01 The Greek Genesis

hello and welcome to the history of hello and welcome to the history of ancient Greece episode 1 let there be ancient Greece episode 1 let there be ancient Greece episode 1 let there be Greece the first part of this episode Greece the first part of this episode Greece the first part of this episode will be a brief introduction to the will be a brief introduction to the will be a brief introduction to the podcast Who I am what my motivation is podcast Who I am what my motivation is podcast Who I am what my motivation is for doing this and what I hope to for doing this and what I hope to for doing this and what I hope to achieve and in the second part we will achieve and in the second part we will achieve and in the second part we will describe the geography of Greece and its describe the geography of Greece and its describe the geography of Greece and its natural resources my name is ryan stit I natural resources my name is ryan stit I natural resources my name is ryan stit I am NOT a professional historian just an am NOT a professional historian just an am NOT a professional historian just an enthusiastic amateur I studied classical enthusiastic amateur I studied classical enthusiastic amateur I studied classical languages and ancient history at the languages and ancient history at the languages and ancient history at the University of Alabama as well as some University of Alabama as well as some University of Alabama as well as some postgraduate work at UCLA but for postgraduate work at UCLA but for postgraduate work at UCLA but for personal reasons I stepped away from personal reasons I stepped away from personal reasons I stepped away from academia and ultimately decided to academia and ultimately decided to academia and ultimately decided to Commission to the United States Air Commission to the United States Air Commission to the United States Air Force Force Force but being away from academia doesn't but being away from academia doesn't but being away from academia doesn't mean I love ancient history any less in mean I love ancient history any less in mean I love ancient history any less in fact it's the opposite I actually really fact it's the opposite I actually really fact it's the opposite I actually really miss it except for the exams of course I miss it except for the exams of course I miss it except for the exams of course I don't miss those don't miss those don't miss those but ever since I studied abroad in but ever since I studied abroad in but ever since I studied abroad in Greece as a bright-eyed undergraduate Greece as a bright-eyed undergraduate Greece as a bright-eyed undergraduate I've been in love with Greek culture in I've been in love with Greek culture in I've been in love with Greek culture in the ancient world in general you can the ancient world in general you can the ancient world in general you can most definitely call me a philhellene a most definitely call me a philhellene a most definitely call me a philhellene a modern-day Hadrian if you will modern-day Hadrian if you will modern-day Hadrian if you will - those imperial powers sadly I am also - those imperial powers sadly I am also - those imperial powers sadly I am also a huge fan of history podcasts and I've a huge fan of history podcasts and I've a huge fan of history podcasts and I've been listening since 2008 some of the been listening since 2008 some of the been listening since 2008 some of the ones that have influenced me or Mike ones that have influenced me or Mike ones that have influenced me or Mike Duncan's history of Rome Scotch s worse Duncan's history of Rome Scotch s worse Duncan's history of Rome Scotch s worse the ancient world the ancient world the ancient world Jamie Redferns history of series Dominic

Jamie Redferns history of series Dominic Jamie Redferns history of series Dominic Perry's Egyptian history Rob Monaco's Perry's Egyptian history Rob Monaco's Perry's Egyptian history Rob Monaco's podcasts history of our world I could go podcasts history of our world I could go podcasts history of our world I could go on and on and on but as I listen to more on and on and on but as I listen to more on and on and on but as I listen to more and more podcasts it didn't seem like and more podcasts it didn't seem like and more podcasts it didn't seem like there was much out there covering Greek there was much out there covering Greek there was much out there covering Greek history history history sure there are podcasts that deal with sure there are podcasts that deal with sure there are podcasts that deal with Greece but only from a general aspect as Greece but only from a general aspect as Greece but only from a general aspect as one cog in the machine that is Western one cog in the machine that is Western one cog in the machine that is Western civilization or world history or they civilization or world history or they civilization or world history or they deal with a particular subject or time deal with a particular subject or time deal with a particular subject or time period of Greek civilization like period of Greek civilization like period of Greek civilization like mythology or the aforementioned mythology or the aforementioned mythology or the aforementioned Alexander the Great but they left me Alexander the Great but they left me Alexander the Great but they left me wanting to know more to dig deeper into wanting to know more to dig deeper into wanting to know more to dig deeper into the details I also found absolutely the details I also found absolutely the details I also found absolutely nothing concerning Greek history after nothing concerning Greek history after nothing concerning Greek history after the death of Alexander the Great the death of Alexander the Great the death of Alexander the Great in fact most college courses and in fact most college courses and in fact most college courses and textbooks either end with his death or textbooks either end with his death or textbooks either end with his death or skip over the Hellenistic period only skip over the Hellenistic period only skip over the Hellenistic period only mentioning Greek existence in their mentioning Greek existence in their mentioning Greek existence in their relation to the Roman world but those relation to the Roman world but those relation to the Roman world but those three centuries in between are a three centuries in between are a three centuries in between are a fascinating time of transformation fascinating time of transformation fascinating time of transformation culturally and politically as Greek culturally and politically as Greek culturally and politically as Greek culture was diffused throughout the culture was diffused throughout the culture was diffused throughout the entire eastern Mediterranean so I entire eastern Mediterranean so I entire eastern Mediterranean so I figured that I would throw my hat in the figured that I would throw my hat in the figured that I would throw my hat in the proverbial ring and give the people what proverbial ring and give the people what proverbial ring and give the people what they're looking for or at least what I they're looking for or at least what I they're looking for or at least what I was looking for was looking for was looking for the podcast begins in Greece's the podcast begins in Greece's the podcast begins in Greece's mythological past explaining what the mythological past explaining what the mythological past explaining what the Greeks themselves believed the origin of Greeks themselves believed the origin of Greeks themselves believed the origin of their universe was then we delve into their universe was then we delve into their universe was then we delve into the early archaeological evidence for the early archaeological evidence for the early archaeological evidence for humans in Greece and the way the society

humans in Greece and the way the society humans in Greece and the way the society developed before the advent of writing developed before the advent of writing developed before the advent of writing over the course of our story we will over the course of our story we will over the course of our story we will cover almost 2,000 years of Greek cover almost 2,000 years of Greek cover almost 2,000 years of Greek civilization from the Bronze Age period civilization from the Bronze Age period civilization from the Bronze Age period to the Roman conquest I want to tell the to the Roman conquest I want to tell the to the Roman conquest I want to tell the long history of a fundamental long history of a fundamental long history of a fundamental civilization bringing to life the civilization bringing to life the civilization bringing to life the fascinating stories of the ancient fascinating stories of the ancient fascinating stories of the ancient sources but this is in a podcast just sources but this is in a podcast just sources but this is in a podcast just about stories and it won't just be about stories and it won't just be about stories and it won't just be political history either there too will political history either there too will political history either there too will be a big emphasis on social history that be a big emphasis on social history that be a big emphasis on social history that is how the people actually live their is how the people actually live their is how the people actually live their day-to-day lives as well as their day-to-day lives as well as their day-to-day lives as well as their culture their art architecture culture their art architecture culture their art architecture philosophy literature religion science philosophy literature religion science philosophy literature religion science and all those other awesome aspects of and all those other awesome aspects of and all those other awesome aspects of the Greek achievement this will be a the Greek achievement this will be a the Greek achievement this will be a comprehensive in-depth political social comprehensive in-depth political social comprehensive in-depth political social and cultural history of Greece so get and cultural history of Greece so get and cultural history of Greece so get excited I know I am excited I know I am excited I know I am I should note though this is my first I should note though this is my first I should note though this is my first attempt at podcasting so I welcome any attempt at podcasting so I welcome any attempt at podcasting so I welcome any and all suggestions the podcast and all suggestions the podcast and all suggestions the podcast hopefully will be released every week hopefully will be released every week hopefully will be released every week probably closer to the weekend if there probably closer to the weekend if there probably closer to the weekend if there will be delays I'll let you know the will be delays I'll let you know the will be delays I'll let you know the information and materials used to information and materials used to information and materials used to generate this podcast will come from a generate this podcast will come from a generate this podcast will come from a wide variety of sources both primary and wide variety of sources both primary and wide variety of sources both primary and secondary and those will be listed on secondary and those will be listed on secondary and those will be listed on the companion website at the history of the companion website at the history of the companion website at the history of ancient Greece calm we're also post ancient Greece calm we're also post ancient Greece calm we're also post pictures maps and other information to pictures maps and other information to pictures maps and other information to supplement the podcast so let's get supplement the podcast so let's get supplement the podcast so let's get started out of all of the many great

started out of all of the many great started out of all of the many great civilizations in the ancient world what civilizations in the ancient world what civilizations in the ancient world what was it that made the Greeks so special was it that made the Greeks so special was it that made the Greeks so special and why are we millennia later so and why are we millennia later so and why are we millennia later so radically linked to them well those are radically linked to them well those are radically linked to them well those are some of the very important questions we some of the very important questions we some of the very important questions we must keep in mind during the extent of must keep in mind during the extent of must keep in mind during the extent of this podcast in the Western world we this podcast in the Western world we this podcast in the Western world we can't possibly understand our society if can't possibly understand our society if can't possibly understand our society if we don't understand its Greek origins we don't understand its Greek origins we don't understand its Greek origins and how it developed as there's a great and how it developed as there's a great and how it developed as there's a great deal of continuity from ancient Greece deal of continuity from ancient Greece deal of continuity from ancient Greece to the modern world Greece was the to the modern world Greece was the to the modern world Greece was the cornerstone of Western civilization but cornerstone of Western civilization but cornerstone of Western civilization but the question is how did this all come the question is how did this all come the question is how did this all come about before we begin however we must about before we begin however we must about before we begin however we must first describe the geography and first describe the geography and first describe the geography and resources of Greece because we cannot resources of Greece because we cannot resources of Greece because we cannot effectively understand the history of effectively understand the history of effectively understand the history of Greece Greece Greece without first examining the land of without first examining the land of without first examining the land of Greece itself because their physical Greece itself because their physical Greece itself because their physical environment was a major factor in their environment was a major factor in their environment was a major factor in their historical development but first it's historical development but first it's historical development but first it's very important to realize that when we very important to realize that when we very important to realize that when we make mention of Greece or the Greeks for make mention of Greece or the Greeks for make mention of Greece or the Greeks for that matter that matter that matter that there was not a Greek nation as in that there was not a Greek nation as in that there was not a Greek nation as in the modern sense of the word the region the modern sense of the word the region the modern sense of the word the region that is now known as Greece was made up that is now known as Greece was made up that is now known as Greece was made up of several individual autonomous states of several individual autonomous states of several individual autonomous states they all had a great deal in common like they all had a great deal in common like they all had a great deal in common like language and religion but it took language and religion but it took language and religion but it took external threats for them to come external threats for them to come external threats for them to come together and forge any sort of singular together and forge any sort of singular together and forge any sort of singular entity these instances were rare and entity these instances were rare and entity these instances were rare and short-lived however secondly they did short-lived however secondly they did short-lived however secondly they did not call themselves Greeks that is the not call themselves Greeks that is the not call themselves Greeks that is the Latin name given to them by the Romans Latin name given to them by the Romans Latin name given to them by the Romans the Greeks call themselves helene z' and

the Greeks call themselves helene z' and the Greeks call themselves helene z' and their country is known as Hellas as it their country is known as Hellas as it their country is known as Hellas as it is still today is still today is still today to eliminate any confusion I'll be to eliminate any confusion I'll be to eliminate any confusion I'll be calling the land of Greece and its calling the land of Greece and its calling the land of Greece and its inhabitants Greek once Greek speaking inhabitants Greek once Greek speaking inhabitants Greek once Greek speaking people's actually arrived in Greece that people's actually arrived in Greece that people's actually arrived in Greece that is but I'm getting ahead of myself more is but I'm getting ahead of myself more is but I'm getting ahead of myself more on that later now under geography when on that later now under geography when on that later now under geography when you look at a map of Europe there are you look at a map of Europe there are you look at a map of Europe there are three massive southern promontory three massive southern promontory three massive southern promontory the Iberian Peninsula is in the West the the Iberian Peninsula is in the West the the Iberian Peninsula is in the West the Italian peninsula is in the center and Italian peninsula is in the center and Italian peninsula is in the center and Greece is situated on the southern Greece is situated on the southern Greece is situated on the southern portion of the Balkan Peninsula which portion of the Balkan Peninsula which portion of the Balkan Peninsula which juts deep into the eastern Mediterranean juts deep into the eastern Mediterranean juts deep into the eastern Mediterranean Sea at the crossroads of Europe Asia and Sea at the crossroads of Europe Asia and Sea at the crossroads of Europe Asia and Africa Greece is made up of a large Africa Greece is made up of a large Africa Greece is made up of a large mainland and two additional smaller mainland and two additional smaller mainland and two additional smaller peninsulas the Halkidiki in the peninsulas the Halkidiki in the peninsulas the Halkidiki in the Northeast and the Peloponnese in the Northeast and the Peloponnese in the Northeast and the Peloponnese in the southwest which is separated from the southwest which is separated from the southwest which is separated from the mainland by the Isthmus of Corinth but mainland by the Isthmus of Corinth but mainland by the Isthmus of Corinth but the Greeks inhabited an area far beyond the Greeks inhabited an area far beyond the Greeks inhabited an area far beyond the mainland the various islands to the the mainland the various islands to the the mainland the various islands to the west in the Ionian Sea and East in the west in the Ionian Sea and East in the west in the Ionian Sea and East in the Aegean Sea as well as the large islands Aegean Sea as well as the large islands Aegean Sea as well as the large islands of Crete and Rhodes to the far south of Crete and Rhodes to the far south of Crete and Rhodes to the far south were all Greek islands from the earliest were all Greek islands from the earliest were all Greek islands from the earliest times for reasons that will be laid out times for reasons that will be laid out times for reasons that will be laid out later in this podcast the western coast later in this podcast the western coast later in this podcast the western coast of Asia Minor or modern-day Turkey of Asia Minor or modern-day Turkey of Asia Minor or modern-day Turkey which is also called Anatolia will which is also called Anatolia will which is also called Anatolia will become full of Greeks too and even become full of Greeks too and even become full of Greeks too and even further down the road Greeks would further down the road Greeks would further down the road Greeks would colonize various outpost on Cyprus

colonize various outpost on Cyprus colonize various outpost on Cyprus northern Africa southern France the northern Africa southern France the northern Africa southern France the Black Sea and in southern Italy and Black Sea and in southern Italy and Black Sea and in southern Italy and Sicily an area that was referred to by Sicily an area that was referred to by Sicily an area that was referred to by the Romans as Magna Grecia or Greater the Romans as Magna Grecia or Greater the Romans as Magna Grecia or Greater Greece because many famous and Greece because many famous and Greece because many famous and prosperous Greek cities had emerged prosperous Greek cities had emerged prosperous Greek cities had emerged there we will go in further detail about there we will go in further detail about there we will go in further detail about all of this later all of this later all of this later for now though Greece equals the for now though Greece equals the for now though Greece equals the mainland and the Ionian and Aegean Seas mainland and the Ionian and Aegean Seas mainland and the Ionian and Aegean Seas a big reason that the Greeks didn't a big reason that the Greeks didn't a big reason that the Greeks didn't unite into one political entity lies in unite into one political entity lies in unite into one political entity lies in the fact that almost 80% of their land the fact that almost 80% of their land the fact that almost 80% of their land is mountainous and so they were often is mountainous and so they were often is mountainous and so they were often isolated from one another there's also isolated from one another there's also isolated from one another there's also thousands of little islands inhabited by thousands of little islands inhabited by thousands of little islands inhabited by the Greeks that made complete unity at the Greeks that made complete unity at the Greeks that made complete unity at all tasks still military alliances were all tasks still military alliances were all tasks still military alliances were formed when dire situations called for formed when dire situations called for formed when dire situations called for it it it furthermore only about 20% of Greece's furthermore only about 20% of Greece's furthermore only about 20% of Greece's land is considered good farmland most of land is considered good farmland most of land is considered good farmland most of which was in Thessaly in the Northeast which was in Thessaly in the Northeast which was in Thessaly in the Northeast and Messenia in the southwest in the and Messenia in the southwest in the and Messenia in the southwest in the highlands the soil is thin and in Attica highlands the soil is thin and in Attica highlands the soil is thin and in Attica the region where Athens is located the the region where Athens is located the the region where Athens is located the soil is clay which is not great for soil is clay which is not great for soil is clay which is not great for growing food but would later be a boon growing food but would later be a boon growing food but would later be a boon for the pottery industry the Pindus for the pottery industry the Pindus for the pottery industry the Pindus mountain range lies across the heart of mountain range lies across the heart of mountain range lies across the heart of Greece in a northwest to southeast Greece in a northwest to southeast Greece in a northwest to southeast direction the olympus mountain range direction the olympus mountain range direction the olympus mountain range divides Thessaly with macedonia in its divides Thessaly with macedonia in its divides Thessaly with macedonia in its most famous mountain where the gods most famous mountain where the gods most famous mountain where the gods lived Mount Olympus is the highest point lived Mount Olympus is the highest point lived Mount Olympus is the highest point in Greece at 2900 metres the mountains in Greece at 2900 metres the mountains in Greece at 2900 metres the mountains were originally more wooded than they were originally more wooded than they were originally more wooded than they are now with cedar Cypress and pine to

are now with cedar Cypress and pine to are now with cedar Cypress and pine to supply timber for buildings and ships as supply timber for buildings and ships as supply timber for buildings and ships as time went on however forest became time went on however forest became time went on however forest became depleted in the more popular regions depleted in the more popular regions depleted in the more popular regions thus needed to import timber central and thus needed to import timber central and thus needed to import timber central and western greece contained many high and western greece contained many high and western greece contained many high and steep peaks intersected by many canyons steep peaks intersected by many canyons steep peaks intersected by many canyons and gorges including meteora and and gorges including meteora and and gorges including meteora and veikkaus gorge the latter being one of veikkaus gorge the latter being one of veikkaus gorge the latter being one of the largest in the world and more than the largest in the world and more than the largest in the world and more than 1,100 meters 1,100 meters 1,100 meters the many mountains and hills and the the many mountains and hills and the the many mountains and hills and the scarcity of roads good enough for scarcity of roads good enough for scarcity of roads good enough for wheeled vehicles men overland travel was wheeled vehicles men overland travel was wheeled vehicles men overland travel was difficult so when the greeks wish to difficult so when the greeks wish to difficult so when the greeks wish to trade to make military expeditions or trade to make military expeditions or trade to make military expeditions or simply to communicate with other greeks simply to communicate with other greeks simply to communicate with other greeks by far the easiest way to travel was by by far the easiest way to travel was by by far the easiest way to travel was by sea the rugged coastline of the mainland sea the rugged coastline of the mainland sea the rugged coastline of the mainland is very long roughly 8,500 miles and is very long roughly 8,500 miles and is very long roughly 8,500 miles and offers relatively few good harbors but offers relatively few good harbors but offers relatively few good harbors but their ships didn't have to sail far away their ships didn't have to sail far away their ships didn't have to sail far away from the coast in fact it was unusual from the coast in fact it was unusual from the coast in fact it was unusual for the greeks to be out of sight of for the greeks to be out of sight of for the greeks to be out of sight of land in the aegean sea where there are land in the aegean sea where there are land in the aegean sea where there are more than 2,000 islands they could more than 2,000 islands they could more than 2,000 islands they could effectively Island hop across the sea effectively Island hop across the sea effectively Island hop across the sea furthermore the narrow aegean sea tied furthermore the narrow aegean sea tied furthermore the narrow aegean sea tied the greeks to the Near East in Egypt the greeks to the Near East in Egypt the greeks to the Near East in Egypt commercially and culturally with the commercially and culturally with the commercially and culturally with the exception of marble and clay Greece is exception of marble and clay Greece is exception of marble and clay Greece is not well endowed with raw materials and not well endowed with raw materials and not well endowed with raw materials and so the need to trade especially for so the need to trade especially for so the need to trade especially for bronze destined the Greeks very early in bronze destined the Greeks very early in bronze destined the Greeks very early in their history to take to the sea and their history to take to the sea and their history to take to the sea and mingle with the peoples from the older mingle with the peoples from the older mingle with the peoples from the older civilizations to their south and east civilizations to their south and east civilizations to their south and east from which they learn new technologies

from which they learn new technologies from which they learn new technologies religious ideas and so forth religious ideas and so forth religious ideas and so forth the gulf of corinth almost cuts Greece the gulf of corinth almost cuts Greece the gulf of corinth almost cuts Greece and to except for the very narrow strip and to except for the very narrow strip and to except for the very narrow strip of land called the Isthmus of Corinth of land called the Isthmus of Corinth of land called the Isthmus of Corinth although the Corinthians built a paver although the Corinthians built a paver although the Corinthians built a paver roadway across the Isthmus with grooves roadway across the Isthmus with grooves roadway across the Isthmus with grooves for wheels on which ships could be for wheels on which ships could be for wheels on which ships could be transported it was usually necessary for transported it was usually necessary for transported it was usually necessary for travelers to and from the west side of travelers to and from the west side of travelers to and from the west side of Greece to make the long voyage around Greece to make the long voyage around Greece to make the long voyage around the Peloponnese this was one of the the Peloponnese this was one of the the Peloponnese this was one of the reasons why those who lived in the reasons why those who lived in the reasons why those who lived in the solidly mountainous areas of solidly mountainous areas of solidly mountainous areas of northwestern Greece will rather cut off northwestern Greece will rather cut off northwestern Greece will rather cut off from the other more advanced regions from the other more advanced regions from the other more advanced regions nowadays there is a canal cut through nowadays there is a canal cut through nowadays there is a canal cut through the rock of the isthmus the rock of the isthmus the rock of the isthmus the weather in Greece is semi-arid or the weather in Greece is semi-arid or the weather in Greece is semi-arid or what is known as Mediterranean with long what is known as Mediterranean with long what is known as Mediterranean with long hot dry summers and short mild but wet hot dry summers and short mild but wet hot dry summers and short mild but wet winters when most of the rainfalls this winters when most of the rainfalls this winters when most of the rainfalls this varies between regions of course varies between regions of course varies between regions of course northern Greece was a more temperate northern Greece was a more temperate northern Greece was a more temperate climate with much colder and much wetter climate with much colder and much wetter climate with much colder and much wetter winters in the south more rain falls in winters in the south more rain falls in winters in the south more rain falls in the West and the East while the Aegean the West and the East while the Aegean the West and the East while the Aegean islands receive even less temperatures islands receive even less temperatures islands receive even less temperatures rarely reach extremes those snowfalls do rarely reach extremes those snowfalls do rarely reach extremes those snowfalls do occur in the mountaintops the generally occur in the mountaintops the generally occur in the mountaintops the generally mild weather permitted outdoor activity mild weather permitted outdoor activity mild weather permitted outdoor activity for most of the year there is a good for most of the year there is a good for most of the year there is a good deal of wind in particular the northwest deal of wind in particular the northwest deal of wind in particular the northwest wind that blows across the Aegean in the wind that blows across the Aegean in the wind that blows across the Aegean in the summer so regularly that the Greeks summer so regularly that the Greeks summer so regularly that the Greeks called it the ateva or annual wind the called it the ateva or annual wind the called it the ateva or annual wind the winds from the sea can make the climate winds from the sea can make the climate winds from the sea can make the climate more agreeable on the coast than the

more agreeable on the coast than the more agreeable on the coast than the plains inland which are hemmed in by plains inland which are hemmed in by plains inland which are hemmed in by mountains and can be unpleasantly hot mountains and can be unpleasantly hot mountains and can be unpleasantly hot the winds though can make the sea very the winds though can make the sea very the winds though can make the sea very dangerous the mountains are cut by many dangerous the mountains are cut by many dangerous the mountains are cut by many ravines and narrow valleys but the ravines and narrow valleys but the ravines and narrow valleys but the rivers and streams often only flow in rivers and streams often only flow in rivers and streams often only flow in the winter or after storms meaning most the winter or after storms meaning most the winter or after storms meaning most of the time they are dried up and since of the time they are dried up and since of the time they are dried up and since there are very few lakes ponds and there are very few lakes ponds and there are very few lakes ponds and springs in Greece farming dependent on springs in Greece farming dependent on springs in Greece farming dependent on the limited annual rainfall drought was the limited annual rainfall drought was the limited annual rainfall drought was a constant threat a dry winter meant a a constant threat a dry winter meant a a constant threat a dry winter meant a lean year and a prolonged drought meant lean year and a prolonged drought meant lean year and a prolonged drought meant hunger and poverty for an entire village hunger and poverty for an entire village hunger and poverty for an entire village torrential rainstorms on the other hand torrential rainstorms on the other hand torrential rainstorms on the other hand could send water rushing down the could send water rushing down the could send water rushing down the mountain sides flooding the fields and mountain sides flooding the fields and mountain sides flooding the fields and destroying the crops life on the sea was destroying the crops life on the sea was destroying the crops life on the sea was equally unpredictable as violent storms equally unpredictable as violent storms equally unpredictable as violent storms correct ships considering the extent to correct ships considering the extent to correct ships considering the extent to which the Greeks were at the mercy of which the Greeks were at the mercy of which the Greeks were at the mercy of the land sky and sea it is no wonder the land sky and sea it is no wonder the land sky and sea it is no wonder that the gods they worshipped or that the gods they worshipped or that the gods they worshipped or personifications the elements and forces personifications the elements and forces personifications the elements and forces of nature of nature of nature now I want to touch on briefly the food now I want to touch on briefly the food now I want to touch on briefly the food resources that Greece provides I plan on resources that Greece provides I plan on resources that Greece provides I plan on doing an entire episode on ancient Greek doing an entire episode on ancient Greek doing an entire episode on ancient Greek cuisine later so we will dive in a cuisine later so we will dive in a cuisine later so we will dive in a greater detail when we look into the greater detail when we look into the greater detail when we look into the everyday lives of the Greeks but for now everyday lives of the Greeks but for now everyday lives of the Greeks but for now we'll just discuss what is grown and we'll just discuss what is grown and we'll just discuss what is grown and kept on most small sized family farms kept on most small sized family farms kept on most small sized family farms Greek soil and climate support at what Greek soil and climate support at what Greek soil and climate support at what is known as the Mediterranean triad is known as the Mediterranean triad is known as the Mediterranean triad grain grapes and olives which become grain grapes and olives which become grain grapes and olives which become bread wine and olive oil respectively bread wine and olive oil respectively bread wine and olive oil respectively and are still the staples of the modern and are still the staples of the modern and are still the staples of the modern Greek diet the primary grains are wheat

Greek diet the primary grains are wheat Greek diet the primary grains are wheat barley and oats but barley was most barley and oats but barley was most barley and oats but barley was most prevalent as Greece's generally poor prevalent as Greece's generally poor prevalent as Greece's generally poor land was not as rich for the tastier land was not as rich for the tastier land was not as rich for the tastier wheat to flourish in addition various wheat to flourish in addition various wheat to flourish in addition various beans vegetables fruits and nuts were beans vegetables fruits and nuts were beans vegetables fruits and nuts were also grown the consumption of meat was also grown the consumption of meat was also grown the consumption of meat was very rare his most could not afford the very rare his most could not afford the very rare his most could not afford the luxury but the Greeks were fond of fish luxury but the Greeks were fond of fish luxury but the Greeks were fond of fish cheese was also consumed but the Greece cheese was also consumed but the Greece cheese was also consumed but the Greece did not eat butter did not eat butter did not eat butter they thought it was barbaric and they they thought it was barbaric and they they thought it was barbaric and they drank very little milk instead they drank very little milk instead they drank very little milk instead they drank water or my personal favorite wine drank water or my personal favorite wine drank water or my personal favorite wine the wine was diluted with water of the wine was diluted with water of the wine was diluted with water of course the Greeks believed in moderation course the Greeks believed in moderation course the Greeks believed in moderation not inebriation unless you were at a not inebriation unless you were at a not inebriation unless you were at a religious festival or symposium there'll religious festival or symposium there'll religious festival or symposium there'll be more on that later olive trees don't be more on that later olive trees don't be more on that later olive trees don't require too much tending they yield one require too much tending they yield one require too much tending they yield one year off one year one and they survive year off one year one and they survive year off one year one and they survive for hundreds of years the olive was for hundreds of years the olive was for hundreds of years the olive was extremely important for the ancient extremely important for the ancient extremely important for the ancient Greeks in myth it was Athena's gift of Greeks in myth it was Athena's gift of Greeks in myth it was Athena's gift of the olive tree to the Athenians that won the olive tree to the Athenians that won the olive tree to the Athenians that won her the position as their patron deity her the position as their patron deity her the position as their patron deity in addition to tasting great with bread in addition to tasting great with bread in addition to tasting great with bread olive oil could be used for baby olive oil could be used for baby olive oil could be used for baby purposes as fuel for lamps and a base purposes as fuel for lamps and a base purposes as fuel for lamps and a base for perfumes various spices were used to for perfumes various spices were used to for perfumes various spices were used to enhance the flavour of food particularly enhance the flavour of food particularly enhance the flavour of food particularly honey for sweetening as a substitute for honey for sweetening as a substitute for honey for sweetening as a substitute for sugar this led to a good deal of sugar this led to a good deal of sugar this led to a good deal of beekeeping beekeeping beekeeping there was not enough pasture land to there was not enough pasture land to there was not enough pasture land to keep many horses and cattle as they keep many horses and cattle as they keep many horses and cattle as they needed to graze and the Greeks couldn't needed to graze and the Greeks couldn't needed to graze and the Greeks couldn't afford to waste such precious land since

afford to waste such precious land since afford to waste such precious land since they were such costly luxuries owning they were such costly luxuries owning they were such costly luxuries owning cattle or horses was a status symbol for cattle or horses was a status symbol for cattle or horses was a status symbol for the rich cattle was used for their meat the rich cattle was used for their meat the rich cattle was used for their meat and hides horses were the most expensive and hides horses were the most expensive and hides horses were the most expensive to maintain and we're really only useful to maintain and we're really only useful to maintain and we're really only useful for riding and pulling light chariots for riding and pulling light chariots for riding and pulling light chariots however sheep and goats could graze on however sheep and goats could graze on however sheep and goats could graze on mountainous lands that could not be mountainous lands that could not be mountainous lands that could not be farmed and so they fit well into the farmed and so they fit well into the farmed and so they fit well into the agricultural framework of Greece as agricultural framework of Greece as agricultural framework of Greece as suppliers of wool cheese meat and skins suppliers of wool cheese meat and skins suppliers of wool cheese meat and skins they hold great economic importance oxen they hold great economic importance oxen they hold great economic importance oxen though were essential for plowing and though were essential for plowing and though were essential for plowing and pulling heavy loads and mule and donkeys pulling heavy loads and mule and donkeys pulling heavy loads and mule and donkeys were used for transportation a farmer were used for transportation a farmer were used for transportation a farmer who did not have an oxen would have been who did not have an oxen would have been who did not have an oxen would have been considered poor it was that essential considered poor it was that essential considered poor it was that essential ancient Greece was essentially a land of ancient Greece was essentially a land of ancient Greece was essentially a land of small farmers it has been estimated that small farmers it has been estimated that small farmers it has been estimated that even during their peak population in the even during their peak population in the even during their peak population in the Classical period that up to 90% of Classical period that up to 90% of Classical period that up to 90% of citizens were engaged in agriculture citizens were engaged in agriculture citizens were engaged in agriculture one of the major unifying forces within one of the major unifying forces within one of the major unifying forces within Greece was these farmers devotion to Greece was these farmers devotion to Greece was these farmers devotion to their small agricultural plane and its their small agricultural plane and its their small agricultural plane and its surrounding hillsides and their surrounding hillsides and their surrounding hillsides and their willingness to die defending it and the willingness to die defending it and the willingness to die defending it and the primary dis unifying force was the primary dis unifying force was the primary dis unifying force was the perpetual tension between those who had perpetual tension between those who had perpetual tension between those who had much land and those who had little or much land and those who had little or much land and those who had little or none none none this social class tension would lead to this social class tension would lead to this social class tension would lead to all sorts of problems down the road on all sorts of problems down the road on all sorts of problems down the road on the next episode we will begin our the next episode we will begin our the next episode we will begin our historical narrative or at least what historical narrative or at least what historical narrative or at least what the Greeks thought their narrative was the Greeks thought their narrative was the Greeks thought their narrative was as we take a look at the Greek creation as we take a look at the Greek creation as we take a look at the Greek creation story so tune in next time to the

story so tune in next time to the story so tune in next time to the history of ancient Greece episode 2 the history of ancient Greece episode 2 the history of ancient Greece episode 2 the Greek Genesis [Music] [Music] hello and welcome back to the history of hello and welcome back to the history of hello and welcome back to the history of ancient Greece episode 2 the Greek ancient Greece episode 2 the Greek ancient Greece episode 2 the Greek Genesis every culture has miss but those Genesis every culture has miss but those Genesis every culture has miss but those of the Greeks come down to us in great of the Greeks come down to us in great of the Greeks come down to us in great detail and underlie Western culture detail and underlie Western culture detail and underlie Western culture quite a bit myth has come to be quite a bit myth has come to be quite a bit myth has come to be synonymous with something fictitious but synonymous with something fictitious but synonymous with something fictitious but in its most basic sense a muchos or myth in its most basic sense a muchos or myth in its most basic sense a muchos or myth it's a traditional story handed down

it's a traditional story handed down it's a traditional story handed down orally through generations the stories orally through generations the stories orally through generations the stories aren't trying to be true or false aren't trying to be true or false aren't trying to be true or false they're just saying something about the they're just saying something about the they're just saying something about the human experience before the development human experience before the development human experience before the development of the scientific method and of the scientific method and of the scientific method and philosophical thought myths remain kinds philosophical thought myths remain kinds philosophical thought myths remain kinds way of explaining their origin and then way of explaining their origin and then way of explaining their origin and then natural phenomena that occurred around natural phenomena that occurred around natural phenomena that occurred around them every culture has their own them every culture has their own them every culture has their own creation story but the Greek version creation story but the Greek version creation story but the Greek version speaks to a much broader audience and speaks to a much broader audience and speaks to a much broader audience and tells us about the culture that produced tells us about the culture that produced tells us about the culture that produced it more so than their views on creation it more so than their views on creation it more so than their views on creation itself the Greek creation story written itself the Greek creation story written itself the Greek creation story written by Hesiod tell us how the world by Hesiod tell us how the world by Hesiod tell us how the world developed from chaos to an ordered developed from chaos to an ordered developed from chaos to an ordered structure controlled by the Olympian structure controlled by the Olympian structure controlled by the Olympian gods he seats the agony was one of the gods he seats the agony was one of the gods he seats the agony was one of the earliest works of Greek literature earliest works of Greek literature earliest works of Greek literature written around 750 BC second only to written around 750 BC second only to written around 750 BC second only to Homer the agony comes from the Homer the agony comes from the Homer the agony comes from the combination of the Greek word Theo's combination of the Greek word Theo's combination of the Greek word Theo's meaning God and the root Ogoni meaning God and the root Ogoni meaning God and the root Ogoni meaning birth of thus Theogony refers to meaning birth of thus Theogony refers to meaning birth of thus Theogony refers to the birth of the gods the birth of the gods the birth of the gods creation began with chaos a shapeless creation began with chaos a shapeless creation began with chaos a shapeless blurred material from which came the blurred material from which came the blurred material from which came the wide bosom Gaia her mother earth a rebus wide bosom Gaia her mother earth a rebus wide bosom Gaia her mother earth a rebus or darkness and NYX or night it does not or darkness and NYX or night it does not or darkness and NYX or night it does not say that how exactly these came from say that how exactly these came from say that how exactly these came from chaos though but nonetheless they did chaos though but nonetheless they did chaos though but nonetheless they did when he see it describes the creation when he see it describes the creation when he see it describes the creation story he divided things into opposites story he divided things into opposites story he divided things into opposites not polar opposites there are still not polar opposites there are still not polar opposites there are still interconnections because opposites interconnections because opposites interconnections because opposites always come together at some point always come together at some point always come together at some point for example chaos means gaping a hole of for example chaos means gaping a hole of for example chaos means gaping a hole of nothingness in greek like a chasm or nothingness in greek like a chasm or nothingness in greek like a chasm or bottomless pit while guy is just the bottomless pit while guy is just the bottomless pit while guy is just the opposite being solid matter yet chaos

opposite being solid matter yet chaos opposite being solid matter yet chaos produces in produces in produces in substantial beans like night in darkness substantial beans like night in darkness substantial beans like night in darkness without her so he holds on the son of without her so he holds on the son of without her so he holds on the son of Gaia who similarly has a mega chasm Gaia who similarly has a mega chasm Gaia who similarly has a mega chasm inside of her called Tartarus inside of her called Tartarus inside of her called Tartarus likewise night in darkness bare aether likewise night in darkness bare aether likewise night in darkness bare aether or light and himera day they overlap or light and himera day they overlap or light and himera day they overlap every dawn and sunset when night turns every dawn and sunset when night turns every dawn and sunset when night turns into day and vice versa so they aren't into day and vice versa so they aren't into day and vice versa so they aren't complete opposites from each other night complete opposites from each other night complete opposites from each other night in darkness also produces slew of other in darkness also produces slew of other in darkness also produces slew of other pre mortal deities pre mortal deities pre mortal deities during these three generations whole during these three generations whole during these three generations whole Pantheon was born it's not a simple same Pantheon was born it's not a simple same Pantheon was born it's not a simple same one generation begot the other and so one generation begot the other and so one generation begot the other and so forth because they all hook up with each forth because they all hook up with each forth because they all hook up with each other the genealogy of all these gods other the genealogy of all these gods other the genealogy of all these gods and goddesses is all very complicated and goddesses is all very complicated and goddesses is all very complicated and not necessarily important to our and not necessarily important to our and not necessarily important to our story so instead of rattling them off I story so instead of rattling them off I story so instead of rattling them off I will simply speak about the pertinent will simply speak about the pertinent will simply speak about the pertinent ones and also post the genealogical ones and also post the genealogical ones and also post the genealogical chart on the website detailing who chart on the website detailing who chart on the website detailing who mingled with whom and who begat whom for mingled with whom and who begat whom for mingled with whom and who begat whom for those interested in the others anyway those interested in the others anyway those interested in the others anyway Gaia who possesses a birth giving power Gaia who possesses a birth giving power Gaia who possesses a birth giving power on her own right bears or eNOS the sky on her own right bears or eNOS the sky on her own right bears or eNOS the sky in Pontus the sea which represent the in Pontus the sea which represent the in Pontus the sea which represent the two dominant natural forces of the world two dominant natural forces of the world two dominant natural forces of the world or enosis and Gaia represented the male or enosis and Gaia represented the male or enosis and Gaia represented the male and female forces of the universe and and female forces of the universe and and female forces of the universe and ruled the first generation of gods ruled the first generation of gods ruled the first generation of gods they're not only places but act as they're not only places but act as they're not only places but act as deities who can move around deities who can move around deities who can move around for instance guy was the earth but could for instance guy was the earth but could for instance guy was the earth but could walk around on the earth to the heavy walk around on the earth to the heavy walk around on the earth to the heavy misty sky would lie over Gaia and rain misty sky would lie over Gaia and rain misty sky would lie over Gaia and rain producing monstrous children yes you producing monstrous children yes you producing monstrous children yes you heard that right heard that right heard that right hora nose would sprinkle his seat over

hora nose would sprinkle his seat over hora nose would sprinkle his seat over his mother guy and produce children his mother guy and produce children his mother guy and produce children hey it's Greek mythology after all hey it's Greek mythology after all hey it's Greek mythology after all anyways they produced three one-eyed anyways they produced three one-eyed anyways they produced three one-eyed Cyclopes three Hecate on Kairos or the Cyclopes three Hecate on Kairos or the Cyclopes three Hecate on Kairos or the hundred handed ones and twelve Titans hundred handed ones and twelve Titans hundred handed ones and twelve Titans six male and six female who represented six male and six female who represented six male and six female who represented the tumultuous forces of the universe the tumultuous forces of the universe the tumultuous forces of the universe these children are so frightening that these children are so frightening that these children are so frightening that every time one tried to come out of the every time one tried to come out of the every time one tried to come out of the birth canal or nose was terrified and birth canal or nose was terrified and birth canal or nose was terrified and shoved them back into the belly of shoved them back into the belly of shoved them back into the belly of Mother Earth pretty soon Gaea had a womb Mother Earth pretty soon Gaea had a womb Mother Earth pretty soon Gaea had a womb full of huge children she grew extremely full of huge children she grew extremely full of huge children she grew extremely upset and devised a crafty plan to get upset and devised a crafty plan to get upset and devised a crafty plan to get revenge she goes down into her belly to revenge she goes down into her belly to revenge she goes down into her belly to seek help but only one of the Titans the seek help but only one of the Titans the seek help but only one of the Titans the youngest Cronus step 4 youngest Cronus step 4 youngest Cronus step 4 or as he's instructed Ranas takes a sit or as he's instructed Ranas takes a sit or as he's instructed Ranas takes a sit and waits in a meadow where or no sand and waits in a meadow where or no sand and waits in a meadow where or no sand gaya make love daily as Laura knows gaya make love daily as Laura knows gaya make love daily as Laura knows approached fully extended for lovemaking approached fully extended for lovemaking approached fully extended for lovemaking Chronos jumps out from the bushes and Chronos jumps out from the bushes and Chronos jumps out from the bushes and calf straights his father demand and calf straights his father demand and calf straights his father demand and wound it or notice withdrawals but he wound it or notice withdrawals but he wound it or notice withdrawals but he utters a curse of Chronos saying that utters a curse of Chronos saying that utters a curse of Chronos saying that the same will happen to him one day with the same will happen to him one day with the same will happen to him one day with his own children this myth represents his own children this myth represents his own children this myth represents the separation of earth and sky so that the separation of earth and sky so that the separation of earth and sky so that the earth could be fruitful when hora the earth could be fruitful when hora the earth could be fruitful when hora nose was castrated several very opposite nose was castrated several very opposite nose was castrated several very opposite creatures were born from the mixture of creatures were born from the mixture of creatures were born from the mixture of his genitals and sea foam when it fell his genitals and sea foam when it fell his genitals and sea foam when it fell into the sea into the sea into the sea Aphrodite springs forth she represents Aphrodite springs forth she represents Aphrodite springs forth she represents lust sexuality and beauty from the blood lust sexuality and beauty from the blood lust sexuality and beauty from the blood that dripped from the genitals and fell

that dripped from the genitals and fell that dripped from the genitals and fell to the earth sprang forth the Erinyes to the earth sprang forth the Erinyes to the earth sprang forth the Erinyes were the Furies the Furies were were the Furies the Furies were were the Furies the Furies were horrendously ugly with dog faces snaky horrendously ugly with dog faces snaky horrendously ugly with dog faces snaky hair bloodshot eyes and fangs and their hair bloodshot eyes and fangs and their hair bloodshot eyes and fangs and their job was to take revenge on murderers of job was to take revenge on murderers of job was to take revenge on murderers of family members by hounding them down and family members by hounding them down and family members by hounding them down and ripping them apart ripping them apart ripping them apart Aphrodite controls the passion of love Aphrodite controls the passion of love Aphrodite controls the passion of love and the Furies control the passion of and the Furies control the passion of and the Furies control the passion of hate but both are devouring emotions hate but both are devouring emotions hate but both are devouring emotions that can happen within the same person that can happen within the same person that can happen within the same person the Furies goals are to protect family the Furies goals are to protect family the Furies goals are to protect family members marriage and love but Aphrodite members marriage and love but Aphrodite members marriage and love but Aphrodite causes more trouble than any other causes more trouble than any other causes more trouble than any other divinity breaking up families by divinity breaking up families by divinity breaking up families by creating ugly things such as affairs so creating ugly things such as affairs so creating ugly things such as affairs so in a sense vengeful passion is not so in a sense vengeful passion is not so in a sense vengeful passion is not so different from criminal passion Kronos different from criminal passion Kronos different from criminal passion Kronos marries his sister Raya and becomes the marries his sister Raya and becomes the marries his sister Raya and becomes the head of the second generation of the head of the second generation of the head of the second generation of the gods the Titans gods the Titans gods the Titans however Cronus is ruthless - and he however Cronus is ruthless - and he however Cronus is ruthless - and he doesn't allow the Cyclopes in the doesn't allow the Cyclopes in the doesn't allow the Cyclopes in the Hecate's on kairi's out of the earth Hecate's on kairi's out of the earth Hecate's on kairi's out of the earth Rhea becomes the new mother earth Rhea becomes the new mother earth Rhea becomes the new mother earth goddess while Gaia fades away to some goddess while Gaia fades away to some goddess while Gaia fades away to some secondary role Cronus and Rhea had three secondary role Cronus and Rhea had three secondary role Cronus and Rhea had three daughters daughters daughters Hestia Demeter and Hera and three sons Hestia Demeter and Hera and three sons Hestia Demeter and Hera and three sons Hades Poseidon and Zeus like his father Hades Poseidon and Zeus like his father Hades Poseidon and Zeus like his father though Kronos feared his own children though Kronos feared his own children though Kronos feared his own children because Kronos had cursed him and said because Kronos had cursed him and said because Kronos had cursed him and said that he too would be overthrown by one that he too would be overthrown by one that he too would be overthrown by one of his offspring so every time Raya gave of his offspring so every time Raya gave of his offspring so every time Raya gave birth birth birth wrap the baby in swaddling clothes and wrap the baby in swaddling clothes and wrap the baby in swaddling clothes and present it to Chronos and Chronos present it to Chronos and Chronos present it to Chronos and Chronos remembering the curse and being afraid

remembering the curse and being afraid remembering the curse and being afraid swallows his own children one after swallows his own children one after swallows his own children one after another believing that they couldn't another believing that they couldn't another believing that they couldn't overthrow him from within his own belly overthrow him from within his own belly overthrow him from within his own belly finally Raya grew tired of the situation finally Raya grew tired of the situation finally Raya grew tired of the situation and when she gave birth to her last and when she gave birth to her last and when she gave birth to her last child Zeus she hid him away on the child Zeus she hid him away on the child Zeus she hid him away on the island of Crete meanwhile she presented island of Crete meanwhile she presented island of Crete meanwhile she presented a rock wrapped in swaddling clothes to a rock wrapped in swaddling clothes to a rock wrapped in swaddling clothes to Kronos instead after five children I Kronos instead after five children I Kronos instead after five children I guess it became routine and he doesn't guess it became routine and he doesn't guess it became routine and he doesn't even examine the bundled Rock and even examine the bundled Rock and even examine the bundled Rock and swallows without even knowing it wasn't swallows without even knowing it wasn't swallows without even knowing it wasn't a child Zeus is reared in a cave by a a child Zeus is reared in a cave by a a child Zeus is reared in a cave by a nymph named Alma Thea who uses a horn of nymph named Alma Thea who uses a horn of nymph named Alma Thea who uses a horn of plenty to give him milk and food called plenty to give him milk and food called plenty to give him milk and food called a cornucopia when the baby cries the a cornucopia when the baby cries the a cornucopia when the baby cries the mythical warrior race the Carretas make mythical warrior race the Carretas make mythical warrior race the Carretas make a lot of noise with their shields and a lot of noise with their shields and a lot of noise with their shields and swords banging them together like a war swords banging them together like a war swords banging them together like a war dance dance dance so that Kronos can't hear the wailing so that Kronos can't hear the wailing so that Kronos can't hear the wailing besides this we don't know much about besides this we don't know much about besides this we don't know much about these people at all when Zeus grows up these people at all when Zeus grows up these people at all when Zeus grows up he wants to overthrow his father so he he wants to overthrow his father so he he wants to overthrow his father so he approaches Metis a tightness who is approaches Metis a tightness who is approaches Metis a tightness who is having an affair with Kronos she's having an affair with Kronos she's having an affair with Kronos she's growing weary of his brutality so she growing weary of his brutality so she growing weary of his brutality so she decides to help Zeus free his brothers decides to help Zeus free his brothers decides to help Zeus free his brothers and sisters from the belly of Kronos by and sisters from the belly of Kronos by and sisters from the belly of Kronos by slipping in a medic and his drink that slipping in a medic and his drink that slipping in a medic and his drink that causes him to throw up his six children causes him to throw up his six children causes him to throw up his six children a war ensues between the Titans the a war ensues between the Titans the a war ensues between the Titans the Olympians known as the Titanomachy which Olympians known as the Titanomachy which Olympians known as the Titanomachy which contains the route Maki meaning war contains the route Maki meaning war contains the route Maki meaning war Clash or battle this is truly a Clash of Clash or battle this is truly a Clash of Clash or battle this is truly a Clash of the Titans the Titans the Titans some of the Titans and their children's some of the Titans and their children's some of the Titans and their children's side of the Zeus and the Olympians side of the Zeus and the Olympians side of the Zeus and the Olympians hoping that in victory they would have hoping that in victory they would have hoping that in victory they would have some position of authority in a new

some position of authority in a new some position of authority in a new world order world order world order the two armies had camped on the top of the two armies had camped on the top of the two armies had camped on the top of two mountains the Titans on mount two mountains the Titans on mount two mountains the Titans on mount orthrus and zeus and his warriors on orthrus and zeus and his warriors on orthrus and zeus and his warriors on mount olympus the war is hard fought for mount olympus the war is hard fought for mount olympus the war is hard fought for 10 years then zeus goes into the belly 10 years then zeus goes into the belly 10 years then zeus goes into the belly of mother earth and enlist the support of mother earth and enlist the support of mother earth and enlist the support of the Cyclopes and the Hecate on of the Cyclopes and the Hecate on of the Cyclopes and the Hecate on kairi's promising to let them out if kairi's promising to let them out if kairi's promising to let them out if they help in appreciation Cyclopes they help in appreciation Cyclopes they help in appreciation Cyclopes forged Thunderbolts for him the Trident forged Thunderbolts for him the Trident forged Thunderbolts for him the Trident for Poseidon and the Sinai and for Hades for Poseidon and the Sinai and for Hades for Poseidon and the Sinai and for Hades which is a hood made of dog skin that which is a hood made of dog skin that which is a hood made of dog skin that makes him invisible well makes him invisible well makes him invisible well the other hand Chronos has no weapons the other hand Chronos has no weapons the other hand Chronos has no weapons just brute force and in the end the just brute force and in the end the just brute force and in the end the Thunderbolts of Zeus for decisive Thunderbolts of Zeus for decisive Thunderbolts of Zeus for decisive allowing him to defeat Chronos having allowing him to defeat Chronos having allowing him to defeat Chronos having lifted huge rocks for their combined 300 lifted huge rocks for their combined 300 lifted huge rocks for their combined 300 hands the three hecatomb kairi's crushed hands the three hecatomb kairi's crushed hands the three hecatomb kairi's crushed the titans although we were unsure the titans although we were unsure the titans although we were unsure exactly what he did the Titan Prometheus exactly what he did the Titan Prometheus exactly what he did the Titan Prometheus led a major part in that victory for led a major part in that victory for led a major part in that victory for Zeus for which he would be rewarded Zeus for which he would be rewarded Zeus for which he would be rewarded later the defeated were locked up in later the defeated were locked up in later the defeated were locked up in Tartarus deep in the belly of mother Tartarus deep in the belly of mother Tartarus deep in the belly of mother earth and confined by bronze fins in a earth and confined by bronze fins in a earth and confined by bronze fins in a triple wall the gates were locked and triple wall the gates were locked and triple wall the gates were locked and guarded by the Hecate inquiry's a few guarded by the Hecate inquiry's a few guarded by the Hecate inquiry's a few Titans had other punishments though such Titans had other punishments though such Titans had other punishments though such as Atlas he was exiled to the West at as Atlas he was exiled to the West at as Atlas he was exiled to the West at the edge of the world and was condemned the edge of the world and was condemned the edge of the world and was condemned to hold up the sky and the earth on his to hold up the sky and the earth on his to hold up the sky and the earth on his shoulders shoulders shoulders Zeus marries his sister Hera and rules Zeus marries his sister Hera and rules Zeus marries his sister Hera and rules over the third generation of God's the over the third generation of God's the over the third generation of God's the Olympians in addition to the children of Olympians in addition to the children of Olympians in addition to the children of Chronos the Olympians are made up of the Chronos the Olympians are made up of the Chronos the Olympians are made up of the children of Zeus and Hera the children children of Zeus and Hera the children children of Zeus and Hera the children of Zeus with himself in the children of

of Zeus with himself in the children of of Zeus with himself in the children of Hera with herself they're all very Hera with herself they're all very Hera with herself they're all very interesting stories I would recommend interesting stories I would recommend interesting stories I would recommend you to check them out anyway they are you to check them out anyway they are you to check them out anyway they are Athena Apollo Artemis Ares Festus Hermes Athena Apollo Artemis Ares Festus Hermes Athena Apollo Artemis Ares Festus Hermes and Dionysus and Dionysus and Dionysus however guy isn't happy that her however guy isn't happy that her however guy isn't happy that her children are back in her belly so she children are back in her belly so she children are back in her belly so she gives birth to the GOG aunty's or Giants gives birth to the GOG aunty's or Giants gives birth to the GOG aunty's or Giants these massive sized creatures that have these massive sized creatures that have these massive sized creatures that have the figure of a human that bear serpents the figure of a human that bear serpents the figure of a human that bear serpents for hair with blood-curdling screams and for hair with blood-curdling screams and for hair with blood-curdling screams and fire Sheen out of their noses and mouths fire Sheen out of their noses and mouths fire Sheen out of their noses and mouths and have dragon like tails the battle and have dragon like tails the battle and have dragon like tails the battle that ensued is known as they get gone that ensued is known as they get gone that ensued is known as they get gone Tamaki or battle with the Giants the war Tamaki or battle with the Giants the war Tamaki or battle with the Giants the war was long and Poseidon Apollo and Athena was long and Poseidon Apollo and Athena was long and Poseidon Apollo and Athena had leading roles until all of these had leading roles until all of these had leading roles until all of these mortal Giants were slain one by one Zeus mortal Giants were slain one by one Zeus mortal Giants were slain one by one Zeus then turned to the Titan Prometheus and then turned to the Titan Prometheus and then turned to the Titan Prometheus and tasked him with creating the creatures tasked him with creating the creatures tasked him with creating the creatures that populate the earth giving each a that populate the earth giving each a that populate the earth giving each a special gift to survive such as speed I special gift to survive such as speed I special gift to survive such as speed I say camouflage strength calls and so say camouflage strength calls and so say camouflage strength calls and so forth in the end forth in the end forth in the end Prometheus mixes mud and water together Prometheus mixes mud and water together Prometheus mixes mud and water together an Athena buries on it putting in the an Athena buries on it putting in the an Athena buries on it putting in the divine spark that makes humans divine spark that makes humans divine spark that makes humans he makes them in the image of the gods he makes them in the image of the gods he makes them in the image of the gods and endowed them with a special gift of and endowed them with a special gift of and endowed them with a special gift of intelligence to roll over the other intelligence to roll over the other intelligence to roll over the other animals they stand upright and look animals they stand upright and look animals they stand upright and look towards the heaven and think about the towards the heaven and think about the towards the heaven and think about the gods he gives mankind certain gifts to gods he gives mankind certain gifts to gods he gives mankind certain gifts to advance such as the ability to build advance such as the ability to build advance such as the ability to build shelters judge the seasons use numbers shelters judge the seasons use numbers shelters judge the seasons use numbers words letters medicine cooking and

words letters medicine cooking and words letters medicine cooking and metalworking making them more metalworking making them more metalworking making them more self-sufficient the greatest gift though self-sufficient the greatest gift though self-sufficient the greatest gift though was fire and it became the symbol for was fire and it became the symbol for was fire and it became the symbol for civilization that changed everything but civilization that changed everything but civilization that changed everything but he also gave man blind hope by taking he also gave man blind hope by taking he also gave man blind hope by taking away their ability to see the future and away their ability to see the future and away their ability to see the future and so they could enjoy life's precious so they could enjoy life's precious so they could enjoy life's precious uncertainties of the unknown and not be uncertainties of the unknown and not be uncertainties of the unknown and not be fearful of their fate Zeus is angered by fearful of their fate Zeus is angered by fearful of their fate Zeus is angered by the gift of fire though so the two gods the gift of fire though so the two gods the gift of fire though so the two gods hash out a compromise hash out a compromise hash out a compromise Zeus decides that the people can keep Zeus decides that the people can keep Zeus decides that the people can keep fire but they must use it to burn the fire but they must use it to burn the fire but they must use it to burn the fruits of their labor in a sacrifice the fruits of their labor in a sacrifice the fruits of their labor in a sacrifice the result of which is that they don't have result of which is that they don't have result of which is that they don't have anything for themselves anything for themselves anything for themselves since many humans are now starving and since many humans are now starving and since many humans are now starving and struggling to just stay alive struggling to just stay alive struggling to just stay alive Prometheus supplicates to Zeus in their Prometheus supplicates to Zeus in their Prometheus supplicates to Zeus in their behalf he suggests dividing the animal behalf he suggests dividing the animal behalf he suggests dividing the animal up to eschew so Greece he would choose up to eschew so Greece he would choose up to eschew so Greece he would choose the part he wants and mankind can have the part he wants and mankind can have the part he wants and mankind can have the rest though but Prometheus trick the rest though but Prometheus trick the rest though but Prometheus trick Zeus into picking the guts and bones by Zeus into picking the guts and bones by Zeus into picking the guts and bones by covering up with a thin layer of covering up with a thin layer of covering up with a thin layer of glistening fat while covering all of the glistening fat while covering all of the glistening fat while covering all of the good meat up with blood and guts when good meat up with blood and guts when good meat up with blood and guts when Zeus finds out he takes fire away from Zeus finds out he takes fire away from Zeus finds out he takes fire away from mankind mankind mankind so Prometheus sneaks to the forge of a so Prometheus sneaks to the forge of a so Prometheus sneaks to the forge of a Festus and uses a fennel stock to carry Festus and uses a fennel stock to carry Festus and uses a fennel stock to carry the spark of fire back to mankind but the spark of fire back to mankind but the spark of fire back to mankind but Zeus since he sees everything and Zeus since he sees everything and Zeus since he sees everything and prometheus should know this one day it prometheus should know this one day it prometheus should know this one day it looks down and sees fire everywhere and looks down and sees fire everywhere and looks down and sees fire everywhere and becomes enraged he punishes Prometheus becomes enraged he punishes Prometheus becomes enraged he punishes Prometheus severely for a subordination Zeus hasn't severely for a subordination Zeus hasn't severely for a subordination Zeus hasn't chained to a stake in the caucus chained to a stake in the caucus chained to a stake in the caucus mountains in Cydia which is modern-day mountains in Cydia which is modern-day mountains in Cydia which is modern-day Russia on the far eastern banks of the

Russia on the far eastern banks of the Russia on the far eastern banks of the Black Sea the chains were made of Black Sea the chains were made of Black Sea the chains were made of adamantine steel created by a Festus and adamantine steel created by a Festus and adamantine steel created by a Festus and is so strong that even the gods couldn't is so strong that even the gods couldn't is so strong that even the gods couldn't break it there every day break it there every day break it there every day an eagle was sent by Zeus to gnaw de an eagle was sent by Zeus to gnaw de an eagle was sent by Zeus to gnaw de sliver which was the part of the body sliver which was the part of the body sliver which was the part of the body that the Greeks considered the seat of that the Greeks considered the seat of that the Greeks considered the seat of intelligence from where we get our intelligence from where we get our intelligence from where we get our phrase phrase phrase reactions every night the liver would reactions every night the liver would reactions every night the liver would regenerate so that he can undergo this regenerate so that he can undergo this regenerate so that he can undergo this torture and pain every day as a result torture and pain every day as a result torture and pain every day as a result mankind's great benefactors are moved mankind's great benefactors are moved mankind's great benefactors are moved and they are now alienated from the gods and they are now alienated from the gods and they are now alienated from the gods mankind's punishment from prometheus mankind's punishment from prometheus mankind's punishment from prometheus giving them fire again was the creation giving them fire again was the creation giving them fire again was the creation of the first woman named Pandora her of the first woman named Pandora her of the first woman named Pandora her name means all gifts because Ephesus name means all gifts because Ephesus name means all gifts because Ephesus molded her out of earth and water and molded her out of earth and water and molded her out of earth and water and then each god or goddess gave her a then each god or goddess gave her a then each god or goddess gave her a special attribute for instance Aphrodite special attribute for instance Aphrodite special attribute for instance Aphrodite gave her lustful beauty Athena taught gave her lustful beauty Athena taught gave her lustful beauty Athena taught her out a weave and Hermes infused in her out a weave and Hermes infused in her out a weave and Hermes infused in her mind and heart with tricky and her mind and heart with tricky and her mind and heart with tricky and hollow words Pandora was intended to hollow words Pandora was intended to hollow words Pandora was intended to distract man and make him think of other distract man and make him think of other distract man and make him think of other things with her alluring good looks things with her alluring good looks things with her alluring good looks charm and persuasive words her ease of charm and persuasive words her ease of charm and persuasive words her ease of distraction seems like she has some sort distraction seems like she has some sort distraction seems like she has some sort of magical qualities women are men's of magical qualities women are men's of magical qualities women are men's ultimate rival but whereas man is ultimate rival but whereas man is ultimate rival but whereas man is accustomed to fight women use other accustomed to fight women use other accustomed to fight women use other means to get what they want means to get what they want means to get what they want Pandora also held a double curse because Pandora also held a double curse because Pandora also held a double curse because men can't resist her if he did he would men can't resist her if he did he would men can't resist her if he did he would have no way to have children and have no way to have children and have no way to have children and continuous families line so the gods continuous families line so the gods continuous families line so the gods made it that man needs woman Pandora made it that man needs woman Pandora made it that man needs woman Pandora carried a jar with her due to contextual

carried a jar with her due to contextual carried a jar with her due to contextual corruptions in the 16th century AD by corruptions in the 16th century AD by corruptions in the 16th century AD by Erasmus who translated the Greek word Erasmus who translated the Greek word Erasmus who translated the Greek word for jar pit those into the Latin word for jar pit those into the Latin word for jar pit those into the Latin word for box Pyxis the phrase has erroneously for box Pyxis the phrase has erroneously for box Pyxis the phrase has erroneously come to us in English as Pandora's box come to us in English as Pandora's box come to us in English as Pandora's box instead of Pandora's jar in any event instead of Pandora's jar in any event instead of Pandora's jar in any event she was instructed not to open the jar she was instructed not to open the jar she was instructed not to open the jar but among her gifts was curiosity and so but among her gifts was curiosity and so but among her gifts was curiosity and so she couldn't help herself and she couldn't help herself and she couldn't help herself and disobediently opened it at that point disobediently opened it at that point disobediently opened it at that point the jar explodes open with little spirit the jar explodes open with little spirit the jar explodes open with little spirit like objects that fly out representing like objects that fly out representing like objects that fly out representing all the ills that infect mankind such as all the ills that infect mankind such as all the ills that infect mankind such as greed arrogance malice pain disease and greed arrogance malice pain disease and greed arrogance malice pain disease and so forth so forth so forth yet she closes the box before one last yet she closes the box before one last yet she closes the box before one last spirit could get out this last spirit spirit could get out this last spirit spirit could get out this last spirit was hope Pandora's box is a symbol for was hope Pandora's box is a symbol for was hope Pandora's box is a symbol for the woman's womb which produces the the woman's womb which produces the the woman's womb which produces the sources for all the evils of mankind but sources for all the evils of mankind but sources for all the evils of mankind but as long as the womb exists there's still as long as the womb exists there's still as long as the womb exists there's still hope that one day somebody will come out hope that one day somebody will come out hope that one day somebody will come out of it and reconcile gods and men at some of it and reconcile gods and men at some of it and reconcile gods and men at some point down the road Suz calls a Council point down the road Suz calls a Council point down the road Suz calls a Council of the gods of Mount Olympus where he of the gods of Mount Olympus where he of the gods of Mount Olympus where he rants and raves about how arrogant rants and raves about how arrogant rants and raves about how arrogant wicked mankind has become he wants to wicked mankind has become he wants to wicked mankind has become he wants to destroy mankind with the flood but the destroy mankind with the flood but the destroy mankind with the flood but the pious Deucalion was spared and advised pious Deucalion was spared and advised pious Deucalion was spared and advised to build a small arc for him and his to build a small arc for him and his to build a small arc for him and his wife Pyrrha they provisioned it with all wife Pyrrha they provisioned it with all wife Pyrrha they provisioned it with all of the necessities and locked themselves of the necessities and locked themselves of the necessities and locked themselves in this flood myth follows the same in this flood myth follows the same in this flood myth follows the same theme as the others in the ancient Near theme as the others in the ancient Near theme as the others in the ancient Near East like the biblical Noah and the East like the biblical Noah and the East like the biblical Noah and the Mesopotamian OOP NAT pitched in as told

Mesopotamian OOP NAT pitched in as told Mesopotamian OOP NAT pitched in as told in the Epic of Gilgamesh with slight in the Epic of Gilgamesh with slight in the Epic of Gilgamesh with slight variations for nine days the storm raged variations for nine days the storm raged variations for nine days the storm raged flooding the earth except for the top of flooding the earth except for the top of flooding the earth except for the top of certain mountains once the weather certain mountains once the weather certain mountains once the weather settled the ark landed on a mountaintop settled the ark landed on a mountaintop settled the ark landed on a mountaintop upon stepping on dry land upon stepping on dry land upon stepping on dry land Deucalion and Pyrrha offered sacrifices Deucalion and Pyrrha offered sacrifices Deucalion and Pyrrha offered sacrifices to Zeus for his mercy their piety moved to Zeus for his mercy their piety moved to Zeus for his mercy their piety moved him and he instructed them to repopulate him and he instructed them to repopulate him and he instructed them to repopulate the earth by throwing the bones of their the earth by throwing the bones of their the earth by throwing the bones of their mother over their shoulders they mother over their shoulders they mother over their shoulders they surmised that the bones referred to surmised that the bones referred to surmised that the bones referred to rocks were the bones of mother earth so rocks were the bones of mother earth so rocks were the bones of mother earth so they did as they were told and the rocks they did as they were told and the rocks they did as they were told and the rocks thrown by Deucalion were transformed thrown by Deucalion were transformed thrown by Deucalion were transformed into men and those by peer into women into men and those by peer into women into men and those by peer into women the earth repopulate it and mankind the earth repopulate it and mankind the earth repopulate it and mankind survived survived survived Deucalion and Pyrrha also had their own Deucalion and Pyrrha also had their own Deucalion and Pyrrha also had their own children some of whom became the children some of whom became the children some of whom became the founders of various tribes or renowned founders of various tribes or renowned founders of various tribes or renowned heroes their firstborn son Helene was heroes their firstborn son Helene was heroes their firstborn son Helene was considered by the later Greeks to be considered by the later Greeks to be considered by the later Greeks to be their earliest ancestor in Greek the their earliest ancestor in Greek the their earliest ancestor in Greek the country is called Hellas and they are country is called Hellas and they are country is called Hellas and they are the Hellenes his sons were themselves the Hellenes his sons were themselves the Hellenes his sons were themselves Praja natives of primary tribes of Praja natives of primary tribes of Praja natives of primary tribes of Greece Greece Greece Aeolus the Aeolian Dorris the Dorian's Aeolus the Aeolian Dorris the Dorian's Aeolus the Aeolian Dorris the Dorian's and Zeus's the cans and Ionians through and Zeus's the cans and Ionians through and Zeus's the cans and Ionians through his son Zacchaeus and ion there will be his son Zacchaeus and ion there will be his son Zacchaeus and ion there will be much more than these tribes in future much more than these tribes in future much more than these tribes in future episodes on the next episode now that episodes on the next episode now that episodes on the next episode now that the Olympian gods have established order the Olympian gods have established order the Olympian gods have established order in the universe created man created in the universe created man created in the universe created man created woman to make man simultaneously happy woman to make man simultaneously happy woman to make man simultaneously happy yet miserable repopulated the earth yet miserable repopulated the earth yet miserable repopulated the earth after a thorough flooding and after a thorough flooding and after a thorough flooding and established the tribes of Greece we move

established the tribes of Greece we move established the tribes of Greece we move away from the realm of myth and get into away from the realm of myth and get into away from the realm of myth and get into real history well kind of the best term real history well kind of the best term real history well kind of the best term to use prehistory we'll get in a real to use prehistory we'll get in a real to use prehistory we'll get in a real prehistory so tune in next time prehistory so tune in next time prehistory so tune in next time to the history of ancient Greece episode to the history of ancient Greece episode to the history of ancient Greece episode 3 the Stone Age I would like to give a 3 the Stone Age I would like to give a 3 the Stone Age I would like to give a special thanks to the amazing artist special thanks to the amazing artist special thanks to the amazing artist Michael levy for allow me to feature his Michael levy for allow me to feature his Michael levy for allow me to feature his music on this podcast he transports you music on this podcast he transports you music on this podcast he transports you to the ancient world bringing to life to the ancient world bringing to life to the ancient world bringing to life the melodies and using the techniques of the melodies and using the techniques of the melodies and using the techniques of the past a new song will be played every the past a new song will be played every the past a new song will be played every episode this one is titled him to episode this one is titled him to episode this one is titled him to Heracles the lion-hearted from his new Heracles the lion-hearted from his new Heracles the lion-hearted from his new album the ancient Greek Cathar of album the ancient Greek Cathar of album the ancient Greek Cathar of classical antiquity if you like what you classical antiquity if you like what you classical antiquity if you like what you heard and are curious to learn more heard and are curious to learn more heard and are curious to learn more about ancient Greek music check out his about ancient Greek music check out his about ancient Greek music check out his website at ancient lyre calm his albums website at ancient lyre calm his albums website at ancient lyre calm his albums are available in every major digital are available in every major digital are available in every major digital music store including iTunes Amazon and music store including iTunes Amazon and music store including iTunes Amazon and Spotify hello and welcome back to the history of

hello and welcome back to the history of ancient Greece episode 3 the Stone Age ancient Greece episode 3 the Stone Age ancient Greece episode 3 the Stone Age the further back in history we look the the further back in history we look the the further back in history we look the less secure is our knowledge of the less secure is our knowledge of the less secure is our knowledge of the specific details this is especially true specific details this is especially true specific details this is especially true during the prehistoric period which is during the prehistoric period which is during the prehistoric period which is the period before there is writing true the period before there is writing true the period before there is writing true history in the sense of specific events history in the sense of specific events history in the sense of specific events involving specific people would not involving specific people would not involving specific people would not begin until the development of writing begin until the development of writing begin until the development of writing what we think we know derives from two what we think we know derives from two what we think we know derives from two sources archeology and oral tradition sources archeology and oral tradition sources archeology and oral tradition and later myths and legends both have and later myths and legends both have and later myths and legends both have their limitations though those of legend their limitations though those of legend their limitations though those of legend are clear enough stories grow and are are clear enough stories grow and are are clear enough stories grow and are distorted as they are handed down orally distorted as they are handed down orally distorted as they are handed down orally from generation to generation from generation to generation from generation to generation circumstantial detail often derives only circumstantial detail often derives only circumstantial detail often derives only from the storytellers imagination then from the storytellers imagination then from the storytellers imagination then when writing did develop the early when writing did develop the early when writing did develop the early historians use these myths as historical historians use these myths as historical historians use these myths as historical fact in reconstructing the early history fact in reconstructing the early history fact in reconstructing the early history of the Greeks modern historians thus of the Greeks modern historians thus of the Greeks modern historians thus must treat these tales with skepticism must treat these tales with skepticism must treat these tales with skepticism although it is possible that some of although it is possible that some of although it is possible that some of them contain small elements of truth them contain small elements of truth them contain small elements of truth archeology deals directly with the raw archeology deals directly with the raw archeology deals directly with the raw material history but it must be material history but it must be material history but it must be interpreted conclusions often have to interpreted conclusions often have to interpreted conclusions often have to depend on samples and the samples may be depend on samples and the samples may be depend on samples and the samples may be unrepresentative or insufficient plus unrepresentative or insufficient plus unrepresentative or insufficient plus new evidence can be a nurse that new evidence can be a nurse that new evidence can be a nurse that radically changes our interpretation so radically changes our interpretation so radically changes our interpretation so keep in mind that until the advent of keep in mind that until the advent of keep in mind that until the advent of writing all dates are approximate and writing all dates are approximate and writing all dates are approximate and subject to controversy with that warning subject to controversy with that warning subject to controversy with that warning out of the way let's try and piece out of the way let's try and piece out of the way let's try and piece together a narrative for the earliest together a narrative for the earliest together a narrative for the earliest dwellers of the Greek mainland and the dwellers of the Greek mainland and the dwellers of the Greek mainland and the Aegean Sea our story starts tens of

Aegean Sea our story starts tens of Aegean Sea our story starts tens of thousands of years ago in the latter thousands of years ago in the latter thousands of years ago in the latter portion of the Stone Age so named portion of the Stone Age so named portion of the Stone Age so named because the people primarily use stone because the people primarily use stone because the people primarily use stone in addition to bone and wood to make in addition to bone and wood to make in addition to bone and wood to make tools and weapons the Stone Age is tools and weapons the Stone Age is tools and weapons the Stone Age is conventionally subdivided into three conventionally subdivided into three conventionally subdivided into three periods periods periods the Paleolithic which is Greek for Old the Paleolithic which is Greek for Old the Paleolithic which is Greek for Old Stone Mesolithic middle stone and Stone Mesolithic middle stone and Stone Mesolithic middle stone and Neolithic new stone the first human Neolithic new stone the first human Neolithic new stone the first human beings in Greece an ostensibly Europe beings in Greece an ostensibly Europe beings in Greece an ostensibly Europe probably migrated there from the African probably migrated there from the African probably migrated there from the African continent via the eastern Mediterranean continent via the eastern Mediterranean continent via the eastern Mediterranean and Anatolia which is modern-day Turkey and Anatolia which is modern-day Turkey and Anatolia which is modern-day Turkey a hominid skull found in the Petra alone a hominid skull found in the Petra alone a hominid skull found in the Petra alone a cave in the Halkidiki Peninsula in a cave in the Halkidiki Peninsula in a cave in the Halkidiki Peninsula in northern Greece has been dated to at northern Greece has been dated to at northern Greece has been dated to at least 200,000 BC as early as 50,000 BC least 200,000 BC as early as 50,000 BC least 200,000 BC as early as 50,000 BC the Neanderthals whose name arises from the Neanderthals whose name arises from the Neanderthals whose name arises from the finds of their remains in Germany's the finds of their remains in Germany's the finds of their remains in Germany's Neanderthal Valley were migrating south Neanderthal Valley were migrating south Neanderthal Valley were migrating south into the Balkan Peninsula and then into into the Balkan Peninsula and then into into the Balkan Peninsula and then into Greece to avoid the current Ice Age the Greece to avoid the current Ice Age the Greece to avoid the current Ice Age the plains of Thessaly were particularly plains of Thessaly were particularly plains of Thessaly were particularly popular with hunter-gatherer populations popular with hunter-gatherer populations popular with hunter-gatherer populations during this period they went as far during this period they went as far during this period they went as far south as the plain of Ellis in the south as the plain of Ellis in the south as the plain of Ellis in the Peloponnese Peninsula their evidence of Peloponnese Peninsula their evidence of Peloponnese Peninsula their evidence of Neanderthal fossils have been found at Neanderthal fossils have been found at Neanderthal fossils have been found at the kalamaki a cave anthropologists the kalamaki a cave anthropologists the kalamaki a cave anthropologists believe that the first real signs of believe that the first real signs of believe that the first real signs of modern human activity in Greece with the modern human activity in Greece with the modern human activity in Greece with the Homo sapiens started around 40,000 BC Homo sapiens started around 40,000 BC Homo sapiens started around 40,000 BC these early humans are sometimes these early humans are sometimes these early humans are sometimes referred to as cro-magnon by referred to as cro-magnon by referred to as cro-magnon by archaeologists in any event they

archaeologists in any event they archaeologists in any event they eventually completely replace the eventually completely replace the eventually completely replace the earlier populations like the earlier populations like the earlier populations like the Neanderthals how this happened remains Neanderthals how this happened remains Neanderthals how this happened remains largely unknown largely unknown largely unknown perhaps the newcomers were better suited perhaps the newcomers were better suited perhaps the newcomers were better suited to cope with natural disasters to cope with natural disasters to cope with natural disasters perhaps tremendous floods covered the perhaps tremendous floods covered the perhaps tremendous floods covered the plain of Thessaly for many years and plain of Thessaly for many years and plain of Thessaly for many years and forced the populations there to flee to forced the populations there to flee to forced the populations there to flee to the surrounding hills where food would the surrounding hills where food would the surrounding hills where food would have been harder to find we may never have been harder to find we may never have been harder to find we may never know the real reason sadly the first know the real reason sadly the first know the real reason sadly the first evidence of Homo Sapien activities can evidence of Homo Sapien activities can evidence of Homo Sapien activities can be seen at the frankly cave overlooking be seen at the frankly cave overlooking be seen at the frankly cave overlooking the our gelec Gulf on the eastern part the our gelec Gulf on the eastern part the our gelec Gulf on the eastern part of the Peloponnesus Peninsula the of the Peloponnesus Peninsula the of the Peloponnesus Peninsula the hunter-gatherers started calling the hunter-gatherers started calling the hunter-gatherers started calling the cave home as early as 20,000 BC and cave home as early as 20,000 BC and cave home as early as 20,000 BC and would inhabit the cave for the next would inhabit the cave for the next would inhabit the cave for the next seventeen thousand years providing a seventeen thousand years providing a seventeen thousand years providing a treasure trove of finds for treasure trove of finds for treasure trove of finds for archaeologists so that's our best guess archaeologists so that's our best guess archaeologists so that's our best guess at a chronology for the Paleolithic and at a chronology for the Paleolithic and at a chronology for the Paleolithic and habits of Greece I want to note that it habits of Greece I want to note that it habits of Greece I want to note that it would be misleading to refer to these would be misleading to refer to these would be misleading to refer to these people at this early date as Greeks in people at this early date as Greeks in people at this early date as Greeks in the same sense in which that term is the same sense in which that term is the same sense in which that term is applied applied applied to the region in historical times there to the region in historical times there to the region in historical times there is no evidence such as language to allow is no evidence such as language to allow is no evidence such as language to allow us to distinguish clearly among us to distinguish clearly among us to distinguish clearly among different ethnic groups in prehistoric different ethnic groups in prehistoric different ethnic groups in prehistoric Europe when the criteria used for Europe when the criteria used for Europe when the criteria used for populations of later periods regional populations of later periods regional populations of later periods regional differences among prehistoric European differences among prehistoric European differences among prehistoric European populations probably existed but we are populations probably existed but we are populations probably existed but we are not in a position today to identify them not in a position today to identify them not in a position today to identify them confidently therefore during the confidently therefore during the confidently therefore during the Paleolithic period the inhabitants of Paleolithic period the inhabitants of Paleolithic period the inhabitants of Greece were as far as we can tell a Greece were as far as we can tell a Greece were as far as we can tell a subset of the general population of subset of the general population of subset of the general population of prehistoric Europe at large prehistoric Europe at large prehistoric Europe at large archaeological excavation of prehistoric archaeological excavation of prehistoric archaeological excavation of prehistoric sites allows us to reconstruct a

sites allows us to reconstruct a sites allows us to reconstruct a bare-bones outline of the life of bare-bones outline of the life of bare-bones outline of the life of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers these Paleolithic hunter-gatherers these Paleolithic hunter-gatherers these people band it together into small people band it together into small people band it together into small groups and roam throughout their lives groups and roam throughout their lives groups and roam throughout their lives in search of food men hunts at large in search of food men hunts at large in search of food men hunts at large game while the women and children gather game while the women and children gather game while the women and children gather edible plants fruits and nuts close to edible plants fruits and nuts close to edible plants fruits and nuts close to home to be shared among one another home to be shared among one another home to be shared among one another preparing food with fire was an preparing food with fire was an preparing food with fire was an especially important innovation because especially important innovation because especially important innovation because it converted plants that were it converted plants that were it converted plants that were indigestible and raw such as wild grains indigestible and raw such as wild grains indigestible and raw such as wild grains into edible and nutritious meals at some into edible and nutritious meals at some into edible and nutritious meals at some point dogs were domesticated to hunt point dogs were domesticated to hunt point dogs were domesticated to hunt alongside man living as hunter-gatherers alongside man living as hunter-gatherers alongside man living as hunter-gatherers these early human beings sometimes these early human beings sometimes these early human beings sometimes migrated at great distances presumably migrated at great distances presumably migrated at great distances presumably following large animals or searching for following large animals or searching for following large animals or searching for more abundant sources of nutritious wild more abundant sources of nutritious wild more abundant sources of nutritious wild plants basically they were at the mercy plants basically they were at the mercy plants basically they were at the mercy of the environment as their lives were of the environment as their lives were of the environment as their lives were dominated by the relentless search for dominated by the relentless search for dominated by the relentless search for food the Paleolithic period is food the Paleolithic period is food the Paleolithic period is considered to end after the last ice age considered to end after the last ice age considered to end after the last ice age around 10,000 BC at which point we enter around 10,000 BC at which point we enter around 10,000 BC at which point we enter the Mesolithic period which is a the Mesolithic period which is a the Mesolithic period which is a transition into the Neolithic period and transition into the Neolithic period and transition into the Neolithic period and is characterized by the development of is characterized by the development of is characterized by the development of Agriculture the exact dates varies Agriculture the exact dates varies Agriculture the exact dates varies widely with each region in any event widely with each region in any event widely with each region in any event evidence at the Frankie cave suggests evidence at the Frankie cave suggests evidence at the Frankie cave suggests that as Greece warmed up again to its that as Greece warmed up again to its that as Greece warmed up again to its current climate the rising ocean levels current climate the rising ocean levels current climate the rising ocean levels from these melting ice sheets forced from these melting ice sheets forced from these melting ice sheets forced them to adapt to survive with the them to adapt to survive with the them to adapt to survive with the erosion of the shore large animals erosion of the shore large animals erosion of the shore large animals didn't have a place to graze and so they didn't have a place to graze and so they didn't have a place to graze and so they left the hunter-gatherers could have left the hunter-gatherers could have left the hunter-gatherers could have chosen to follow them but instead they chosen to follow them but instead they chosen to follow them but instead they chose to be innovative in order to

chose to be innovative in order to chose to be innovative in order to survive they hunted smaller animals survive they hunted smaller animals survive they hunted smaller animals gathered wild plants such as lentils gathered wild plants such as lentils gathered wild plants such as lentils oats and barley and took to the seat of oats and barley and took to the seat of oats and barley and took to the seat of fish fish fish in doing so they probably went out in in doing so they probably went out in in doing so they probably went out in small boats made of reeds and skins at small boats made of reeds and skins at small boats made of reeds and skins at the cave archaeologists also found hard the cave archaeologists also found hard the cave archaeologists also found hard volcanic glass like obsidian used for volcanic glass like obsidian used for volcanic glass like obsidian used for knives razors sickles and other small knives razors sickles and other small knives razors sickles and other small tools that need a sharp edge obsidian tools that need a sharp edge obsidian tools that need a sharp edge obsidian can only be found at Melo's an island in can only be found at Melo's an island in can only be found at Melo's an island in the southern Cyclades this means that the southern Cyclades this means that the southern Cyclades this means that these people already were trading via these people already were trading via these people already were trading via the sea with the primitive tools the sea with the primitive tools the sea with the primitive tools available for boat or raft building a available for boat or raft building a available for boat or raft building a journey to me loss must have been a journey to me loss must have been a journey to me loss must have been a hazardous adventure for sure since hazardous adventure for sure since hazardous adventure for sure since hunter-gatherer populations came to hunter-gatherer populations came to hunter-gatherer populations came to depend increasingly on plants for their depend increasingly on plants for their depend increasingly on plants for their survival they needed to develop a survival they needed to develop a survival they needed to develop a reliable supply the answer which took reliable supply the answer which took reliable supply the answer which took thousands of years of repeated trial and thousands of years of repeated trial and thousands of years of repeated trial and error to learn was to plant part of the error to learn was to plant part of the error to learn was to plant part of the seeds from one crop to produce more of seeds from one crop to produce more of seeds from one crop to produce more of that crop wild crops such as oats barley that crop wild crops such as oats barley that crop wild crops such as oats barley lentils we're now being harvested lentils we're now being harvested lentils we're now being harvested knowledge of this revolutionary knowledge of this revolutionary knowledge of this revolutionary technology agriculture first emerged in technology agriculture first emerged in technology agriculture first emerged in the Near East and slowly spread outward the Near East and slowly spread outward the Near East and slowly spread outward evidence from the Frankie cave and the evidence from the Frankie cave and the evidence from the Frankie cave and the plain of Thessaly shows the new plain of Thessaly shows the new plain of Thessaly shows the new technology had reached Greece by around technology had reached Greece by around technology had reached Greece by around 7,000 BC how the knowledge of 7,000 BC how the knowledge of 7,000 BC how the knowledge of Agriculture made it to Greece is unknown Agriculture made it to Greece is unknown Agriculture made it to Greece is unknown it may have been introduced to Greece by it may have been introduced to Greece by it may have been introduced to Greece by newcomers from Western Anatolia newcomers from Western Anatolia newcomers from Western Anatolia regardless Neolithic women probably regardless Neolithic women probably regardless Neolithic women probably played a major role in inventing played a major role in inventing played a major role in inventing agriculture after all women in agriculture after all women in agriculture after all women in hunter-gatherer societies had developed hunter-gatherer societies had developed hunter-gatherer societies had developed the greatest knowledge of plants because

the greatest knowledge of plants because the greatest knowledge of plants because they were the principle gatherers of it they were the principle gatherers of it they were the principle gatherers of it during the same transitional period during the same transitional period during the same transitional period people also learned to breed and hurt people also learned to breed and hurt people also learned to breed and hurt animals for food thus helping to provide animals for food thus helping to provide animals for food thus helping to provide the meat formerly supplied by hunting the meat formerly supplied by hunting the meat formerly supplied by hunting large mammals many of which would have large mammals many of which would have large mammals many of which would have been hunted to extinction by now the been hunted to extinction by now the been hunted to extinction by now the first animals to be domesticated as a first animals to be domesticated as a first animals to be domesticated as a source of meat or sheep and goats the source of meat or sheep and goats the source of meat or sheep and goats the production of food laid the foundation production of food laid the foundation production of food laid the foundation for other monumental changes because to for other monumental changes because to for other monumental changes because to farm successfully people had to live in farm successfully people had to live in farm successfully people had to live in settled locations permanent communities settled locations permanent communities settled locations permanent communities of farmers comprising a built of farmers comprising a built of farmers comprising a built environment with a densely settled environment with a densely settled environment with a densely settled population constituted a new stage in population constituted a new stage in population constituted a new stage in human history sizable Neolithic villages human history sizable Neolithic villages human history sizable Neolithic villages sprang up in Macedonia at Nia Nicomedia sprang up in Macedonia at Nia Nicomedia sprang up in Macedonia at Nia Nicomedia and further south and Thessaly at SESC and further south and Thessaly at SESC and further south and Thessaly at SESC low into many low into many low into many 5,000 BC concentrated in the few planes 5,000 BC concentrated in the few planes 5,000 BC concentrated in the few planes suitable for agriculture since most of suitable for agriculture since most of suitable for agriculture since most of its land wasn't arable Greece hit a its land wasn't arable Greece hit a its land wasn't arable Greece hit a speed bump in its developmental history speed bump in its developmental history speed bump in its developmental history because its food resources couldn't because its food resources couldn't because its food resources couldn't support a massive population boom like support a massive population boom like support a massive population boom like what was happening in the Near East at what was happening in the Near East at what was happening in the Near East at this time it would be thousands of years this time it would be thousands of years this time it would be thousands of years before Greece caught up the permanent before Greece caught up the permanent before Greece caught up the permanent houses of these early settlements were houses of these early settlements were houses of these early settlements were mostly one-room freestanding mostly one-room freestanding mostly one-room freestanding in a rectangular shape and we're up to in a rectangular shape and we're up to in a rectangular shape and we're up to about 12 meters long headset's law some about 12 meters long headset's law some about 12 meters long headset's law some neolithic houses had basements in a neolithic houses had basements in a neolithic houses had basements in a second-story they were usually built second-story they were usually built second-story they were usually built with a wood frame dobbed with clay but with a wood frame dobbed with clay but with a wood frame dobbed with clay but some had stone footings supporting mud some had stone footings supporting mud some had stone footings supporting mud bricks the inhabitants entered through a

bricks the inhabitants entered through a bricks the inhabitants entered through a single door and baked food in a clay single door and baked food in a clay single door and baked food in a clay oven attached to the back or side wall oven attached to the back or side wall oven attached to the back or side wall at de mini a series of low walls at de mini a series of low walls at de mini a series of low walls encircled a settlement settlements like encircled a settlement settlements like encircled a settlement settlements like those at SESC low and demeaning had those at SESC low and demeaning had those at SESC low and demeaning had populations of perhaps several thousand populations of perhaps several thousand populations of perhaps several thousand each the production of Agriculture also each the production of Agriculture also each the production of Agriculture also led to the development of pottery since led to the development of pottery since led to the development of pottery since they wouldn't need vessels to store the they wouldn't need vessels to store the they wouldn't need vessels to store the food in because of its importance for food in because of its importance for food in because of its importance for dating pottery has been studied dating pottery has been studied dating pottery has been studied extensively and will be mentioned often extensively and will be mentioned often extensively and will be mentioned often on this podcast pottery is classified in on this podcast pottery is classified in on this podcast pottery is classified in as styles that separate chronology the as styles that separate chronology the as styles that separate chronology the earliest pottery Aniela that Greece was earliest pottery Aniela that Greece was earliest pottery Aniela that Greece was without decoration but during the middle without decoration but during the middle without decoration but during the middle and Neolithic period artists would paint and Neolithic period artists would paint and Neolithic period artists would paint or in size linear patterns on the or in size linear patterns on the or in size linear patterns on the surface often in the form of zigzag surface often in the form of zigzag surface often in the form of zigzag lines by the end of the Neolithic period lines by the end of the Neolithic period lines by the end of the Neolithic period pottery was becoming increasingly pottery was becoming increasingly pottery was becoming increasingly sophisticated the basic type of pots are sophisticated the basic type of pots are sophisticated the basic type of pots are much the same or with slight differences much the same or with slight differences much the same or with slight differences throughout Greece indicating that there throughout Greece indicating that there throughout Greece indicating that there must have been communication and trade must have been communication and trade must have been communication and trade taking place archaeologists have found taking place archaeologists have found taking place archaeologists have found many baked clay sculptures from this many baked clay sculptures from this many baked clay sculptures from this time many of which are women called time many of which are women called time many of which are women called venus figurines after the Roman goddess venus figurines after the Roman goddess venus figurines after the Roman goddess of sexual love whose Greek equivalent is of sexual love whose Greek equivalent is of sexual love whose Greek equivalent is Aphrodite Aphrodite Aphrodite they are sculpted with extra large they are sculpted with extra large they are sculpted with extra large breasts abdomens butts and thighs all breasts abdomens butts and thighs all breasts abdomens butts and thighs all suggestive features of fertility the suggestive features of fertility the suggestive features of fertility the traditional belief is that they traditional belief is that they traditional belief is that they represented the mother goddess whose represented the mother goddess whose represented the mother goddess whose fertile abundance gave them life their fertile abundance gave them life their fertile abundance gave them life their exaggerated features suggest that the exaggerated features suggest that the exaggerated features suggest that the people to whom they belonged maintain people to whom they belonged maintain people to whom they belonged maintain beliefs about fertility and birth and

beliefs about fertility and birth and beliefs about fertility and birth and may even had communal rituals may even had communal rituals may even had communal rituals needless to say Neolithic people didn't needless to say Neolithic people didn't needless to say Neolithic people didn't have a modern understanding of science have a modern understanding of science have a modern understanding of science so things like pregnancy and birth must so things like pregnancy and birth must so things like pregnancy and birth must have been an object of wonder this was have been an object of wonder this was have been an object of wonder this was only mystified with the agricultural only mystified with the agricultural only mystified with the agricultural miracles of germination and growth miracles of germination and growth miracles of germination and growth female figures dominate Neolithic female figures dominate Neolithic female figures dominate Neolithic statuette art although male figures also statuette art although male figures also statuette art although male figures also exist males are chiefly distinguished by exist males are chiefly distinguished by exist males are chiefly distinguished by projecting phallus these figurines were projecting phallus these figurines were projecting phallus these figurines were not at all standardized and they show up not at all standardized and they show up not at all standardized and they show up in a variety of postures and shapes and in a variety of postures and shapes and in a variety of postures and shapes and sizes since the community could produce sizes since the community could produce sizes since the community could produce enough food without everyone having to enough food without everyone having to enough food without everyone having to work in the fields or herd cattle some work in the fields or herd cattle some work in the fields or herd cattle some workers could become craft specialists workers could become craft specialists workers could become craft specialists producing goods for those producing the producing goods for those producing the producing goods for those producing the food these artisans not only fashion food these artisans not only fashion food these artisans not only fashion tools and containers from the tools and containers from the tools and containers from the traditional materials of wood phone hide traditional materials of wood phone hide traditional materials of wood phone hide in stone but also develop new in stone but also develop new in stone but also develop new technological skills by experimenting technological skills by experimenting technological skills by experimenting with metal around 4000 BC other workers with metal around 4000 BC other workers with metal around 4000 BC other workers specialized in weaving textiles in specialized in weaving textiles in specialized in weaving textiles in addition to craft specialization trade addition to craft specialization trade addition to craft specialization trade also play a role in the economy of these also play a role in the economy of these also play a role in the economy of these early villages the trading contacts the early villages the trading contacts the early villages the trading contacts the villagers made with other settlements villagers made with other settlements villagers made with other settlements meant that the world did not consist meant that the world did not consist meant that the world did not consist merely of isolated communities a merely of isolated communities a merely of isolated communities a consequence of increasing specialization consequence of increasing specialization consequence of increasing specialization of Labor was the emergence of a social of Labor was the emergence of a social of Labor was the emergence of a social and political hierarchy the need to and political hierarchy the need to and political hierarchy the need to organize the exchange of food and goods organize the exchange of food and goods organize the exchange of food and goods between farmers and craft specialists between farmers and craft specialists between farmers and craft specialists created a need for leaders with greater created a need for leaders with greater created a need for leaders with greater authority than had been required to authority than had been required to authority than had been required to maintain peace and order in maintain peace and order in maintain peace and order in hunter-gatherer bands in addition

hunter-gatherer bands in addition hunter-gatherer bands in addition households that found success in farming households that found success in farming households that found success in farming herding crafts production or trade made herding crafts production or trade made herding crafts production or trade made themselves wealthier and thus different themselves wealthier and thus different themselves wealthier and thus different from less successful villagers there from less successful villagers there from less successful villagers there developed different social classes based developed different social classes based developed different social classes based upon how much was generated concepts not upon how much was generated concepts not upon how much was generated concepts not normally seen in tribal societies where normally seen in tribal societies where normally seen in tribal societies where resources were pulled together so the resources were pulled together so the resources were pulled together so the tribe can survive gradual changes in tribe can survive gradual changes in tribe can survive gradual changes in agriculture and hurting over many agriculture and hurting over many agriculture and hurting over many centuries perhaps contribute to the centuries perhaps contribute to the centuries perhaps contribute to the social political and legal inequality social political and legal inequality social political and legal inequality between men and women characteristic of between men and women characteristic of between men and women characteristic of the historical period farmers began to the historical period farmers began to the historical period farmers began to employ plows dragged by animals sometime employ plows dragged by animals sometime employ plows dragged by animals sometime around 4000 BC in order to cultivate around 4000 BC in order to cultivate around 4000 BC in order to cultivate more difficult land men operate at this more difficult land men operate at this more difficult land men operate at this new technology perhaps because new technology perhaps because new technology perhaps because I only required more physical strength I only required more physical strength I only required more physical strength than digging with sticks men also tended than digging with sticks men also tended than digging with sticks men also tended to large herds who grazed at a distance to large herds who grazed at a distance to large herds who grazed at a distance from the village because new grasslands from the village because new grasslands from the village because new grasslands had to be found continually by contrast had to be found continually by contrast had to be found continually by contrast women became tied down in the home women became tied down in the home women became tied down in the home because they had to raise more children because they had to raise more children because they had to raise more children than before to support agriculture which than before to support agriculture which than before to support agriculture which was increasingly becoming more intensive was increasingly becoming more intensive was increasingly becoming more intensive and therefore required more laborers and therefore required more laborers and therefore required more laborers women also produced clothes by spinning women also produced clothes by spinning women also produced clothes by spinning and weaving the wool it's possible that and weaving the wool it's possible that and weaving the wool it's possible that men's tasks were given greater prestige men's tasks were given greater prestige men's tasks were given greater prestige and thus contributed to the growth of and thus contributed to the growth of and thus contributed to the growth of inequality between genders this form of inequality between genders this form of inequality between genders this form of social differentiation which became a social differentiation which became a social differentiation which became a fundamental ingredient in Greek culture fundamental ingredient in Greek culture fundamental ingredient in Greek culture thus apparently emerged as a contingency thus apparently emerged as a contingency thus apparently emerged as a contingency of the fundamental changes in human life of the fundamental changes in human life of the fundamental changes in human life taking place in the late Neolithic taking place in the late Neolithic taking place in the late Neolithic period the Neolithic period is

period the Neolithic period is period the Neolithic period is considered the most revolutionary period considered the most revolutionary period considered the most revolutionary period in human development as the in human development as the in human development as the hunter-gatherer society began to settle hunter-gatherer society began to settle hunter-gatherer society began to settle in villages and domesticate animals and in villages and domesticate animals and in villages and domesticate animals and plants laying the foundation for the plants laying the foundation for the plants laying the foundation for the rise of civilizations in the next rise of civilizations in the next rise of civilizations in the next episode we will add bronze to the episode we will add bronze to the episode we will add bronze to the equation and examine the early equation and examine the early equation and examine the early developments of the Bronze Age developments of the Bronze Age developments of the Bronze Age civilizations in the Aegean Sea and civilizations in the Aegean Sea and civilizations in the Aegean Sea and Greek mainland so tune in next time to Greek mainland so tune in next time to Greek mainland so tune in next time to the history of ancient Greece episode 4 the history of ancient Greece episode 4 the history of ancient Greece episode 4 the early Bronze Age I would like to the early Bronze Age I would like to the early Bronze Age I would like to give a special thanks to the amazing give a special thanks to the amazing give a special thanks to the amazing artist Michael levy for allow me to artist Michael levy for allow me to artist Michael levy for allow me to feature his music on this podcast he feature his music on this podcast he feature his music on this podcast he transports you to the ancient world transports you to the ancient world transports you to the ancient world bringing a life of melodies and using bringing a life of melodies and using bringing a life of melodies and using the techniques of the past a new song the techniques of the past a new song the techniques of the past a new song will be played every episode this one is will be played every episode this one is will be played every episode this one is titled hymn to the stars titled hymn to the stars titled hymn to the stars from his new album the ancient Greek from his new album the ancient Greek from his new album the ancient Greek authority if you like what you heard and authority if you like what you heard and authority if you like what you heard and are curious to learn more about ancient are curious to learn more about ancient are curious to learn more about ancient Greek music check out his website at Greek music check out his website at Greek music check out his website at ancient lyre calm his albums are ancient lyre calm his albums are ancient lyre calm his albums are available in every major digital music available in every major digital music available in every major digital music store including iTunes Amazon and store including iTunes Amazon and store including iTunes Amazon and Spotify [Music]

[Music] [Applause] [Applause] [Applause] [Music] hello and welcome back to the history of hello and welcome back to the history of ancient Greece episode 4 the early ancient Greece episode 4 the early ancient Greece episode 4 the early Bronze Age in this episode we are going Bronze Age in this episode we are going Bronze Age in this episode we are going to discuss the next significant period to discuss the next significant period to discuss the next significant period in Greece's developmental history the in Greece's developmental history the in Greece's developmental history the early Bronze Age which is roughly the early Bronze Age which is roughly the early Bronze Age which is roughly the 3rd millennium BC with the focus mainly 3rd millennium BC with the focus mainly 3rd millennium BC with the focus mainly on the Cyclades and the Greek mainland on the Cyclades and the Greek mainland on the Cyclades and the Greek mainland with the coming of the Bronze Age we with the coming of the Bronze Age we with the coming of the Bronze Age we start to get more and more material start to get more and more material start to get more and more material evidence and social and economic changes evidence and social and economic changes evidence and social and economic changes begin to proceed more rapidly the main begin to proceed more rapidly the main begin to proceed more rapidly the main reason was an increase in the use of reason was an increase in the use of reason was an increase in the use of metals in the development of metallurgy metals in the development of metallurgy metals in the development of metallurgy the transition from Neolithic to Bronze the transition from Neolithic to Bronze the transition from Neolithic to Bronze Age was not immediate however for this Age was not immediate however for this Age was not immediate however for this reason just like the Mesolithic period reason just like the Mesolithic period reason just like the Mesolithic period is a transition between the Paleolithic is a transition between the Paleolithic is a transition between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods some scholars have and Neolithic periods some scholars have and Neolithic periods some scholars have labeled the transitional period from labeled the transitional period from labeled the transitional period from Neolithic to Bronze Age asked chocolate Neolithic to Bronze Age asked chocolate Neolithic to Bronze Age asked chocolate from the Greek words Hall hosts which is from the Greek words Hall hosts which is from the Greek words Hall hosts which is copper and a litho stone because copper copper and a litho stone because copper copper and a litho stone because copper was being used in addition to stone was being used in addition to stone was being used in addition to stone since copper is a metal it's still since copper is a metal it's still since copper is a metal it's still technically part of the early Bronze Age technically part of the early Bronze Age technically part of the early Bronze Age anyway the crucial next step of adding anyway the crucial next step of adding anyway the crucial next step of adding tin to the copper to produce bronze a tin to the copper to produce bronze a tin to the copper to produce bronze a much harder metal was taken in the near much harder metal was taken in the near much harder metal was taken in the near East er in the 4th millennium BC the

East er in the 4th millennium BC the East er in the 4th millennium BC the technology came to Greece around 3000 BC technology came to Greece around 3000 BC technology came to Greece around 3000 BC and by about 2500 BC the use of bronze and by about 2500 BC the use of bronze and by about 2500 BC the use of bronze as well as other metals such as lead as well as other metals such as lead as well as other metals such as lead silver and gold became widespread silver and gold became widespread silver and gold became widespread throughout Crete and the Cyclades throughout Crete and the Cyclades throughout Crete and the Cyclades islands in the southern Aegean Sea the islands in the southern Aegean Sea the islands in the southern Aegean Sea the introduction of metallurgy was a major introduction of metallurgy was a major introduction of metallurgy was a major technological advancement devising technological advancement devising technological advancement devising innovative ways to alloy metals at high innovative ways to alloy metals at high innovative ways to alloy metals at high temperatures a Jean Smith's created new temperatures a Jean Smith's created new temperatures a Jean Smith's created new luxury goods and better tools for luxury goods and better tools for luxury goods and better tools for agriculture construction and warfare agriculture construction and warfare agriculture construction and warfare weapons of bronze were considerably more weapons of bronze were considerably more weapons of bronze were considerably more lethal than those made of stone bone or lethal than those made of stone bone or lethal than those made of stone bone or copper bronze was copper bronze was copper bronze was stronger and was able to hold a razor stronger and was able to hold a razor stronger and was able to hold a razor edge making feasible the production of edge making feasible the production of edge making feasible the production of durable metal daggers swords and durable metal daggers swords and durable metal daggers swords and spearheads the dagger soon became spearheads the dagger soon became spearheads the dagger soon became standard equipment for warriors in the standard equipment for warriors in the standard equipment for warriors in the Bronze Age and it eventually was Bronze Age and it eventually was Bronze Age and it eventually was lengthened into swords increasing the lengthened into swords increasing the lengthened into swords increasing the killing efficiency of these new weapons killing efficiency of these new weapons killing efficiency of these new weapons Bronze Age Smith's also made daggers and Bronze Age Smith's also made daggers and Bronze Age Smith's also made daggers and swords with lavish decorations added to swords with lavish decorations added to swords with lavish decorations added to them as objects for displaying them as objects for displaying them as objects for displaying ostentation highly visible symbols of ostentation highly visible symbols of ostentation highly visible symbols of wealth and status this creation of a new wealth and status this creation of a new wealth and status this creation of a new kind of wealth and status represented a kind of wealth and status represented a kind of wealth and status represented a turning point in Greek social and turning point in Greek social and turning point in Greek social and economic relations economic relations economic relations it was the high-ranking individuals and it was the high-ranking individuals and it was the high-ranking individuals and families those with greater surpluses of families those with greater surpluses of families those with greater surpluses of wealth who had the most access to bronze wealth who had the most access to bronze wealth who had the most access to bronze and scarce metal products possession of and scarce metal products possession of and scarce metal products possession of these and other prestige items set them these and other prestige items set them these and other prestige items set them further apart from the mass population further apart from the mass population further apart from the mass population the desire to accumulate wealth in the the desire to accumulate wealth in the the desire to accumulate wealth in the form of various metal objects such as form of various metal objects such as form of various metal objects such as jewelry and to possess those objects as

jewelry and to possess those objects as jewelry and to possess those objects as status symbols stimulated demand for status symbols stimulated demand for status symbols stimulated demand for metals and for the skilled workers who metals and for the skilled workers who metals and for the skilled workers who could fashion them this gave rise to could fashion them this gave rise to could fashion them this gave rise to local specialists and workshops an local specialists and workshops an local specialists and workshops an accelerated trade for copper and tin and accelerated trade for copper and tin and accelerated trade for copper and tin and other metals not only with the Near East other metals not only with the Near East other metals not only with the Near East but also with the peoples of Central and but also with the peoples of Central and but also with the peoples of Central and Western Europe where tin was abundant Western Europe where tin was abundant Western Europe where tin was abundant some of these specialists were itinerant some of these specialists were itinerant some of these specialists were itinerant near Easterners who had travelled west near Easterners who had travelled west near Easterners who had travelled west looking for new markets for their skills looking for new markets for their skills looking for new markets for their skills they brought with them not only their they brought with them not only their they brought with them not only their technological expertise but also a technological expertise but also a technological expertise but also a repertoire of myths that influenced the repertoire of myths that influenced the repertoire of myths that influenced the people with whom they interacted in this people with whom they interacted in this people with whom they interacted in this way they became indirect agents of way they became indirect agents of way they became indirect agents of cultural change early Bronze Age Greece cultural change early Bronze Age Greece cultural change early Bronze Age Greece was edging its way into the wider was edging its way into the wider was edging its way into the wider economy and culture of the Mediterranean economy and culture of the Mediterranean economy and culture of the Mediterranean world and as the economy expanded and world and as the economy expanded and world and as the economy expanded and the settlements grew larger so did the the settlements grew larger so did the the settlements grew larger so did the wealth power and authority of their wealth power and authority of their wealth power and authority of their leaders now established as hereditary leaders now established as hereditary leaders now established as hereditary chiefs who will record exceptional chiefs who will record exceptional chiefs who will record exceptional honors and privileges Mediterranean poly honors and privileges Mediterranean poly honors and privileges Mediterranean poly culture or the cultivation of olives and culture or the cultivation of olives and culture or the cultivation of olives and grapes as well as grain in one grapes as well as grain in one grapes as well as grain in one agricultural system also fully evolved agricultural system also fully evolved agricultural system also fully evolved in the third millennium BC as people in the third millennium BC as people in the third millennium BC as people began to exploit new plants to expand began to exploit new plants to expand began to exploit new plants to expand their diet the emergence of this system their diet the emergence of this system their diet the emergence of this system which still dominates Mediterranean which still dominates Mediterranean which still dominates Mediterranean agriculture today had two important agriculture today had two important agriculture today had two important consequences an increase in food supply consequences an increase in food supply consequences an increase in food supply which stimulate a population growth which stimulate a population growth which stimulate a population growth and further diversification and further diversification and further diversification specialization of Agriculture this in specialization of Agriculture this in specialization of Agriculture this in turn produced valuable new products such turn produced valuable new products such turn produced valuable new products such as olive oil and wine both of which as olive oil and wine both of which as olive oil and wine both of which required new storage techniques for required new storage techniques for required new storage techniques for local use and for trade the manufacturer

local use and for trade the manufacturer local use and for trade the manufacturer of great storage jars therefore gain of great storage jars therefore gain of great storage jars therefore gain popularity adding another specialization popularity adding another specialization popularity adding another specialization to the crafts of the period to the crafts of the period to the crafts of the period specialization in the production of food specialization in the production of food specialization in the production of food and goods also meant that the and goods also meant that the and goods also meant that the specialists in these fields had no time specialists in these fields had no time specialists in these fields had no time to grow their own food or fashion the to grow their own food or fashion the to grow their own food or fashion the variety of things that they needed for variety of things that they needed for variety of things that they needed for everyday life they had to acquire their everyday life they had to acquire their everyday life they had to acquire their food and other goods through exchange food and other goods through exchange food and other goods through exchange society therefore became increasingly society therefore became increasingly society therefore became increasingly interdependent both economically and interdependent both economically and interdependent both economically and socially throughout the Bronze Age no socially throughout the Bronze Age no socially throughout the Bronze Age no events in Greece creator the Aegean can events in Greece creator the Aegean can events in Greece creator the Aegean can be firmly dated by contemporary sources be firmly dated by contemporary sources be firmly dated by contemporary sources unlike the civilizations of Egypt in the unlike the civilizations of Egypt in the unlike the civilizations of Egypt in the Near East the peoples of these areas Near East the peoples of these areas Near East the peoples of these areas were illiterate through the third were illiterate through the third were illiterate through the third millennium BC and when they finally millennium BC and when they finally millennium BC and when they finally developed a script they did not record developed a script they did not record developed a script they did not record historical events we therefore once historical events we therefore once historical events we therefore once again have to rely for chronology almost again have to rely for chronology almost again have to rely for chronology almost entirely on the dating of material entirely on the dating of material entirely on the dating of material objects of these pottery is by far the objects of these pottery is by far the objects of these pottery is by far the most widespread and was used at all most widespread and was used at all most widespread and was used at all levels of society for cooking eating levels of society for cooking eating levels of society for cooking eating drinking and storing and in all grades drinking and storing and in all grades drinking and storing and in all grades of quality even when pots are broken the of quality even when pots are broken the of quality even when pots are broken the pieces survive and fire does not destroy pieces survive and fire does not destroy pieces survive and fire does not destroy them as in modern times different them as in modern times different them as in modern times different generations tend to have different generations tend to have different generations tend to have different tastes therefore changes in the style of tastes therefore changes in the style of tastes therefore changes in the style of decoration and popular shapes can be decoration and popular shapes can be decoration and popular shapes can be classified and with the help of classified and with the help of classified and with the help of stratified deposits will show which pots stratified deposits will show which pots stratified deposits will show which pots are contemporary Gnaeus they can be are contemporary Gnaeus they can be are contemporary Gnaeus they can be arranged in sequence and we can arranged in sequence and we can arranged in sequence and we can establish a relative chronology the establish a relative chronology the establish a relative chronology the bronze age is divided into three periods bronze age is divided into three periods bronze age is divided into three periods early roughly 3,000 to 2,000 BC middle early roughly 3,000 to 2,000 BC middle early roughly 3,000 to 2,000 BC middle roughly 2,000 to 1550 BC and late

roughly 2,000 to 1550 BC and late roughly 2,000 to 1550 BC and late roughly 1550 BC to 1100 BC they are roughly 1550 BC to 1100 BC they are roughly 1550 BC to 1100 BC they are differentiated between Minoan which is differentiated between Minoan which is differentiated between Minoan which is creed poetic the mainland and psychotic creed poetic the mainland and psychotic creed poetic the mainland and psychotic the Cyclades although the general the Cyclades although the general the Cyclades although the general chronologies are all about the same chronologies are all about the same chronologies are all about the same these three each then are divided into 1 these three each then are divided into 1 these three each then are divided into 1 2 and 3 and subdivided further into a B 2 and 3 and subdivided further into a B 2 and 3 and subdivided further into a B and C so for instance you can have early and C so for instance you can have early and C so for instance you can have early psychotic one a middle Minoan to be late psychotic one a middle Minoan to be late psychotic one a middle Minoan to be late holodeck 3 C holodeck 3 C holodeck 3 C and so forth I'll post a chart on the and so forth I'll post a chart on the and so forth I'll post a chart on the website for you to peruse it's not as website for you to peruse it's not as website for you to peruse it's not as complicated as it sounds the differences complicated as it sounds the differences complicated as it sounds the differences in a periods a B and C are minuscule and in a periods a B and C are minuscule and in a periods a B and C are minuscule and are more for archaeological folks and are more for archaeological folks and are more for archaeological folks and aren't necessarily pertinent for aren't necessarily pertinent for aren't necessarily pertinent for understanding historical narrative understanding historical narrative understanding historical narrative another means that arriving at dates for another means that arriving at dates for another means that arriving at dates for organic objects is radiocarbon dating organic objects is radiocarbon dating organic objects is radiocarbon dating since we know the amount of carbon-14 in since we know the amount of carbon-14 in since we know the amount of carbon-14 in any organic object and since the any organic object and since the any organic object and since the carbon-14 decays at a fixed rate it is carbon-14 decays at a fixed rate it is carbon-14 decays at a fixed rate it is possible to measure the amount of possible to measure the amount of possible to measure the amount of carbon-14 left in an object the older carbon-14 left in an object the older carbon-14 left in an object the older something is the less carbon-14 will be something is the less carbon-14 will be something is the less carbon-14 will be in it so this is useful for relative in it so this is useful for relative in it so this is useful for relative dating however this method can provide dating however this method can provide dating however this method can provide inaccuracies of up to two or three inaccuracies of up to two or three inaccuracies of up to two or three hundred years but for an error before hundred years but for an error before hundred years but for an error before coins inscriptions or written records coins inscriptions or written records coins inscriptions or written records this is absolutely crucial the more this is absolutely crucial the more this is absolutely crucial the more advanced cultures during the early advanced cultures during the early advanced cultures during the early Bronze Age were found on Crete there Bronze Age were found on Crete there Bronze Age were found on Crete there will be more about them next episode and will be more about them next episode and will be more about them next episode and in the Cyclades the group of islands in in the Cyclades the group of islands in in the Cyclades the group of islands in the southern Aegean their name is the southern Aegean their name is the southern Aegean their name is derived from the word ku close meaning derived from the word ku close meaning derived from the word ku close meaning circle since they form a sort of circle circle since they form a sort of circle circle since they form a sort of circle around Delos there are a stepping stone

around Delos there are a stepping stone around Delos there are a stepping stone and key link between Asia Minor Crete and key link between Asia Minor Crete and key link between Asia Minor Crete and Greece it was certainly through them and Greece it was certainly through them and Greece it was certainly through them that Near Eastern influences reached that Near Eastern influences reached that Near Eastern influences reached Greece and allowed them to achieve a Greece and allowed them to achieve a Greece and allowed them to achieve a period of great prosperity during the period of great prosperity during the period of great prosperity during the 3rd millennium BC the Cyclades are most 3rd millennium BC the Cyclades are most 3rd millennium BC the Cyclades are most famous for their marble sculpture and famous for their marble sculpture and famous for their marble sculpture and the islands of Naxos and paris in the islands of Naxos and paris in the islands of Naxos and paris in particular shown in an abstract particular shown in an abstract particular shown in an abstract geometric form these sculptures had geometric form these sculptures had geometric form these sculptures had features that include triangular shaped features that include triangular shaped features that include triangular shaped noses and oval face sloping shoulders noses and oval face sloping shoulders noses and oval face sloping shoulders breasts and abdomen known as the breasts and abdomen known as the breasts and abdomen known as the canonical style most figures were of canonical style most figures were of canonical style most figures were of nude women with their arms folded across nude women with their arms folded across nude women with their arms folded across their chest her feet are tilted their chest her feet are tilted their chest her feet are tilted backwards possibly meaning that these backwards possibly meaning that these backwards possibly meaning that these figures were intended to be laid down figures were intended to be laid down figures were intended to be laid down the style accounts for the overwhelming the style accounts for the overwhelming the style accounts for the overwhelming majority of figures however the seated majority of figures however the seated majority of figures however the seated male lyre player is one of the male lyre player is one of the male lyre player is one of the exceptions as its title portrays it exceptions as its title portrays it exceptions as its title portrays it shows a seated male figure holding a shows a seated male figure holding a shows a seated male figure holding a lyre and actively engaged in making lyre and actively engaged in making lyre and actively engaged in making music it is about nine inches tall which music it is about nine inches tall which music it is about nine inches tall which is really small compared to the majority is really small compared to the majority is really small compared to the majority of Cycladic artifacts found some of them of Cycladic artifacts found some of them of Cycladic artifacts found some of them are even life-sized but most averaged are even life-sized but most averaged are even life-sized but most averaged about eighteen inches high about eighteen inches high about eighteen inches high the function of these canonical the function of these canonical the function of these canonical figurines is unknown in the absence of figurines is unknown in the absence of figurines is unknown in the absence of written record we must use written record we must use written record we must use interpretation but the archaeological interpretation but the archaeological interpretation but the archaeological data is insufficient due to extensive data is insufficient due to extensive data is insufficient due to extensive looting of the Cycladic Islands in the looting of the Cycladic Islands in the looting of the Cycladic Islands in the 1950s and 60s as they were in great 1950s and 60s as they were in great 1950s and 60s as they were in great demand on the international art market demand on the international art market demand on the international art market it has been estimated that out of it has been estimated that out of it has been estimated that out of approximately 1,400 figurines only 40%

approximately 1,400 figurines only 40% approximately 1,400 figurines only 40% have been recovered through systematic have been recovered through systematic have been recovered through systematic excavations with proper documentation excavations with proper documentation excavations with proper documentation regardless we do know that most came regardless we do know that most came regardless we do know that most came from graves leading many to theorize from graves leading many to theorize from graves leading many to theorize their involvement in funerary rituals their involvement in funerary rituals their involvement in funerary rituals possibly being representations of the possibly being representations of the possibly being representations of the deceased servants or concubines in the deceased servants or concubines in the deceased servants or concubines in the afterlife or votive figurines some have afterlife or votive figurines some have afterlife or votive figurines some have also appeared in domestic contexts to me also appeared in domestic contexts to me also appeared in domestic contexts to me it seems more likely that the female it seems more likely that the female it seems more likely that the female figurines are just a newer version of figurines are just a newer version of figurines are just a newer version of the Neolithic mother goddess fertility the Neolithic mother goddess fertility the Neolithic mother goddess fertility figure as the plumpness gives way to a figure as the plumpness gives way to a figure as the plumpness gives way to a more rigid form instead of clay they are more rigid form instead of clay they are more rigid form instead of clay they are being made with a new medium marble but being made with a new medium marble but being made with a new medium marble but these weren't meant to be carried about these weren't meant to be carried about these weren't meant to be carried about and handled like their predecessors and handled like their predecessors and handled like their predecessors instead these were probably meant to be instead these were probably meant to be instead these were probably meant to be marveled at and worshipped marveled at and worshipped marveled at and worshipped although the mainland was not creating although the mainland was not creating although the mainland was not creating representational art quite like the representational art quite like the representational art quite like the Cyclades that doesn't mean that in other Cyclades that doesn't mean that in other Cyclades that doesn't mean that in other aspects they weren't developing once the aspects they weren't developing once the aspects they weren't developing once the use of bronze fully goes into effect we use of bronze fully goes into effect we use of bronze fully goes into effect we see a period of impressive growth from see a period of impressive growth from see a period of impressive growth from 2500 to 2200 BC there's significant 2500 to 2200 BC there's significant 2500 to 2200 BC there's significant increase in population the more trade is increase in population the more trade is increase in population the more trade is taking place between the Greek mainland taking place between the Greek mainland taking place between the Greek mainland Crete in the Aegean islands as well as Crete in the Aegean islands as well as Crete in the Aegean islands as well as even more within each area the pottery even more within each area the pottery even more within each area the pottery shows influence from Western Anatolia shows influence from Western Anatolia shows influence from Western Anatolia and a fast-spinning version of the and a fast-spinning version of the and a fast-spinning version of the potter's wheel is introduced from the potter's wheel is introduced from the potter's wheel is introduced from the Near East leading to new shapes being Near East leading to new shapes being Near East leading to new shapes being able to be made such as pouring vessels able to be made such as pouring vessels able to be made such as pouring vessels an apprentice control the wheel while an apprentice control the wheel while an apprentice control the wheel while the Potter was free to use both hands to the Potter was free to use both hands to the Potter was free to use both hands to mold the clay to a desired shape the

mold the clay to a desired shape the mold the clay to a desired shape the development of metallurgy together with development of metallurgy together with development of metallurgy together with the growth of trade increased the growth of trade increased the growth of trade increased specialization and created more complex specialization and created more complex specialization and created more complex societies it is in this period that we societies it is in this period that we societies it is in this period that we first see the emergence of stone first see the emergence of stone first see the emergence of stone fortifications and large buildings fortifications and large buildings fortifications and large buildings suggesting a stronger Authority and suggesting a stronger Authority and suggesting a stronger Authority and increased resources accompanied by a increased resources accompanied by a increased resources accompanied by a growing danger from neighbors or pirate growing danger from neighbors or pirate growing danger from neighbors or pirate for these new features the main evidence for these new features the main evidence for these new features the main evidence comes from coastal sites like beau Isha comes from coastal sites like beau Isha comes from coastal sites like beau Isha Attica and the argue lid or islands like Attica and the argue lid or islands like Attica and the argue lid or islands like Agena euboea inna Cyclades there are Agena euboea inna Cyclades there are Agena euboea inna Cyclades there are good examples of both fortifications and good examples of both fortifications and good examples of both fortifications and a large building at Larina in the Argyll a large building at Larina in the Argyll a large building at Larina in the Argyll it'd atlanna the house of tiles so named it'd atlanna the house of tiles so named it'd atlanna the house of tiles so named because it had a roof of baked tiles because it had a roof of baked tiles because it had a roof of baked tiles covering more than one story of rooms covering more than one story of rooms covering more than one story of rooms may have been the house of the ruling may have been the house of the ruling may have been the house of the ruling chief if so then this may be the chief if so then this may be the chief if so then this may be the beginning of an important architectural beginning of an important architectural beginning of an important architectural tradition as we will see in upcoming tradition as we will see in upcoming tradition as we will see in upcoming episodes with the palaces on Crete and episodes with the palaces on Crete and episodes with the palaces on Crete and late bronze age Greece the late bronze age Greece the late bronze age Greece the sophistication of the architecture and sophistication of the architecture and sophistication of the architecture and the quality of the artifacts at this the quality of the artifacts at this the quality of the artifacts at this time show a fairly complex political and time show a fairly complex political and time show a fairly complex political and economic system the far less advanced economic system the far less advanced economic system the far less advanced than those of the Near East in Egypt than those of the Near East in Egypt than those of the Near East in Egypt Lanna flourish from around 3,000 to Lanna flourish from around 3,000 to Lanna flourish from around 3,000 to 2,100 BC but then it was suddenly 2,100 BC but then it was suddenly 2,100 BC but then it was suddenly destroyed along with a number of other destroyed along with a number of other destroyed along with a number of other towns and villages in the Argyll 'add towns and villages in the Argyll 'add towns and villages in the Argyll 'add Attica and Laconia similar devastation Attica and Laconia similar devastation Attica and Laconia similar devastation of settlements occurred throughout much of settlements occurred throughout much of settlements occurred throughout much of Europe at this time the island sites of Europe at this time the island sites of Europe at this time the island sites do not show any signs of destruction do not show any signs of destruction do not show any signs of destruction however from 2100 to 1600 BC mainland however from 2100 to 1600 BC mainland however from 2100 to 1600 BC mainland Greece appears to enter a period of

Greece appears to enter a period of Greece appears to enter a period of cultural stagnation which the cultural stagnation which the cultural stagnation which the archaeological record is both meagre and archaeological record is both meagre and archaeological record is both meagre and unspectacular which has led to the unspectacular which has led to the unspectacular which has led to the theory that this destruction marks the theory that this destruction marks the theory that this destruction marks the arrival of a new people with different arrival of a new people with different arrival of a new people with different customs and as we will see down the road customs and as we will see down the road customs and as we will see down the road a new language yes the proto Greeks have a new language yes the proto Greeks have a new language yes the proto Greeks have arrived on the scene the theory arrived on the scene the theory arrived on the scene the theory continues that these proto Greek people continues that these proto Greek people continues that these proto Greek people arrived in mainland Greece as part of a arrived in mainland Greece as part of a arrived in mainland Greece as part of a huge wave of migrating peoples from the huge wave of migrating peoples from the huge wave of migrating peoples from the north and east north and east north and east this theory is the result of modern this theory is the result of modern this theory is the result of modern linguistic analysis in the 18th century linguistic analysis in the 18th century linguistic analysis in the 18th century ad scholars began to recognize that ad scholars began to recognize that ad scholars began to recognize that ancient Greek bore many similarities to ancient Greek bore many similarities to ancient Greek bore many similarities to other dead languages such as Latin Old other dead languages such as Latin Old other dead languages such as Latin Old Persian and Sanskrit as well as to Persian and Sanskrit as well as to Persian and Sanskrit as well as to entire families of spoken languages such entire families of spoken languages such entire families of spoken languages such as romance Germanic and Slavic they as romance Germanic and Slavic they as romance Germanic and Slavic they observed for example a striking observed for example a striking observed for example a striking similarity in various words we will use similarity in various words we will use similarity in various words we will use night as an example but there are many night as an example but there are many night as an example but there are many many options that I could have chosen many options that I could have chosen many options that I could have chosen also I probably am going to butcher some also I probably am going to butcher some also I probably am going to butcher some of these words so don't hold it against of these words so don't hold it against of these words so don't hold it against me anyway me anyway me anyway Greek is nukes nuke toasts in the Greek is nukes nuke toasts in the Greek is nukes nuke toasts in the genitive case genitive case genitive case Latin is Knox noctus in the genitive Latin is Knox noctus in the genitive Latin is Knox noctus in the genitive case Sanskrit is nacht English's night case Sanskrit is nacht English's night case Sanskrit is nacht English's night Spanish is no que French is nuit Spanish is no que French is nuit Spanish is no que French is nuit German is nacht Russian is Noke and so German is nacht Russian is Noke and so German is nacht Russian is Noke and so on that English speakers have two on that English speakers have two on that English speakers have two completely dissimilar pronouns to refer completely dissimilar pronouns to refer completely dissimilar pronouns to refer to themselves in different grammatical to themselves in different grammatical to themselves in different grammatical context the words I and me is a feature context the words I and me is a feature context the words I and me is a feature common in numerous other languages the

common in numerous other languages the common in numerous other languages the close likeliness is in vocabulary and close likeliness is in vocabulary and close likeliness is in vocabulary and grammatical structure among ancient grammatical structure among ancient grammatical structure among ancient languages and their descendants soon led languages and their descendants soon led languages and their descendants soon led to the hypothesis that they had all to the hypothesis that they had all to the hypothesis that they had all sprung from a common linguistic ancestor sprung from a common linguistic ancestor sprung from a common linguistic ancestor which was termed indo-european it was which was termed indo-european it was which was termed indo-european it was reasoned that there had once been a reasoned that there had once been a reasoned that there had once been a single indo-european homeland located single indo-european homeland located single indo-european homeland located perhaps in the vast steppes north of the perhaps in the vast steppes north of the perhaps in the vast steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas in Central Asia Black and Caspian Seas in Central Asia Black and Caspian Seas in Central Asia and that the separate language is and that the separate language is and that the separate language is developed over the course of migrations developed over the course of migrations developed over the course of migrations from the homeland into distant places from the homeland into distant places from the homeland into distant places around 4500 to 2000 BC the original around 4500 to 2000 BC the original around 4500 to 2000 BC the original language would have disappeared well language would have disappeared well language would have disappeared well before the invention of writing however before the invention of writing however before the invention of writing however the speakers of proto Greek were thus a the speakers of proto Greek were thus a the speakers of proto Greek were thus a part of a great and lengthy ancient part of a great and lengthy ancient part of a great and lengthy ancient exodus of peoples which gradually over exodus of peoples which gradually over exodus of peoples which gradually over the centuries spread the indo-european the centuries spread the indo-european the centuries spread the indo-european languages across Europe and Asia from languages across Europe and Asia from languages across Europe and Asia from Ireland to China so with that in mind Ireland to China so with that in mind Ireland to China so with that in mind the standard belief goes as follows the standard belief goes as follows the standard belief goes as follows Greek speaking peoples came down into Greek speaking peoples came down into Greek speaking peoples came down into the Peloponnese in three waves with the the Peloponnese in three waves with the the Peloponnese in three waves with the earliest beings sometime between 2100 earliest beings sometime between 2100 earliest beings sometime between 2100 and 1900 BC a second wave occurring and 1900 BC a second wave occurring and 1900 BC a second wave occurring around 1600 BC and a third wave would around 1600 BC and a third wave would around 1600 BC and a third wave would arrive at the end of the Bronze Age when arrive at the end of the Bronze Age when arrive at the end of the Bronze Age when they arrived they came with horses a they arrived they came with horses a they arrived they came with horses a previously unknown sight in Greece they previously unknown sight in Greece they previously unknown sight in Greece they began to intermingle with the pre Greek began to intermingle with the pre Greek began to intermingle with the pre Greek people's called the Pulaski UNS by later people's called the Pulaski UNS by later people's called the Pulaski UNS by later greek sources they spoke an early form greek sources they spoke an early form greek sources they spoke an early form of greek yet they absorbed instead of of greek yet they absorbed instead of of greek yet they absorbed instead of language a number of words used by the language a number of words used by the language a number of words used by the locals these were particularly place locals these were particularly place locals these were particularly place names ending in in those souls and

names ending in in those souls and names ending in in those souls and toasts such as Corinthos which is toasts such as Corinthos which is toasts such as Corinthos which is Corinth in the mountains of high Mitsos Corinth in the mountains of high Mitsos Corinth in the mountains of high Mitsos and Parnassus and Parnassus and Parnassus there are also names of indigenous there are also names of indigenous there are also names of indigenous animals and plants such as high animals and plants such as high animals and plants such as high ethos the hyacinth in our kisos ethos the hyacinth in our kisos ethos the hyacinth in our kisos narcissus in the Greek words for the sea narcissus in the Greek words for the sea narcissus in the Greek words for the sea Thalassa and an island Nestle's fall Thalassa and an island Nestle's fall Thalassa and an island Nestle's fall into the same category the common link into the same category the common link into the same category the common link between such words is that they stood between such words is that they stood between such words is that they stood for things probably unfamiliar to the for things probably unfamiliar to the for things probably unfamiliar to the new arrivals so they just borrowed the new arrivals so they just borrowed the new arrivals so they just borrowed the names after all these people from names after all these people from names after all these people from Central Asia wouldn't be familiar with Central Asia wouldn't be familiar with Central Asia wouldn't be familiar with the sea and islands the most we can the sea and islands the most we can the sea and islands the most we can safely say about these incoming Greek safely say about these incoming Greek safely say about these incoming Greek speakers is that they practice herding speakers is that they practice herding speakers is that they practice herding and agriculture and they knew metallurgy and agriculture and they knew metallurgy and agriculture and they knew metallurgy and other crafts such as pottery and and other crafts such as pottery and and other crafts such as pottery and cloth making of their society we can cloth making of their society we can cloth making of their society we can surmise only that they were organizing surmise only that they were organizing surmise only that they were organizing clans that were patriarchal and clans that were patriarchal and clans that were patriarchal and patrilineal meaning they were ruled by patrilineal meaning they were ruled by patrilineal meaning they were ruled by men and dissent passed down through the men and dissent passed down through the men and dissent passed down through the mail their primary divinity was Zeus a mail their primary divinity was Zeus a mail their primary divinity was Zeus a powerful male God and they were warlike powerful male God and they were warlike powerful male God and they were warlike people with a hierarchical leadership people with a hierarchical leadership people with a hierarchical leadership system in most respects except for system in most respects except for system in most respects except for language and religion the two peoples language and religion the two peoples language and religion the two peoples were probably very similar the process were probably very similar the process were probably very similar the process of displacement was probably a long one of displacement was probably a long one of displacement was probably a long one with both Greek and indigenous languages with both Greek and indigenous languages with both Greek and indigenous languages existing side-by-side for centuries existing side-by-side for centuries existing side-by-side for centuries during which the native people and the during which the native people and the during which the native people and the newcomers gradually merged into a single newcomers gradually merged into a single newcomers gradually merged into a single people through generations of people through generations of people through generations of intermarriage and their two cultures intermarriage and their two cultures intermarriage and their two cultures fused into a single culture that

fused into a single culture that fused into a single culture that contained elements of both population contained elements of both population contained elements of both population increased new settlements arose there increased new settlements arose there increased new settlements arose there were advances in metallurgy and contacts were advances in metallurgy and contacts were advances in metallurgy and contacts with the civilizations of Crete in the with the civilizations of Crete in the with the civilizations of Crete in the near East began all of which would lead near East began all of which would lead near East began all of which would lead to the ushering end of the high to the ushering end of the high to the ushering end of the high civilization of the Late Bronze Age the civilization of the Late Bronze Age the civilization of the Late Bronze Age the idea that advanced civilizations had idea that advanced civilizations had idea that advanced civilizations had existed in the Aegean during the Late existed in the Aegean during the Late existed in the Aegean during the Late Bronze Age was not known until the Bronze Age was not known until the Bronze Age was not known until the unearthing in the late 19th century AD unearthing in the late 19th century AD unearthing in the late 19th century AD of three famous cities from the mythical of three famous cities from the mythical of three famous cities from the mythical Age of Heroes Age of Heroes Age of Heroes but in 1870 heinrich schliemann who was but in 1870 heinrich schliemann who was but in 1870 heinrich schliemann who was a wealthy German businessman turned a wealthy German businessman turned a wealthy German businessman turned archaeologists discovered the city of archaeologists discovered the city of archaeologists discovered the city of Troy in schliemann's day most historians Troy in schliemann's day most historians Troy in schliemann's day most historians dismissed the stories of Homer as just dismissed the stories of Homer as just dismissed the stories of Homer as just another mythical tale Sleeman however another mythical tale Sleeman however another mythical tale Sleeman however believed what he read in Homer and went believed what he read in Homer and went believed what he read in Homer and went looking for Troy looking for Troy looking for Troy he found a massive mound at a place he found a massive mound at a place he found a massive mound at a place called his sarlaac in northwestern called his sarlaac in northwestern called his sarlaac in northwestern Turkey but this site was sitting miles Turkey but this site was sitting miles Turkey but this site was sitting miles away from the away from the away from the coastline but it did not mesh with coastline but it did not mesh with coastline but it did not mesh with homers account of Troy sitting on the homers account of Troy sitting on the homers account of Troy sitting on the sea but Schliemann found that where sea but Schliemann found that where sea but Schliemann found that where there was now land there used to be a there was now land there used to be a there was now land there used to be a great harbor as his archaeological team great harbor as his archaeological team great harbor as his archaeological team revealed the massive ruins of a Bronze revealed the massive ruins of a Bronze revealed the massive ruins of a Bronze Age city which he identified as the Age city which he identified as the Age city which he identified as the mythical Troy the news electrify the mythical Troy the news electrify the mythical Troy the news electrify the scholarly world and captured the scholarly world and captured the scholarly world and captured the public's imagination since there really public's imagination since there really public's imagination since there really had been a troy where Homer said it was had been a troy where Homer said it was had been a troy where Homer said it was located sliema and then decided to look located sliema and then decided to look located sliema and then decided to look for Mycenae in 1876 he also was well for Mycenae in 1876 he also was well for Mycenae in 1876 he also was well versed in poss Aeneas a second century versed in poss Aeneas a second century versed in poss Aeneas a second century AD geographer who traveled around Greece AD geographer who traveled around Greece AD geographer who traveled around Greece and wrote about what he saw Pass Aeneas

and wrote about what he saw Pass Aeneas and wrote about what he saw Pass Aeneas is fairly accurate in his descriptions is fairly accurate in his descriptions is fairly accurate in his descriptions so Schliemann went to the northeastern so Schliemann went to the northeastern so Schliemann went to the northeastern Peloponnesus and found Mycenae although Peloponnesus and found Mycenae although Peloponnesus and found Mycenae although it was a small rather insignificant town it was a small rather insignificant town it was a small rather insignificant town throughout recorded Greek history the throughout recorded Greek history the throughout recorded Greek history the Bronze Age ruins show a heavily Bronze Age ruins show a heavily Bronze Age ruins show a heavily fortified Citadel it's enormous walls a fortified Citadel it's enormous walls a fortified Citadel it's enormous walls a city worthy of the legends after which city worthy of the legends after which city worthy of the legends after which Sleeman labeled these Bronze Age Greeks Sleeman labeled these Bronze Age Greeks Sleeman labeled these Bronze Age Greeks the Mycenaeans after their chief city the Mycenaeans after their chief city the Mycenaeans after their chief city because according to Homer because according to Homer because according to Homer Agamemnon whose Palace was at Mycenae Agamemnon whose Palace was at Mycenae Agamemnon whose Palace was at Mycenae was the overall military leader of the was the overall military leader of the was the overall military leader of the Greek troops during the Trojan War no Greek troops during the Trojan War no Greek troops during the Trojan War no less spectacular was the discovery by an less spectacular was the discovery by an less spectacular was the discovery by an English archaeologist named Sir Arthur English archaeologist named Sir Arthur English archaeologist named Sir Arthur Evans in 1900 Evans went to Athens and Evans in 1900 Evans went to Athens and Evans in 1900 Evans went to Athens and so many inscriptions that had been found so many inscriptions that had been found so many inscriptions that had been found from a mound near the modern town of ur from a mound near the modern town of ur from a mound near the modern town of ur a Klingon on the northern shore of Crete a Klingon on the northern shore of Crete a Klingon on the northern shore of Crete this led him to dig the site where the this led him to dig the site where the this led him to dig the site where the leading had been active and he leading had been active and he leading had been active and he discovered the Bronze Age palace complex discovered the Bronze Age palace complex discovered the Bronze Age palace complex of Knossos he brought to light an entire of Knossos he brought to light an entire of Knossos he brought to light an entire civilization which was previously civilization which was previously civilization which was previously unknown to us apart from mythology and unknown to us apart from mythology and unknown to us apart from mythology and other vague references and the ancient other vague references and the ancient other vague references and the ancient authors he called them the Minoans after authors he called them the Minoans after authors he called them the Minoans after their mythical King Minos who according their mythical King Minos who according their mythical King Minos who according to Homer lived three generations before to Homer lived three generations before to Homer lived three generations before the chargin war these Minoans exercised the chargin war these Minoans exercised the chargin war these Minoans exercised a powerful cultural influence on the a powerful cultural influence on the a powerful cultural influence on the Greek mainland from 2100 to 1600 BC Greek mainland from 2100 to 1600 BC Greek mainland from 2100 to 1600 BC during their period of infancy as well during their period of infancy as well during their period of infancy as well as this aquatic islands so in the next as this aquatic islands so in the next as this aquatic islands so in the next episode we will turn to Crete and episode we will turn to Crete and episode we will turn to Crete and examine the development of a culture

examine the development of a culture examine the development of a culture that had such profound impact on the that had such profound impact on the that had such profound impact on the Greeks so tune in next time to the Greeks so tune in next time to the Greeks so tune in next time to the history of ancient Greece history of ancient Greece history of ancient Greece episode 5 Minoan Crete I would like to episode 5 Minoan Crete I would like to episode 5 Minoan Crete I would like to give a special thanks to the amazing give a special thanks to the amazing give a special thanks to the amazing artist Michael levy for allow me to artist Michael levy for allow me to artist Michael levy for allow me to feature his music on this podcast he feature his music on this podcast he feature his music on this podcast he transports you to the ancient world transports you to the ancient world transports you to the ancient world bringing to life the melodies and using bringing to life the melodies and using bringing to life the melodies and using the techniques of the past a new song the techniques of the past a new song the techniques of the past a new song will be played every episode will be played every episode will be played every episode this one is titled him to Ari's from his this one is titled him to Ari's from his this one is titled him to Ari's from his new album the ancient Greek authority if new album the ancient Greek authority if new album the ancient Greek authority if you like what you heard and are curious you like what you heard and are curious you like what you heard and are curious to learn more about ancient Greek music to learn more about ancient Greek music to learn more about ancient Greek music check out his website at ancient lyre check out his website at ancient lyre check out his website at ancient lyre calm his albums are available in every calm his albums are available in every calm his albums are available in every major digital music store including major digital music store including major digital music store including iTunes Amazon and Spotify [Music] [Music] you