal was dining as little more than Hannibal was dining as little more than a beggar who's the best General now a beggar who's the best General now a beggar who's the best General now sucker at the conclusion of the meeting

sucker at the conclusion of the meeting sucker at the conclusion of the meeting between Syria and Rome the two Powers between Syria and Rome the two Powers between Syria and Rome the two Powers were at loggerheads both sides were were at loggerheads both sides were were at loggerheads both sides were being goated by their allies in Greece being goated by their allies in Greece being goated by their allies in Greece to fight it out the aians were begging to fight it out the aians were begging to fight it out the aians were begging Antiochus to drive the Romans out of Antiochus to drive the Romans out of Antiochus to drive the Romans out of Greece and the kingdom of pergamum was Greece and the kingdom of pergamum was Greece and the kingdom of pergamum was egging Rome into attacking its neighbor egging Rome into attacking its neighbor egging Rome into attacking its neighbor Antiochus Hannibal told the Syrian King Antiochus Hannibal told the Syrian King Antiochus Hannibal told the Syrian King he would gladly lead an invasion of he would gladly lead an invasion of he would gladly lead an invasion of Italy himself if given the troops and Italy himself if given the troops and Italy himself if given the troops and supplies but no direct confrontation was supplies but no direct confrontation was supplies but no direct confrontation was forthcoming so the itans decided to forthcoming so the itans decided to forthcoming so the itans decided to press the issue by launching press the issue by launching press the issue by launching simultaneous attacks on three Roman simultaneous attacks on three Roman simultaneous attacks on three Roman Allied Greek cities Each of which would Allied Greek cities Each of which would Allied Greek cities Each of which would serve as was a safe point of entry for serve as was a safe point of entry for serve as was a safe point of entry for any Syrian any Syrian any Syrian Army they were repulsed in two of the Army they were repulsed in two of the Army they were repulsed in two of the Cities but welcomed by the citizens of Cities but welcomed by the citizens of Cities but welcomed by the citizens of Demetrius who were fed up with the Roman Demetrius who were fed up with the Roman Demetrius who were fed up with the Roman presence this action coupled with the presence this action coupled with the presence this action coupled with the fact that the Romans were showing signs fact that the Romans were showing signs fact that the Romans were showing signs of stepping back from Greece convinced of stepping back from Greece convinced of stepping back from Greece convinced Antiochus that the time was right for an Antiochus that the time was right for an Antiochus that the time was right for an invasion he gathered 10,000 troops and invasion he gathered 10,000 troops and invasion he gathered 10,000 troops and sailed for sailed for sailed for Demetrius when he arrived however two Demetrius when he arrived however two Demetrius when he arrived however two facts became immediately apparent first facts became immediately apparent first facts became immediately apparent first the tonians had painted a somewhat the tonians had painted a somewhat the tonians had painted a somewhat misleading picture of the reception misleading picture of the reception misleading picture of the reception Antiochus would receive greeted not as a Antiochus would receive greeted not as a Antiochus would receive greeted not as a welcome Liberator Antiochus was treated welcome Liberator Antiochus was treated welcome Liberator Antiochus was treated as just another foreign Invader and as just another foreign Invader and as just another foreign Invader and found the gates of Greece closed to his found the gates of Greece closed to his found the gates of Greece closed to his army second Roman interest in Greece was army second Roman interest in Greece was army second Roman interest in Greece was waning only as long as no other power waning only as long as no other power waning only as long as no other power stepped into the vacuum the arrival of stepped into the vacuum the arrival of stepped into the vacuum the arrival of the syrians triggered an immediate Roman

the syrians triggered an immediate Roman the syrians triggered an immediate Roman response two Legions were mustered and response two Legions were mustered and response two Legions were mustered and sailed for a pyus where they landed and sailed for a pyus where they landed and sailed for a pyus where they landed and began to March straight for the Invaders began to March straight for the Invaders began to March straight for the Invaders who were camped on the aan who were camped on the aan who were camped on the aan coast at the same time the aan league a coast at the same time the aan league a coast at the same time the aan league a rival Confederation of the aolian rival Confederation of the aolian rival Confederation of the aolian declared for Rome and joined the declared for Rome and joined the declared for Rome and joined the legions Antiochus and his 10,000 were legions Antiochus and his 10,000 were legions Antiochus and his 10,000 were facing an army that had grown to more facing an army that had grown to more facing an army that had grown to more than double that than double that than double that size knowing he had miscalculated but size knowing he had miscalculated but size knowing he had miscalculated but unwilling to Simply run for it Antiochus unwilling to Simply run for it Antiochus unwilling to Simply run for it Antiochus looked around for a nearby spot where looked around for a nearby spot where looked around for a nearby spot where the clear numerical superiority of the the clear numerical superiority of the the clear numerical superiority of the Romans would be negated and settled on Romans would be negated and settled on Romans would be negated and settled on the most famous bottleneck in history the most famous bottleneck in history the most famous bottleneck in history thermopolymerization had none of the luster of the had none of the luster of the original Roman victory was quick and original Roman victory was quick and original Roman victory was quick and decisive Antioch has fled back across decisive Antioch has fled back across decisive Antioch has fled back across the helison and the Romans smelling the helison and the Romans smelling the helison and the Romans smelling blood came fast on his blood came fast on his blood came fast on his heels the one lasting Legacy of this heels the one lasting Legacy of this heels the one lasting Legacy of this battle of theropo was the entrance of ko battle of theropo was the entrance of ko battle of theropo was the entrance of ko the Elder onto history the Elder onto history the Elder onto history stage The Man Who Would dominate Roman stage The Man Who Would dominate Roman stage The Man Who Would dominate Roman politics for the next 50 years made a politics for the next 50 years made a politics for the next 50 years made a name for himself leading the charge

name for himself leading the charge name for himself leading the charge around the rear of the Syrian Army that around the rear of the Syrian Army that around the rear of the Syrian Army that proved to be the critical maneuver of proved to be the critical maneuver of proved to be the critical maneuver of the the the battle KO the great conservative of his battle KO the great conservative of his battle KO the great conservative of his time would be the leading defender of time would be the leading defender of time would be the leading defender of old Roman virtue and find himself old Roman virtue and find himself old Roman virtue and find himself constantly at odds with skipio Africanus constantly at odds with skipio Africanus constantly at odds with skipio Africanus who represented the modern Roman man who represented the modern Roman man who represented the modern Roman man heniz and heniz and heniz and worldly K fought a losing battle against worldly K fought a losing battle against worldly K fought a losing battle against the evolution of the Roman character but the evolution of the Roman character but the evolution of the Roman character but was idolized by Future Generations who was idolized by Future Generations who was idolized by Future Generations who longed for the simple stoicism of a now longed for the simple stoicism of a now longed for the simple stoicism of a now largely mythical golden age they held largely mythical golden age they held largely mythical golden age they held out in contrast to the modern corrupt out in contrast to the modern corrupt out in contrast to the modern corrupt state they lived with with in 190 BC adopting a clearly with in 190 BC adopting a clearly aggressive stance toward Antiochus the aggressive stance toward Antiochus the aggressive stance toward Antiochus the Romans elected his Consul nias skipio Romans elected his Consul nias skipio Romans elected his Consul nias skipio the brother of skipio africanist and the brother of skipio africanist and the brother of skipio africanist and sent the two brothers to Greece to sent the two brothers to Greece to sent the two brothers to Greece to pursue a policiy as they pursue a policiy as they pursue a policiy as they would the skippon notoriously bold did would the skippon notoriously bold did would the skippon notoriously bold did not waste time and took their armies not waste time and took their armies not waste time and took their armies across the helispot leading the Romans across the helispot leading the Romans across the helispot leading the Romans into Asia Minor for the first into Asia Minor for the first into Asia Minor for the first time as this this was occurring in the time as this this was occurring in the time as this this was occurring in the South Hannibal who had for reasons of South Hannibal who had for reasons of South Hannibal who had for reasons of Court jealousy been left out of Court jealousy been left out of Court jealousy been left out of antiochus's general staff was relegated antiochus's general staff was relegated antiochus's general staff was relegated to commanding a small Fleet of ships to commanding a small Fleet of ships to commanding a small Fleet of ships engaged with the Roman Ally roads off engaged with the Roman Ally roads off engaged with the Roman Ally roads off the coast of Asia Minor the great the coast of Asia Minor the great the coast of Asia Minor the great Commander whose talents were clearly Commander whose talents were clearly Commander whose talents were clearly wasted was unable to pry Victory from wasted was unable to pry Victory from wasted was unable to pry Victory from the jaws of defeat and found himself the jaws of defeat and found himself the jaws of defeat and found himself routed by the Rhodesian routed by the Rhodesian routed by the Rhodesian Navy who knows what would have happened Navy who knows what would have happened Navy who knows what would have happened if Antiochus had allowed Hannibal to

if Antiochus had allowed Hannibal to if Antiochus had allowed Hannibal to lead his forces into Greece or placed lead his forces into Greece or placed lead his forces into Greece or placed him at the head of the army that was him at the head of the army that was him at the head of the army that was about to be annihilated by the skion about to be annihilated by the skion about to be annihilated by the skion brothers maybe Roman inertia would have brothers maybe Roman inertia would have brothers maybe Roman inertia would have proved too much to overcome but then proved too much to overcome but then proved too much to overcome but then again maybe the carthaginian general again maybe the carthaginian general again maybe the carthaginian general could have played a role in keeping the could have played a role in keeping the could have played a role in keeping the Romans bottled up in the Romans bottled up in the Romans bottled up in the west certainly leaving Hannibal on the west certainly leaving Hannibal on the west certainly leaving Hannibal on the bench was not a move that served bench was not a move that served bench was not a move that served Antiochus Antiochus Antiochus well the decisive battle came at well the decisive battle came at well the decisive battle came at magnesia on the border between pergamum magnesia on the border between pergamum magnesia on the border between pergamum and Syria in modern-day turkey where and Syria in modern-day turkey where and Syria in modern-day turkey where Antiochus had gathered 70,000 Syrian and Antiochus had gathered 70,000 Syrian and Antiochus had gathered 70,000 Syrian and mercenary troops against this Force mercenary troops against this Force mercenary troops against this Force marched 50,000 Italians and a mixture of marched 50,000 Italians and a mixture of marched 50,000 Italians and a mixture of Greek allies the numerical superiority Greek allies the numerical superiority Greek allies the numerical superiority of the syrians was easily offset by the of the syrians was easily offset by the of the syrians was easily offset by the far greater Talent of the far greater Talent of the far greater Talent of the Romans the undertrained syrians lacked Romans the undertrained syrians lacked Romans the undertrained syrians lacked the hard-nosed professionalism of the the hard-nosed professionalism of the the hard-nosed professionalism of the Romans and the outcome of the battle was Romans and the outcome of the battle was Romans and the outcome of the battle was never in doubt antiochus's Army was never in doubt antiochus's Army was never in doubt antiochus's Army was crushed and the disparity between the crushed and the disparity between the crushed and the disparity between the two supposedly equal Powers was thrown two supposedly equal Powers was thrown two supposedly equal Powers was thrown out into the open with a Victorious and out into the open with a Victorious and out into the open with a Victorious and practically unscathed Roman army practically unscathed Roman army practically unscathed Roman army standing triumphant deep in Asia Minor standing triumphant deep in Asia Minor standing triumphant deep in Asia Minor the truth became apparent Rome had no the truth became apparent Rome had no the truth became apparent Rome had no equal in the equal in the equal in the Mediterranean the terms Rome laid at the Mediterranean the terms Rome laid at the Mediterranean the terms Rome laid at the feet of Antiochus were harsh a huge cash feet of Antiochus were harsh a huge cash feet of Antiochus were harsh a huge cash payment was demanded hostages of the payment was demanded hostages of the payment was demanded hostages of the ruling families were taken back to Rome ruling families were taken back to Rome ruling families were taken back to Rome and the Syrian King agreed to never and the Syrian King agreed to never and the Syrian King agreed to never again cross the Taurus Mountains which again cross the Taurus Mountains which again cross the Taurus Mountains which stood between Anatolia and the mainland stood between Anatolia and the mainland stood between Anatolia and the mainland Middle Middle Middle East this range became the deao frontier

East this range became the deao frontier East this range became the deao frontier here of the rapidly expanding Roman here of the rapidly expanding Roman here of the rapidly expanding Roman Empire though Greece and Asia Minor Empire though Greece and Asia Minor Empire though Greece and Asia Minor would not be incorporated as official would not be incorporated as official would not be incorporated as official provinces for years Roman rule in the provinces for years Roman rule in the provinces for years Roman rule in the region was never again in doubt it was a region was never again in doubt it was a region was never again in doubt it was a Roman world the Greeks just lived in Roman world the Greeks just lived in Roman world the Greeks just lived in it the outcome of the war seems like it it the outcome of the war seems like it it the outcome of the war seems like it should have been another feather in the should have been another feather in the should have been another feather in the cap of skipio but instead it became the cap of skipio but instead it became the cap of skipio but instead it became the source of a great bitterness that would source of a great bitterness that would source of a great bitterness that would fill the Roman general for the rest of fill the Roman general for the rest of fill the Roman general for the rest of his his his life Upon returning to Rome the skion life Upon returning to Rome the skion life Upon returning to Rome the skion brothers were accused by KO and his brothers were accused by KO and his brothers were accused by KO and his allies of misappropriating War funds allies of misappropriating War funds allies of misappropriating War funds while not denying the charges skipio while not denying the charges skipio while not denying the charges skipio asked if anyone present was dissatisfied asked if anyone present was dissatisfied asked if anyone present was dissatisfied with the fact that Rome was making back with the fact that Rome was making back with the fact that Rome was making back five times what it had put into the war five times what it had put into the war five times what it had put into the war because of the indemnity forced on because of the indemnity forced on because of the indemnity forced on Antiochus by the two brothers anyone Antiochus by the two brothers anyone Antiochus by the two brothers anyone anyone the brothers were off the hook anyone the brothers were off the hook anyone the brothers were off the hook for a while but charges were raised for a while but charges were raised for a while but charges were raised again 5 years later in a bit of poor again 5 years later in a bit of poor again 5 years later in a bit of poor planning by the opposition however the planning by the opposition however the planning by the opposition however the charges against Skippy were brought on charges against Skippy were brought on charges against Skippy were brought on the anniversary of the battle of Zama the anniversary of the battle of Zama the anniversary of the battle of Zama and public support for skipio was at an and public support for skipio was at an and public support for skipio was at an all-time all-time all-time high he was never convicted of anything high he was never convicted of anything high he was never convicted of anything but the affair left a bad taste in the but the affair left a bad taste in the but the affair left a bad taste in the General's mouth retiring to an estate in General's mouth retiring to an estate in General's mouth retiring to an estate in compa he died in 183 BC the Epitaph of compa he died in 183 BC the Epitaph of compa he died in 183 BC the Epitaph of his tomb allegedly read ungrateful his tomb allegedly read ungrateful his tomb allegedly read ungrateful Fatherland you will not even have my Fatherland you will not even have my Fatherland you will not even have my bones he never did deny the charges though next week

though next week Rome will face deja vu all over again Rome will face deja vu all over again Rome will face deja vu all over again after the deaths of Philip V and after the deaths of Philip V and after the deaths of Philip V and Antiochus the great their sons would Antiochus the great their sons would Antiochus the great their sons would pick up the mantle and challenge Rome in pick up the mantle and challenge Rome in pick up the mantle and challenge Rome in the field having not yet felt the sting the field having not yet felt the sting the field having not yet felt the sting of defeat the brass young kings would of defeat the brass young kings would of defeat the brass young kings would soon enough find themselves as beaten soon enough find themselves as beaten soon enough find themselves as beaten and demoralized as their fathers and demoralized as their fathers and demoralized as their fathers fighting Rome was nothing if not a death fighting Rome was nothing if not a death fighting Rome was nothing if not a death blow to the ego blow to the ego blow to the ego [Music] [Music] [Music] hello and welcome to the history of hello and welcome to the history of hello and welcome to the history of Rome episode 26 the third Macedonian Rome episode 26 the third Macedonian Rome episode 26 the third Macedonian War having soundly beaten Macedon and War having soundly beaten Macedon and War having soundly beaten Macedon and Syria the last two major powers in the Syria the last two major powers in the Syria the last two major powers in the East Rome was now the dominant force in East Rome was now the dominant force in East Rome was now the dominant force in the Mediterranean a distinction it would the Mediterranean a distinction it would the Mediterranean a distinction it would hold for the next 700 odd hold for the next 700 odd hold for the next 700 odd years in the years after the Syrian War years in the years after the Syrian War years in the years after the Syrian War the Romans were wrapped up with gallic the Romans were wrapped up with gallic the Romans were wrapped up with gallic revolts in the po valley and persistent revolts in the po valley and persistent revolts in the po valley and persistent unrest in Spain though these territories unrest in Spain though these territories unrest in Spain though these territories had been officially conquered the Romans had been officially conquered the Romans had been officially conquered the Romans found it as difficult to maintain their found it as difficult to maintain their found it as difficult to maintain their position in these territories as it had position in these territories as it had position in these territories as it had been to establish it in the first been to establish it in the first been to establish it in the first place but for the most part these were place but for the most part these were place but for the most part these were mere skirmishes in The Wider scope of mere skirmishes in The Wider scope of mere skirmishes in The Wider scope of Mediterranean Politics the real center Mediterranean Politics the real center Mediterranean Politics the real center of attention remained Greece where like of attention remained Greece where like of attention remained Greece where like in Spain and Gaul winning the prize was in Spain and Gaul winning the prize was in Spain and Gaul winning the prize was not the same as keeping the prize yes not the same as keeping the prize yes not the same as keeping the prize yes the Romans had demonstrated the

the Romans had demonstrated the the Romans had demonstrated the superiority of their arms and even the superiority of their arms and even the superiority of their arms and even the superiority of their diplomatic core but superiority of their diplomatic core but superiority of their diplomatic core but the fiercely independent Greeks would the fiercely independent Greeks would the fiercely independent Greeks would never passively stand by as a foreign never passively stand by as a foreign never passively stand by as a foreign power held final say over their power held final say over their power held final say over their lives Rome had its allies most notably lives Rome had its allies most notably lives Rome had its allies most notably the kingdom of pergamum in Asia Minor the kingdom of pergamum in Asia Minor the kingdom of pergamum in Asia Minor but the majority of Greeks bristled at but the majority of Greeks bristled at but the majority of Greeks bristled at the presence of The Barbarians from the the presence of The Barbarians from the the presence of The Barbarians from the West factions of Nobles in most of the West factions of Nobles in most of the West factions of Nobles in most of the important cities schemed constantly to important cities schemed constantly to important cities schemed constantly to carve out as much economy as they could carve out as much economy as they could carve out as much economy as they could with an eye on eventually throwing off with an eye on eventually throwing off with an eye on eventually throwing off the Roman yoke Greece was after all the the Roman yoke Greece was after all the the Roman yoke Greece was after all the oldest and greatest civilization on oldest and greatest civilization on oldest and greatest civilization on Earth surely Roman rule was merely Earth surely Roman rule was merely Earth surely Roman rule was merely temporary and in time the Greeks would temporary and in time the Greeks would temporary and in time the Greeks would retake their place as the leaders of retake their place as the leaders of retake their place as the leaders of civilization civilization civilization right in Macedon Philip V had been put right in Macedon Philip V had been put right in Macedon Philip V had been put squarely in his place and for all his squarely in his place and for all his squarely in his place and for all his pride and ambition he was able to do pride and ambition he was able to do pride and ambition he was able to do little about his sarry state after being little about his sarry state after being little about his sarry state after being defeated at cphil defeated at cphil defeated at cphil though he hated Rome he was a broken man though he hated Rome he was a broken man though he hated Rome he was a broken man who could not muster the energy for a who could not muster the energy for a who could not muster the energy for a full skill Revolt that task would be full skill Revolt that task would be full skill Revolt that task would be left to his son who would return the left to his son who would return the left to his son who would return the bravado and Swagger to Macedon and renew bravado and Swagger to Macedon and renew bravado and Swagger to Macedon and renew their quest to drive the Italians from their quest to drive the Italians from their quest to drive the Italians from Greece Greece Greece Forever The Catalyst of the third Forever The Catalyst of the third Forever The Catalyst of the third Macedonian war was Philip I's death in Macedonian war was Philip I's death in Macedonian war was Philip I's death in 179 BC which was by all accounts 179 BC which was by all accounts 179 BC which was by all accounts directly related to a quarrel between directly related to a quarrel between directly related to a quarrel between his two sons Perseus and his two sons Perseus and his two sons Perseus and Demetrius after the peace between Demetrius after the peace between Demetrius after the peace between Macedon and Rome young Demetrius

Macedon and Rome young Demetrius Macedon and Rome young Demetrius Philip's second son had been sent to Philip's second son had been sent to Philip's second son had been sent to Rome as a Rome as a Rome as a hostage years spent in the city had left hostage years spent in the city had left hostage years spent in the city had left the Young Prince with a pro- Roman the Young Prince with a pro- Roman the Young Prince with a pro- Roman worldview Perseus feared that the worldview Perseus feared that the worldview Perseus feared that the political leanings of his younger political leanings of his younger political leanings of his younger brother would manifest upon their brother would manifest upon their brother would manifest upon their father's death that Rome would engineer father's death that Rome would engineer father's death that Rome would engineer a coup and Perseus would be denied his a coup and Perseus would be denied his a coup and Perseus would be denied his rightful Throne while Demetrius ruled a rightful Throne while Demetrius ruled a rightful Throne while Demetrius ruled a puppet Kingdom for puppet Kingdom for puppet Kingdom for Rome so when Demetrius returned to Rome so when Demetrius returned to Rome so when Demetrius returned to Macedon in 180 BC Perseus moved quickly Macedon in 180 BC Perseus moved quickly Macedon in 180 BC Perseus moved quickly against his brother convincing Philip against his brother convincing Philip against his brother convincing Philip that Demetrius was guilty of treason and that Demetrius was guilty of treason and that Demetrius was guilty of treason and was plotting with Rome to install was plotting with Rome to install was plotting with Rome to install himself as himself as himself as King Philip allowed himself to be swayed King Philip allowed himself to be swayed King Philip allowed himself to be swayed and reluctantly ordered the execution of and reluctantly ordered the execution of and reluctantly ordered the execution of his son despite his belief that he had his son despite his belief that he had his son despite his belief that he had no choice Philip never recovered from no choice Philip never recovered from no choice Philip never recovered from demetrius's death and within a year the demetrius's death and within a year the demetrius's death and within a year the Old King was Old King was Old King was dead this left Perseus in control and dead this left Perseus in control and dead this left Perseus in control and Rome concerned about their Eastern flank Rome concerned about their Eastern flank Rome concerned about their Eastern flank the Macedonian King kept testing Roman the Macedonian King kept testing Roman the Macedonian King kept testing Roman patience clearly violating the treaty patience clearly violating the treaty patience clearly violating the treaty his father had signed by taking control his father had signed by taking control his father had signed by taking control of neighboring territory outside of neighboring territory outside of neighboring territory outside macedone proper and opening diplomatic macedone proper and opening diplomatic macedone proper and opening diplomatic relations with the Greek political relations with the Greek political relations with the Greek political syndicates most worrisome to Rome persus syndicates most worrisome to Rome persus syndicates most worrisome to Rome persus arranged a marriage to the daughter of arranged a marriage to the daughter of arranged a marriage to the daughter of cus IV who had succeeded his father cus IV who had succeeded his father cus IV who had succeeded his father Antiochus the great as king of Antiochus the great as king of Antiochus the great as king of Syria the Senate hoped for the best Syria the Senate hoped for the best Syria the Senate hoped for the best though and weary of war and unwilling to though and weary of war and unwilling to though and weary of war and unwilling to embrace a belligerent stance they turned embrace a belligerent stance they turned embrace a belligerent stance they turned a blind eye to pers his a blind eye to pers his a blind eye to pers his actions the alliance between the two

actions the alliance between the two actions the alliance between the two great Greek Powers was a cause of great Greek Powers was a cause of great Greek Powers was a cause of concern in the Senate but even more so concern in the Senate but even more so concern in the Senate but even more so for the kingdom of pergamum Rome's for the kingdom of pergamum Rome's for the kingdom of pergamum Rome's steadfast Ally whose territory bordered steadfast Ally whose territory bordered steadfast Ally whose territory bordered both Syria and both Syria and both Syria and Macedon envoys from pergamum began to Macedon envoys from pergamum began to Macedon envoys from pergamum began to send dispatches detailing the outrages send dispatches detailing the outrages send dispatches detailing the outrages and offenses of Perseus begging Rome to and offenses of Perseus begging Rome to and offenses of Perseus begging Rome to do something about the young upstart do something about the young upstart do something about the young upstart king of king of king of Macedon Rome ignored the threat for as Macedon Rome ignored the threat for as Macedon Rome ignored the threat for as long as they could but finally yria long as they could but finally yria long as they could but finally yria began to rise in revolt against Rome and began to rise in revolt against Rome and began to rise in revolt against Rome and the common belief was that Perseus was the common belief was that Perseus was the common belief was that Perseus was behind the violence that coupled with an behind the violence that coupled with an behind the violence that coupled with an assassination tempt against the king of assassination tempt against the king of assassination tempt against the king of pergamum sealed the deal and in 172 BC pergamum sealed the deal and in 172 BC pergamum sealed the deal and in 172 BC Legions were sent back across the Legions were sent back across the Legions were sent back across the Adriatic at first the Romans simply Adriatic at first the Romans simply Adriatic at first the Romans simply moved into a Lia to quell the uprising moved into a Lia to quell the uprising moved into a Lia to quell the uprising and stood on the border of Macedon but a and stood on the border of Macedon but a and stood on the border of Macedon but a year later war was officially declared year later war was officially declared year later war was officially declared and the legions headed into Macedon and the legions headed into Macedon and the legions headed into Macedon under the command of lenus crus an under the command of lenus crus an under the command of lenus crus an ancestor of the famous trium who would ancestor of the famous trium who would ancestor of the famous trium who would join with Julius Caesar and pompy in join with Julius Caesar and pompy in join with Julius Caesar and pompy in their fatal three-way Alliance a century their fatal three-way Alliance a century their fatal three-way Alliance a century later this crisis did not get his later this crisis did not get his later this crisis did not get his familial Legacy off to a great start and familial Legacy off to a great start and familial Legacy off to a great start and promptly led the Romans to their first promptly led the Romans to their first promptly led the Romans to their first defeat in Greece it was a minor defeat in Greece it was a minor defeat in Greece it was a minor engagement to be sure but the propaganda engagement to be sure but the propaganda engagement to be sure but the propaganda value of the loss was a boon to Perseus value of the loss was a boon to Perseus value of the loss was a boon to Perseus and Greek leaders who had kept their and Greek leaders who had kept their and Greek leaders who had kept their distance from an open conflict with Rome distance from an open conflict with Rome distance from an open conflict with Rome began to throw their support to began to throw their support to began to throw their support to Macedon it was a decision that would Macedon it was a decision that would Macedon it was a decision that would haunt a lot of them and lead not to haunt a lot of them and lead not to haunt a lot of them and lead not to freedom but to the obliteration of

freedom but to the obliteration of freedom but to the obliteration of Freedom after direct confrontation with Freedom after direct confrontation with Freedom after direct confrontation with the macedonians had proved to be more the macedonians had proved to be more the macedonians had proved to be more difficult than the Romans thought the difficult than the Romans thought the difficult than the Romans thought the next two years saw the Roman army in the next two years saw the Roman army in the next two years saw the Roman army in the East turned toward more profitable and East turned toward more profitable and East turned toward more profitable and less dangerous Pursuits the plunder of less dangerous Pursuits the plunder of less dangerous Pursuits the plunder of defenseless Greek defenseless Greek defenseless Greek towns the cils in charge during these towns the cils in charge during these towns the cils in charge during these two years seemed to have had little two years seemed to have had little two years seemed to have had little ability or desire to control their men ability or desire to control their men ability or desire to control their men and the legions became little more than and the legions became little more than and the legions became little more than a highly efficient band of a highly efficient band of a highly efficient band of marauders a great deal of wealth plunder marauders a great deal of wealth plunder marauders a great deal of wealth plunder and slaves were hauled back to Rome and slaves were hauled back to Rome and slaves were hauled back to Rome everyone profited so discipline went out everyone profited so discipline went out everyone profited so discipline went out the window this coupled with the the window this coupled with the the window this coupled with the behindthescenes maneuvering of Perseus behindthescenes maneuvering of Perseus behindthescenes maneuvering of Perseus turned even more Greeks against Rome turned even more Greeks against Rome turned even more Greeks against Rome there was little to be gained by there was little to be gained by there was little to be gained by standing with the Romans now the Italian standing with the Romans now the Italian standing with the Romans now the Italian brutes had no interest in governing or brutes had no interest in governing or brutes had no interest in governing or indeed the lives of Greeks in general indeed the lives of Greeks in general indeed the lives of Greeks in general they just wanted to ransack the they just wanted to ransack the they just wanted to ransack the countryside countryside countryside in 168 BC the new consul for the year in 168 BC the new consul for the year in 168 BC the new consul for the year was amelus paulus the son of the paulus was amelus paulus the son of the paulus was amelus paulus the son of the paulus who had tried to Halt the Battle of who had tried to Halt the Battle of who had tried to Halt the Battle of canny before it happened and then died canny before it happened and then died canny before it happened and then died leading his troops into the leading his troops into the leading his troops into the massacre more disciplined than the massacre more disciplined than the massacre more disciplined than the previous consules paulus the younger previous consules paulus the younger previous consules paulus the younger immediately restored a sense of purpose immediately restored a sense of purpose immediately restored a sense of purpose to the Troops reminding them that they to the Troops reminding them that they to the Troops reminding them that they were there to fight as soldiers against were there to fight as soldiers against were there to fight as soldiers against an army not thie from innocent Greeks an army not thie from innocent Greeks an army not thie from innocent Greeks who were after all nominally under Roman who were after all nominally under Roman who were after all nominally under Roman protection if that was not a complete protection if that was not a complete protection if that was not a complete contradiction in terms by contradiction in terms by contradiction in terms by now paulus located the army of Perseus now paulus located the army of Perseus now paulus located the army of Perseus and announced his intention to make for

and announced his intention to make for and announced his intention to make for the Macedonian army and defeat the Macedonian army and defeat the Macedonian army and defeat them Perseus was well positioned with them Perseus was well positioned with them Perseus was well positioned with 40,000 troops on the aan coast and 40,000 troops on the aan coast and 40,000 troops on the aan coast and dislodging him would take some doing dislodging him would take some doing dislodging him would take some doing Paul's ordered one of his generals to Paul's ordered one of his generals to Paul's ordered one of his generals to take a chunk of the army and make a lot take a chunk of the army and make a lot take a chunk of the army and make a lot of noise approaching Perseus from the of noise approaching Perseus from the of noise approaching Perseus from the north this maneuver convinced the north this maneuver convinced the north this maneuver convinced the macedonians that the main Roman army macedonians that the main Roman army macedonians that the main Roman army would follow and they prepared for an would follow and they prepared for an would follow and they prepared for an invasion from the invasion from the invasion from the north however as soon as Darkness fell north however as soon as Darkness fell north however as soon as Darkness fell the Roman expeditionary Force kept right the Roman expeditionary Force kept right the Roman expeditionary Force kept right on walking and swung around behind the on walking and swung around behind the on walking and swung around behind the Greeks only the timely intervention of a Greeks only the timely intervention of a Greeks only the timely intervention of a Roman deserter alerted Perseus to the Roman deserter alerted Perseus to the Roman deserter alerted Perseus to the danger 12,000 Greeks were sent down to danger 12,000 Greeks were sent down to danger 12,000 Greeks were sent down to block the Romans coming up now from the block the Romans coming up now from the block the Romans coming up now from the South but they were driven back in South but they were driven back in South but they were driven back in disarray realizing he was being in disarray realizing he was being in disarray realizing he was being in circled and unsure of where the rest of circled and unsure of where the rest of circled and unsure of where the rest of the Romans actually were Perseus broke the Romans actually were Perseus broke the Romans actually were Perseus broke North out of his fortified position North out of his fortified position North out of his fortified position and set himself up near the village of and set himself up near the village of and set himself up near the village of PNA where the open flat country would PNA where the open flat country would PNA where the open flat country would ensure the proper deployment of his ensure the proper deployment of his ensure the proper deployment of his failings having flushed out his prey failings having flushed out his prey failings having flushed out his prey paulus immediately recombined his force paulus immediately recombined his force paulus immediately recombined his force and marched to meet and marched to meet and marched to meet Perseus after spending the night camped Perseus after spending the night camped Perseus after spending the night camped across the plane from each other the two across the plane from each other the two across the plane from each other the two sides Rose the next morning eager to sides Rose the next morning eager to sides Rose the next morning eager to have it have it have it out according to Legend paulus Facing out according to Legend paulus Facing out according to Legend paulus Facing East stalled his deployment until the East stalled his deployment until the East stalled his deployment until the afternoon when the sun would be in the afternoon when the sun would be in the afternoon when the sun would be in the eyes of the eyes of the eyes of the macedonians whether this is true or not macedonians whether this is true or not macedonians whether this is true or not is a matter of debate but it is true is a matter of debate but it is true is a matter of debate but it is true that the battle did not start until the that the battle did not start until the that the battle did not start until the afternoon and despite the evenly matched

afternoon and despite the evenly matched afternoon and despite the evenly matched sizes of the two armies things quickly sizes of the two armies things quickly sizes of the two armies things quickly got away from Perseus whether or not the got away from Perseus whether or not the got away from Perseus whether or not the sun played any role is again a matter of sun played any role is again a matter of sun played any role is again a matter of debate the Greek failings pushed the debate the Greek failings pushed the debate the Greek failings pushed the Romans back initially which was good but Romans back initially which was good but Romans back initially which was good but they push the Romans back on uneven they push the Romans back on uneven they push the Romans back on uneven Hills bordering the plane which was bad Hills bordering the plane which was bad Hills bordering the plane which was bad the failings began to Splinter and the the failings began to Splinter and the the failings began to Splinter and the Romans were able to send individual Romans were able to send individual Romans were able to send individual manipol through the brakes in the manipol through the brakes in the manipol through the brakes in the Macedonian line and not so much flank Macedonian line and not so much flank Macedonian line and not so much flank the macedonians as eat them from the the macedonians as eat them from the the macedonians as eat them from the inside out the Macedonian left inside out the Macedonian left inside out the Macedonian left disintegrated and Perseus fled with his disintegrated and Perseus fled with his disintegrated and Perseus fled with his Cavalry of the 40,000 or so Greeks in Cavalry of the 40,000 or so Greeks in Cavalry of the 40,000 or so Greeks in the Macedonian army at least 25,000 died the Macedonian army at least 25,000 died the Macedonian army at least 25,000 died at PNA while the Romans lost maybe a at PNA while the Romans lost maybe a at PNA while the Romans lost maybe a thousand 5,000 Greeks were captured thousand 5,000 Greeks were captured thousand 5,000 Greeks were captured along with Perseus himself where his along with Perseus himself where his along with Perseus himself where his father had managed to negotiate a peace father had managed to negotiate a peace father had managed to negotiate a peace that left him in control of Macedon that left him in control of Macedon that left him in control of Macedon Perseus received no such favors the Perseus received no such favors the Perseus received no such favors the young king was paraded through Roman young king was paraded through Roman young king was paraded through Roman chains at PA's Triumph and then banished chains at PA's Triumph and then banished chains at PA's Triumph and then banished to Exile in a small Italian Village to Exile in a small Italian Village to Exile in a small Italian Village where he lived a miserable existence and where he lived a miserable existence and where he lived a miserable existence and died in obscurity and he showed such died in obscurity and he showed such died in obscurity and he showed such promise the defeat at pida marked the promise the defeat at pida marked the promise the defeat at pida marked the end of the Macedonian kingdom whose end of the Macedonian kingdom whose end of the Macedonian kingdom whose Holdings under Alexander had once Holdings under Alexander had once Holdings under Alexander had once extended all the way to India the Senate extended all the way to India the Senate extended all the way to India the Senate broke the kingdom up into four republics broke the kingdom up into four republics broke the kingdom up into four republics which were forbidden to trade directly which were forbidden to trade directly which were forbidden to trade directly with one another or any other Greek City with one another or any other Greek City with one another or any other Greek City all economic activity had to be brokered all economic activity had to be brokered all economic activity had to be brokered by Rome this ensured that no undue by Rome this ensured that no undue by Rome this ensured that no undue consolidation of riches or power

consolidation of riches or power consolidation of riches or power occurred and that the Romans would never occurred and that the Romans would never occurred and that the Romans would never have to deal with trouble in Macedon have to deal with trouble in Macedon have to deal with trouble in Macedon again we can divided the macedonians again we can divided the macedonians again we can divided the macedonians would attempt one last ditch effort for would attempt one last ditch effort for would attempt one last ditch effort for Independence years later but that would Independence years later but that would Independence years later but that would merely present the Romans with an merely present the Romans with an merely present the Romans with an opportunity to officially incorporate opportunity to officially incorporate opportunity to officially incorporate the territory into the province of the territory into the province of the territory into the province of Macedonia returning to Rome paulus who had done so returning to Rome paulus who had done so much to end the senseless pillaging of much to end the senseless pillaging of much to end the senseless pillaging of the legions LED his army on one of the the legions LED his army on one of the the legions LED his army on one of the great sadistic Rampages of the ancient great sadistic Rampages of the ancient great sadistic Rampages of the ancient world passing through a pyrus the Romans world passing through a pyrus the Romans world passing through a pyrus the Romans furious at the Greeks in general for furious at the Greeks in general for furious at the Greeks in general for turning on Rome decided that an example turning on Rome decided that an example turning on Rome decided that an example had to be made of someone to prevent had to be made of someone to prevent had to be made of someone to prevent this sort of thing from happening in the this sort of thing from happening in the this sort of thing from happening in the future they chose a pyrus because it was future they chose a pyrus because it was future they chose a pyrus because it was convenient even though the locals had convenient even though the locals had convenient even though the locals had nothing to do really with Perseus or his nothing to do really with Perseus or his nothing to do really with Perseus or his war against the Rome war against the Rome war against the Rome Romans at first paulus implied that if Romans at first paulus implied that if Romans at first paulus implied that if he was paid off a pyrus would be spared he was paid off a pyrus would be spared he was paid off a pyrus would be spared and the 70 or so towns collected as much and the 70 or so towns collected as much and the 70 or so towns collected as much as they could and handed it willingly to as they could and handed it willingly to as they could and handed it willingly to the the the Romans but the minute paus had collected Romans but the minute paus had collected Romans but the minute paus had collected it all he simply LED his men off their it all he simply LED his men off their it all he simply LED his men off their leashes and let them sack rape plunder leashes and let them sack rape plunder leashes and let them sack rape plunder and burn anyone and anything they came and burn anyone and anything they came and burn anyone and anything they came across over 150,000 locals were bound up across over 150,000 locals were bound up across over 150,000 locals were bound up and sold into and sold into and sold into slavery the rest were killed and left slavery the rest were killed and left slavery the rest were killed and left destitute or homeless destitute or homeless destitute or homeless it was a harsh lesson for the Greeks it was a harsh lesson for the Greeks it was a harsh lesson for the Greeks harsher still for the relative innocence harsher still for the relative innocence harsher still for the relative innocence of a of a of a pyrus after driving off Philip and pyrus after driving off Philip and pyrus after driving off Philip and proclaiming freedom for Greece the

proclaiming freedom for Greece the proclaiming freedom for Greece the Romans were universally loved but now a Romans were universally loved but now a Romans were universally loved but now a mere 30 years later that love was gone mere 30 years later that love was gone mere 30 years later that love was gone replaced with fear meli's point that it replaced with fear meli's point that it replaced with fear meli's point that it is better to be feared than loved is is better to be feared than loved is is better to be feared than loved is backed up by the Roman experience in backed up by the Roman experience in backed up by the Roman experience in Greece loved the Romans dealt constantly Greece loved the Romans dealt constantly Greece loved the Romans dealt constantly with backstabbing and conspiracies to do with backstabbing and conspiracies to do with backstabbing and conspiracies to do away with them feared the Romans ruled away with them feared the Romans ruled away with them feared the Romans ruled in peace and in peace and in peace and unchallenged there is no accounting for unchallenged there is no accounting for unchallenged there is no accounting for the horror and immorality on display in the horror and immorality on display in the horror and immorality on display in a pyrus but the cold fact remains that a pyrus but the cold fact remains that a pyrus but the cold fact remains that it worked future Greeks knew what the it worked future Greeks knew what the it worked future Greeks knew what the wrath of Rome meant and they wanted no wrath of Rome meant and they wanted no wrath of Rome meant and they wanted no part of it better to drink wine and part of it better to drink wine and part of it better to drink wine and tutor the Romans in math and philosophy tutor the Romans in math and philosophy tutor the Romans in math and philosophy than attempt to cross swords with than attempt to cross swords with than attempt to cross swords with them one of the other legacies Left To them one of the other legacies Left To them one of the other legacies Left To Us by the Roman victory in the third Us by the Roman victory in the third Us by the Roman victory in the third Macedonian war was the transport ation Macedonian war was the transport ation Macedonian war was the transport ation of a great number of Greek hostages to of a great number of Greek hostages to of a great number of Greek hostages to Rome including a young scholar named Rome including a young scholar named Rome including a young scholar named pus taken in by the family of amelus pus taken in by the family of amelus pus taken in by the family of amelus Pais pus would become the instructor of Pais pus would become the instructor of Pais pus would become the instructor of Paul's son skipio amanus who would grow Paul's son skipio amanus who would grow Paul's son skipio amanus who would grow up to be one of the most famous and up to be one of the most famous and up to be one of the most famous and influential of all Roman Statesmen and influential of all Roman Statesmen and influential of all Roman Statesmen and really the last of the great political really the last of the great political really the last of the great political figures who was not connected to the figures who was not connected to the figures who was not connected to the crisis that would consume the Republic crisis that would consume the Republic crisis that would consume the Republic in The Next in The Next in The Next Century in attempt to explain to his Century in attempt to explain to his Century in attempt to explain to his fellow Greeks who the Romans were and fellow Greeks who the Romans were and fellow Greeks who the Romans were and where they came from pus constructed a where they came from pus constructed a where they came from pus constructed a massive History of Rome which exists massive History of Rome which exists massive History of Rome which exists largely intact today and stands as one largely intact today and stands as one largely intact today and stands as one of the pillars of our own understanding of the pillars of our own understanding of the pillars of our own understanding of of of Rome the histories of pus have indeed

Rome the histories of pus have indeed Rome the histories of pus have indeed played an integral part in our very own played an integral part in our very own played an integral part in our very own History of Rome podcast and we owe him a History of Rome podcast and we owe him a History of Rome podcast and we owe him a great debt for his excellent great debt for his excellent great debt for his excellent work next week we will return for the work next week we will return for the work next week we will return for the last time to Carthage and last time to Carthage and last time to Carthage and Macedon the two great enemies who had so Macedon the two great enemies who had so Macedon the two great enemies who had so consumed the Romans for the last century consumed the Romans for the last century consumed the Romans for the last century were beaten were beaten were beaten but for Rome it would not be enough to but for Rome it would not be enough to but for Rome it would not be enough to Simply beat them they had to be Simply beat them they had to be Simply beat them they had to be crushed KO the Elder had made a point of crushed KO the Elder had made a point of crushed KO the Elder had made a point of ending every speech before the Senate ending every speech before the Senate ending every speech before the Senate whatever the topic be it garbage whatever the topic be it garbage whatever the topic be it garbage collection or loan repayment with the collection or loan repayment with the collection or loan repayment with the line furthermore it is my opinion that line furthermore it is my opinion that line furthermore it is my opinion that Carthage must be Carthage must be Carthage must be destroyed KO like many of his countrymen destroyed KO like many of his countrymen destroyed KO like many of his countrymen feared the return of Carthage and so set feared the return of Carthage and so set feared the return of Carthage and so set out to annihilate once and for all their out to annihilate once and for all their out to annihilate once and for all their nemesis from Africa and quite literally nemesis from Africa and quite literally nemesis from Africa and quite literally sew their fields with the [Music] [Music] song hello and welcome to the history of song hello and welcome to the history of song hello and welcome to the history of Rome episode 27 mopping Rome episode 27 mopping Rome episode 27 mopping up for the last 100 years Rome had been up for the last 100 years Rome had been up for the last 100 years Rome had been consumed by two major theaters of War consumed by two major theaters of War consumed by two major theaters of War North Africa and Greece the against North Africa and Greece the against North Africa and Greece the against Carthage and Macedon had become Carthage and Macedon had become Carthage and Macedon had become intergenerational Affairs and now the intergenerational Affairs and now the intergenerational Affairs and now the grandsons and great grandsons of the men grandsons and great grandsons of the men grandsons and great grandsons of the men who had initially declared the wars Dawn who had initially declared the wars Dawn who had initially declared the wars Dawn their armor to finally finish the their armor to finally finish the their armor to finally finish the job the years just after 150 BC would

job the years just after 150 BC would job the years just after 150 BC would Mark the end of resistance on both Mark the end of resistance on both Mark the end of resistance on both fronts not that the Final Act played out fronts not that the Final Act played out fronts not that the Final Act played out the same in both theaters however in the same in both theaters however in the same in both theaters however in Greece a pretender to the Macedonian Greece a pretender to the Macedonian Greece a pretender to the Macedonian Throne would openly Court conflict Throne would openly Court conflict Throne would openly Court conflict whereas in North Africa the car Jans did whereas in North Africa the car Jans did whereas in North Africa the car Jans did everything they could to prevent another everything they could to prevent another everything they could to prevent another war with Rome in both cases though the war with Rome in both cases though the war with Rome in both cases though the results would be the same and in the results would be the same and in the results would be the same and in the Watershed year of 146 BC both Carthage Watershed year of 146 BC both Carthage Watershed year of 146 BC both Carthage and the great Greek city of Corinth and the great Greek city of Corinth and the great Greek city of Corinth would burn to the ground after being lit would burn to the ground after being lit would burn to the ground after being lit by Roman by Roman by Roman torches there would be no more mistaking torches there would be no more mistaking torches there would be no more mistaking who ruled the Mediterranean in that year who ruled the Mediterranean in that year who ruled the Mediterranean in that year the Roman Empire was truly the Roman Empire was truly the Roman Empire was truly born in the Years leading up to 146 born in the Years leading up to 146 born in the Years leading up to 146 Greece the dominant focus of Rome for Greece the dominant focus of Rome for Greece the dominant focus of Rome for for the last 50 years still existed in a for the last 50 years still existed in a for the last 50 years still existed in a state of relative Independence the state of relative Independence the state of relative Independence the Romans did not wish to Garrison the Romans did not wish to Garrison the Romans did not wish to Garrison the whole country and hope that the example whole country and hope that the example whole country and hope that the example made of a pyrus would instill in the made of a pyrus would instill in the made of a pyrus would instill in the Greeks a self-control that would leave Greeks a self-control that would leave Greeks a self-control that would leave the Romans free from military costs in the Romans free from military costs in the Romans free from military costs in the East it was not to be however the the East it was not to be however the the East it was not to be however the dream of Greek Freedom burnt as bright dream of Greek Freedom burnt as bright dream of Greek Freedom burnt as bright as ever forcing the Romans to conclude as ever forcing the Romans to conclude as ever forcing the Romans to conclude that there could be no half measures in that there could be no half measures in that there could be no half measures in Greece trouble began in 150 BC when a Greece trouble began in 150 BC when a Greece trouble began in 150 BC when a pretender to the Macedonian Throne named pretender to the Macedonian Throne named pretender to the Macedonian Throne named Andrus appeared with the intention of Andrus appeared with the intention of Andrus appeared with the intention of reuniting Macedon and throwing the reuniting Macedon and throwing the reuniting Macedon and throwing the Romans out he claimed to be the son of Romans out he claimed to be the son of Romans out he claimed to be the son of vanquished Perseus and the grandson of vanquished Perseus and the grandson of vanquished Perseus and the grandson of Philip V the last great king of Philip V the last great king of Philip V the last great king of Macedon without a strong Roman military

Macedon without a strong Roman military Macedon without a strong Roman military presence in Greece Andrus followed the presence in Greece Andrus followed the presence in Greece Andrus followed the path of his alleged father and started path of his alleged father and started path of his alleged father and started to push the boundaries of Roman to push the boundaries of Roman to push the boundaries of Roman patience at the end of the third patience at the end of the third patience at the end of the third Macedonian War the country had been Macedonian War the country had been Macedonian War the country had been divided into four republics economically divided into four republics economically divided into four republics economically and politically cut off from one another and politically cut off from one another and politically cut off from one another Andrus work to secretly reunite the Andrus work to secretly reunite the Andrus work to secretly reunite the territories and began forming an army to territories and began forming an army to territories and began forming an army to deal with inevitable Roman push back deal with inevitable Roman push back deal with inevitable Roman push back however with efforts in his home however with efforts in his home however with efforts in his home territory moving slowly Andrus took what territory moving slowly Andrus took what territory moving slowly Andrus took what soldiers he had and marched South soldiers he had and marched South soldiers he had and marched South conquering thessy and then returned to conquering thessy and then returned to conquering thessy and then returned to Macedon with some momentum which he was Macedon with some momentum which he was Macedon with some momentum which he was able to use to unite the four republics able to use to unite the four republics able to use to unite the four republics under his under his under his Banner Rome did not look kindly on this Banner Rome did not look kindly on this Banner Rome did not look kindly on this and sent to force to deal with the and sent to force to deal with the and sent to force to deal with the Revolt but but the Romans underestimated Revolt but but the Romans underestimated Revolt but but the Romans underestimated the resistance they would face and the the resistance they would face and the the resistance they would face and the small expeditionary Army was repelled by small expeditionary Army was repelled by small expeditionary Army was repelled by the the the macedonians Andrus was starting to feel macedonians Andrus was starting to feel macedonians Andrus was starting to feel pretty good about himself but his pretty good about himself but his pretty good about himself but his success was made possible only by the success was made possible only by the success was made possible only by the disinterest of the Roman senate and an disinterest of the Roman senate and an disinterest of the Roman senate and an ineffectual response reports of the ineffectual response reports of the ineffectual response reports of the Macedonian Victory changed all that and Macedonian Victory changed all that and Macedonian Victory changed all that and a new Army was sent this one at full a new Army was sent this one at full a new Army was sent this one at full strength and under the command of a strength and under the command of a strength and under the command of a brilliant General named quentis brilliant General named quentis brilliant General named quentis matelis that he would soon be called matelis that he would soon be called matelis that he would soon be called quentis matelis macedonicus should let quentis matelis macedonicus should let quentis matelis macedonicus should let you know that Andrus is luck was not you know that Andrus is luck was not you know that Andrus is luck was not long for the long for the long for the world matelis marched into Macedon and world matelis marched into Macedon and world matelis marched into Macedon and crushed Andrus and the Macedonian army crushed Andrus and the Macedonian army crushed Andrus and the Macedonian army without much effort whatever steam the without much effort whatever steam the without much effort whatever steam the macedonians had been building proved to macedonians had been building proved to macedonians had been building proved to be just that a lot of hot air and they be just that a lot of hot air and they be just that a lot of hot air and they proved not even close to a match for a

proved not even close to a match for a proved not even close to a match for a truly committed Roman truly committed Roman truly committed Roman army The Pretender was driven off and army The Pretender was driven off and army The Pretender was driven off and captured sharing the fate of his alleged captured sharing the fate of his alleged captured sharing the fate of his alleged father and paraded through Rome in father and paraded through Rome in father and paraded through Rome in Mattel's Mattel's Mattel's Triumph the Senate finally wised up to Triumph the Senate finally wised up to Triumph the Senate finally wised up to the fact their hands off oversight of the fact their hands off oversight of the fact their hands off oversight of Macedon was an unsustainable policy and Macedon was an unsustainable policy and Macedon was an unsustainable policy and so Macedon along with a pyrus were so Macedon along with a pyrus were so Macedon along with a pyrus were incorporated into the Roman Empire as incorporated into the Roman Empire as incorporated into the Roman Empire as official provinces the first extension official provinces the first extension official provinces the first extension of Roman sovereignty into of Roman sovereignty into of Roman sovereignty into Greece not long after the macedonians Greece not long after the macedonians Greece not long after the macedonians were pacified another flare of Greek were pacified another flare of Greek were pacified another flare of Greek Defiance was fired off this time from Defiance was fired off this time from Defiance was fired off this time from Corinth the leading city of the aan Corinth the leading city of the aan Corinth the leading city of the aan league matelis was recalled to Rome to league matelis was recalled to Rome to league matelis was recalled to Rome to receive his Triumph and in his place the receive his Triumph and in his place the receive his Triumph and in his place the consul Lucius mumus was sent to command consul Lucius mumus was sent to command consul Lucius mumus was sent to command the Greek forces that he would soon be the Greek forces that he would soon be the Greek forces that he would soon be called Lucius mumus Aus should let you called Lucius mumus Aus should let you called Lucius mumus Aus should let you know that Corinthian luck was not long know that Corinthian luck was not long know that Corinthian luck was not long for this world for this world for this world either in an absolutely brutal Display either in an absolutely brutal Display either in an absolutely brutal Display of Power Corinth was besieged overcome of Power Corinth was besieged overcome of Power Corinth was besieged overcome and burned to the ground the men were and burned to the ground the men were and burned to the ground the men were slaughtered and the women and children slaughtered and the women and children slaughtered and the women and children sold into sold into sold into slavery the raising of Corinth marked slavery the raising of Corinth marked slavery the raising of Corinth marked the total Ascension of Roman power in the total Ascension of Roman power in the total Ascension of Roman power in Greece in a few years the territory Greece in a few years the territory Greece in a few years the territory would join Macedonia and a hrus as full would join Macedonia and a hrus as full would join Macedonia and a hrus as full Roman provinces Greek Freedom was a Dead Roman provinces Greek Freedom was a Dead Roman provinces Greek Freedom was a Dead Issue running concurrently to the events Issue running concurrently to the events Issue running concurrently to the events in Greece and one of the principal in Greece and one of the principal in Greece and one of the principal reasons for the initial indifferent reasons for the initial indifferent reasons for the initial indifferent response to Macedonian agitation was the response to Macedonian agitation was the response to Macedonian agitation was the last Act of the great struggle with last Act of the great struggle with last Act of the great struggle with Carthage unlike the Greeks however the

Carthage unlike the Greeks however the Carthage unlike the Greeks however the carthaginians were simply minding their carthaginians were simply minding their carthaginians were simply minding their own business when the Roman senate own business when the Roman senate own business when the Roman senate decided Carthage must be decided Carthage must be decided Carthage must be destroyed after the battle of Zama the destroyed after the battle of Zama the destroyed after the battle of Zama the war party in Carthage was ousted from war party in Carthage was ousted from war party in Carthage was ousted from Power exemplified by the Exile of Power exemplified by the Exile of Power exemplified by the Exile of Hannibal the carthaginians at heart were Hannibal the carthaginians at heart were Hannibal the carthaginians at heart were merchants and Traders Prosecuting merchants and Traders Prosecuting merchants and Traders Prosecuting endless Wars of empire was not really in endless Wars of empire was not really in endless Wars of empire was not really in their genetic their genetic their genetic makeup the period after the Second Punic makeup the period after the Second Punic makeup the period after the Second Punic War was for the carthaginians a return War was for the carthaginians a return War was for the carthaginians a return to their true calling making lots and to their true calling making lots and to their true calling making lots and lots of money forced by Rome to dissolve lots of money forced by Rome to dissolve lots of money forced by Rome to dissolve its Army Carthage found its ledgers now its Army Carthage found its ledgers now its Army Carthage found its ledgers now free of an enormous yearly debit the free of an enormous yearly debit the free of an enormous yearly debit the money was invested in more productive money was invested in more productive money was invested in more productive Endeavors Endeavors that actually Endeavors Endeavors that actually Endeavors Endeavors that actually produced a monetary return soon Carthage produced a monetary return soon Carthage produced a monetary return soon Carthage was riding High economically at least was riding High economically at least was riding High economically at least which filled the Romans with a mixture which filled the Romans with a mixture which filled the Romans with a mixture of envy and of envy and of envy and Dread unwilling to relieve the Dread unwilling to relieve the Dread unwilling to relieve the carthaginians of their debt and the carthaginians of their debt and the carthaginians of their debt and the subservience that came with it the subservience that came with it the subservience that came with it the Romans rejected offers for the war Romans rejected offers for the war Romans rejected offers for the war Indemnity to be paid in one lump sum a Indemnity to be paid in one lump sum a Indemnity to be paid in one lump sum a sum that the carthaginians could now sum that the carthaginians could now sum that the carthaginians could now easily easily easily afford the carthaginian Senate kept afford the carthaginian Senate kept afford the carthaginian Senate kept trying to bribe the Romans with free trying to bribe the Romans with free trying to bribe the Romans with free shipments of grain but Rome insisted on shipments of grain but Rome insisted on shipments of grain but Rome insisted on paying for all Goods that arri from paying for all Goods that arri from paying for all Goods that arri from Carthage so as not to appear in any way Carthage so as not to appear in any way Carthage so as not to appear in any way indebted to the carthaginians now during these years the carthaginians now during these years the dominant political power in North Africa dominant political power in North Africa dominant political power in North Africa had become New Media led by the loyal had become New Media led by the loyal had become New Media led by the loyal Roman Ally masinissa who had been with Roman Ally masinissa who had been with Roman Ally masinissa who had been with them since the final days of the Second them since the final days of the Second them since the final days of the Second Punic Punic Punic War in the decades after Zama masinissa

War in the decades after Zama masinissa War in the decades after Zama masinissa had led the numidians into carthaginian had led the numidians into carthaginian had led the numidians into carthaginian territory numerous times and had peeled territory numerous times and had peeled territory numerous times and had peeled off more and more land with each off more and more land with each off more and more land with each Invasion the Romans were officially Invasion the Romans were officially Invasion the Romans were officially neutral but obviously they had no neutral but obviously they had no neutral but obviously they had no problem with the numidian stealing problem with the numidian stealing problem with the numidian stealing carthaginian carthaginian carthaginian Land by the 150s BC however carthaginian Land by the 150s BC however carthaginian Land by the 150s BC however carthaginian appeasement of Roman power had once appeasement of Roman power had once appeasement of Roman power had once again become a hot button issue the again become a hot button issue the again become a hot button issue the carthaginians were supposed to have carthaginians were supposed to have carthaginians were supposed to have retained their North African Holdings retained their North African Holdings retained their North African Holdings under the terms of the peace treaty and under the terms of the peace treaty and under the terms of the peace treaty and Rome was supposed to act as a protector Rome was supposed to act as a protector Rome was supposed to act as a protector of those terms but clearly Rome was of those terms but clearly Rome was of those terms but clearly Rome was allowing the numidians to run a muuk and allowing the numidians to run a muuk and allowing the numidians to run a muuk and had no intention of looking out for had no intention of looking out for had no intention of looking out for carthaginian carthaginian carthaginian interests so the peace party in Carthage interests so the peace party in Carthage interests so the peace party in Carthage was ousted in favor of a more aggressive was ousted in favor of a more aggressive was ousted in favor of a more aggressive faction the new party did not Advocate faction the new party did not Advocate faction the new party did not Advocate war with Rome they merely sought to war with Rome they merely sought to war with Rome they merely sought to raise an army to defend Carthage which raise an army to defend Carthage which raise an army to defend Carthage which was technically a violation of the peace was technically a violation of the peace was technically a violation of the peace terms but Rome had already violated the terms but Rome had already violated the terms but Rome had already violated the terms by not protecting Carthage from terms by not protecting Carthage from terms by not protecting Carthage from Attack plus the last installments of the Attack plus the last installments of the Attack plus the last installments of the indemnity were sent to Rome and many in indemnity were sent to Rome and many in indemnity were sent to Rome and many in Carthage believe this released them of Carthage believe this released them of Carthage believe this released them of any further obligations to any further obligations to any further obligations to Rome in 151 BC the the numidians crossed Rome in 151 BC the the numidians crossed Rome in 151 BC the the numidians crossed once again into carthaginian territory once again into carthaginian territory once again into carthaginian territory and laid Siege to a border City Carthage and laid Siege to a border City Carthage and laid Siege to a border City Carthage raised an army of 25,000 to defend the raised an army of 25,000 to defend the raised an army of 25,000 to defend the city and lift The city and lift The city and lift The Siege after 50 years of Peace however it Siege after 50 years of Peace however it Siege after 50 years of Peace however it could have been 500,000 and the result could have been 500,000 and the result could have been 500,000 and the result probably would have been the same the probably would have been the same the probably would have been the same the 25,000 green recruits were easily 25,000 green recruits were easily 25,000 green recruits were easily crushed by the season new midians and

crushed by the season new midians and crushed by the season new midians and for their trouble all the carthaginians for their trouble all the carthaginians for their trouble all the carthaginians really did was give the Romans an excuse really did was give the Romans an excuse really did was give the Romans an excuse to destroy them once and for all to destroy them once and for all to destroy them once and for all when word came that a carthaginian army when word came that a carthaginian army when word came that a carthaginian army had taken the field KO the Elder and his had taken the field KO the Elder and his had taken the field KO the Elder and his cohorts persuaded the Senate that cohorts persuaded the Senate that cohorts persuaded the Senate that Carthage was once again on the rise and Carthage was once again on the rise and Carthage was once again on the rise and would remain forever a threat to Rome if would remain forever a threat to Rome if would remain forever a threat to Rome if it was not utterly it was not utterly it was not utterly destroyed the Senate agreed and in 149 destroyed the Senate agreed and in 149 destroyed the Senate agreed and in 149 BC ordered a massive Invasion forth of BC ordered a massive Invasion forth of BC ordered a massive Invasion forth of 80,000 to North 80,000 to North 80,000 to North Africa when they arrived the Africa when they arrived the Africa when they arrived the carthaginians attempted at once to come carthaginians attempted at once to come carthaginians attempted at once to come to terms but Roman demands were too to terms but Roman demands were too to terms but Roman demands were too harsh they demanded that the harsh they demanded that the harsh they demanded that the carthaginians abandon their City and carthaginians abandon their City and carthaginians abandon their City and moveed no less than 10 mil Inland moveed no less than 10 mil Inland moveed no less than 10 mil Inland flabbergasted by this insane demand the flabbergasted by this insane demand the flabbergasted by this insane demand the carthaginian envoys rejected the terms carthaginian envoys rejected the terms carthaginian envoys rejected the terms once again just as in the first Punic once again just as in the first Punic once again just as in the first Punic War carthaginian envoys had failed to War carthaginian envoys had failed to War carthaginian envoys had failed to give up this time though zanthus would give up this time though zanthus would give up this time though zanthus would not be around to bail them not be around to bail them not be around to bail them out the Romans were all set to take the out the Romans were all set to take the out the Romans were all set to take the City by force but disease ripped through City by force but disease ripped through City by force but disease ripped through the lines and the legions became so the lines and the legions became so the lines and the legions became so weakened that the Romans had to settle weakened that the Romans had to settle weakened that the Romans had to settle for a for a for a Siege two years passed an inconclusive Siege two years passed an inconclusive Siege two years passed an inconclusive misery for both sides when the Senate misery for both sides when the Senate misery for both sides when the Senate realized the mistake they had made realized the mistake they had made realized the mistake they had made clearly the fact that the only Roman clearly the fact that the only Roman clearly the fact that the only Roman general who had ever been successful in general who had ever been successful in general who had ever been successful in Africa was a skipio meant that they Africa was a skipio meant that they Africa was a skipio meant that they needed to appoint a skipio to head the needed to appoint a skipio to head the needed to appoint a skipio to head the legions so they elected his Cil skipio legions so they elected his Cil skipio legions so they elected his Cil skipio amanus by Blood the son of paulus who amanus by Blood the son of paulus who amanus by Blood the son of paulus who had defeated Perseus in the third had defeated Perseus in the third had defeated Perseus in the third Macedonian War but by adoption the

Macedonian War but by adoption the Macedonian War but by adoption the grandson of skipio grandson of skipio grandson of skipio Africanus skipio amanus only first Africanus skipio amanus only first Africanus skipio amanus only first further cemented the Roman Superstition further cemented the Roman Superstition further cemented the Roman Superstition that only skios could emerge Victorious that only skios could emerge Victorious that only skios could emerge Victorious from from from Africa arriving near the end of 147 BC Africa arriving near the end of 147 BC Africa arriving near the end of 147 BC he immediately blockaded the harbor and he immediately blockaded the harbor and he immediately blockaded the harbor and laid waste to the laid waste to the laid waste to the Countryside by the time the spring of Countryside by the time the spring of Countryside by the time the spring of 146 BC rolled around the carthaginians 146 BC rolled around the carthaginians 146 BC rolled around the carthaginians were at their wit's end but again Roman were at their wit's end but again Roman were at their wit's end but again Roman terms began and ended with the terms began and ended with the terms began and ended with the abandonment of the city and so despite abandonment of the city and so despite abandonment of the city and so despite their desperate situation the their desperate situation the their desperate situation the carthaginians continued to resist carthaginians continued to resist carthaginians continued to resist finally skipio ordered a full attack and finally skipio ordered a full attack and finally skipio ordered a full attack and the walls were the walls were the walls were breached What followed was 6 days of breached What followed was 6 days of breached What followed was 6 days of intense street fighting as the intense street fighting as the intense street fighting as the carthaginians forced the Romans to fight carthaginians forced the Romans to fight carthaginians forced the Romans to fight for every block the overmatch for every block the overmatch for every block the overmatch carthaginians were finally pushed back carthaginians were finally pushed back carthaginians were finally pushed back into their Citadel and the Romans ran into their Citadel and the Romans ran into their Citadel and the Romans ran loose in the City by this point of the loose in the City by this point of the loose in the City by this point of the 700,000 citizens of Carthage only about 700,000 citizens of Carthage only about 700,000 citizens of Carthage only about 50,000 remained everyone else was either 50,000 remained everyone else was either 50,000 remained everyone else was either dead enslaved or had fled the great city dead enslaved or had fled the great city dead enslaved or had fled the great city was in the midst of its death throws was in the midst of its death throws was in the midst of its death throws finally The Citadel was breached and the finally The Citadel was breached and the finally The Citadel was breached and the last of the carthaginians were captured last of the carthaginians were captured last of the carthaginians were captured or or or killed against his own wishes but acting killed against his own wishes but acting killed against his own wishes but acting at the Senate's instructions skipio Set at the Senate's instructions skipio Set at the Senate's instructions skipio Set Fire to the city which according to Fire to the city which according to Fire to the city which according to Legend took 10 days to Legend took 10 days to Legend took 10 days to burn survivors of whom there were too burn survivors of whom there were too burn survivors of whom there were too many to take back to Rome as slaves were many to take back to Rome as slaves were many to take back to Rome as slaves were forced to live with the Mandate they had forced to live with the Mandate they had forced to live with the Mandate they had fought so hard against Carthage was not fought so hard against Carthage was not fought so hard against Carthage was not to be rebuilt and no settlements were

to be rebuilt and no settlements were to be rebuilt and no settlements were allowed within 10 mies of the coast the allowed within 10 mies of the coast the allowed within 10 mies of the coast the days of life at the vital Hub of days of life at the vital Hub of days of life at the vital Hub of Mediterranean trade was at an end it was Mediterranean trade was at an end it was Mediterranean trade was at an end it was a life of meager subsistence for the a life of meager subsistence for the a life of meager subsistence for the descendants of a power that had Once descendants of a power that had Once descendants of a power that had Once Upon a Time nearly destroyed the Roman Upon a Time nearly destroyed the Roman Upon a Time nearly destroyed the Roman Empire according to further Legend the Empire according to further Legend the Empire according to further Legend the Romans then plowed the fields around Romans then plowed the fields around Romans then plowed the fields around Carthage with salt so that nothing could Carthage with salt so that nothing could Carthage with salt so that nothing could ever grow there ever grow there ever grow there again the story only emerged in later again the story only emerged in later again the story only emerged in later years so it is doubtful that it actually years so it is doubtful that it actually years so it is doubtful that it actually happened but the account gained happened but the account gained happened but the account gained widespread acceptance and served as a widespread acceptance and served as a widespread acceptance and served as a cautionary tale for future Generations cautionary tale for future Generations cautionary tale for future Generations along with the burning of Corinth the along with the burning of Corinth the along with the burning of Corinth the destruction of Carthage was forever destruction of Carthage was forever destruction of Carthage was forever offered as a possible scenario to people offered as a possible scenario to people offered as a possible scenario to people who resisted Rome these are not Idol who resisted Rome these are not Idol who resisted Rome these are not Idol threats the Romans would remind their threats the Romans would remind their threats the Romans would remind their enemies this is our history now where enemies this is our history now where enemies this is our history now where would you like us to stick that Garrison would you like us to stick that Garrison would you like us to stick that Garrison again with overseas provinces sprouting again with overseas provinces sprouting again with overseas provinces sprouting up all over the place in Sicily in Spain up all over the place in Sicily in Spain up all over the place in Sicily in Spain Africa and Greece the Roman Empire as we Africa and Greece the Roman Empire as we Africa and Greece the Roman Empire as we think of it was beginning to form into think of it was beginning to form into think of it was beginning to form into its recognizable its recognizable its recognizable shape with Carthage destroyed and Greece shape with Carthage destroyed and Greece shape with Carthage destroyed and Greece pacified there were no great Powers left pacified there were no great Powers left pacified there were no great Powers left to really challenge Rome's dominance to really challenge Rome's dominance to really challenge Rome's dominance tribes in Spain would harass the Romans tribes in Spain would harass the Romans tribes in Spain would harass the Romans endlessly and gallic hores remained a endlessly and gallic hores remained a endlessly and gallic hores remained a constant threat but for the most part constant threat but for the most part constant threat but for the most part the hard part of winning the Empire had the hard part of winning the Empire had the hard part of winning the Empire had been been been completed it is at this point and I like completed it is at this point and I like completed it is at this point and I like to Mark 146 BC with a mental push pin to Mark 146 BC with a mental push pin to Mark 146 BC with a mental push pin that the Romans lost a critical unifying that the Romans lost a critical unifying that the Romans lost a critical unifying force a worthy force a worthy force a worthy opponent from this point forward Roman

opponent from this point forward Roman opponent from this point forward Roman competitiveness and ition began to turn competitiveness and ition began to turn competitiveness and ition began to turn inward and many of its leading citizens inward and many of its leading citizens inward and many of its leading citizens began to look for enemies to fight not began to look for enemies to fight not began to look for enemies to fight not outside of the Empire but within it in outside of the Empire but within it in outside of the Empire but within it in the years after 146 Rome would be the years after 146 Rome would be the years after 146 Rome would be consumed with internal strife from the consumed with internal strife from the consumed with internal strife from the class conflicts egged on by the gry class conflicts egged on by the gry class conflicts egged on by the gry brothers to the Revolt of the Italian brothers to the Revolt of the Italian brothers to the Revolt of the Italian allies to the civil war between Marius allies to the civil war between Marius allies to the civil war between Marius and suus and then the greater civil war and suus and then the greater civil war and suus and then the greater civil war between the Caesars and the between the Caesars and the between the Caesars and the Senate Roman history would return to the Senate Roman history would return to the Senate Roman history would return to the Italian Peninsula after years abroad Italian Peninsula after years abroad Italian Peninsula after years abroad there will of course be excursions back there will of course be excursions back there will of course be excursions back to Africa and into GA with Julius Caesar to Africa and into GA with Julius Caesar to Africa and into GA with Julius Caesar but the long period of a unified Roman but the long period of a unified Roman but the long period of a unified Roman people holding fast against foreign people holding fast against foreign people holding fast against foreign threats is at an threats is at an threats is at an end next week we will return to the city end next week we will return to the city end next week we will return to the city and take stock of the situation how were and take stock of the situation how were and take stock of the situation how were the plebians fairing how much land did the plebians fairing how much land did the plebians fairing how much land did the great land owners now own was the the great land owners now own was the the great land owners now own was the Senate a representative body at all Senate a representative body at all Senate a representative body at all anymore or had it become a law unto anymore or had it become a law unto anymore or had it become a law unto itself Rome was Now Rich and Powerful to itself Rome was Now Rich and Powerful to itself Rome was Now Rich and Powerful to what lengths would men go for a piece of what lengths would men go for a piece of what lengths would men go for a piece of it what was the result of the massive it what was the result of the massive it what was the result of the massive influx of slave labor into Italy by the influx of slave labor into Italy by the influx of slave labor into Italy by the way if you answered a best supporting way if you answered a best supporting way if you answered a best supporting actor for Peter usenov to that last one actor for Peter usenov to that last one actor for Peter usenov to that last one you're you're you're right so strap into your seats the next right so strap into your seats the next right so strap into your seats the next 100 years are going to be quite a roller 100 years are going to be quite a roller 100 years are going to be quite a roller coaster hello and welcome to the history of Rome

hello and welcome to the history of Rome episode 28 taking episode 28 taking episode 28 taking stock for 350 years the Roman Republic stock for 350 years the Roman Republic stock for 350 years the Roman Republic had grown contracted grown again had grown contracted grown again had grown contracted grown again survived and survived and survived and thrived through it all the Romans never thrived through it all the Romans never thrived through it all the Romans never turned away from their most basic turned away from their most basic turned away from their most basic founding principle that no King shall founding principle that no King shall founding principle that no King shall reign in reign in reign in Rome every year men stood for election Rome every year men stood for election Rome every year men stood for election and every year free ballots were cast as and every year free ballots were cast as and every year free ballots were cast as by free citizens the winners won and the by free citizens the winners won and the by free citizens the winners won and the losers lost and power was transferred losers lost and power was transferred losers lost and power was transferred peacefully between them at no point did peacefully between them at no point did peacefully between them at no point did the Great and ambitious leaders of Rome the Great and ambitious leaders of Rome the Great and ambitious leaders of Rome step outside the bounds of the system to step outside the bounds of the system to step outside the bounds of the system to seize control of the seize control of the seize control of the state it is a remarkable run and the state it is a remarkable run and the state it is a remarkable run and the Republic's track record was and is the Republic's track record was and is the Republic's track record was and is the cause of much justifiable Envy but alas cause of much justifiable Envy but alas cause of much justifiable Envy but alas the Romans for all their strength on the the Romans for all their strength on the the Romans for all their strength on the battlefield and all their moral battlefield and all their moral battlefield and all their moral rectitude could not stem the tide of rectitude could not stem the tide of rectitude could not stem the tide of greed and ambition that lurks in the greed and ambition that lurks in the greed and ambition that lurks in the hearts of men in all times and all hearts of men in all times and all hearts of men in all times and all places Roman success would be the places Roman success would be the places Roman success would be the undoing of the Roman Republic and after undoing of the Roman Republic and after undoing of the Roman Republic and after the symbolic dual sacking of Carthage the symbolic dual sacking of Carthage the symbolic dual sacking of Carthage and Corinth in 146 BC the dam holding and Corinth in 146 BC the dam holding and Corinth in 146 BC the dam holding back the dark side began to crack back the dark side began to crack back the dark side began to crack visibly less than a century later the visibly less than a century later the visibly less than a century later the dam would break and in defiance of all dam would break and in defiance of all dam would break and in defiance of all that had once been held as good and True that had once been held as good and True that had once been held as good and True by the Romans a single man would Ascend by the Romans a single man would Ascend by the Romans a single man would Ascend to the throne of power and though he was to the throne of power and though he was to the throne of power and though he was wise enough not to call himself King we wise enough not to call himself King we wise enough not to call himself King we all know that a rose by any other name all know that a rose by any other name all know that a rose by any other name would still smell as

would still smell as would still smell as sweet for all these years the Republic sweet for all these years the Republic sweet for all these years the Republic had survived for two major overarching had survived for two major overarching had survived for two major overarching reasons the lower class pans had not reasons the lower class pans had not reasons the lower class pans had not been so impoverished that they were been so impoverished that they were been so impoverished that they were driven to violent revolution to improve driven to violent revolution to improve driven to violent revolution to improve their material lot in life and the upper their material lot in life and the upper their material lot in life and the upper class was unified enough that their class was unified enough that their class was unified enough that their internal rivalries did not spill out internal rivalries did not spill out internal rivalries did not spill out into the public into the public into the public sphere both of these critical Lynch pins sphere both of these critical Lynch pins sphere both of these critical Lynch pins were about to be be removed leaving were about to be be removed leaving were about to be be removed leaving Civil War and violent class conflict as Civil War and violent class conflict as Civil War and violent class conflict as the order of the day and both Lynch pins the order of the day and both Lynch pins the order of the day and both Lynch pins were pulled by the very same hand were pulled by the very same hand were pulled by the very same hand Victory Victory Victory overseas the Romans in addition to the overseas the Romans in addition to the overseas the Romans in addition to the entire peninsula of Italy now controlled entire peninsula of Italy now controlled entire peninsula of Italy now controlled Sicily Sardinia North Africa Greece Sicily Sardinia North Africa Greece Sicily Sardinia North Africa Greece Macedon and Macedon and Macedon and Spain all those subject lands provided Spain all those subject lands provided Spain all those subject lands provided the Romans with wealth never before the Romans with wealth never before the Romans with wealth never before imagined slaves in the hundreds of imagined slaves in the hundreds of imagined slaves in the hundreds of thousands and endless opportunities for thousands and endless opportunities for thousands and endless opportunities for personal enr richment one might imagine personal enr richment one might imagine personal enr richment one might imagine that with such an abundance flooding that with such an abundance flooding that with such an abundance flooding into Rome that there would be far less into Rome that there would be far less into Rome that there would be far less internal conflict not more there would internal conflict not more there would internal conflict not more there would be more than enough to go around what be more than enough to go around what be more than enough to go around what would be the point of would be the point of would be the point of squabbling the problem though was that squabbling the problem though was that squabbling the problem though was that all the New Wealth was winding up in the all the New Wealth was winding up in the all the New Wealth was winding up in the hands of the already wealthy Elites and hands of the already wealthy Elites and hands of the already wealthy Elites and some became so rich that in effect they some became so rich that in effect they some became so rich that in effect they considered the cohesion of the state considered the cohesion of the state considered the cohesion of the state less important than they had in the past less important than they had in the past less important than they had in the past when you are completely self- financed when you are completely self- financed when you are completely self- financed there is a tendency to follow your own there is a tendency to follow your own there is a tendency to follow your own whims and everyone else be damned and whims and everyone else be damned and whims and everyone else be damned and this to put it mildly is no way to keep this to put it mildly is no way to keep this to put it mildly is no way to keep a free republic running

a free republic running a free republic running smoothly the ruling class which had for smoothly the ruling class which had for smoothly the ruling class which had for all these centuries understood the all these centuries understood the all these centuries understood the Patrician solidarity kept them firmly in Patrician solidarity kept them firmly in Patrician solidarity kept them firmly in charge started to see men break off to charge started to see men break off to charge started to see men break off to make their own way in the world forcing make their own way in the world forcing make their own way in the world forcing the others to compete or lose what the others to compete or lose what the others to compete or lose what status they had things quickly spiraled status they had things quickly spiraled status they had things quickly spiraled out of out of out of control in a way it can all be traced control in a way it can all be traced control in a way it can all be traced back to skipio Africanus back to skipio Africanus back to skipio Africanus the long-haired flamboyant irreverently the long-haired flamboyant irreverently the long-haired flamboyant irreverently religious hero of the Second Punic War religious hero of the Second Punic War religious hero of the Second Punic War set an example for ambitious young set an example for ambitious young set an example for ambitious young Romans to follow indeed it was skipio Romans to follow indeed it was skipio Romans to follow indeed it was skipio who originally coined the term imperator who originally coined the term imperator who originally coined the term imperator when his troops hailed him as a king when his troops hailed him as a king when his troops hailed him as a king after his victories in after his victories in after his victories in Spain skipio like Augustus was Savvy Spain skipio like Augustus was Savvy Spain skipio like Augustus was Savvy enough to distance himself from all talk enough to distance himself from all talk enough to distance himself from all talk of monarchy but the cult of personality of monarchy but the cult of personality of monarchy but the cult of personality he encouraged set the tone for future he encouraged set the tone for future he encouraged set the tone for future threats to the threats to the threats to the Republic and after being dispatched to Republic and after being dispatched to Republic and after being dispatched to the East to deal with Antiochus skipio the East to deal with Antiochus skipio the East to deal with Antiochus skipio also showed later Roman leaders how to also showed later Roman leaders how to also showed later Roman leaders how to form independent power bases and self- form independent power bases and self- form independent power bases and self- finance a good old fashion power finance a good old fashion power finance a good old fashion power grab a long long time ago I briefly grab a long long time ago I briefly grab a long long time ago I briefly touched on the idea that class struggles touched on the idea that class struggles touched on the idea that class struggles in Rome never manifested on strict in Rome never manifested on strict in Rome never manifested on strict economic lines because of the economic lines because of the economic lines because of the entrenchment of the client Patron model entrenchment of the client Patron model entrenchment of the client Patron model of Civic of Civic of Civic relations all skipio did was transfer relations all skipio did was transfer relations all skipio did was transfer this model to Roman dealings with other this model to Roman dealings with other this model to Roman dealings with other nations to recap briefly wealthy Roman nations to recap briefly wealthy Roman nations to recap briefly wealthy Roman patricians offered all manner of patricians offered all manner of patricians offered all manner of services to their poor fellow citizens services to their poor fellow citizens services to their poor fellow citizens most notably bank loans and legal

most notably bank loans and legal most notably bank loans and legal representation in exchange for this Aid representation in exchange for this Aid representation in exchange for this Aid the citizen reciprocated by backing the citizen reciprocated by backing the citizen reciprocated by backing their patrons in elections and showering their patrons in elections and showering their patrons in elections and showering them with public support anytime the them with public support anytime the them with public support anytime the patron required it it may seem a minor patron required it it may seem a minor patron required it it may seem a minor thing but in Rome much rested on a man's thing but in Rome much rested on a man's thing but in Rome much rested on a man's ability to turn out favorable crowds if ability to turn out favorable crowds if ability to turn out favorable crowds if he ever came under political or judicial he ever came under political or judicial he ever came under political or judicial attack the client Patron relationships attack the client Patron relationships attack the client Patron relationships endured through generations and wound up endured through generations and wound up endured through generations and wound up providing many of the social services we providing many of the social services we providing many of the social services we now ask of the state the equivalent of now ask of the state the equivalent of now ask of the state the equivalent of healthare welfare and old age healthare welfare and old age healthare welfare and old age pensions these Bonds were strong enough pensions these Bonds were strong enough pensions these Bonds were strong enough to bind families to voting against their to bind families to voting against their to bind families to voting against their own immediate interest in favor of their own immediate interest in favor of their own immediate interest in favor of their Patron chosen policy not to jump ahead Patron chosen policy not to jump ahead Patron chosen policy not to jump ahead but when a conflict between rival but when a conflict between rival but when a conflict between rival patrons heated up each had an army ready patrons heated up each had an army ready patrons heated up each had an army ready to fight blindly for their man all to fight blindly for their man all to fight blindly for their man all skipio did was extend this principle to skipio did was extend this principle to skipio did was extend this principle to his overseas dealings leaving behind him his overseas dealings leaving behind him his overseas dealings leaving behind him a wake of noble families in Spain North a wake of noble families in Spain North a wake of noble families in Spain North Africa and Greece personally loyal to Africa and Greece personally loyal to Africa and Greece personally loyal to him rather than the Roman senate per se him rather than the Roman senate per se him rather than the Roman senate per se indeed it was the source of all his indeed it was the source of all his indeed it was the source of all his troubles with KO after the skones troubles with KO after the skones troubles with KO after the skones returned from the East having defeated returned from the East having defeated returned from the East having defeated antias skipio had granted favors to the antias skipio had granted favors to the antias skipio had granted favors to the Syrian King in exchange for certain Syrian King in exchange for certain Syrian King in exchange for certain monetary tribute which on the one hand monetary tribute which on the one hand monetary tribute which on the one hand was obviously bribery but on another it was obviously bribery but on another it was obviously bribery but on another it was simply an extension of the client was simply an extension of the client was simply an extension of the client Patron model could a patron deny his Patron model could a patron deny his Patron model could a patron deny his client a favor why it would be rude to client a favor why it would be rude to client a favor why it would be rude to do such a thing flaminius after do such a thing flaminius after do such a thing flaminius after pacifying Greece took the same attitude

pacifying Greece took the same attitude pacifying Greece took the same attitude and soon Roman Aristocrats stationed and soon Roman Aristocrats stationed and soon Roman Aristocrats stationed overseas began to cultivate complex overseas began to cultivate complex overseas began to cultivate complex networks of foreign clients which networks of foreign clients which networks of foreign clients which brought enormous Prestige to the Roman brought enormous Prestige to the Roman brought enormous Prestige to the Roman Aristocrat in Aristocrat in Aristocrat in question slowly but surely patricians question slowly but surely patricians question slowly but surely patricians stationed in the provinces began to stationed in the provinces began to stationed in the provinces began to outpace their fellow Elites in terms of outpace their fellow Elites in terms of outpace their fellow Elites in terms of wealth power and wealth power and wealth power and fame almost overnight the game had fame almost overnight the game had fame almost overnight the game had changed Ed other patricians were forced changed Ed other patricians were forced changed Ed other patricians were forced to keep up with the Joneses or risk to keep up with the Joneses or risk to keep up with the Joneses or risk being left behind and competition was being left behind and competition was being left behind and competition was fierce for the critical overseas fierce for the critical overseas fierce for the critical overseas appointments that afforded these new appointments that afforded these new appointments that afforded these new found sources of found sources of found sources of status KO and his faction were hyper status KO and his faction were hyper status KO and his faction were hyper aware of the danger this POS to the aware of the danger this POS to the aware of the danger this POS to the state if some amongst the patricians state if some amongst the patricians state if some amongst the patricians became more equal than others then the became more equal than others then the became more equal than others then the cohesion of the ruling class would fall cohesion of the ruling class would fall cohesion of the ruling class would fall away and they would all end up poorer away and they would all end up poorer away and they would all end up poorer men at the end of the day it may even men at the end of the day it may even men at the end of the day it may even lead horror of Horrors to the plebeians lead horror of Horrors to the plebeians lead horror of Horrors to the plebeians taking advantage of the situation and taking advantage of the situation and taking advantage of the situation and imposing reforms on a divided ruling imposing reforms on a divided ruling imposing reforms on a divided ruling class sumptuary laws were even passed class sumptuary laws were even passed class sumptuary laws were even passed making ostentatious displays of wealth a making ostentatious displays of wealth a making ostentatious displays of wealth a crime it was an attempt to erect a crime it was an attempt to erect a crime it was an attempt to erect a superficial facade strong enough to cut superficial facade strong enough to cut superficial facade strong enough to cut the dangerous competition for riches to the dangerous competition for riches to the dangerous competition for riches to a minimum but it was nearly impossible a minimum but it was nearly impossible a minimum but it was nearly impossible to enforce and plus everyone knew how to enforce and plus everyone knew how to enforce and plus everyone knew how much everyone was making anyway no law much everyone was making anyway no law much everyone was making anyway no law about what material your shirt could be about what material your shirt could be about what material your shirt could be made of was going to change made of was going to change made of was going to change that so on the one hand Rome's emergence that so on the one hand Rome's emergence that so on the one hand Rome's emergence as the dominant political force in the as the dominant political force in the as the dominant political force in the Mediterranean would have disastrous Mediterranean would have disastrous Mediterranean would have disastrous consequences for the ruling class too

consequences for the ruling class too consequences for the ruling class too much money went to the heads of too many much money went to the heads of too many much money went to the heads of too many young men and immediate personal young men and immediate personal young men and immediate personal ambition took the place of long-term ambition took the place of long-term ambition took the place of long-term political political political stability on the other hand it also had stability on the other hand it also had stability on the other hand it also had disastrous consequences for the average disastrous consequences for the average disastrous consequences for the average Roman in the street or at least the Roman in the street or at least the Roman in the street or at least the average Roman in the average Roman in the average Roman in the field the backbone of the Republic had field the backbone of the Republic had field the backbone of the Republic had always been the free citizen ien farmer always been the free citizen ien farmer always been the free citizen ien farmer Soldier the man who owned enough land to Soldier the man who owned enough land to Soldier the man who owned enough land to meet the property requirements for meet the property requirements for meet the property requirements for service in the legion who would fight or service in the legion who would fight or service in the legion who would fight or Farm depending on what his country asked Farm depending on what his country asked Farm depending on what his country asked him to him to him to do but after conquering half the Known do but after conquering half the Known do but after conquering half the Known World these citizen soldiers came home World these citizen soldiers came home World these citizen soldiers came home to find that Italy had been transformed to find that Italy had been transformed to find that Italy had been transformed and they were left out in the economic and they were left out in the economic and they were left out in the economic cold in the years after the conquest of cold in the years after the conquest of cold in the years after the conquest of Greece the large land owners began to Greece the large land owners began to Greece the large land owners began to buy up neighboring Farms sometimes the buy up neighboring Farms sometimes the buy up neighboring Farms sometimes the small holders sold willingly sometimes small holders sold willingly sometimes small holders sold willingly sometimes they had to be persuaded but the upshot they had to be persuaded but the upshot they had to be persuaded but the upshot was that more and more land was owned by was that more and more land was owned by was that more and more land was owned by fewer and fewer fewer and fewer fewer and fewer families of course large Estates were families of course large Estates were families of course large Estates were nothing new to Rome but even if the nothing new to Rome but even if the nothing new to Rome but even if the title was held by some Patrician he title was held by some Patrician he title was held by some Patrician he needed free men to till the Earth and if needed free men to till the Earth and if needed free men to till the Earth and if it wasn't quite as satisfying a life at it wasn't quite as satisfying a life at it wasn't quite as satisfying a life at least a poor farmer could get along but least a poor farmer could get along but least a poor farmer could get along but that was all about to that was all about to that was all about to change after sweeping through Spain change after sweeping through Spain change after sweeping through Spain Africa and Greece the legions brought Africa and Greece the legions brought Africa and Greece the legions brought home with them slaves slaves by the home with them slaves slaves by the home with them slaves slaves by the thousands then the tens of thousands thousands then the tens of thousands thousands then the tens of thousands then the hundreds of then the hundreds of then the hundreds of thousands suddenly the largest state thousands suddenly the largest state thousands suddenly the largest state owners did not need free Roman citizens owners did not need free Roman citizens owners did not need free Roman citizens for the planting or for the Harvest or

for the planting or for the Harvest or for the planting or for the Harvest or really for really for really for anything now slaves ran the farms and anything now slaves ran the farms and anything now slaves ran the farms and tilled the soil and carried the bushels tilled the soil and carried the bushels tilled the soil and carried the bushels the profit margins were outrageous How the profit margins were outrageous How the profit margins were outrageous How could a Savvy Patrician pass up the could a Savvy Patrician pass up the could a Savvy Patrician pass up the opportunity to reduce his labor cost to opportunity to reduce his labor cost to opportunity to reduce his labor cost to zero besides his rival in the Senate was zero besides his rival in the Senate was zero besides his rival in the Senate was doing the same thing so Senator Smith doing the same thing so Senator Smith doing the same thing so Senator Smith just had to keep up with Senator just had to keep up with Senator just had to keep up with Senator Jones it was not Outsourcing so much as Jones it was not Outsourcing so much as Jones it was not Outsourcing so much as insourcing the job stayed right where insourcing the job stayed right where insourcing the job stayed right where they were it was the people who were they were it was the people who were they were it was the people who were forced to forced to forced to leave suddenly once fine upstanding leave suddenly once fine upstanding leave suddenly once fine upstanding members of the community were landless members of the community were landless members of the community were landless homeless and growing homeless and growing homeless and growing desperate most migrated to the cities desperate most migrated to the cities desperate most migrated to the cities where they hoped to learn a trade or to where they hoped to learn a trade or to where they hoped to learn a trade or to the provinces where they attempted to the provinces where they attempted to the provinces where they attempted to become traitor or if they were lucky become traitor or if they were lucky become traitor or if they were lucky secure a small holding secure a small holding secure a small holding abroad the pressure this put on Roman abroad the pressure this put on Roman abroad the pressure this put on Roman society was intense certainly a few sold society was intense certainly a few sold society was intense certainly a few sold their farms for a hefty profit and found their farms for a hefty profit and found their farms for a hefty profit and found a new line of work but most simply fell a new line of work but most simply fell a new line of work but most simply fell on Hard Times the Roman economy which on Hard Times the Roman economy which on Hard Times the Roman economy which had once been merely supplanted by slave had once been merely supplanted by slave had once been merely supplanted by slave labor was now a full-blown slave economy labor was now a full-blown slave economy labor was now a full-blown slave economy and the free citizens struggled to stay and the free citizens struggled to stay and the free citizens struggled to stay afloat one of the most important afloat one of the most important afloat one of the most important consequences this had for the Republic consequences this had for the Republic consequences this had for the Republic was the makeup of its Army I will talk was the makeup of its Army I will talk was the makeup of its Army I will talk more about this when we get to the more about this when we get to the more about this when we get to the episodes about Marius and his mules episodes about Marius and his mules episodes about Marius and his mules but the property requirements that men but the property requirements that men but the property requirements that men had to meet in order to be enrolled in had to meet in order to be enrolled in had to meet in order to be enrolled in the legions were fast becoming the legions were fast becoming the legions were fast becoming unattainable if the requirements were unattainable if the requirements were unattainable if the requirements were what they had been in camus's time the

what they had been in camus's time the what they had been in camus's time the Romans would be marching out an army Romans would be marching out an army Romans would be marching out an army consisting of a dozen or so young consisting of a dozen or so young consisting of a dozen or so young Nobles out of necessity the requirements Nobles out of necessity the requirements Nobles out of necessity the requirements were lowered and lowered again to keep were lowered and lowered again to keep were lowered and lowered again to keep the legions at full the legions at full the legions at full strength but with more and more families strength but with more and more families strength but with more and more families pushed off the land it was difficult to pushed off the land it was difficult to pushed off the land it was difficult to keep keep keep up finally around 100 BC the property up finally around 100 BC the property up finally around 100 BC the property requirements were eliminated and the requirements were eliminated and the requirements were eliminated and the recruiting offices were thrown open to recruiting offices were thrown open to recruiting offices were thrown open to any man who wished to join of course the any man who wished to join of course the any man who wished to join of course the soldier lacking any other means of soldier lacking any other means of soldier lacking any other means of enrichment would have to be paid and pay enrichment would have to be paid and pay enrichment would have to be paid and pay was dependent on his Commander's ability was dependent on his Commander's ability was dependent on his Commander's ability to secure booty and if a commander got to secure booty and if a commander got to secure booty and if a commander got really good at seizing booty there were really good at seizing booty there were really good at seizing booty there were thousands of morally flexible armed thousands of morally flexible armed thousands of morally flexible armed Romans who would flock to His Banner Romans who would flock to His Banner Romans who would flock to His Banner this wasn't about leaving behind the this wasn't about leaving behind the this wasn't about leaving behind the plow to fight for the family plot plow to fight for the family plot plow to fight for the family plot anymore this was mercenary work in the anymore this was mercenary work in the anymore this was mercenary work in the gu of State policy and it did not take gu of State policy and it did not take gu of State policy and it did not take long for the facade to Fall Away the properties that had bound the Away the properties that had bound the Roman Republic together were coming Roman Republic together were coming Roman Republic together were coming unglued the Senate which had risen to a unglued the Senate which had risen to a unglued the Senate which had risen to a state of political preeminence during state of political preeminence during state of political preeminence during the long years of the Second Punic War the long years of the Second Punic War the long years of the Second Punic War was deaf to the ill winds that were was deaf to the ill winds that were was deaf to the ill winds that were blowing each Senator was caught up in blowing each Senator was caught up in blowing each Senator was caught up in their own quest for personal Glory what their own quest for personal Glory what their own quest for personal Glory what cash crop should I plant this year sure cash crop should I plant this year sure cash crop should I plant this year sure famine is beginning to ugly head but I famine is beginning to ugly head but I famine is beginning to ugly head but I hear olives are fetching a fine price in hear olives are fetching a fine price in hear olives are fetching a fine price in Athens besides I need to make enough to Athens besides I need to make enough to Athens besides I need to make enough to ensure that my son gets that quer ship ensure that my son gets that quer ship ensure that my son gets that quer ship and the wheels need to be greased a and the wheels need to be greased a and the wheels need to be greased a little if you know what I little if you know what I little if you know what I mean the ruling class was consumed with

mean the ruling class was consumed with mean the ruling class was consumed with this kind of thinking little realizing this kind of thinking little realizing this kind of thinking little realizing that it was about to all come crashing that it was about to all come crashing that it was about to all come crashing down on their heads the problem was that down on their heads the problem was that down on their heads the problem was that the Republic had stopped functioning as the Republic had stopped functioning as the Republic had stopped functioning as a republic and it passed into true a republic and it passed into true a republic and it passed into true oligarchy but the people had not oligarchy but the people had not oligarchy but the people had not forgotten what they once had and were forgotten what they once had and were forgotten what they once had and were fast becoming desperate enough to use fast becoming desperate enough to use fast becoming desperate enough to use any means necessary to get a piece of any means necessary to get a piece of any means necessary to get a piece of the pie back and the slow slide from the pie back and the slow slide from the pie back and the slow slide from oligarchy into tyranny truly began when oligarchy into tyranny truly began when oligarchy into tyranny truly began when some of the Nobles began to realize that some of the Nobles began to realize that some of the Nobles began to realize that all they had to do was promise the all they had to do was promise the all they had to do was promise the masses a piece of that pie and they masses a piece of that pie and they masses a piece of that pie and they themselves could have the whole world themselves could have the whole world themselves could have the whole world [Music] [Music] [Music] hello and welcome to the history of Rome hello and welcome to the history of Rome hello and welcome to the history of Rome episode 29 tiberious episode 29 tiberious episode 29 tiberious crocus last week I partially summed up crocus last week I partially summed up crocus last week I partially summed up the domestic political and economic the domestic political and economic the domestic political and economic situation in Rome after the final situation in Rome after the final situation in Rome after the final victories of 146 victories of 146 victories of 146 BC with the destruction of Carthage Rome BC with the destruction of Carthage Rome BC with the destruction of Carthage Rome transitioned from what we now called the transitioned from what we now called the transitioned from what we now called the middle Republican period into the late middle Republican period into the late middle Republican period into the late Republican period And even if you know Republican period And even if you know Republican period And even if you know nothing else about Roman history you nothing else about Roman history you nothing else about Roman history you probably know that the late Republican probably know that the late Republican probably know that the late Republican history was a time of intense turmoil history was a time of intense turmoil history was a time of intense turmoil today we will enter the end game of the today we will enter the end game of the today we will enter the end game of the Roman Republic and the first move will Roman Republic and the first move will Roman Republic and the first move will be made by Tiberius sempronius

be made by Tiberius sempronius be made by Tiberius sempronius grus Tiberius was born in 168 BC to grus Tiberius was born in 168 BC to grus Tiberius was born in 168 BC to Tiberius grus the Elder in Cornelia Tiberius grus the Elder in Cornelia Tiberius grus the Elder in Cornelia Africana his father was a well-respected Africana his father was a well-respected Africana his father was a well-respected member of the ruling Elite though pleb member of the ruling Elite though pleb member of the ruling Elite though pleb by birth by this time the distinction by birth by this time the distinction by birth by this time the distinction between Patrician and pleb was less between Patrician and pleb was less between Patrician and pleb was less important than it had been in the past important than it had been in the past important than it had been in the past and the Elder Gras was an upstanding and the Elder Gras was an upstanding and the Elder Gras was an upstanding defender of the old order over the defender of the old order over the defender of the old order over the course of his career he had been tribun course of his career he had been tribun course of his career he had been tribun of the plebs censor and twice of the plebs censor and twice of the plebs censor and twice conso when he was Tribune the Elder Gras conso when he was Tribune the Elder Gras conso when he was Tribune the Elder Gras had taken sides with skipio africanist had taken sides with skipio africanist had taken sides with skipio africanist during the political battle over the during the political battle over the during the political battle over the great General's actions in the East and great General's actions in the East and great General's actions in the East and played a decisive role in securing an played a decisive role in securing an played a decisive role in securing an acquittal in gratitude for this loyalty acquittal in gratitude for this loyalty acquittal in gratitude for this loyalty Gras was given one of skip 's daughters Gras was given one of skip 's daughters Gras was given one of skip 's daughters Cornelia in Cornelia in Cornelia in marriage the match was unusual for the marriage the match was unusual for the marriage the match was unusual for the age difference grus at this point being age difference grus at this point being age difference grus at this point being 45 and Cornelia only 45 and Cornelia only 45 and Cornelia only 18 and also for the fact that there 18 and also for the fact that there 18 and also for the fact that there seemed to be genuine affection between seemed to be genuine affection between seemed to be genuine affection between them something that was usually lacking them something that was usually lacking them something that was usually lacking from the political marriages of the from the political marriages of the from the political marriages of the upper upper upper class grus the Elder died in 154 BC when class grus the Elder died in 154 BC when class grus the Elder died in 154 BC when young Tiberius was only young Tiberius was only young Tiberius was only 14 even up to that point the father had 14 even up to that point the father had 14 even up to that point the father had spent much of his life in service to spent much of his life in service to spent much of his life in service to Rome and was a rarely seen figure at the Rome and was a rarely seen figure at the Rome and was a rarely seen figure at the Family Family Family Estate the education of the boy as well Estate the education of the boy as well Estate the education of the boy as well as his brothers and sisters was overseen as his brothers and sisters was overseen as his brothers and sisters was overseen by Cornelia who in later years would be by Cornelia who in later years would be by Cornelia who in later years would be honored as the living embodiment of the honored as the living embodiment of the honored as the living embodiment of the true Roman woman the beautiful daughter

true Roman woman the beautiful daughter true Roman woman the beautiful daughter of Rome's greatest General the wife of a of Rome's greatest General the wife of a of Rome's greatest General the wife of a Consul and mother of two of the most Consul and mother of two of the most Consul and mother of two of the most famous politicians in famous politicians in famous politicians in history her fergality and sense of honor history her fergality and sense of honor history her fergality and sense of honor and familial Duty were lotted for years and familial Duty were lotted for years and familial Duty were lotted for years and in time she passed from being being and in time she passed from being being and in time she passed from being being a living person into a sort of Virgin a living person into a sort of Virgin a living person into a sort of Virgin Mary figure for later Mary figure for later Mary figure for later Romans she had three children survive Romans she had three children survive Romans she had three children survive into adulthood tiberias his younger into adulthood tiberias his younger into adulthood tiberias his younger brother gas and their sister sempronia brother gas and their sister sempronia brother gas and their sister sempronia who had wed skipio amelis sacker of who had wed skipio amelis sacker of who had wed skipio amelis sacker of Carthage and the dominant political Carthage and the dominant political Carthage and the dominant political force of his day it is not an force of his day it is not an force of his day it is not an understatement to say that this understatement to say that this understatement to say that this particular nuclear family may be the particular nuclear family may be the particular nuclear family may be the most politically connected in Roman history the career of Tiber the younger history the career of Tiber the younger began in Carthage when he was attached began in Carthage when he was attached began in Carthage when he was attached to the staff of his brother-in-law and to the staff of his brother-in-law and to the staff of his brother-in-law and also I should mention Uncle by way of also I should mention Uncle by way of also I should mention Uncle by way of adoption skipio adoption skipio adoption skipio amelis according to the legend tiberias amelis according to the legend tiberias amelis according to the legend tiberias was the first man over the walls of was the first man over the walls of was the first man over the walls of Carthage when the north Africans finally Carthage when the north Africans finally Carthage when the north Africans finally fell to Rome it goes without saying that fell to Rome it goes without saying that fell to Rome it goes without saying that this story maybe just maybe is an this story maybe just maybe is an this story maybe just maybe is an embellishment created later by Tiberius embellishment created later by Tiberius embellishment created later by Tiberius as political as political as political supporters after serving in North Africa supporters after serving in North Africa supporters after serving in North Africa tiberias was stationed in Spain which tiberias was stationed in Spain which tiberias was stationed in Spain which had yet to be incorporated as an had yet to be incorporated as an had yet to be incorporated as an official Roman official Roman official Roman province I believe I mentioned earlier province I believe I mentioned earlier province I believe I mentioned earlier the irony that Spain being one of the the irony that Spain being one of the the irony that Spain being one of the first territories outside Italy the first territories outside Italy the first territories outside Italy the Romans moved into was also one of the Romans moved into was also one of the Romans moved into was also one of the last to be officially last to be officially last to be officially pacified during this particular period

pacified during this particular period pacified during this particular period the 130s BC there was trouble around new the 130s BC there was trouble around new the 130s BC there was trouble around new Mantia and tiberious served in the Mantia and tiberious served in the Mantia and tiberious served in the legions dispatched to break up a legions dispatched to break up a legions dispatched to break up a Revolt the resulting campaign was a Revolt the resulting campaign was a Revolt the resulting campaign was a complete disaster however and in 137 BC complete disaster however and in 137 BC complete disaster however and in 137 BC 20,000 Roman soldiers were captured 20,000 Roman soldiers were captured 20,000 Roman soldiers were captured Tiberius brokered a deal with the Tiberius brokered a deal with the Tiberius brokered a deal with the Spanish to secure the freedom of the Spanish to secure the freedom of the Spanish to secure the freedom of the Legionnaires but when the terms were Legionnaires but when the terms were Legionnaires but when the terms were brought back the Senate rejected them brought back the Senate rejected them brought back the Senate rejected them out of hand issuing a public rebuking of out of hand issuing a public rebuking of out of hand issuing a public rebuking of Tiberius for the dishonorable treaty he Tiberius for the dishonorable treaty he Tiberius for the dishonorable treaty he had had had brokered critically the call to reject brokered critically the call to reject brokered critically the call to reject the treaty came from skipio amelis the treaty came from skipio amelis the treaty came from skipio amelis making the rejection personal and making the rejection personal and making the rejection personal and embittering I mentioned last week that embittering I mentioned last week that embittering I mentioned last week that after 146 BC the ruling class began to after 146 BC the ruling class began to after 146 BC the ruling class began to lose their cohesion the incident between lose their cohesion the incident between lose their cohesion the incident between the Senate and tiberious grus was an the Senate and tiberious grus was an the Senate and tiberious grus was an early indication of things to early indication of things to early indication of things to come though he was officially plean Gras come though he was officially plean Gras come though he was officially plean Gras was clearly in the ruling party's camp was clearly in the ruling party's camp was clearly in the ruling party's camp but after the stern questioning of his but after the stern questioning of his but after the stern questioning of his honor by the Senate tiberious would honor by the Senate tiberious would honor by the Senate tiberious would break from his colleagues and began to break from his colleagues and began to break from his colleagues and began to look to the people for political look to the people for political look to the people for political support he was followed by others in the support he was followed by others in the support he was followed by others in the ruling party who began to look for ways ruling party who began to look for ways ruling party who began to look for ways to exalt themselves above and beyond the to exalt themselves above and beyond the to exalt themselves above and beyond the Senate by directly appealing to the will Senate by directly appealing to the will Senate by directly appealing to the will of the of the of the people this was the early splintering of people this was the early splintering of people this was the early splintering of Rome into the familiar and famous Rome into the familiar and famous Rome into the familiar and famous political parties the optimat and the political parties the optimat and the political parties the optimat and the popularis the optimat represented the popularis the optimat represented the popularis the optimat represented the old oligarchic supremacy of the Senate old oligarchic supremacy of the Senate old oligarchic supremacy of the Senate while the popularis supported reforms

while the popularis supported reforms while the popularis supported reforms that would strip the disproportionate that would strip the disproportionate that would strip the disproportionate wealth and power that the elites held in wealth and power that the elites held in wealth and power that the elites held in their their their hands looking for good guys and bad guys hands looking for good guys and bad guys hands looking for good guys and bad guys in this division is nearly impossible in this division is nearly impossible in this division is nearly impossible during the Civil Wars it was the during the Civil Wars it was the during the Civil Wars it was the optimate cero among them who were the optimate cero among them who were the optimate cero among them who were the Defenders of the Republic while the Defenders of the Republic while the Defenders of the Republic while the popularis advocated for Caesar but for popularis advocated for Caesar but for popularis advocated for Caesar but for all their platitudes about Republican all their platitudes about Republican all their platitudes about Republican virtue the optimat were interested virtue the optimat were interested virtue the optimat were interested merely in protecting their own position merely in protecting their own position merely in protecting their own position not about protecting republicanism per not about protecting republicanism per not about protecting republicanism per se Defenders of freedom and liberty were se Defenders of freedom and liberty were se Defenders of freedom and liberty were everywhere in word and Nowhere In Deed everywhere in word and Nowhere In Deed everywhere in word and Nowhere In Deed during the final Century of the during the final Century of the during the final Century of the Republic for the next 5 years tiberias Republic for the next 5 years tiberias Republic for the next 5 years tiberias watched the lot of the Roman people go watched the lot of the Roman people go watched the lot of the Roman people go from bad to worse their Farms were being from bad to worse their Farms were being from bad to worse their Farms were being bought up slaves were taking their jobs bought up slaves were taking their jobs bought up slaves were taking their jobs and a Revolt in Sicily had brought and a Revolt in Sicily had brought and a Revolt in Sicily had brought critical grain importation to a stand critical grain importation to a stand critical grain importation to a stand still all of this left the average Roma still all of this left the average Roma still all of this left the average Roma desperate and impoverished and it left desperate and impoverished and it left desperate and impoverished and it left tiberious grus with a golden political tiberious grus with a golden political tiberious grus with a golden political opportunity in 133 BC he stood for opportunity in 133 BC he stood for opportunity in 133 BC he stood for election as one of the 10 Publican election as one of the 10 Publican election as one of the 10 Publican tribunes for the year upon election Gras tribunes for the year upon election Gras tribunes for the year upon election Gras embarked on one of the most ambitious embarked on one of the most ambitious embarked on one of the most ambitious and controversial tenur in Roman history and controversial tenur in Roman history and controversial tenur in Roman history it probably would have been the most it probably would have been the most it probably would have been the most ambitious and controversial tenure in ambitious and controversial tenure in ambitious and controversial tenure in Roman history had it not been for his Roman history had it not been for his Roman history had it not been for his brothers even more ambitious and even brothers even more ambitious and even brothers even more ambitious and even more controversial tenure a decade more controversial tenure a decade more controversial tenure a decade later at the heart of tiber's popularity later at the heart of tiber's popularity later at the heart of tiber's popularity was his calls for aggressive agrarian

was his calls for aggressive agrarian was his calls for aggressive agrarian reform with all the eloquence his upper reform with all the eloquence his upper reform with all the eloquence his upper class education afforded him grock has class education afforded him grock has class education afforded him grock has made common cause with the lowly made common cause with the lowly made common cause with the lowly disenfranchised disenfranchised disenfranchised farmer as I noted last week the the farmer as I noted last week the the farmer as I noted last week the the largest states in Italy were growing largest states in Italy were growing largest states in Italy were growing larger by the day tiberious proposed to larger by the day tiberious proposed to larger by the day tiberious proposed to put a cap on the amount of land that a put a cap on the amount of land that a put a cap on the amount of land that a man could own the proposal was wildly man could own the proposal was wildly man could own the proposal was wildly popular with the people but how would popular with the people but how would popular with the people but how would tiberious ever get the measure passed by tiberious ever get the measure passed by tiberious ever get the measure passed by the Senate who not only hated the bill the Senate who not only hated the bill the Senate who not only hated the bill but also the man who proposed but also the man who proposed but also the man who proposed it tiberious sidestepped this problem it tiberious sidestepped this problem it tiberious sidestepped this problem with a solution that only further with a solution that only further with a solution that only further enraged the Senate he would simply enraged the Senate he would simply enraged the Senate he would simply bypass them there was nothing in the law bypass them there was nothing in the law bypass them there was nothing in the law that said measures proposed in the that said measures proposed in the that said measures proposed in the people's assembly had to be brought to people's assembly had to be brought to people's assembly had to be brought to the senate for approval it had just been the senate for approval it had just been the senate for approval it had just been a long-standing working custom so when a long-standing working custom so when a long-standing working custom so when Tiberius was elected Tribune he simply Tiberius was elected Tribune he simply Tiberius was elected Tribune he simply made his pitch to the people and figured made his pitch to the people and figured made his pitch to the people and figured the rest would take care of the rest would take care of the rest would take care of itself unfortunately for Gras though by itself unfortunately for Gras though by itself unfortunately for Gras though by law any one of his tribunate colleagues law any one of his tribunate colleagues law any one of his tribunate colleagues could veto the measure and this was a could veto the measure and this was a could veto the measure and this was a law not merely a law not merely a law not merely a custom so the Senate tapped an ally a custom so the Senate tapped an ally a custom so the Senate tapped an ally a Tribune named Octavius who vetoed the Tribune named Octavius who vetoed the Tribune named Octavius who vetoed the measure no amount of fist pump in or measure no amount of fist pump in or measure no amount of fist pump in or hand ringing or demagoguery could change hand ringing or demagoguery could change hand ringing or demagoguery could change the immutable fact that if another the immutable fact that if another the immutable fact that if another Tribune vetoed a proposal it was a Dead Tribune vetoed a proposal it was a Dead Tribune vetoed a proposal it was a Dead Issue Tiberius moved that Octavius be Issue Tiberius moved that Octavius be Issue Tiberius moved that Octavius be voted out of office but before that voted out of office but before that voted out of office but before that could happen the vote had to be approved could happen the vote had to be approved could happen the vote had to be approved and Octavius vetoed that and Octavius vetoed that and Octavius vetoed that too so tyberius made a fateful move

too so tyberius made a fateful move too so tyberius made a fateful move ordering his supporters to physically ordering his supporters to physically ordering his supporters to physically remove Octavius so he could no longer remove Octavius so he could no longer remove Octavius so he could no longer hinder the hinder the hinder the proceedings even tiberias as supporters proceedings even tiberias as supporters proceedings even tiberias as supporters worried about the heavy handed treatment worried about the heavy handed treatment worried about the heavy handed treatment of Octavius a Tribune was and had been of Octavius a Tribune was and had been of Octavius a Tribune was and had been since the Inception of the office sanran since the Inception of the office sanran since the Inception of the office sanran and by law no Roman could lay a hand on and by law no Roman could lay a hand on and by law no Roman could lay a hand on a Tribune only the immense popularity of a Tribune only the immense popularity of a Tribune only the immense popularity of grus with the people allowed him to grus with the people allowed him to grus with the people allowed him to commit this utter commit this utter commit this utter sacrilege tiberious then took things one sacrilege tiberious then took things one sacrilege tiberious then took things one step further and announced that he was step further and announced that he was step further and announced that he was going to veto every bill in sight until going to veto every bill in sight until going to veto every bill in sight until he got his way even the most trivial he got his way even the most trivial he got his way even the most trivial measure was cut off without debate measure was cut off without debate measure was cut off without debate tiberias brought Rome to a complete tiberias brought Rome to a complete tiberias brought Rome to a complete standstill the Senate seeing the ease standstill the Senate seeing the ease standstill the Senate seeing the ease with which tiberious had been able to with which tiberious had been able to with which tiberious had been able to physically manhandle a state officer and physically manhandle a state officer and physically manhandle a state officer and wishing to get the business of business wishing to get the business of business wishing to get the business of business moving again allowed the Reform Bill to moving again allowed the Reform Bill to moving again allowed the Reform Bill to pass a three- member commission was pass a three- member commission was pass a three- member commission was established to oversee the established to oversee the established to oversee the redistribution of land consisting of redistribution of land consisting of redistribution of land consisting of tiberias his younger brother gas and tiberias his younger brother gas and tiberias his younger brother gas and inexplicably I know appus inexplicably I know appus inexplicably I know appus Claudius I did a double take myself when Claudius I did a double take myself when Claudius I did a double take myself when I first learned that an appus Claudius I first learned that an appus Claudius I first learned that an appus Claudius was on the side of a radical populist was on the side of a radical populist was on the side of a radical populist but it's but it's but it's true tiberias had married the man's true tiberias had married the man's true tiberias had married the man's daughter and in the department of daughter and in the department of daughter and in the department of strange bedfellows this apus Claudius strange bedfellows this apus Claudius strange bedfellows this apus Claudius did not join the family business of did not join the family business of did not join the family business of Defending Patrician rights with his Defending Patrician rights with his Defending Patrician rights with his every word and deed the three sat down every word and deed the three sat down every word and deed the three sat down and began Doling out and began Doling out and began Doling out land they turned first to the land in

land they turned first to the land in land they turned first to the land in Italy that had been held by soldiers who Italy that had been held by soldiers who Italy that had been held by soldiers who had been killed in battle supposedly had been killed in battle supposedly had been killed in battle supposedly that land was supposed to revert to the that land was supposed to revert to the that land was supposed to revert to the people but enterprising Senators had people but enterprising Senators had people but enterprising Senators had been occupying the unclaimed plots The been occupying the unclaimed plots The been occupying the unclaimed plots The Agrarian commission set about breaking Agrarian commission set about breaking Agrarian commission set about breaking the plots up and redistributing them it the plots up and redistributing them it the plots up and redistributing them it is estimated that roughly 75,000 new is estimated that roughly 75,000 new is estimated that roughly 75,000 new Farms were created in that year Farms were created in that year Farms were created in that year unfortunately lacking a proper budget unfortunately lacking a proper budget unfortunately lacking a proper budget the entire Endeavor was marked by the entire Endeavor was marked by the entire Endeavor was marked by inefficiency confusion and yes inefficiency confusion and yes inefficiency confusion and yes corruption soon enough though the corruption soon enough though the corruption soon enough though the question of Italian land took a back question of Italian land took a back question of Italian land took a back burner to an even hotter question King burner to an even hotter question King burner to an even hotter question King atalis III of pergamum nephew of the atalis III of pergamum nephew of the atalis III of pergamum nephew of the long-standing Roman Ally during the long-standing Roman Ally during the long-standing Roman Ally during the Macedonian Wars atalis II died in 133 BC Macedonian Wars atalis II died in 133 BC Macedonian Wars atalis II died in 133 BC and sensing that a dynastic struggle and and sensing that a dynastic struggle and and sensing that a dynastic struggle and inevitable Roman Conquest would follow inevitable Roman Conquest would follow inevitable Roman Conquest would follow the king willed pergamum which is today the king willed pergamum which is today the king willed pergamum which is today Western turkey to the Roman Western turkey to the Roman Western turkey to the Roman people the windfall was greeted by people the windfall was greeted by people the windfall was greeted by cheers in Rome but pretty soon the cheers in Rome but pretty soon the cheers in Rome but pretty soon the question arose as to what exactly the question arose as to what exactly the question arose as to what exactly the king had king had king had meant the Senate assumed that as meant the Senate assumed that as meant the Senate assumed that as responsible stewards of the state that responsible stewards of the state that responsible stewards of the state that the land fell under their jurisdiction the land fell under their jurisdiction the land fell under their jurisdiction and would be parceled out and governed and would be parceled out and governed and would be parceled out and governed by the consules and proconsuls of the by the consules and proconsuls of the by the consules and proconsuls of the ruling class Tiberius and his allies ruling class Tiberius and his allies ruling class Tiberius and his allies however read the endowment literally and however read the endowment literally and however read the endowment literally and argued that pergamum had been left to argued that pergamum had been left to argued that pergamum had been left to the people of Rome and therefore fell the people of Rome and therefore fell the people of Rome and therefore fell under the purview of The Agrarian under the purview of The Agrarian under the purview of The Agrarian commission Rome was in the midst of a commission Rome was in the midst of a commission Rome was in the midst of a land crisis and had been handed the land crisis and had been handed the land crisis and had been handed the answer to all of its problems on a

answer to all of its problems on a answer to all of its problems on a silver platter settlements for silver platter settlements for silver platter settlements for everyone but by again taking his everyone but by again taking his everyone but by again taking his proposal directly to the people and proposal directly to the people and proposal directly to the people and bypassing the Senate Senate Tiberius was bypassing the Senate Senate Tiberius was bypassing the Senate Senate Tiberius was playing with fire the enmity between the playing with fire the enmity between the playing with fire the enmity between the Senate and tiberias was deeply personal Senate and tiberias was deeply personal Senate and tiberias was deeply personal at this point it is impossible to know at this point it is impossible to know at this point it is impossible to know which policies were pursued because they which policies were pursued because they which policies were pursued because they were thought best and which were pursued were thought best and which were pursued were thought best and which were pursued simply to poke the other side in the simply to poke the other side in the simply to poke the other side in the eye the Senate incensed decided that the eye the Senate incensed decided that the eye the Senate incensed decided that the wisest course of action would be to wisest course of action would be to wisest course of action would be to Simply wait tiberias his year in office Simply wait tiberias his year in office Simply wait tiberias his year in office would soon be up and once the shield of would soon be up and once the shield of would soon be up and once the shield of sanro sanctity was lifted they would sanro sanctity was lifted they would sanro sanctity was lifted they would have their Revenge it was common have their Revenge it was common have their Revenge it was common knowledge that men were lining up around knowledge that men were lining up around knowledge that men were lining up around the block with charges they plan to file the block with charges they plan to file the block with charges they plan to file against Tiberius the moment he stepped against Tiberius the moment he stepped against Tiberius the moment he stepped down Tiberius recognizing that he may down Tiberius recognizing that he may down Tiberius recognizing that he may have gone too far too fast and with much have gone too far too fast and with much have gone too far too fast and with much too heavy of a hand decided to go double too heavy of a hand decided to go double too heavy of a hand decided to go double or nothing and announced he was running or nothing and announced he was running or nothing and announced he was running for for for reelection this was in clear violation reelection this was in clear violation reelection this was in clear violation of the prescribed annual term limit but of the prescribed annual term limit but of the prescribed annual term limit but tiberious pushed ahead arguing that if tiberious pushed ahead arguing that if tiberious pushed ahead arguing that if the people's assembly saw fit to return the people's assembly saw fit to return the people's assembly saw fit to return him for another year who was anyone to him for another year who was anyone to him for another year who was anyone to deny them that deny them that deny them that right this was the last straw for a right this was the last straw for a right this was the last straw for a small cabal of conservative Nobles who small cabal of conservative Nobles who small cabal of conservative Nobles who decided it was time for tiberias to go decided it was time for tiberias to go decided it was time for tiberias to go led by Tiberius his own cousin and led by Tiberius his own cousin and led by Tiberius his own cousin and Octavius the deposed Tribune a group of Octavius the deposed Tribune a group of Octavius the deposed Tribune a group of armed patricians descended on a public armed patricians descended on a public armed patricians descended on a public rally for tiberias and ordered the rally for tiberias and ordered the rally for tiberias and ordered the people to disperse and cut off their

people to disperse and cut off their people to disperse and cut off their support for this illegal support for this illegal support for this illegal candidate the calculated fighting words candidate the calculated fighting words candidate the calculated fighting words did their work and a fight broke out in did their work and a fight broke out in did their work and a fight broke out in the ensuing riot tiberias was targeted the ensuing riot tiberias was targeted the ensuing riot tiberias was targeted and clubbed to and clubbed to and clubbed to death when told of the death of his death when told of the death of his death when told of the death of his brother-in-law skipio amanus reportedly brother-in-law skipio amanus reportedly brother-in-law skipio amanus reportedly quoted The Odyssey saying so perish all quoted The Odyssey saying so perish all quoted The Odyssey saying so perish all who do the like again tiberious grus had gotten the late again tiberious grus had gotten the late Republic off the ground with a bang his Republic off the ground with a bang his Republic off the ground with a bang his extremism re-energized class struggles extremism re-energized class struggles extremism re-energized class struggles that had been dormant for that had been dormant for that had been dormant for centuries the reactionary patricians centuries the reactionary patricians centuries the reactionary patricians wrapped up in their own personal disdain wrapped up in their own personal disdain wrapped up in their own personal disdain for tiberious the man failed to see that for tiberious the man failed to see that for tiberious the man failed to see that he fronted a reform movement that had he fronted a reform movement that had he fronted a reform movement that had more than its fair share of legitimate more than its fair share of legitimate more than its fair share of legitimate grievances much of the time they failed grievances much of the time they failed grievances much of the time they failed to even pay lip service to the suffering to even pay lip service to the suffering to even pay lip service to the suffering of the common Roman family and succeeded of the common Roman family and succeeded of the common Roman family and succeeded merely in engendering further division merely in engendering further division merely in engendering further division in their stubborn refusal to let go the in their stubborn refusal to let go the in their stubborn refusal to let go the old order they practically guaranteed it old order they practically guaranteed it old order they practically guaranteed it would be smashed would be smashed would be smashed apart on tiberias is head however was apart on tiberias is head however was apart on tiberias is head however was the subsequent wholesale abandonment of the subsequent wholesale abandonment of the subsequent wholesale abandonment of long-standing traditions that had bound long-standing traditions that had bound long-standing traditions that had bound the state together by ambitious the state together by ambitious the state together by ambitious politicians politicians politicians the removal of the tribun Octavius was the removal of the tribun Octavius was the removal of the tribun Octavius was an unprecedented move and for better for an unprecedented move and for better for an unprecedented move and for better for worse laid bare before Rome the reality worse laid bare before Rome the reality worse laid bare before Rome the reality that their laws and traditions were just that their laws and traditions were just that their laws and traditions were just words and that they could be broken with words and that they could be broken with words and that they could be broken with impunity if supported by a loud enough impunity if supported by a loud enough impunity if supported by a loud enough mob the sanro sanctity of the tribunate mob the sanro sanctity of the tribunate mob the sanro sanctity of the tribunate went all the way back to the secession went all the way back to the secession went all the way back to the secession of the plebs in the first generation of

of the plebs in the first generation of of the plebs in the first generation of the Republic hundreds and hundreds of the Republic hundreds and hundreds of the Republic hundreds and hundreds of years ago if such a long-standing years ago if such a long-standing years ago if such a long-standing tradition could be cast aside in the tradition could be cast aside in the tradition could be cast aside in the name of political expediency what did name of political expediency what did name of political expediency what did the Republic really have to stand on it the Republic really have to stand on it the Republic really have to stand on it left the Romans without any guidelines left the Romans without any guidelines left the Romans without any guidelines markers rules or markers rules or markers rules or boundaries The Next Century would unfold boundaries The Next Century would unfold boundaries The Next Century would unfold as little more than a political as little more than a political as little more than a political free-for-all power was everyone's free-for-all power was everyone's free-for-all power was everyone's ultimate objective and might henceforth ultimate objective and might henceforth ultimate objective and might henceforth was the sole decider of was the sole decider of was the sole decider of right next week we will meet tas's right next week we will meet tas's right next week we will meet tas's younger brother gas who sought to younger brother gas who sought to younger brother gas who sought to outshine his brother not just in the outshine his brother not just in the outshine his brother not just in the breadth and depth of his reform but in breadth and depth of his reform but in breadth and depth of his reform but in the unflinching way he willed himself to the unflinching way he willed himself to the unflinching way he willed himself to [Music] power hello and welcome to the history power hello and welcome to the history of of of Rome last week we discussed the career Rome last week we discussed the career Rome last week we discussed the career of tyberius grus whose extreme populism of tyberius grus whose extreme populism of tyberius grus whose extreme populism helped Kickstart the century of civil helped Kickstart the century of civil helped Kickstart the century of civil Strife that would be the Republic's Strife that would be the Republic's Strife that would be the Republic's undoing this is not to say that tiberias undoing this is not to say that tiberias undoing this is not to say that tiberias was to blame for the downward spiral but was to blame for the downward spiral but was to blame for the downward spiral but he certainly staked out a position that he certainly staked out a position that he certainly staked out a position that forced the Senate to stake out a forced the Senate to stake out a forced the Senate to stake out a reactionary counterposition and it was reactionary counterposition and it was reactionary counterposition and it was this polarization not one side or the this polarization not one side or the this polarization not one side or the other necessarily that eventually led other necessarily that eventually led other necessarily that eventually led the Roman people to the safe and the Roman people to the safe and the Roman people to the safe and comforting arms of Caesar comforting arms of Caesar comforting arms of Caesar Augustus hot on the heels of that number

Augustus hot on the heels of that number Augustus hot on the heels of that number one summer blockbuster Tiberius grus man one summer blockbuster Tiberius grus man one summer blockbuster Tiberius grus man of the people came its sequel gas of the people came its sequel gas of the people came its sequel gas revenge of the grocky and like all good revenge of the grocky and like all good revenge of the grocky and like all good sequels they took what made the original sequels they took what made the original sequels they took what made the original work doubled the special effects budget work doubled the special effects budget work doubled the special effects budget and quadrupled the size of the and quadrupled the size of the and quadrupled the size of the crisis if protagonist tiberias had to crisis if protagonist tiberias had to crisis if protagonist tiberias had to save the city gas would be tasked with save the city gas would be tasked with save the city gas would be tasked with saving the whole world what I mean to saving the whole world what I mean to saving the whole world what I mean to say by all that is that Tiberius entered say by all that is that Tiberius entered say by all that is that Tiberius entered office focused on the single issue of office focused on the single issue of office focused on the single issue of agrarian reform and met his downfall agrarian reform and met his downfall agrarian reform and met his downfall running for an illegal second term his running for an illegal second term his running for an illegal second term his brother would pick up the Baton on brother would pick up the Baton on brother would pick up the Baton on agrarian reform but also add a whole agrarian reform but also add a whole agrarian reform but also add a whole slate of other populist reform measures slate of other populist reform measures slate of other populist reform measures and where Tiberius failed to win his and where Tiberius failed to win his and where Tiberius failed to win his second term as Tribune gu succeeded and second term as Tribune gu succeeded and second term as Tribune gu succeeded and met his own downfall seeking an met his own downfall seeking an met his own downfall seeking an unprecedented third term the sequel unprecedented third term the sequel unprecedented third term the sequel always has to be bigger better and go always has to be bigger better and go always has to be bigger better and go further than the original it's just good further than the original it's just good further than the original it's just good marketing gas was born in 154 BC the marketing gas was born in 154 BC the marketing gas was born in 154 BC the same year his father died so where same year his father died so where same year his father died so where tiberias at least had some contact with tiberias at least had some contact with tiberias at least had some contact with their father gas was raised entirely by their father gas was raised entirely by their father gas was raised entirely by their their their mother he was destined to live his life mother he was destined to live his life mother he was destined to live his life in the footsteps of his brother who was in the footsteps of his brother who was in the footsteps of his brother who was 14 years his Elder the entire career of 14 years his Elder the entire career of 14 years his Elder the entire career of gas Gras was defined by the path his gas Gras was defined by the path his gas Gras was defined by the path his brother had cut through the Wilderness brother had cut through the Wilderness brother had cut through the Wilderness it was a combination of family it was a combination of family it was a combination of family obligation and personal Revenge that obligation and personal Revenge that obligation and personal Revenge that drove gas to press his ambitious reform drove gas to press his ambitious reform drove gas to press his ambitious reform platform and for the most part the platform and for the most part the platform and for the most part the younger grocky did not have much Choice younger grocky did not have much Choice younger grocky did not have much Choice the supporters of tiberias and the

the supporters of tiberias and the the supporters of tiberias and the legions of clients that had built up legions of clients that had built up legions of clients that had built up around the family expected expected him around the family expected expected him around the family expected expected him to carry on the Legacy and gas simply to carry on the Legacy and gas simply to carry on the Legacy and gas simply could not turn away from those expectations gas even began his career expectations gas even began his career in similar fashion to his brother in similar fashion to his brother in similar fashion to his brother attached to the staff of their much attached to the staff of their much attached to the staff of their much older brother-in-law skipio older brother-in-law skipio older brother-in-law skipio amelis like tyberius he served in amelis like tyberius he served in amelis like tyberius he served in numantia though was not there at the numantia though was not there at the numantia though was not there at the time of the campaign that so changed time of the campaign that so changed time of the campaign that so changed Tiberius his life and where Tiberius was Tiberius his life and where Tiberius was Tiberius his life and where Tiberius was driven to his extreme populism because driven to his extreme populism because driven to his extreme populism because of a very public rebuking by the Senate of a very public rebuking by the Senate of a very public rebuking by the Senate gu was driven by the very public murder gu was driven by the very public murder gu was driven by the very public murder of his brother by those same of his brother by those same of his brother by those same Senators his brother's death left gas at Senators his brother's death left gas at Senators his brother's death left gas at 21 the patriarch of the wealthy and 21 the patriarch of the wealthy and 21 the patriarch of the wealthy and influential gry influential gry influential gry family for a few years gas did attempt family for a few years gas did attempt family for a few years gas did attempt to pull back from a public career to pull back from a public career to pull back from a public career declining to run for office when he came declining to run for office when he came declining to run for office when he came of age though like I say he couldn't of age though like I say he couldn't of age though like I say he couldn't avoid the pressure to follow in the avoid the pressure to follow in the avoid the pressure to follow in the footsteps of his brother father footsteps of his brother father footsteps of his brother father grandfather and ancestors in every grandfather and ancestors in every grandfather and ancestors in every direction gas was for a public career direction gas was for a public career direction gas was for a public career and there was nothing he could do about and there was nothing he could do about and there was nothing he could do about it in 126 BC he was elected quester and it in 126 BC he was elected quester and it in 126 BC he was elected quester and was assigned by lot to a post in was assigned by lot to a post in was assigned by lot to a post in Sardinia and by all accounts served as Sardinia and by all accounts served as Sardinia and by all accounts served as an able an able an able administrator but it was on the island administrator but it was on the island administrator but it was on the island that gas found himself becoming that gas found himself becoming that gas found himself becoming personally embittered towards the senate personally embittered towards the senate personally embittered towards the senate in his own right not just were real and in his own right not just were real and in his own right not just were real and perceived slights against his family but perceived slights against his family but perceived slights against his family but slights directed at him

slights directed at him slights directed at him personally as quester guas served under personally as quester guas served under personally as quester guas served under the consul Lucius areses and in Roman the consul Lucius areses and in Roman the consul Lucius areses and in Roman tradition if a Consul was kept on in a tradition if a Consul was kept on in a tradition if a Consul was kept on in a certain territory becoming a proconsul certain territory becoming a proconsul certain territory becoming a proconsul then his officers stayed with him in then his officers stayed with him in then his officers stayed with him in Rome political class tensions continued Rome political class tensions continued Rome political class tensions continued to simmer after the death of tiberias to simmer after the death of tiberias to simmer after the death of tiberias and the Senate was Keen to keep tiberias and the Senate was Keen to keep tiberias and the Senate was Keen to keep tiberias his younger brother out of the city his younger brother out of the city his younger brother out of the city while they undid all his work so they while they undid all his work so they while they undid all his work so they voted to keep arresti stationed in voted to keep arresti stationed in voted to keep arresti stationed in Sardinia and gas was forced to stay Sardinia and gas was forced to stay Sardinia and gas was forced to stay on another year passed and the Senate on another year passed and the Senate on another year passed and the Senate voted to keep her areses on again gas voted to keep her areses on again gas voted to keep her areses on again gas began to feel like the Senate was doing began to feel like the Senate was doing began to feel like the Senate was doing this on purpose so when the Senate again this on purpose so when the Senate again this on purpose so when the Senate again voted areses proconsul for Sardinia gas voted areses proconsul for Sardinia gas voted areses proconsul for Sardinia gas denounced he was leaving the denounced he was leaving the denounced he was leaving the island there was nothing illegal about island there was nothing illegal about island there was nothing illegal about leaving but it was completely unheard of leaving but it was completely unheard of leaving but it was completely unheard of and so aai managed again to turn a and so aai managed again to turn a and so aai managed again to turn a binding cultural norm into so much hot binding cultural norm into so much hot binding cultural norm into so much hot air he returned to Rome and in 123 BC air he returned to Rome and in 123 BC air he returned to Rome and in 123 BC was elected tribun of the plebs like his was elected tribun of the plebs like his was elected tribun of the plebs like his father and brother before father and brother before father and brother before the sources differ as to whether gas the sources differ as to whether gas the sources differ as to whether gas entered office with a revolutionary entered office with a revolutionary entered office with a revolutionary slate of proposals in hand or whether slate of proposals in hand or whether slate of proposals in hand or whether his platform grew organically as a his platform grew organically as a his platform grew organically as a response to response to response to circumstance what is not disputed is circumstance what is not disputed is circumstance what is not disputed is that by the time he left office almost that by the time he left office almost that by the time he left office almost every aspect of Roman society had been every aspect of Roman society had been every aspect of Roman society had been touched by one or another of his touched by one or another of his touched by one or another of his proposed proposed proposed reforms he began innocuously enough reforms he began innocuously enough reforms he began innocuously enough addressing an issue that is actually in addressing an issue that is actually in addressing an issue that is actually in the headlines today skyrocketing grain

the headlines today skyrocketing grain the headlines today skyrocketing grain prices prices prices though the slave revolt in Sicily had though the slave revolt in Sicily had though the slave revolt in Sicily had been put down a plague of locust yes a been put down a plague of locust yes a been put down a plague of locust yes a plague of locust had swept through North plague of locust had swept through North plague of locust had swept through North Africa and there was a general shortage Africa and there was a general shortage Africa and there was a general shortage of grain coming into of grain coming into of grain coming into Rome the city swollen with poor and Rome the city swollen with poor and Rome the city swollen with poor and landless families faced outrageous landless families faced outrageous landless families faced outrageous markups on basic food Staples the markups on basic food Staples the markups on basic food Staples the conditions that caused the shortages conditions that caused the shortages conditions that caused the shortages were real enough but Merchants were were real enough but Merchants were were real enough but Merchants were having a field day taking full advantage having a field day taking full advantage having a field day taking full advantage of the panic in the of the panic in the of the panic in the streets guys simply pushed through a app streets guys simply pushed through a app streets guys simply pushed through a app on the price of grain essentially the on the price of grain essentially the on the price of grain essentially the Roman state began to bring in Grain and Roman state began to bring in Grain and Roman state began to bring in Grain and sell it it far below the inflated market sell it it far below the inflated market sell it it far below the inflated market rate this transferred the burden of the rate this transferred the burden of the rate this transferred the burden of the price spike off the backs of the poor price spike off the backs of the poor price spike off the backs of the poor City dwellers and onto the collective City dwellers and onto the collective City dwellers and onto the collective back of the State back of the State back of the State Treasury the Senate was by no means Treasury the Senate was by no means Treasury the Senate was by no means pleased at gas's ingenious plan to pleased at gas's ingenious plan to pleased at gas's ingenious plan to invert basic economic Common Sense invert basic economic Common Sense invert basic economic Common Sense buying High while selling low but it did buying High while selling low but it did buying High while selling low but it did solve a pressing social concern and the solve a pressing social concern and the solve a pressing social concern and the people loved it so there was only so people loved it so there was only so people loved it so there was only so much the elites felt they could much the elites felt they could much the elites felt they could do in gas's grain plant we find the do in gas's grain plant we find the do in gas's grain plant we find the seeds of the later full-on food welfare seeds of the later full-on food welfare seeds of the later full-on food welfare program that became so important during program that became so important during program that became so important during the Imperium but for now at least the the Imperium but for now at least the the Imperium but for now at least the Roman State merely provided food at a Roman State merely provided food at a Roman State merely provided food at a normal price and was not yet handing it normal price and was not yet handing it normal price and was not yet handing it out for out for out for free with the people now fully behind free with the people now fully behind free with the people now fully behind him gas turned to settling old family him gas turned to settling old family him gas turned to settling old family scores he passed a measure making it a scores he passed a measure making it a scores he passed a measure making it a crime to reand for the tribunate if the

crime to reand for the tribunate if the crime to reand for the tribunate if the assembly voted to remove an officer from assembly voted to remove an officer from assembly voted to remove an officer from Power gas wanted to be clear that Power gas wanted to be clear that Power gas wanted to be clear that standing in the way of popular will was standing in the way of popular will was standing in the way of popular will was the shortest route to complete the shortest route to complete the shortest route to complete irrelevance while at the same time he irrelevance while at the same time he irrelevance while at the same time he wanted to legitimize Tiberius recall wanted to legitimize Tiberius recall wanted to legitimize Tiberius recall vote of Octavius 10 years before which vote of Octavius 10 years before which vote of Octavius 10 years before which had a very shaky Legal Foundation at the had a very shaky Legal Foundation at the had a very shaky Legal Foundation at the time gas also passed a measure making it time gas also passed a measure making it time gas also passed a measure making it a crime to hand down capital punishment a crime to hand down capital punishment a crime to hand down capital punishment without the approval of the assembly without the approval of the assembly without the approval of the assembly this measure was aimed directly at an this measure was aimed directly at an this measure was aimed directly at an ex-consul named ex-consul named ex-consul named Lan who had overseen the trials and Lan who had overseen the trials and Lan who had overseen the trials and executions of many of tiber's Associates executions of many of tiber's Associates executions of many of tiber's Associates in 132 BC after the Elder grocky was in 132 BC after the Elder grocky was in 132 BC after the Elder grocky was killed gas's new law contained the killed gas's new law contained the killed gas's new law contained the provision that it applied retroactively provision that it applied retroactively provision that it applied retroactively and lonus was forced into exile for an and lonus was forced into exile for an and lonus was forced into exile for an act that was only later determined to be act that was only later determined to be act that was only later determined to be a crime in most countries today these a crime in most countries today these a crime in most countries today these kind of X postao or literally after the kind of X postao or literally after the kind of X postao or literally after the fact laws are explicitly prohibited as fact laws are explicitly prohibited as fact laws are explicitly prohibited as being an obvious source of mischief old scores settled gas returned to what old scores settled gas returned to what had made his brother so popular to begin had made his brother so popular to begin had made his brother so popular to begin with agrarian with agrarian with agrarian reform The Agrarian commission which had reform The Agrarian commission which had reform The Agrarian commission which had been rendered impotent in 129 BC was been rendered impotent in 129 BC was been rendered impotent in 129 BC was rebooted and the process of identifying rebooted and the process of identifying rebooted and the process of identifying illegally held land and redistributing illegally held land and redistributing illegally held land and redistributing it was taken up again in it was taken up again in it was taken up again in Earnest gas followed this with laws on Earnest gas followed this with laws on Earnest gas followed this with laws on military service henceforth no one under military service henceforth no one under military service henceforth no one under 17 was to be drafted and limits were put

17 was to be drafted and limits were put 17 was to be drafted and limits were put on the total number of years of service on the total number of years of service on the total number of years of service required also an important step in the required also an important step in the required also an important step in the evolution of the army Gras demanded that evolution of the army Gras demanded that evolution of the army Gras demanded that the state provide Soldiers with adequate the state provide Soldiers with adequate the state provide Soldiers with adequate clothing during his time in Sardinia he clothing during his time in Sardinia he clothing during his time in Sardinia he had witnessed firsthand drafted had witnessed firsthand drafted had witnessed firsthand drafted legionaries freezing and miserable from legionaries freezing and miserable from legionaries freezing and miserable from a lack of proper a lack of proper a lack of proper supplies it was a necessary provision to supplies it was a necessary provision to supplies it was a necessary provision to deal with real suffering but it was deal with real suffering but it was deal with real suffering but it was another step on the road to the another step on the road to the another step on the road to the full-blown state funded armies that full-blown state funded armies that full-blown state funded armies that would tear the country apart in the would tear the country apart in the would tear the country apart in the years to come rounding out his first year in office rounding out his first year in office gas worked to reform the Law Courts gas worked to reform the Law Courts gas worked to reform the Law Courts opening up the jury pool beyond the opening up the jury pool beyond the opening up the jury pool beyond the senatorial class which had long held the senatorial class which had long held the senatorial class which had long held the strings of justice and creating a strings of justice and creating a strings of justice and creating a commission to investigate charges of commission to investigate charges of commission to investigate charges of bribery a rampant problem that had been bribery a rampant problem that had been bribery a rampant problem that had been ignored for ignored for ignored for years it had been a remarkable year and years it had been a remarkable year and years it had been a remarkable year and gas's popularity was at an all-time high gas's popularity was at an all-time high gas's popularity was at an all-time high and because of this popularity gas was and because of this popularity gas was and because of this popularity gas was able to through no fault of his own to able to through no fault of his own to able to through no fault of his own to succeed where his brother had failed and succeed where his brother had failed and succeed where his brother had failed and win another term in office he had not win another term in office he had not win another term in office he had not even actively campaigned but the even actively campaigned but the even actively campaigned but the assembly had failed to Grant a majority assembly had failed to Grant a majority assembly had failed to Grant a majority to 10 tribunes so the final slots were to 10 tribunes so the final slots were to 10 tribunes so the final slots were appointed by those tribunes who had won appointed by those tribunes who had won appointed by those tribunes who had won a majority and they named Gas who though a majority and they named Gas who though a majority and they named Gas who though he had not sought the office eagerly he had not sought the office eagerly he had not sought the office eagerly accepted their accepted their accepted their appointment in his second term gas appointment in his second term gas appointment in his second term gas brought to the table one of the brought to the table one of the brought to the table one of the thorniest issues of the day and dropped thorniest issues of the day and dropped thorniest issues of the day and dropped it right in the middle of an already

it right in the middle of an already it right in the middle of an already chaotic political chaotic political chaotic political environment the question was on the environment the question was on the environment the question was on the rights of non-roman Italians and rights of non-roman Italians and rights of non-roman Italians and specifically whether they should be made specifically whether they should be made specifically whether they should be made full full full citizens one of gas's fellow tribunes citizens one of gas's fellow tribunes citizens one of gas's fellow tribunes was a former console named Marcus fulvus was a former console named Marcus fulvus was a former console named Marcus fulvus who had championed Italian citizenship who had championed Italian citizenship who had championed Italian citizenship in 125 BC it was in fact fulvia's in 125 BC it was in fact fulvia's in 125 BC it was in fact fulvia's proposal that had inspired the Senate to proposal that had inspired the Senate to proposal that had inspired the Senate to keep graus in keep graus in keep graus in Sardinia Italian citizenship was an idea Sardinia Italian citizenship was an idea Sardinia Italian citizenship was an idea whose time had come but the still bulked whose time had come but the still bulked whose time had come but the still bulked at the idea of extending full rights to at the idea of extending full rights to at the idea of extending full rights to non-romans one of their greatest fears non-romans one of their greatest fears non-romans one of their greatest fears was that if they allowed populist was that if they allowed populist was that if they allowed populist reformers like grus and fulvus to bring reformers like grus and fulvus to bring reformers like grus and fulvus to bring the vote to the Italian allies they the vote to the Italian allies they the vote to the Italian allies they would be rewarded with thousands and would be rewarded with thousands and would be rewarded with thousands and thousands of new clients ready to vote thousands of new clients ready to vote thousands of new clients ready to vote any way the tribunes directed them it any way the tribunes directed them it any way the tribunes directed them it was an irrational fear as many of the was an irrational fear as many of the was an irrational fear as many of the Italians were feeling the brunt of The Italians were feeling the brunt of The Italians were feeling the brunt of The Agrarian commission's redistribution Agrarian commission's redistribution Agrarian commission's redistribution efforts and had no great love for Gras efforts and had no great love for Gras efforts and had no great love for Gras but the conservatives in the Senate but the conservatives in the Senate but the conservatives in the Senate began to see boogey men around every began to see boogey men around every began to see boogey men around every corner G worked on other issues in corner G worked on other issues in corner G worked on other issues in addition to the citizenship proposal addition to the citizenship proposal addition to the citizenship proposal Shoring up the treasury by increasing Shoring up the treasury by increasing Shoring up the treasury by increasing the efficiency of provisional tax the efficiency of provisional tax the efficiency of provisional tax collection and attempting to release collection and attempting to release collection and attempting to release some of the population pressures on Rome some of the population pressures on Rome some of the population pressures on Rome by establishing colonies over by establishing colonies over by establishing colonies over SE in total gas's year and a half or so SE in total gas's year and a half or so SE in total gas's year and a half or so in office had seen him touch almost in office had seen him touch almost in office had seen him touch almost every aspect of the social order and every aspect of the social order and every aspect of the social order and universally acting in opposition to universally acting in opposition to universally acting in opposition to whatever the conservatives in the Senate whatever the conservatives in the Senate whatever the conservatives in the Senate wanted near the end of his second term

wanted near the end of his second term wanted near the end of his second term gu sailed for Carthage where one of his gu sailed for Carthage where one of his gu sailed for Carthage where one of his proposed colonies was being built while proposed colonies was being built while proposed colonies was being built while he was gone his voice and Charisma left he was gone his voice and Charisma left he was gone his voice and Charisma left with him and his enemies began to openly with him and his enemies began to openly with him and his enemies began to openly plot the downfall of the Troublesome plot the downfall of the Troublesome plot the downfall of the Troublesome Tribune when gas returned he found his Tribune when gas returned he found his Tribune when gas returned he found his allies had one by one been tur against allies had one by one been tur against allies had one by one been tur against him and that all his reforms were him and that all his reforms were him and that all his reforms were threatened by outright threatened by outright threatened by outright repeal the only option G felt he had repeal the only option G felt he had repeal the only option G felt he had available to him was to tempt fate and available to him was to tempt fate and available to him was to tempt fate and do the only thing more Unthinkable than do the only thing more Unthinkable than do the only thing more Unthinkable than serving his Tribune for two terms serving his Tribune for two terms serving his Tribune for two terms serving for three serving for three serving for three terms this time though his support terms this time though his support terms this time though his support amongst the non-s senatorial Elites was amongst the non-s senatorial Elites was amongst the non-s senatorial Elites was at an all-time low as a mixture of at an all-time low as a mixture of at an all-time low as a mixture of bribes and threats had done their bribes and threats had done their bribes and threats had done their work Gras was forced to fully embrac the work Gras was forced to fully embrac the work Gras was forced to fully embrac the Persona of man of the people and hoped Persona of man of the people and hoped Persona of man of the people and hoped that he would be able to drum up enough that he would be able to drum up enough that he would be able to drum up enough votes to votes to votes to win he moved from his estate on the win he moved from his estate on the win he moved from his estate on the Palatine Hill down into a local slum and Palatine Hill down into a local slum and Palatine Hill down into a local slum and began with the help of his Greek speech began with the help of his Greek speech began with the help of his Greek speech writers to Launch into full-throated writers to Launch into full-throated writers to Launch into full-throated populist campaign mode he even went so populist campaign mode he even went so populist campaign mode he even went so far as to tear down a set of risers the far as to tear down a set of risers the far as to tear down a set of risers the wealthy would view an upcoming wealthy would view an upcoming wealthy would view an upcoming gladitorial match from because they gladitorial match from because they gladitorial match from because they blocked the view of the blocked the view of the blocked the view of the commoners but despite his desperate commoners but despite his desperate commoners but despite his desperate campaign grus was defeated in the campaign grus was defeated in the campaign grus was defeated in the polls there were of course accusations polls there were of course accusations polls there were of course accusations of Fraud and we will never know whether of Fraud and we will never know whether of Fraud and we will never know whether graas actually won or not but officially graas actually won or not but officially graas actually won or not but officially he was out and the new tribunes to a man he was out and the new tribunes to a man he was out and the new tribunes to a man enemies of Gras set about dismantling enemies of Gras set about dismantling enemies of Gras set about dismantling all his his

all his his all his his reforms Gras and his colleague fulvius reforms Gras and his colleague fulvius reforms Gras and his colleague fulvius made the Fateful decision to muster a made the Fateful decision to muster a made the Fateful decision to muster a series of public demonstration against series of public demonstration against series of public demonstration against repeal that took on an increasingly repeal that took on an increasingly repeal that took on an increasingly violent and seditious violent and seditious violent and seditious overtone at one of these gatherings a overtone at one of these gatherings a overtone at one of these gatherings a Herald of gras' Chief opponent was Herald of gras' Chief opponent was Herald of gras' Chief opponent was killed by overzealous grocky killed by overzealous grocky killed by overzealous grocky supporters as soon as the Body Hit The supporters as soon as the Body Hit The supporters as soon as the Body Hit The Ground gas knew he was undone the Ground gas knew he was undone the Ground gas knew he was undone the tribunate did not waste time leaping tribunate did not waste time leaping tribunate did not waste time leaping from a murder charge against the men from a murder charge against the men from a murder charge against the men actually responsible for the crime to a actually responsible for the crime to a actually responsible for the crime to a full-blown charge of treason against gas full-blown charge of treason against gas full-blown charge of treason against gas and and and fulvus the two were immediately named fulvus the two were immediately named fulvus the two were immediately named enemies of the state and were forced to enemies of the state and were forced to enemies of the state and were forced to run fulvus was caught and murdered along run fulvus was caught and murdered along run fulvus was caught and murdered along with his two sons while gas fled with with his two sons while gas fled with with his two sons while gas fled with one of his one of his one of his slaves cornered and knowing that capture slaves cornered and knowing that capture slaves cornered and knowing that capture meant only disgrace followed by meant only disgrace followed by meant only disgrace followed by execution he decided to skip the former execution he decided to skip the former execution he decided to skip the former and ordered his loyal slave to perform and ordered his loyal slave to perform and ordered his loyal slave to perform the the the latter a murder suicide later they were latter a murder suicide later they were latter a murder suicide later they were both dead and just like that the groy both dead and just like that the groy both dead and just like that the groy who had so dominated Roman politics for who had so dominated Roman politics for who had so dominated Roman politics for the last decade were gone tiberias and gas Gras left an gone tiberias and gas Gras left an indelible mark on Rome and changed the indelible mark on Rome and changed the indelible mark on Rome and changed the character of its Society character of its Society character of its Society forever whatever the hopes of their forever whatever the hopes of their forever whatever the hopes of their political opponents the graian reforms political opponents the graian reforms political opponents the graian reforms could not simply be undone it would take could not simply be undone it would take could not simply be undone it would take too much violence to remove citizens too much violence to remove citizens too much violence to remove citizens from their newly created farms and from their newly created farms and from their newly created farms and besides the negative press would be far besides the negative press would be far besides the negative press would be far too much to too much to too much to overcome of all his proposals the only

overcome of all his proposals the only overcome of all his proposals the only one to truly die was the matter of one to truly die was the matter of one to truly die was the matter of Italian Italian Italian citizenship that would be tabled for citizenship that would be tabled for citizenship that would be tabled for another 30 years and require a another 30 years and require a another 30 years and require a full-blown Revolt before the Italian full-blown Revolt before the Italian full-blown Revolt before the Italian allies were treated as equals within the allies were treated as equals within the allies were treated as equals within the state I believe I mentioned after the state I believe I mentioned after the state I believe I mentioned after the end of the samite wars that the samnites end of the samite wars that the samnites end of the samite wars that the samnites would return with a Vengeance in a few would return with a Vengeance in a few would return with a Vengeance in a few hundred years well that time is fast hundred years well that time is fast hundred years well that time is fast approaching as they would be leaders in approaching as they would be leaders in approaching as they would be leaders in the violence that led to citizenship the violence that led to citizenship the violence that led to citizenship the Senate could have saved itself a lot the Senate could have saved itself a lot the Senate could have saved itself a lot of blood and Treasure by simply of blood and Treasure by simply of blood and Treasure by simply recognizing the inevitability of recognizing the inevitability of recognizing the inevitability of extending citizenship but sometimes extending citizenship but sometimes extending citizenship but sometimes things have to get out of hand before things have to get out of hand before things have to get out of hand before the hand finally loosens its the hand finally loosens its the hand finally loosens its grip beyond their legal reforms the graa grip beyond their legal reforms the graa grip beyond their legal reforms the graa introduced the idea of mob violence and introduced the idea of mob violence and introduced the idea of mob violence and MOB pressure to Roman MOB pressure to Roman MOB pressure to Roman politics until now the elites have been politics until now the elites have been politics until now the elites have been careful not to empower the masses or careful not to empower the masses or careful not to empower the masses or hint to them in any way that they far hint to them in any way that they far hint to them in any way that they far outnumbered their leaders and could if outnumbered their leaders and could if outnumbered their leaders and could if they wanted to get their way by sheer they wanted to get their way by sheer they wanted to get their way by sheer physical physical physical intimidation sure the early history of intimidation sure the early history of intimidation sure the early history of the Republic saw a few secession of the the Republic saw a few secession of the the Republic saw a few secession of the plebs but that was passive Civil plebs but that was passive Civil plebs but that was passive Civil Disobedience not rioting in the Disobedience not rioting in the Disobedience not rioting in the streets in the lesson of mob violence streets in the lesson of mob violence streets in the lesson of mob violence was a lesson well learned by the next was a lesson well learned by the next was a lesson well learned by the next Generations and the streets of Rome will Generations and the streets of Rome will Generations and the streets of Rome will soon run red with the blood of mobs and soon run red with the blood of mobs and soon run red with the blood of mobs and counter mobs crashing into one another counter mobs crashing into one another counter mobs crashing into one another egged on by leaders who crave power at egged on by leaders who crave power at egged on by leaders who crave power at any cost any cost any cost next week we will introduce one of those

next week we will introduce one of those next week we will introduce one of those leaders who learn the lessons of the gry leaders who learn the lessons of the gry leaders who learn the lessons of the gry all too well it will take at least two all too well it will take at least two all too well it will take at least two and possibly three episodes to cover the and possibly three episodes to cover the and possibly three episodes to cover the entire career of guas Marius but his entire career of guas Marius but his entire career of guas Marius but his career is one of the most important in career is one of the most important in career is one of the most important in the late Republic and it Bears going the late Republic and it Bears going the late Republic and it Bears going into in some detail because the mark he into in some detail because the mark he into in some detail because the mark he would leave on the Republic would soon would leave on the Republic would soon would leave on the Republic would soon come to resemble the kiss of death as come to resemble the kiss of death as come to resemble the kiss of death as Julius Caesar would follow his Julius Caesar would follow his Julius Caesar would follow his father-in-law's career to its logical father-in-law's career to its logical father-in-law's career to its logical conclusion and have himself declar conclusion and have himself declar conclusion and have himself declar dictator for life dictator for life dictator for life [Music]