J B Bury's History of Greece - Ch. 03 The Growth Of Sparta

a history of Greece the death of a history of Greece the death of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander the Great vol 1 by John Bagnall Yuri chapter 3 the vol 1 by John Bagnall Yuri chapter 3 the vol 1 by John Bagnall Yuri chapter 3 the growth of Sparta and the fall of the growth of Sparta and the fall of the growth of Sparta and the fall of the aristocracy's part 1 Sparta in a aristocracy's part 1 Sparta in a aristocracy's part 1 Sparta in a constitution the Dorian settlers from constitution the Dorian settlers from constitution the Dorian settlers from the north who took possession of the the north who took possession of the the north who took possession of the valley of the gyro tests established valley of the gyro tests established valley of the gyro tests established themselves in a number of village themselves in a number of village themselves in a number of village communities throughout the land and bore communities throughout the land and bore communities throughout the land and bore the name of lassie demony ins in the the name of lassie demony ins in the the name of lassie demony ins in the course of time a city-state grew up in course of time a city-state grew up in course of time a city-state grew up in their midst and won dominion over the their midst and won dominion over the their midst and won dominion over the rest the town was formed by the union of rest the town was formed by the union of rest the town was formed by the union of five villages which after their union five villages which after their union five villages which after their union still continued to preserve their still continued to preserve their still continued to preserve their identity as separate units within the identity as separate units within the identity as separate units within the larger unity this city was called Sparta larger unity this city was called Sparta larger unity this city was called Sparta and took the dominant place in Laconia and took the dominant place in Laconia and took the dominant place in Laconia which it been formerly held by AM clear which it been formerly held by AM clear which it been formerly held by AM clear the other lasa demonium communities were the other lasa demonium communities were the other lasa demonium communities were called the Parisi or dwellers round called the Parisi or dwellers round called the Parisi or dwellers round about the ruling city and though they about the ruling city and though they about the ruling city and though they were free and managed their local were free and managed their local were free and managed their local affairs they had no political rights in affairs they had no political rights in affairs they had no political rights in the Spartan state open footnote there is the Spartan state open footnote there is the Spartan state open footnote there is some evidence that in later times they some evidence that in later times they some evidence that in later times they were under the supervision of Spartan were under the supervision of Spartan were under the supervision of Spartan har mosques but even this evidence har mosques but even this evidence har mosques but even this evidence chiefly concerns the island of Cythera chiefly concerns the island of Cythera chiefly concerns the island of Cythera which from a military point of view which from a military point of view which from a military point of view required special arrangements closed

required special arrangements closed required special arrangements closed footnote the chief burdens which fell on footnote the chief burdens which fell on footnote the chief burdens which fell on them were military service and the them were military service and the them were military service and the farming of the Royal dominions the farming of the Royal dominions the farming of the Royal dominions the Spartans were always noted for their Spartans were always noted for their Spartans were always noted for their conservative spirit hence we find in conservative spirit hence we find in conservative spirit hence we find in their constitution which was remarkable their constitution which was remarkable their constitution which was remarkable in many ways survivals of an old order in many ways survivals of an old order in many ways survivals of an old order of things which existed in the days of of things which existed in the days of of things which existed in the days of Homeric poetry but has passed away in Homeric poetry but has passed away in Homeric poetry but has passed away in most places when trustworthy history most places when trustworthy history most places when trustworthy history begins the most striking of these begins the most striking of these begins the most striking of these survivals was royalty Sparta was survivals was royalty Sparta was survivals was royalty Sparta was nominally ruled by kings nominally ruled by kings nominally ruled by kings this conservative spirit of the Spartans this conservative spirit of the Spartans this conservative spirit of the Spartans rendered them anxious to believe and rendered them anxious to believe and rendered them anxious to believe and others willing to accept the view that others willing to accept the view that others willing to accept the view that their Constitution had existed from very their Constitution had existed from very their Constitution had existed from very ancient times in just the same shape and ancient times in just the same shape and ancient times in just the same shape and feature which it displayed in the days feature which it displayed in the days feature which it displayed in the days of recorded history we are however of recorded history we are however of recorded history we are however forced to suspect that this was not the forced to suspect that this was not the forced to suspect that this was not the case there can be little doubt that the case there can be little doubt that the case there can be little doubt that the Spartan State developed up to the end of Spartan State developed up to the end of Spartan State developed up to the end of the seventh century on the same general the seventh century on the same general the seventh century on the same general lines other Greek States though with lines other Greek States though with lines other Greek States though with some remarkable peculiarities there can some remarkable peculiarities there can some remarkable peculiarities there can be little doubt that like most other be little doubt that like most other be little doubt that like most other states it passed through the stages of states it passed through the stages of states it passed through the stages of royalty and aristocracy and that's the royalty and aristocracy and that's the royalty and aristocracy and that's the final form of the Constitution was the final form of the Constitution was the final form of the Constitution was the result of a struggle between the nobles

result of a struggle between the nobles result of a struggle between the nobles and the people the remarkable thing was and the people the remarkable thing was and the people the remarkable thing was that throughout these changes hereditary that throughout these changes hereditary that throughout these changes hereditary kingship survived the Machine of the kingship survived the Machine of the kingship survived the Machine of the Spartan Constitution as we know it when Spartan Constitution as we know it when Spartan Constitution as we know it when it was fully developed had four parts it was fully developed had four parts it was fully developed had four parts the Kings the council the assembly and the Kings the council the assembly and the Kings the council the assembly and the f-4s the first three are the the f-4s the first three are the the f-4s the first three are the original institutions which were common original institutions which were common original institutions which were common as we saw to the whole Greek race the F as we saw to the whole Greek race the F as we saw to the whole Greek race the F walls were a later institution and were walls were a later institution and were walls were a later institution and were peculiar to Sparta peculiar to Sparta peculiar to Sparta we saw that towards the end of the we saw that towards the end of the we saw that towards the end of the Homeric period the powers of the King Homeric period the powers of the King Homeric period the powers of the King were limited and that this Limited were limited and that this Limited were limited and that this Limited monarchy then died out sometimes leaving monarchy then died out sometimes leaving monarchy then died out sometimes leaving a trace behind it a trace behind it a trace behind it perhaps in the name of a Magister RC perhaps in the name of a Magister RC perhaps in the name of a Magister RC like the king arch on at Athens in a few like the king arch on at Athens in a few like the king arch on at Athens in a few places it survived and Sparta was one of places it survived and Sparta was one of places it survived and Sparta was one of them but if it survived here its powers them but if it survived here its powers them but if it survived here its powers were limited in a two-fold way it was were limited in a two-fold way it was were limited in a two-fold way it was limited not only by the other limited not only by the other limited not only by the other institutions of the state BIRT by its institutions of the state BIRT by its institutions of the state BIRT by its own dual character for there were two own dual character for there were two own dual character for there were two kings at sparta and had been since the kings at sparta and had been since the kings at sparta and had been since the memory of men it seems possible that the memory of men it seems possible that the memory of men it seems possible that the origin of this double kingship origin of this double kingship origin of this double kingship lay in the coalition of two distinct lay in the coalition of two distinct lay in the coalition of two distinct communities each of which had its own communities each of which had its own communities each of which had its own king one tribe dwelt about Sparta and

king one tribe dwelt about Sparta and king one tribe dwelt about Sparta and its kings belong to the clan of the Agra its kings belong to the clan of the Agra its kings belong to the clan of the Agra day the other tribe we may guess was day the other tribe we may guess was day the other tribe we may guess was settled somewhere in southern Laconia settled somewhere in southern Laconia settled somewhere in southern Laconia and its royal clan was that of the air and its royal clan was that of the air and its royal clan was that of the air upon tide these two tribes must have upon tide these two tribes must have upon tide these two tribes must have united to form a large city-state at united to form a large city-state at united to form a large city-state at Sparta and the terms of the Union may Sparta and the terms of the Union may Sparta and the terms of the Union may have been that neither tribe should give have been that neither tribe should give have been that neither tribe should give up its king but two kings with co-equal up its king but two kings with co-equal up its king but two kings with co-equal authority should rule over the joint authority should rule over the joint authority should rule over the joint community the kingship passed from community the kingship passed from community the kingship passed from father to son in the two royal houses of father to son in the two royal houses of father to son in the two royal houses of the agates and the Europe on tits and if the agates and the Europe on tits and if the agates and the Europe on tits and if the agate Kings possessed a slight the agate Kings possessed a slight the agate Kings possessed a slight superiority in public estimation over superiority in public estimation over superiority in public estimation over their colleagues this may have been due their colleagues this may have been due their colleagues this may have been due to the fact that the Europe on tits were to the fact that the Europe on tits were to the fact that the Europe on tits were the strangers who migrated to Sparta the strangers who migrated to Sparta the strangers who migrated to Sparta according to a pedigree which was made according to a pedigree which was made according to a pedigree which was made out for them in later days when the myth out for them in later days when the myth out for them in later days when the myth of the return of the Herrick Lyday had of the return of the Herrick Lyday had of the return of the Herrick Lyday had become current both dynasties trace become current both dynasties trace become current both dynasties trace themselves back to Hercules it seems themselves back to Hercules it seems themselves back to Hercules it seems probable that it was partly because probable that it was partly because probable that it was partly because there were two kings the one a check there were two kings the one a check there were two kings the one a check upon the other that kingship was not upon the other that kingship was not upon the other that kingship was not abolished in Sparta or reduced to a mere abolished in Sparta or reduced to a mere abolished in Sparta or reduced to a mere magistracy but the powers of the Kings magistracy but the powers of the Kings magistracy but the powers of the Kings were largely curtailed and we may were largely curtailed and we may were largely curtailed and we may suppose that the limitations were suppose that the limitations were suppose that the limitations were introduced by degrees during that epoch

introduced by degrees during that epoch introduced by degrees during that epoch in which throughout Greece generally in which throughout Greece generally in which throughout Greece generally monarchies were giving way touristic Rat monarchies were giving way touristic Rat monarchies were giving way touristic Rat ik republics of the religious military ik republics of the religious military ik republics of the religious military and judicial functions which belonged to and judicial functions which belonged to and judicial functions which belonged to them and to all other Greek kings they them and to all other Greek kings they them and to all other Greek kings they lost some and retained others they were lost some and retained others they were lost some and retained others they were privileged to hold certain priesthoods privileged to hold certain priesthoods privileged to hold certain priesthoods they offered solemn sacrifices for the they offered solemn sacrifices for the they offered solemn sacrifices for the city every month to apollo they prepared city every month to apollo they prepared city every month to apollo they prepared the necessary sacrifices before warlike the necessary sacrifices before warlike the necessary sacrifices before warlike expeditions and battles they were expeditions and battles they were expeditions and battles they were priests though not the sole priests though not the sole priests though not the sole of the community they were supreme of the community they were supreme of the community they were supreme commanders of the army they had the commanders of the army they had the commanders of the army they had the right of making war upon whatever right of making war upon whatever right of making war upon whatever country they chose and penalties were country they chose and penalties were country they chose and penalties were laid on any Spartan who presumed to laid on any Spartan who presumed to laid on any Spartan who presumed to hinder them in the field they had hinder them in the field they had hinder them in the field they had unlimited right of life and death and unlimited right of life and death and unlimited right of life and death and they had a bodyguard of a hundred men it they had a bodyguard of a hundred men it they had a bodyguard of a hundred men it is clear that these large powers were is clear that these large powers were is clear that these large powers were always limited by the double nature of always limited by the double nature of always limited by the double nature of the kingship but at a later period it the kingship but at a later period it the kingship but at a later period it was defined by law that only one of the was defined by law that only one of the was defined by law that only one of the Kings to be chosen on each occasion by Kings to be chosen on each occasion by Kings to be chosen on each occasion by the people should lead the army in time the people should lead the army in time the people should lead the army in time of war and moreover they were made of war and moreover they were made of war and moreover they were made responsible to the community for their responsible to the community for their responsible to the community for their conduct in their campaigns but while conduct in their campaigns but while conduct in their campaigns but while they enjoyed this supreme position as they enjoyed this supreme position as they enjoyed this supreme position as high priests and leaders of the host high priests and leaders of the host high priests and leaders of the host they could hardly be considered judges they could hardly be considered judges they could hardly be considered judges any longer any longer any longer the right of dealing out dooms like the

the right of dealing out dooms like the the right of dealing out dooms like the Homeric Agamemnon had passed away from Homeric Agamemnon had passed away from Homeric Agamemnon had passed away from them only in three special cases had them only in three special cases had them only in three special cases had they still judicial or legal powers they they still judicial or legal powers they they still judicial or legal powers they presided at the adoption of children presided at the adoption of children presided at the adoption of children they decided who was to marry an heir s they decided who was to marry an heir s they decided who was to marry an heir s whose father had died without betraying whose father had died without betraying whose father had died without betraying her and they judged in all matters her and they judged in all matters her and they judged in all matters concerning public roads there were royal concerning public roads there were royal concerning public roads there were royal domains in the territory of the parisi domains in the territory of the parisi domains in the territory of the parisi from which the kings derived their from which the kings derived their from which the kings derived their revenue but they also had Perko sites at revenue but they also had Perko sites at revenue but they also had Perko sites at public sacrifices on such occasions they public sacrifices on such occasions they public sacrifices on such occasions they were like Homeric Kings given the first were like Homeric Kings given the first were like Homeric Kings given the first seat at the banquet was served first and seat at the banquet was served first and seat at the banquet was served first and received a double portion of everything received a double portion of everything received a double portion of everything and the hides of the slaughtered beasts and the hides of the slaughtered beasts and the hides of the slaughtered beasts the pious sentiment with which royalty the pious sentiment with which royalty the pious sentiment with which royalty as a hallowed institution was regarded as a hallowed institution was regarded as a hallowed institution was regarded is illustrated by the honours which were is illustrated by the honours which were is illustrated by the honours which were paid to the Kings when they died paid to the Kings when they died paid to the Kings when they died horseman says her editors carry round horseman says her editors carry round horseman says her editors carry round the tidings of the event through all our the tidings of the event through all our the tidings of the event through all our Konya and in the city women go about Konya and in the city women go about Konya and in the city women go about beating a cauldron and at this sign to beating a cauldron and at this sign to beating a cauldron and at this sign to free persons of each house a man free persons of each house a man free persons of each house a man and a woman must put on mourning garb and a woman must put on mourning garb and a woman must put on mourning garb and if any failed to do this great pains and if any failed to do this great pains and if any failed to do this great pains are imposed the funeral was attended by are imposed the funeral was attended by are imposed the funeral was attended by fixed number of the Parisi and it was fixed number of the Parisi and it was fixed number of the Parisi and it was part of the stated ceremony that the

part of the stated ceremony that the part of the stated ceremony that the dead king should be praised by the dead king should be praised by the dead king should be praised by the mourners as better than all who had gone mourners as better than all who had gone mourners as better than all who had gone before him public business was not before him public business was not before him public business was not resumed for ten days after the burial resumed for ten days after the burial resumed for ten days after the burial the King was succeeded by his eldest son the King was succeeded by his eldest son the King was succeeded by his eldest son but a son born before his father's but a son born before his father's but a son born before his father's ascension to the kingship had to give ascension to the kingship had to give ascension to the kingship had to give way to the eldest of those who were born way to the eldest of those who were born way to the eldest of those who were born after the accession if there were no after the accession if there were no after the accession if there were no children the succession fell to the children the succession fell to the children the succession fell to the nearest male kinsman who was likewise nearest male kinsman who was likewise nearest male kinsman who was likewise the Regent in the case of a minority the the Regent in the case of a minority the the Regent in the case of a minority the gurantees or elders whom we find in gurantees or elders whom we find in gurantees or elders whom we find in homer advising the king and also acting homer advising the king and also acting homer advising the king and also acting as judges have developed at Sparta into as judges have developed at Sparta into as judges have developed at Sparta into a body a fixed number forming a definite a body a fixed number forming a definite a body a fixed number forming a definite part of the Constitution part of the Constitution part of the Constitution called the gerousia this council called the gerousia this council called the gerousia this council consisted of 30 members including the consisted of 30 members including the consisted of 30 members including the two kings who belonged to it by virtue two kings who belonged to it by virtue two kings who belonged to it by virtue of their kingship the other 28 must be of their kingship the other 28 must be of their kingship the other 28 must be over 60 years of age so that the council over 60 years of age so that the council over 60 years of age so that the council was a body of elders in the strict sense was a body of elders in the strict sense was a body of elders in the strict sense of the word they held their office for of the word they held their office for of the word they held their office for life and were chosen by acclamation in life and were chosen by acclamation in life and were chosen by acclamation in the general assembly of citizens whose the general assembly of citizens whose the general assembly of citizens whose choice was supposed to fall on him whose choice was supposed to fall on him whose choice was supposed to fall on him whose moral merits were greatest membership of moral merits were greatest membership of moral merits were greatest membership of the council was described as a prize for the council was described as a prize for the council was described as a prize for virtue the counsel prepared matters virtue the counsel prepared matters virtue the counsel prepared matters which were to come before the assembly which were to come before the assembly which were to come before the assembly it exercised as an advising body a great

it exercised as an advising body a great it exercised as an advising body a great influence of political affairs and have influence of political affairs and have influence of political affairs and have formed a court of justice for criminal formed a court of justice for criminal formed a court of justice for criminal cases but though the councillors were cases but though the councillors were cases but though the councillors were elected by the people they were not elected by the people they were not elected by the people they were not elected from the people nobility of elected from the people nobility of elected from the people nobility of Birth retained its Potteries political Birth retained its Potteries political Birth retained its Potteries political significance and only men of the noble significance and only men of the noble significance and only men of the noble families could be chosen members of the families could be chosen members of the families could be chosen members of the council and thus the council formed an council and thus the council formed an council and thus the council formed an oligarchical element oligarchical element oligarchical element in the last demonium Constitution every in the last demonium Constitution every in the last demonium Constitution every Spartan hood past his 30th year was a Spartan hood past his 30th year was a Spartan hood past his 30th year was a member of the Apella or assembly of member of the Apella or assembly of member of the Apella or assembly of citizens which met every month between citizens which met every month between citizens which met every month between the bridge a paprika and to the stream the bridge a paprika and to the stream the bridge a paprika and to the stream of khaki on in old days no doubt it was of khaki on in old days no doubt it was of khaki on in old days no doubt it was summoned by the Kings but in historical summoned by the Kings but in historical summoned by the Kings but in historical times we find that this right has passed times we find that this right has passed times we find that this right has passed the aforesaid lead it'd not debate but the aforesaid lead it'd not debate but the aforesaid lead it'd not debate but having heard the proposals of Kings or having heard the proposals of Kings or having heard the proposals of Kings or you Falls signified its will by you Falls signified its will by you Falls signified its will by acclamation if it seemed doubtful to acclamation if it seemed doubtful to acclamation if it seemed doubtful to which opinion the majority of the voices which opinion the majority of the voices which opinion the majority of the voices inclined recourses had - a diversion the inclined recourses had - a diversion the inclined recourses had - a diversion the people elected the members of the people elected the members of the people elected the members of the gerousia the UFOs and other magistrates gerousia the UFOs and other magistrates gerousia the UFOs and other magistrates determined questions of war and peace determined questions of war and peace determined questions of war and peace and foreign politics and decided and foreign politics and decided and foreign politics and decided disputed successions to a kingly office disputed successions to a kingly office disputed successions to a kingly office thus theoretically the Spartan thus theoretically the Spartan thus theoretically the Spartan Constitution was a democracy no Spartan

Constitution was a democracy no Spartan Constitution was a democracy no Spartan was excluded from the appeal of the was excluded from the appeal of the was excluded from the appeal of the people and the will of the people people and the will of the people people and the will of the people expressed at their Apella was supreme to expressed at their Apella was supreme to expressed at their Apella was supreme to the people runs an old statute shall the people runs an old statute shall the people runs an old statute shall belong the decision and the power but belong the decision and the power but belong the decision and the power but the same statute granted to the the same statute granted to the the same statute granted to the executive authorities the elders and executive authorities the elders and executive authorities the elders and magistrates magistrates magistrates a power which restricted this apparent a power which restricted this apparent a power which restricted this apparent supremacy of the people it allowed them supremacy of the people it allowed them supremacy of the people it allowed them to be secede as if the people make a to be secede as if the people make a to be secede as if the people make a crooked decree it seems that the will of crooked decree it seems that the will of crooked decree it seems that the will of the people declared by the acclamations the people declared by the acclamations the people declared by the acclamations did not receive the force of law unless did not receive the force of law unless did not receive the force of law unless it were then formally proclaimed before it were then formally proclaimed before it were then formally proclaimed before the assembly was formally dissolved if the assembly was formally dissolved if the assembly was formally dissolved if the elders and magistrates did not the elders and magistrates did not the elders and magistrates did not approve of the decision of the majority approve of the decision of the majority approve of the decision of the majority of the assembly they couldn all the of the assembly they couldn all the of the assembly they couldn all the proceedings by refusing to proclaim it proceedings by refusing to proclaim it proceedings by refusing to proclaim it seceding and dissolving the meeting seceding and dissolving the meeting seceding and dissolving the meeting without waiting for the regular without waiting for the regular without waiting for the regular dissolution by king or you for the dissolution by king or you for the dissolution by king or you for the five-year Falls were the most five-year Falls were the most five-year Falls were the most characteristic part of the palette characteristic part of the palette characteristic part of the palette constitution of Sparta the origin of the constitution of Sparta the origin of the constitution of Sparta the origin of the officers failed in obscurity it was officers failed in obscurity it was officers failed in obscurity it was supposed to been instituted in the first supposed to been instituted in the first supposed to been instituted in the first half of the eighth century open footnote half of the eighth century open footnote half of the eighth century open footnote the Alexandrian seemed to have a the Alexandrian seemed to have a the Alexandrian seemed to have a youthful list reaching as far back as youthful list reaching as far back as youthful list reaching as far back as 757 BC but we cannot build much on this

757 BC but we cannot build much on this 757 BC but we cannot build much on this it is perhaps of more importance that it is perhaps of more importance that it is perhaps of more importance that the euro freight existed in the laconian the euro freight existed in the laconian the euro freight existed in the laconian colony its Thera for what most of all colony its Thera for what most of all colony its Thera for what most of all proves its antiquity it sits close in to proves its antiquity it sits close in to proves its antiquity it sits close in to connection with the whole framework of connection with the whole framework of connection with the whole framework of the Spartan Constitution closed footnote the Spartan Constitution closed footnote the Spartan Constitution closed footnote but we must distinguish between the but we must distinguish between the but we must distinguish between the first institution of the office and the first institution of the office and the first institution of the office and the beginning of his political importance it beginning of his political importance it beginning of his political importance it is probable that in the course of the is probable that in the course of the is probable that in the course of the 8th century the Kings finding it 8th century the Kings finding it 8th century the Kings finding it impossible to attend to all their duties impossible to attend to all their duties impossible to attend to all their duties the constraint give up the civil the constraint give up the civil the constraint give up the civil jurisdiction and that's the new force or jurisdiction and that's the new force or jurisdiction and that's the new force or overseers were appointed for this overseers were appointed for this overseers were appointed for this purpose the number of the you Falls purpose the number of the you Falls purpose the number of the you Falls would seem to be connected with a number would seem to be connected with a number would seem to be connected with a number of the 5 Dems or villages whose union of the 5 Dems or villages whose union of the 5 Dems or villages whose union formed the city and perhaps each one of formed the city and perhaps each one of formed the city and perhaps each one of the you Falls was assigned originally to the you Falls was assigned originally to the you Falls was assigned originally to one of the villages but it cannot have one of the villages but it cannot have one of the villages but it cannot have been to the 7th century that the e-force been to the 7th century that the e-force been to the 7th century that the e-force won their great political power they won their great political power they won their great political power they must have won that power in a conflict must have won that power in a conflict must have won that power in a conflict between the nobility who governed in between the nobility who governed in between the nobility who governed in conjunction with the Kings and the conjunction with the Kings and the conjunction with the Kings and the people who had no share in the people who had no share in the people who had no share in the government in that struggle the Kings government in that struggle the Kings government in that struggle the Kings represented the cause of the nobility represented the cause of the nobility represented the cause of the nobility while the you Falls were the while the you Falls were the while the you Falls were the representatives of the people a compromise as the result of such a compromise as the result of such a conflict is implied in the ODEs which conflict is implied in the ODEs which conflict is implied in the ODEs which were every month exchanged between the

were every month exchanged between the were every month exchanged between the Kings and the you fours the Kings swore Kings and the you fours the Kings swore Kings and the you fours the Kings swore that he would observe the laws of the that he would observe the laws of the that he would observe the laws of the state in discharging his royal functions state in discharging his royal functions state in discharging his royal functions the you for that he would maintain the the you for that he would maintain the the you for that he would maintain the royal power undiminished so long as the royal power undiminished so long as the royal power undiminished so long as the king was true to his oath in this king was true to his oath in this king was true to his oath in this ceremony we have the record of an acute ceremony we have the record of an acute ceremony we have the record of an acute conflict between the government in the conflict between the government in the conflict between the government in the people the Democratic character of the people the Democratic character of the people the Democratic character of the you for eight appears from the fact that you for eight appears from the fact that you for eight appears from the fact that any Spartan might be elected the mode of any Spartan might be elected the mode of any Spartan might be elected the mode of election which is described by Aristotle election which is described by Aristotle election which is described by Aristotle as very childish was practically as very childish was practically as very childish was practically equivalent to an election by lot when equivalent to an election by lot when equivalent to an election by lot when the five year falls do not agree among the five year falls do not agree among the five year falls do not agree among themselves the minority gave way the you themselves the minority gave way the you themselves the minority gave way the you force ended upon their officer to the force ended upon their officer to the force ended upon their officer to the beginning of the laconian year which beginning of the laconian year which beginning of the laconian year which fell on the first new moon after the fell on the first new moon after the fell on the first new moon after the atomic electronics has chosen guardians atomic electronics has chosen guardians atomic electronics has chosen guardians of the rights of the people they were of the rights of the people they were of the rights of the people they were called upon to watch jealously the called upon to watch jealously the called upon to watch jealously the conduct of the kings with this object to conduct of the kings with this object to conduct of the kings with this object to you force always accompanied the King on you force always accompanied the King on you force always accompanied the King on warlike expeditions they had the power warlike expeditions they had the power warlike expeditions they had the power of indicting the king and summoning him of indicting the king and summoning him of indicting the king and summoning him to appear before them the judicial to appear before them the judicial to appear before them the judicial functions which the Kings lost passed functions which the Kings lost passed functions which the Kings lost passed partly to the Falls partly to the partly to the Falls partly to the partly to the Falls partly to the council the Falls were the supreme civil council the Falls were the supreme civil council the Falls were the supreme civil court the council as we have seen formed court the council as we have seen formed court the council as we have seen formed the Supreme Criminal Court but in the

the Supreme Criminal Court but in the the Supreme Criminal Court but in the case of the parisi I the you Falls or case of the parisi I the you Falls or case of the parisi I the you Falls or criminal judges also they were war over criminal judges also they were war over criminal judges also they were war over responsible for the strict maintenance responsible for the strict maintenance responsible for the strict maintenance of the order and discipline of the of the order and discipline of the of the order and discipline of the Spartan state and when they entered upon Spartan state and when they entered upon Spartan state and when they entered upon office they issued a proclamation to the office they issued a proclamation to the office they issued a proclamation to the citizens to shave their upper lips and citizens to shave their upper lips and citizens to shave their upper lips and obey the laws this unique Constitution obey the laws this unique Constitution obey the laws this unique Constitution cannot replace under any general head cannot replace under any general head cannot replace under any general head cannot be called kingdom oligarchy or cannot be called kingdom oligarchy or cannot be called kingdom oligarchy or democracy without misleading none of democracy without misleading none of democracy without misleading none of these names is applicable to it but it these names is applicable to it but it these names is applicable to it but it participated in all three a stranger who participated in all three a stranger who participated in all three a stranger who saw the Kings going forth with power to saw the Kings going forth with power to saw the Kings going forth with power to the head of the host or honored above the head of the host or honored above the head of the host or honored above all as the public feast in the city all as the public feast in the city all as the public feast in the city would have described Sparta as a kingdom would have described Sparta as a kingdom would have described Sparta as a kingdom if one of the Kings themselves had been if one of the Kings themselves had been if one of the Kings themselves had been asked to define the constitution it is asked to define the constitution it is asked to define the constitution it is probable that he would have regretfully probable that he would have regretfully probable that he would have regretfully called it a democracy yet the closed called it a democracy yet the closed called it a democracy yet the closed Council taken from a privileged class Council taken from a privileged class Council taken from a privileged class exercising an important influence exercising an important influence exercising an important influence public affairs under fairing to an public affairs under fairing to an public affairs under fairing to an assembly which could not debate might be assembly which could not debate might be assembly which could not debate might be alleged to prove that spot was not alleged to prove that spot was not alleged to prove that spot was not gotcha the secret of this complex gotcha the secret of this complex gotcha the secret of this complex character of the Spartan Constitution character of the Spartan Constitution character of the Spartan Constitution lies in the fact that while Sparta lies in the fact that while Sparta lies in the fact that while Sparta developed on the same journal path as developed on the same journal path as developed on the same journal path as other states and had to face the same other states and had to face the same other states and had to face the same political crisis she overcame each political crisis she overcame each political crisis she overcame each crisis with less violence and showed a crisis with less violence and showed a crisis with less violence and showed a more conservative spirit when she ought

more conservative spirit when she ought more conservative spirit when she ought to have passed from royalty to to have passed from royalty to to have passed from royalty to aristocracy she diminished the power of aristocracy she diminished the power of aristocracy she diminished the power of the Kings but she preserved hereditary the Kings but she preserved hereditary the Kings but she preserved hereditary kingship as a part of the aristocratic kingship as a part of the aristocratic kingship as a part of the aristocratic government when she ought of advance to government when she ought of advance to government when she ought of advance to democracy democracy democracy she gave indeed enormous power to the she gave indeed enormous power to the she gave indeed enormous power to the representatives of the people but she representatives of the people but she representatives of the people but she still preserved both hereditary kings still preserved both hereditary kings still preserved both hereditary kings and the Council of enables part 2 and the Council of enables part 2 and the Council of enables part 2 Spartan conquest of Messenia in the Spartan conquest of Messenia in the Spartan conquest of Messenia in the growth of Sparta the first and most growth of Sparta the first and most growth of Sparta the first and most decisive step was the conquest of decisive step was the conquest of decisive step was the conquest of Messenia the southern portion of the Messenia the southern portion of the Messenia the southern portion of the Peloponnesus is divided into two parts Peloponnesus is divided into two parts Peloponnesus is divided into two parts by Mount Tai Gettis of these the eastern by Mount Tai Gettis of these the eastern by Mount Tai Gettis of these the eastern part is again severed by mount Panem part is again severed by mount Panem part is again severed by mount Panem into two regions the veil of the river into two regions the veil of the river into two regions the veil of the river euro tas and the rugged strip of coast euro tas and the rugged strip of coast euro tas and the rugged strip of coast between pan on and the sea the western between pan on and the sea the western between pan on and the sea the western countries less mountainous more fruitful countries less mountainous more fruitful countries less mountainous more fruitful and blessed by milder climate nor is it and blessed by milder climate nor is it and blessed by milder climate nor is it divided in the same way by a mountain divided in the same way by a mountain divided in the same way by a mountain chain the hills rise irregularly and the chain the hills rise irregularly and the chain the hills rise irregularly and the river pumice waters the central plane of river pumice waters the central plane of river pumice waters the central plane of the stein klaris where the greek the stein klaris where the greek the stein klaris where the greek invaders are said to have fixed their invaders are said to have fixed their invaders are said to have fixed their abode the natural forces the country was abode the natural forces the country was abode the natural forces the country was the lofty rock of athomie which rises to the lofty rock of athomie which rises to the lofty rock of athomie which rises to the west of the river it is probable the west of the river it is probable the west of the river it is probable that under its protection a town grew up that under its protection a town grew up that under its protection a town grew up at an early period whose name Messenia at an early period whose name Messenia at an early period whose name Messenia was afterwards transferred to the whole

was afterwards transferred to the whole was afterwards transferred to the whole country the fruitful soil of Messenia country the fruitful soil of Messenia country the fruitful soil of Messenia good to plant and good to ear as a good to plant and good to ear as a good to plant and good to ear as a Spartan poet sang could not protect the Spartan poet sang could not protect the Spartan poet sang could not protect the curvaceous nests of her martial curvaceous nests of her martial curvaceous nests of her martial neighbors neighbors neighbors it is impossible to determine the date it is impossible to determine the date it is impossible to determine the date of the first machine iam war with of the first machine iam war with of the first machine iam war with greater position than the 8th century greater position than the 8th century greater position than the 8th century legends grew up freely earth to its legends grew up freely earth to its legends grew up freely earth to its causes and its course or that we know causes and its course or that we know causes and its course or that we know with certainty is that the Spartan King with certainty is that the Spartan King with certainty is that the Spartan King under whose auspices it was waged was under whose auspices it was waged was under whose auspices it was waged was named Theia pompous that it was decided named Theia pompous that it was decided named Theia pompous that it was decided by the capture of the great fortress by the capture of the great fortress by the capture of the great fortress athomie athomie athomie and that the eastern part of the land and that the eastern part of the land and that the eastern part of the land became Laconia a poet writing at the became Laconia a poet writing at the became Laconia a poet writing at the beginning of the 7th century would have beginning of the 7th century would have beginning of the 7th century would have naturally spoken a Messenia or fairy as naturally spoken a Messenia or fairy as naturally spoken a Messenia or fairy as being in las Adomian when the second war being in las Adomian when the second war being in las Adomian when the second war broke out towards the end of the 7th broke out towards the end of the 7th broke out towards the end of the 7th century it was either history or legend century it was either history or legend century it was either history or legend that the previous war had lasted 20 that the previous war had lasted 20 that the previous war had lasted 20 years legends grew up around it in which years legends grew up around it in which years legends grew up around it in which the chief figure was amis inian hero the chief figure was amis inian hero the chief figure was amis inian hero named Arista Dimas the tale was that he named Arista Dimas the tale was that he named Arista Dimas the tale was that he offered his daughter as a sacrifice to offered his daughter as a sacrifice to offered his daughter as a sacrifice to save his country in obedience to the save his country in obedience to the save his country in obedience to the demand of an Oracle her lover made a demand of an Oracle her lover made a demand of an Oracle her lover made a despairing effort to save her life by despairing effort to save her life by despairing effort to save her life by spreading a report that the maiden was spreading a report that the maiden was spreading a report that the maiden was about to become a mother and the qaol about to become a mother and the qaol about to become a mother and the qaol money so incensed Astra Dimas that he money so incensed Astra Dimas that he money so incensed Astra Dimas that he slew her with his own hand afterwards

slew her with his own hand afterwards slew her with his own hand afterwards terrified by evil dreams importance and terrified by evil dreams importance and terrified by evil dreams importance and persuaded that his country was doomed he persuaded that his country was doomed he persuaded that his country was doomed he killed himself upon his daughter's tomb killed himself upon his daughter's tomb killed himself upon his daughter's tomb as the object of the Spartans was to as the object of the Spartans was to as the object of the Spartans was to increase the number of the lots of land increase the number of the lots of land increase the number of the lots of land for their citizens for their citizens for their citizens many of the conquered myths in Ian's many of the conquered myths in Ian's many of the conquered myths in Ian's were reduced to the conditions of helots were reduced to the conditions of helots were reduced to the conditions of helots and servitude was hard though their and servitude was hard though their and servitude was hard though their plight might have been harder they pay plight might have been harder they pay plight might have been harder they pay to their Lords only one-half of the to their Lords only one-half of the to their Lords only one-half of the produce of the lands which they tilled produce of the lands which they tilled produce of the lands which they tilled whereas in Attica at the same period the whereas in Attica at the same period the whereas in Attica at the same period the free tillers of the soil had to pay 5/6 free tillers of the soil had to pay 5/6 free tillers of the soil had to pay 5/6 the Spartan poet Titus describes how the the Spartan poet Titus describes how the the Spartan poet Titus describes how the Messenians endured the insolence of Messenians endured the insolence of Messenians endured the insolence of their masters as asses worn by loads their masters as asses worn by loads their masters as asses worn by loads intolerable so them did stress of cruel intolerable so them did stress of cruel intolerable so them did stress of cruel force compel of all the fruits the well force compel of all the fruits the well force compel of all the fruits the well tilts land affords tilts land affords tilts land affords the mower Tita bears they're proud Lords the mower Tita bears they're proud Lords the mower Tita bears they're proud Lords for some generations they submitted for some generations they submitted for some generations they submitted patiently but his length when victorious patiently but his length when victorious patiently but his length when victorious Sparta felt secure a rebellion was Sparta felt secure a rebellion was Sparta felt secure a rebellion was organized in the northern district organized in the northern district organized in the northern district Vandana the rebels were supported by Vandana the rebels were supported by Vandana the rebels were supported by their neighbors in Arcadia and pesetas their neighbors in Arcadia and pesetas their neighbors in Arcadia and pesetas and they are said to have found an able and they are said to have found an able and they are said to have found an able and ardently Doon Astra menace sprung and ardently Doon Astra menace sprung and ardently Doon Astra menace sprung from an old mass in Ian's family the from an old mass in Ian's family the from an old mass in Ian's family the revolt was at first successful the revolt was at first successful the revolt was at first successful the Spartans fared ill and the young men Spartans fared ill and the young men Spartans fared ill and the young men experienced a disgrace of defeat the

experienced a disgrace of defeat the experienced a disgrace of defeat the hopes of the serfs rose and Sparta hopes of the serfs rose and Sparta hopes of the serfs rose and Sparta despaired of recovering the land but a despaired of recovering the land but a despaired of recovering the land but a leader and a poet arose amongst them the leader and a poet arose amongst them the leader and a poet arose amongst them the lame tertius is recorded to have lame tertius is recorded to have lame tertius is recorded to have inspired his countrymen with such inspired his countrymen with such inspired his countrymen with such martial vigor that the tide of fortune martial vigor that the tide of fortune martial vigor that the tide of fortune turned and sparta began to retrieve her turned and sparta began to retrieve her turned and sparta began to retrieve her losses and recover her reputation some losses and recover her reputation some losses and recover her reputation some scraps of the poems of tertius had been scraps of the poems of tertius had been scraps of the poems of tertius had been preserved and they supply the only preserved and they supply the only preserved and they supply the only trustworthy material we have for the trustworthy material we have for the trustworthy material we have for the history of the mercian wolves and he won history of the mercian wolves and he won history of the mercian wolves and he won such Fame by the practical success of such Fame by the practical success of such Fame by the practical success of his art that at a later time the his art that at a later time the his art that at a later time the Athenians sought to claim him as one of Athenians sought to claim him as one of Athenians sought to claim him as one of their sons and give out that Sparta by their sons and give out that Sparta by their sons and give out that Sparta by the console of an Oracle had sent for the console of an Oracle had sent for the console of an Oracle had sent for him the Warriors advanced a battle him the Warriors advanced a battle him the Warriors advanced a battle singing his marches to the sound of singing his marches to the sound of singing his marches to the sound of flutes while his elegies composed in the flutes while his elegies composed in the flutes while his elegies composed in the conventional epic dialect are said to conventional epic dialect are said to conventional epic dialect are said to have been recited in the tents after the have been recited in the tents after the have been recited in the tents after the evening meal but we learned from himself evening meal but we learned from himself evening meal but we learned from himself that his strategy was as effective as that his strategy was as effective as that his strategy was as effective as his poetry and the Messenians were his poetry and the Messenians were his poetry and the Messenians were presently defeated in the Battle of the presently defeated in the Battle of the presently defeated in the Battle of the great Foss great Foss great Foss they then retired to the northern they then retired to the northern they then retired to the northern stronghold of err on the river need on stronghold of err on the river need on stronghold of err on the river need on which plays the same part in the second which plays the same part in the second which plays the same part in the second war war war that if Fermi played in the first that if Fermi played in the first that if Fermi played in the first Valastro Menace takes the place of Astra Valastro Menace takes the place of Astra Valastro Menace takes the place of Astra Dimas as to air Dimas as to air Dimas as to air indeed who possessed no record on the indeed who possessed no record on the indeed who possessed no record on the contemporary authority of tertius whose

contemporary authority of tertius whose contemporary authority of tertius whose extent fragments notice none of extent fragments notice none of extent fragments notice none of Adventures not even the name of the hero Adventures not even the name of the hero Adventures not even the name of the hero Astra Menace yet air may well have been Astra Menace yet air may well have been Astra Menace yet air may well have been the place where the last stan was made the place where the last stan was made the place where the last stan was made for the Spartans had raised the for the Spartans had raised the for the Spartans had raised the fortifications of athomie which is not fortifications of athomie which is not fortifications of athomie which is not mentioned in connection with the second mentioned in connection with the second mentioned in connection with the second war at air the defenders were near the war at air the defenders were near the war at air the defenders were near the akkadian supporters and within reach of akkadian supporters and within reach of akkadian supporters and within reach of Pylos which seems not to have been yet Pylos which seems not to have been yet Pylos which seems not to have been yet lassie to Mon Yin but ere fell legend lassie to Mon Yin but ere fell legend lassie to Mon Yin but ere fell legend says it was beleaguered for eight years says it was beleaguered for eight years says it was beleaguered for eight years Astra Menace was the sole of the defense Astra Menace was the sole of the defense Astra Menace was the sole of the defense and his wonderful escapes became the and his wonderful escapes became the and his wonderful escapes became the argument of a stirring tale on one argument of a stirring tale on one argument of a stirring tale on one occasion he was thrown with fifty fellow occasion he was thrown with fifty fellow occasion he was thrown with fifty fellow countrymen captured by the Spartans into countrymen captured by the Spartans into countrymen captured by the Spartans into a deep pit his comrades perished and a deep pit his comrades perished and a deep pit his comrades perished and astrum Aeneas awaited certain death but astrum Aeneas awaited certain death but astrum Aeneas awaited certain death but by following the track for Fox by following the track for Fox by following the track for Fox he found a passage in the rocky wall of he found a passage in the rocky wall of he found a passage in the rocky wall of his prison and appeared on the following his prison and appeared on the following his prison and appeared on the following day at air when the Spartans surprised day at air when the Spartans surprised day at air when the Spartans surprised that fortress he made his escape wounded that fortress he made his escape wounded that fortress he made his escape wounded to Arcadia he died in roads but 250 to Arcadia he died in roads but 250 to Arcadia he died in roads but 250 years later on the field of lacouture he years later on the field of lacouture he years later on the field of lacouture he reappeared against the Spartans to reappeared against the Spartans to reappeared against the Spartans to avenge his defeat those Messenians who avenge his defeat those Messenians who avenge his defeat those Messenians who were left in the land were mostly were left in the land were mostly were left in the land were mostly reduced again to the condition of helots reduced again to the condition of helots reduced again to the condition of helots but the maritime communities and even a but the maritime communities and even a but the maritime communities and even a few in the interior remained free as

few in the interior remained free as few in the interior remained free as Parisi in the possession of their Parisi in the possession of their Parisi in the possession of their estates many escaped to Arcadia while estates many escaped to Arcadia while estates many escaped to Arcadia while some of the inhabitants of the coast some of the inhabitants of the coast some of the inhabitants of the coast towns may have taken ship and sail to towns may have taken ship and sail to towns may have taken ship and sail to other places at this time Sparta like other places at this time Sparta like other places at this time Sparta like most other Greek States suffered from most other Greek States suffered from most other Greek States suffered from domestic discontent domestic discontent domestic discontent there was a pressing land question with there was a pressing land question with there was a pressing land question with which tertius dealt in a poem named Gino which tertius dealt in a poem named Gino which tertius dealt in a poem named Gino Mia or Laurent order these questions Mia or Laurent order these questions Mia or Laurent order these questions were partly solved by the conquest of were partly solved by the conquest of were partly solved by the conquest of the whole land or Messenia and doubtless the whole land or Messenia and doubtless the whole land or Messenia and doubtless the foundation of the colony in terrace the foundation of the colony in terrace the foundation of the colony in terrace in southern Italy was undertaken for the in southern Italy was undertaken for the in southern Italy was undertaken for the purpose of relieving an excessive purpose of relieving an excessive purpose of relieving an excessive population population population the machine war as recorded by tertius the machine war as recorded by tertius the machine war as recorded by tertius shows us that the power of the shows us that the power of the shows us that the power of the privileged classes had already been privileged classes had already been privileged classes had already been undermined by a great change in the undermined by a great change in the undermined by a great change in the method of warfare the fighting is done method of warfare the fighting is done method of warfare the fighting is done and the victory won by regiments of and the victory won by regiments of and the victory won by regiments of mailed foot Lancers who march and fight mailed foot Lancers who march and fight mailed foot Lancers who march and fight together in close ranks the secret had together in close ranks the secret had together in close ranks the secret had been discovered that such well-drilled been discovered that such well-drilled been discovered that such well-drilled spears minh hoplites as they were called spears minh hoplites as they were called spears minh hoplites as they were called were superior to cavalry and much about were superior to cavalry and much about were superior to cavalry and much about the same period in Ionia we find the the same period in Ionia we find the the same period in Ionia we find the infantry of smee nia holding their own infantry of smee nia holding their own infantry of smee nia holding their own against the Lydian Horsemen of gigas the against the Lydian Horsemen of gigas the against the Lydian Horsemen of gigas the recognition of serried bodies of foot as recognition of serried bodies of foot as recognition of serried bodies of foot as a useful weapon in battle a useful weapon in battle a useful weapon in battle can we trait in the later parts of the can we trait in the later parts of the can we trait in the later parts of the Iliad but it was in Sparta first that

Iliad but it was in Sparta first that Iliad but it was in Sparta first that their value was fully appreciated there their value was fully appreciated there their value was fully appreciated there they became the main part of the they became the main part of the they became the main part of the military establishment the city no military establishment the city no military establishment the city no longer depended chiefly on her Nobles longer depended chiefly on her Nobles longer depended chiefly on her Nobles and times of war she depended on her and times of war she depended on her and times of war she depended on her whole people the progress of metalsmiths whole people the progress of metalsmiths whole people the progress of metalsmiths in their trade which accompanies the in their trade which accompanies the in their trade which accompanies the general industrial advance of Greece general industrial advance of Greece general industrial advance of Greece rendered possible the transformation in rendered possible the transformation in rendered possible the transformation in the art of war every world to do citizen the art of war every world to do citizen the art of war every world to do citizen could now provide himself with an outfit could now provide himself with an outfit could now provide himself with an outfit of armor and go forth to battle in of armor and go forth to battle in of armor and go forth to battle in panoply open footnote the metal panoply open footnote the metal panoply open footnote the metal breastplate had been introduced metal breastplate had been introduced metal breastplate had been introduced metal Gries were worn and thigh pieces the Gries were worn and thigh pieces the Gries were worn and thigh pieces the round shield borne on the arm had round shield borne on the arm had round shield borne on the arm had superseded the clumsy shouldered swing superseded the clumsy shouldered swing superseded the clumsy shouldered swing shield of the heroic period closed shield of the heroic period closed shield of the heroic period closed footnote the transformation was footnote the transformation was footnote the transformation was distinctly levelling and democratic for distinctly levelling and democratic for distinctly levelling and democratic for it plays the noble and the ordinary it plays the noble and the ordinary it plays the noble and the ordinary citizen on an equality in the field we citizen on an equality in the field we citizen on an equality in the field we shall not be wrong in connecting this shall not be wrong in connecting this shall not be wrong in connecting this military development with those military development with those military development with those aspirations of the people for a popular aspirations of the people for a popular aspirations of the people for a popular constitution which resulted in the constitution which resulted in the constitution which resulted in the investment of the yura Freight with its investment of the yura Freight with its investment of the yura Freight with its great political powers from Sparta where great political powers from Sparta where great political powers from Sparta where it was brought to a perfection which in it was brought to a perfection which in it was brought to a perfection which in the days of tertius is not yet attained the days of tertius is not yet attained the days of tertius is not yet attained the institution of the heavy the institution of the heavy the institution of the heavy lancers spread throughout greece and its lancers spread throughout greece and its lancers spread throughout greece and its natural tendency everywhere was to natural tendency everywhere was to natural tendency everywhere was to promote the progress of democracy it is

promote the progress of democracy it is promote the progress of democracy it is significant that in Thessaly where the significant that in Thessaly where the significant that in Thessaly where the system of hot place is not introduced system of hot place is not introduced system of hot place is not introduced and cavalry was always the colonel of and cavalry was always the colonel of and cavalry was always the colonel of the army democratic ideas never made way the army democratic ideas never made way the army democratic ideas never made way end of chapter 3 part 1 chapter 3 parts end of chapter 3 part 1 chapter 3 parts end of chapter 3 part 1 chapter 3 parts 3 and 4 of a history of greece to the 3 and 4 of a history of greece to the 3 and 4 of a history of greece to the death of alexander the great vol 1 this death of alexander the great vol 1 this death of alexander the great vol 1 this is a librivox recording all librivox is a librivox recording all librivox is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public domain for recordings are in the public domain for recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please more information or to volunteer please more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by elizi visit librivox.org recording by elizi visit librivox.org recording by elizi diver a history of greece to the death diver a history of greece to the death diver a history of greece to the death of Alexander the Great of Alexander the Great of Alexander the Great vol 1 by John Bagnall Yuri vol 1 by John Bagnall Yuri vol 1 by John Bagnall Yuri chapter 3 part 3 internal development of chapter 3 part 3 internal development of chapter 3 part 3 internal development of Sparta and her institutions in the 7th Sparta and her institutions in the 7th Sparta and her institutions in the 7th century one could not have fool told century one could not have fool told century one could not have fool told what Sparta was destined to be her what Sparta was destined to be her what Sparta was destined to be her nobles lived look seriously like the nobles lived look seriously like the nobles lived look seriously like the nobles of other lands the individuals nobles of other lands the individuals nobles of other lands the individuals free as in other cities to order his free as in other cities to order his free as in other cities to order his life as you willed she showed some life as you willed she showed some life as you willed she showed some promise of other than military interests promise of other than military interests promise of other than military interests lyric poetry was transported from its lyric poetry was transported from its lyric poetry was transported from its home in lesbos to find for a while a home in lesbos to find for a while a home in lesbos to find for a while a second home on the banks of the euro second home on the banks of the euro second home on the banks of the euro toss songs to be sung at banquets at toss songs to be sung at banquets at toss songs to be sung at banquets at weddings at harvest festivals and at weddings at harvest festivals and at weddings at harvest festivals and at festivals of the gods by single singers

festivals of the gods by single singers festivals of the gods by single singers or choirs of men or maidens were older or choirs of men or maidens were older or choirs of men or maidens were older than memory could reach but with the than memory could reach but with the than memory could reach but with the development of music and the improvement development of music and the improvement development of music and the improvement of musical instruments the composition of musical instruments the composition of musical instruments the composition of these songs became an art and lyric of these songs became an art and lyric of these songs became an art and lyric poetry was created the introduction of a poetry was created the introduction of a poetry was created the introduction of a lyre of seven strings instead of the old lyre of seven strings instead of the old lyre of seven strings instead of the old tetrachord was attributed to a pander of tetrachord was attributed to a pander of tetrachord was attributed to a pander of lesbos who was at all events an lesbos who was at all events an lesbos who was at all events an historical person and both a poet and a historical person and both a poet and a historical person and both a poet and a musician musician musician he visited Sparta and is said to have he visited Sparta and is said to have he visited Sparta and is said to have instituted the musical contest at the instituted the musical contest at the instituted the musical contest at the carnea the great festival acid him on carnea the great festival acid him on carnea the great festival acid him on his music was certainly welcomed there his music was certainly welcomed there his music was certainly welcomed there and Sparta soon had a poet who though and Sparta soon had a poet who though and Sparta soon had a poet who though not her own was at least her adopted son not her own was at least her adopted son not her own was at least her adopted son Alka man from Lydian Sardis made Sparta Alka man from Lydian Sardis made Sparta Alka man from Lydian Sardis made Sparta his home and we have some fragments of his home and we have some fragments of his home and we have some fragments of songs which he composed requires of songs which he composed requires of songs which he composed requires of Lissoni and maidens sparta had her epic Lissoni and maidens sparta had her epic Lissoni and maidens sparta had her epic poet too in Sanofi in' but this promise poet too in Sanofi in' but this promise poet too in Sanofi in' but this promise of a school of music and poetry was not of a school of music and poetry was not of a school of music and poetry was not be fulfilled when Sparta emerges into be fulfilled when Sparta emerges into be fulfilled when Sparta emerges into the full light of history we find her the full light of history we find her the full light of history we find her under an iron discipline which invades under an iron discipline which invades under an iron discipline which invades every part of a man's life and controls every part of a man's life and controls every part of a man's life and controls all his actions from his cradle to his all his actions from his cradle to his all his actions from his cradle to his deathbed everything is subordinated to deathbed everything is subordinated to deathbed everything is subordinated to the art of war and the sole aim of the

the art of war and the sole aim of the the art of war and the sole aim of the state is to create invincible warriors state is to create invincible warriors state is to create invincible warriors the martial element was doubtless from the martial element was doubtless from the martial element was doubtless from the very beginning stronger in sparta the very beginning stronger in sparta the very beginning stronger in sparta than in other states and as a city than in other states and as a city than in other states and as a city ruling over a large discontented ruling over a large discontented ruling over a large discontented population of subjects and serfs she population of subjects and serfs she population of subjects and serfs she must always be prepared to fight but we must always be prepared to fight but we must always be prepared to fight but we shall probably never know how and under shall probably never know how and under shall probably never know how and under what influences the single Spartan what influences the single Spartan what influences the single Spartan discipline which we have now to examine discipline which we have now to examine discipline which we have now to examine was introduced nor can we in describing was introduced nor can we in describing was introduced nor can we in describing the Spartan society distinguish always the Spartan society distinguish always the Spartan society distinguish always between older and later institutions the between older and later institutions the between older and later institutions the whole Spartan people formed a military whole Spartan people formed a military whole Spartan people formed a military caste the life of a Spartan citizen was caste the life of a Spartan citizen was caste the life of a Spartan citizen was devoted to the service of the state in devoted to the service of the state in devoted to the service of the state in order to carry out this ideal it was order to carry out this ideal it was order to carry out this ideal it was necessary that every citizen should be necessary that every citizen should be necessary that every citizen should be freed from the care of providing for freed from the care of providing for freed from the care of providing for himself and his family the nobles owned himself and his family the nobles owned himself and his family the nobles owned family domains of their own but the family domains of their own but the family domains of their own but the Spartan community also came into Spartan community also came into Spartan community also came into possession of common land which was possession of common land which was possession of common land which was divided into a number of Lots divided into a number of Lots divided into a number of Lots each Spartan obtained a lot which passed each Spartan obtained a lot which passed each Spartan obtained a lot which passed from father to son but could not be the from father to son but could not be the from father to son but could not be the souls are divided souls are divided souls are divided thus the citizen could never be reduced thus the citizen could never be reduced thus the citizen could never be reduced to poverty the original inhabitants whom to poverty the original inhabitants whom to poverty the original inhabitants whom the Lacedaemonians dispossessed and the Lacedaemonians dispossessed and the Lacedaemonians dispossessed and reduced to the state of serfs cultivated

reduced to the state of serfs cultivated reduced to the state of serfs cultivated the land their Lords every year the the land their Lords every year the the land their Lords every year the owner of a lot was entitled to receive owner of a lot was entitled to receive owner of a lot was entitled to receive 70 min emini of corn for himself 12 for 70 min emini of corn for himself 12 for 70 min emini of corn for himself 12 for his wife and has stated portion of wine his wife and has stated portion of wine his wife and has stated portion of wine and fruit all that the land produced and fruit all that the land produced and fruit all that the land produced beyond this the helot was allowed to beyond this the helot was allowed to beyond this the helot was allowed to retain for his own use retain for his own use retain for his own use thus the Spartan need take no thought of thus the Spartan need take no thought of thus the Spartan need take no thought of his support he could give all his time his support he could give all his time his support he could give all his time to the affairs of public life though the to the affairs of public life though the to the affairs of public life though the helots were not driven by task masters helots were not driven by task masters helots were not driven by task masters and has the right of acquiring private and has the right of acquiring private and has the right of acquiring private property their condition seems to have property their condition seems to have property their condition seems to have been hard at all events they were always been hard at all events they were always been hard at all events they were always bitterly dissatisfaction itself the system of hell a tree was a itself the system of hell a tree was a source of danger from the earliest times source of danger from the earliest times source of danger from the earliest times but especially after the conquest of but especially after the conquest of but especially after the conquest of Messenia and the state of constant Messenia and the state of constant Messenia and the state of constant military preparation in which the military preparation in which the military preparation in which the Spartans lived may have been partly due Spartans lived may have been partly due Spartans lived may have been partly due to the consciousness of this peril to the consciousness of this peril to the consciousness of this peril perpetually at their doors the crypt ear perpetually at their doors the crypt ear perpetually at their doors the crypt ear or secret police was instituted it is or secret police was instituted it is or secret police was instituted it is uncertain at what date to deal with this uncertain at what date to deal with this uncertain at what date to deal with this danger young Spartans were sent into the danger young Spartans were sent into the danger young Spartans were sent into the country and empowered to kill every country and empowered to kill every country and empowered to kill every helot whom they had reason to regard helot whom they had reason to regard helot whom they had reason to regard with suspicion closely connected with with suspicion closely connected with with suspicion closely connected with this system was the remarkable custom this system was the remarkable custom this system was the remarkable custom that the ephors in whose hands lay the that the ephors in whose hands lay the that the ephors in whose hands lay the general control over the helots should

general control over the helots should general control over the helots should every year an entering office proclaim every year an entering office proclaim every year an entering office proclaim war against them by this device the use war against them by this device the use war against them by this device the use could slay dangerous helots without any could slay dangerous helots without any could slay dangerous helots without any scruple or fear of the guilt of scruple or fear of the guilt of scruple or fear of the guilt of manslaughter but notwithstanding these manslaughter but notwithstanding these manslaughter but notwithstanding these precautions serious revolts broke out precautions serious revolts broke out precautions serious revolts broke out again and again and again and a Spartan hands no power to grant a Spartan hands no power to grant a Spartan hands no power to grant freedom to the helot who worked on his freedom to the helot who worked on his freedom to the helot who worked on his lot nor yet sell him to another only the lot nor yet sell him to another only the lot nor yet sell him to another only the state could emancipate as the helots state could emancipate as the helots state could emancipate as the helots were called upon to serve as light-armed were called upon to serve as light-armed were called upon to serve as light-armed troops in times of war they had to then troops in times of war they had to then troops in times of war they had to then an opportunity of exhibiting bravery and an opportunity of exhibiting bravery and an opportunity of exhibiting bravery and loyalty in the service of the city and loyalty in the service of the city and loyalty in the service of the city and those who conspicuously distinguished those who conspicuously distinguished those who conspicuously distinguished themselves might be rewarded by the city themselves might be rewarded by the city themselves might be rewarded by the city with the mead of freedom thus arose a with the mead of freedom thus arose a with the mead of freedom thus arose a class of freedmen called neo de modus or class of freedmen called neo de modus or class of freedmen called neo de modus or new dem as men there was also another new dem as men there was also another new dem as men there was also another class of persons neither safe nor class of persons neither safe nor class of persons neither safe nor citizens called Mithu Nez who probably citizens called Mithu Nez who probably citizens called Mithu Nez who probably sprang from illegitimate unions of sprang from illegitimate unions of sprang from illegitimate unions of citizens with helot women thus relieved citizens with helot women thus relieved citizens with helot women thus relieved from the necessity of gaining a from the necessity of gaining a from the necessity of gaining a livelihood livelihood livelihood the Spartans devoted themselves to the the Spartans devoted themselves to the the Spartans devoted themselves to the good of the state and the aim of the good of the state and the aim of the good of the state and the aim of the state was the cultivation of the art of state was the cultivation of the art of state was the cultivation of the art of war Sparta was a large military school war Sparta was a large military school war Sparta was a large military school education marriage the details of daily education marriage the details of daily education marriage the details of daily life were all strictly regulated with a

life were all strictly regulated with a life were all strictly regulated with a view to the maintenance of a perfectly view to the maintenance of a perfectly view to the maintenance of a perfectly efficient army every citizen wants to be efficient army every citizen wants to be efficient army every citizen wants to be a soldier and the discipline began from a soldier and the discipline began from a soldier and the discipline began from birth when a child was born it was birth when a child was born it was birth when a child was born it was submitted to the inspection of the heads submitted to the inspection of the heads submitted to the inspection of the heads of a tribe and if they judged it to be of a tribe and if they judged it to be of a tribe and if they judged it to be unhealthy a week it was exposed to die unhealthy a week it was exposed to die unhealthy a week it was exposed to die on the wild slopes of Mount t'ai Gettis on the wild slopes of Mount t'ai Gettis on the wild slopes of Mount t'ai Gettis at the age of seven years the boy was at the age of seven years the boy was at the age of seven years the boy was consigned to the care of a state officer consigned to the care of a state officer consigned to the care of a state officer and the cause of his education was and the cause of his education was and the cause of his education was entirely determined by the purpose of entirely determined by the purpose of entirely determined by the purpose of veneering him to bear hardships training veneering him to bear hardships training veneering him to bear hardships training him to endure an exacting discipline and him to endure an exacting discipline and him to endure an exacting discipline and instilling into his heart a sentiment of instilling into his heart a sentiment of instilling into his heart a sentiment of devotion to the state the boys up to the devotion to the state the boys up to the devotion to the state the boys up to the age of 20 were marshaled in a huge age of 20 were marshaled in a huge age of 20 were marshaled in a huge school formed on the model of an army school formed on the model of an army school formed on the model of an army the captains and prefix who instructed the captains and prefix who instructed the captains and prefix who instructed and controlled them were young men who and controlled them were young men who and controlled them were young men who had passed their 20th year but did not had passed their 20th year but did not had passed their 20th year but did not yet reach the 30th yet reach the 30th yet reach the 30th which admitted them to the right which admitted them to the right which admitted them to the right citizenship warm friendships often citizenship warm friendships often citizenship warm friendships often sprung up between the young men and the sprung up between the young men and the sprung up between the young men and the boys whom they were training and this boys whom they were training and this boys whom they were training and this was the one place in Spartan life were was the one place in Spartan life were was the one place in Spartan life were those room for romance at the age of 20 those room for romance at the age of 20 those room for romance at the age of 20 the Spartan entered upon military the Spartan entered upon military the Spartan entered upon military service and was permitted to marry but service and was permitted to marry but service and was permitted to marry but he could not yet enjoy home life he had he could not yet enjoy home life he had he could not yet enjoy home life he had to live in barracks with his companions to live in barracks with his companions to live in barracks with his companions and could only pay stolen and fugitive and could only pay stolen and fugitive and could only pay stolen and fugitive visits to his wife in his 30th year

visits to his wife in his 30th year visits to his wife in his 30th year having completed his training he became having completed his training he became having completed his training he became a man and obtained the full rights of a man and obtained the full rights of a man and obtained the full rights of citizenship the home area or peers as citizenship the home area or peers as citizenship the home area or peers as the Spartan citizens were called dined the Spartan citizens were called dined the Spartan citizens were called dined together in tents in the hi Cynthia together in tents in the hi Cynthia together in tents in the hi Cynthia Street these public messes were in all Street these public messes were in all Street these public messes were in all days cool & Dre I all men's meals and in days cool & Dre I all men's meals and in days cool & Dre I all men's meals and in later times fried our TIA each member of later times fried our TIA each member of later times fried our TIA each member of a common tent made a fixed monthly a common tent made a fixed monthly a common tent made a fixed monthly contribution derived from the produce of contribution derived from the produce of contribution derived from the produce of his lot consisting of barley cheese wine his lot consisting of barley cheese wine his lot consisting of barley cheese wine and figs and the members of the same and figs and the members of the same and figs and the members of the same mess tent shared the same tent in the mess tent shared the same tent in the mess tent shared the same tent in the field in time of war these public messes field in time of war these public messes field in time of war these public messes are a survival adapt to military are a survival adapt to military are a survival adapt to military purposes of the old custom of public purposes of the old custom of public purposes of the old custom of public banquets at which all the burgers banquets at which all the burgers banquets at which all the burgers gathered together at a table spread for gathered together at a table spread for gathered together at a table spread for the gods of the city of the organization the gods of the city of the organization the gods of the city of the organization of the Spartan hoplites in early times of the Spartan hoplites in early times of the Spartan hoplites in early times we have no definite knowledge 300 we have no definite knowledge 300 we have no definite knowledge 300 horsemen chosen from the Spartan youths horsemen chosen from the Spartan youths horsemen chosen from the Spartan youths formed the Kings bodyguard but though as formed the Kings bodyguard but though as formed the Kings bodyguard but though as their name shows they were originally their name shows they were originally their name shows they were originally mounted in later times they fought on mounted in later times they fought on mounted in later times they fought on foot the light infantry was supplied by foot the light infantry was supplied by foot the light infantry was supplied by the Perry sy and helots Spartan the Perry sy and helots Spartan the Perry sy and helots Spartan discipline extended itself to the women discipline extended itself to the women discipline extended itself to the women - with the purpose of producing mothers

- with the purpose of producing mothers - with the purpose of producing mothers who should be both physically strong and who should be both physically strong and who should be both physically strong and saturated with Spartan spirit saturated with Spartan spirit saturated with Spartan spirit the girls in common with the boys went the girls in common with the boys went the girls in common with the boys went through a gymnastic training and it was through a gymnastic training and it was through a gymnastic training and it was not considered immodest for them to not considered immodest for them to not considered immodest for them to practice their exercises almost nude practice their exercises almost nude practice their exercises almost nude they enjoyed a freedom which was in they enjoyed a freedom which was in they enjoyed a freedom which was in marked contrast with the seclusion of marked contrast with the seclusion of marked contrast with the seclusion of women in other Greek states they had a women in other Greek states they had a women in other Greek states they had a high repute for chastity but if the high repute for chastity but if the high repute for chastity but if the government's directed them to breed government's directed them to breed government's directed them to breed children for the state they had no children for the state they had no children for the state they had no scruples in obeying the command though scruples in obeying the command though scruples in obeying the command though it should involve a violation of the it should involve a violation of the it should involve a violation of the sanctity of the marriage tie sanctity of the marriage tie sanctity of the marriage tie they were proverbially ready to they were proverbially ready to they were proverbially ready to sacrifice the maternal instincts to the sacrifice the maternal instincts to the sacrifice the maternal instincts to the welfare of their country such was the welfare of their country such was the welfare of their country such was the spirit of the place the Sparta was a spirit of the place the Sparta was a spirit of the place the Sparta was a camp in which the highest object of camp in which the highest object of camp in which the highest object of every man's life was to be ready at any every man's life was to be ready at any every man's life was to be ready at any moment to fight with the utmost moment to fight with the utmost moment to fight with the utmost efficiency for a city the aim of every efficiency for a city the aim of every efficiency for a city the aim of every law the end of the whole social order law the end of the whole social order law the end of the whole social order was to fashion good soldiers private was to fashion good soldiers private was to fashion good soldiers private luxury was strictly forbidden Spartan luxury was strictly forbidden Spartan luxury was strictly forbidden Spartan simplicity became proverbial the simplicity became proverbial the simplicity became proverbial the individual man entirely lost in the individual man entirely lost in the individual man entirely lost in the state had no life his own he had no state had no life his own he had no state had no life his own he had no problems of human existence to solve for problems of human existence to solve for problems of human existence to solve for himself himself himself Sparta was not a place for thinkers or Sparta was not a place for thinkers or Sparta was not a place for thinkers or theorists the whole duty of man and the

theorists the whole duty of man and the theorists the whole duty of man and the highest ideal of life were contained for highest ideal of life were contained for highest ideal of life were contained for a Spartan in the laws of his city a Spartan in the laws of his city a Spartan in the laws of his city warfare being the object of all the warfare being the object of all the warfare being the object of all the Spartan laws and institutions one might Spartan laws and institutions one might Spartan laws and institutions one might expect to find the city in a perpetual expect to find the city in a perpetual expect to find the city in a perpetual state of war one might look to see her state of war one might look to see her state of war one might look to see her son's always ready to strive with their son's always ready to strive with their son's always ready to strive with their neighbors without any ulterior object neighbors without any ulterior object neighbors without any ulterior object war being for them an end in itself but war being for them an end in itself but war being for them an end in itself but it was not so they did not wait war more it was not so they did not wait war more it was not so they did not wait war more lightly than other men we cannot rank lightly than other men we cannot rank lightly than other men we cannot rank them with barbarians who care only for them with barbarians who care only for them with barbarians who care only for fighting and hunting we may attribute fighting and hunting we may attribute fighting and hunting we may attribute the original motive of their the original motive of their the original motive of their institutions in some measure at least institutions in some measure at least institutions in some measure at least to the situation of a small dominant to the situation of a small dominant to the situation of a small dominant class in the midst of ilk intended class in the midst of ilk intended class in the midst of ilk intended subjects and hostile serfs they must subjects and hostile serfs they must subjects and hostile serfs they must always be prepared to meet a rebellion always be prepared to meet a rebellion always be prepared to meet a rebellion of pari CI or a revolt of helots and a of pari CI or a revolt of helots and a of pari CI or a revolt of helots and a surprise would have been fatal forming a surprise would have been fatal forming a surprise would have been fatal forming a permanent camp in a country which was permanent camp in a country which was permanent camp in a country which was far from friendly they were compelled to far from friendly they were compelled to far from friendly they were compelled to be always on their guard but there was be always on their guard but there was be always on their guard but there was something more in the vitality and something more in the vitality and something more in the vitality and conservation of the Spartan Constitution conservation of the Spartan Constitution conservation of the Spartan Constitution then precautions against a danger of a then precautions against a danger of a then precautions against a danger of a possible insurrection it appealed to the possible insurrection it appealed to the possible insurrection it appealed to the Greek sense of beauty there was a Greek sense of beauty there was a Greek sense of beauty there was a certain completeness and simplicity certain completeness and simplicity certain completeness and simplicity about the Constitution itself a about the Constitution itself a about the Constitution itself a completeness and simplicity about the completeness and simplicity about the completeness and simplicity about the manner of life enforced by the laws a

manner of life enforced by the laws a manner of life enforced by the laws a completeness and simplicity - about the completeness and simplicity - about the completeness and simplicity - about the type of character developed by them type of character developed by them type of character developed by them which Greeks of other cities never fail which Greeks of other cities never fail which Greeks of other cities never fail to contemplate with genuine if distant to contemplate with genuine if distant to contemplate with genuine if distant admiration shut away in Hollow many admiration shut away in Hollow many admiration shut away in Hollow many cleft a flaccid Aman out of the world cleft a flaccid Aman out of the world cleft a flaccid Aman out of the world and not sharing in the progress of other and not sharing in the progress of other and not sharing in the progress of other Greek cities Sparta seemed to remain at Greek cities Sparta seemed to remain at Greek cities Sparta seemed to remain at a standstill and a stranger from Athens a standstill and a stranger from Athens a standstill and a stranger from Athens or mellitus in the 5th century visiting or mellitus in the 5th century visiting or mellitus in the 5th century visiting the straggling villages which formed her the straggling villages which formed her the straggling villages which formed her unwalled unpretentious City must have unwalled unpretentious City must have unwalled unpretentious City must have had a feeling of being transported into had a feeling of being transported into had a feeling of being transported into an age long past when men were braver an age long past when men were braver an age long past when men were braver better and simpler unspoiled by well and better and simpler unspoiled by well and better and simpler unspoiled by well and disturbed by ideas to a philosopher like disturbed by ideas to a philosopher like disturbed by ideas to a philosopher like Plato speculating in political science Plato speculating in political science Plato speculating in political science the spot and state seemed the nearest the spot and state seemed the nearest the spot and state seemed the nearest approach to the ideal the ordinary Greek approach to the ideal the ordinary Greek approach to the ideal the ordinary Greek looked upon it as a structure of severe looked upon it as a structure of severe looked upon it as a structure of severe and simple beauty a Dorian City stately and simple beauty a Dorian City stately and simple beauty a Dorian City stately as a Dorian Temple far nobler than his as a Dorian Temple far nobler than his as a Dorian Temple far nobler than his own abode but not so comfortable to own abode but not so comfortable to own abode but not so comfortable to dwell in if this was the effect produced dwell in if this was the effect produced dwell in if this was the effect produced upon strangers we can imagine what a upon strangers we can imagine what a upon strangers we can imagine what a perpetual joy to a Spartan peer perpetual joy to a Spartan peer perpetual joy to a Spartan peer was the contemplation of the Spartan was the contemplation of the Spartan was the contemplation of the Spartan Constitution how he felt a sense of Constitution how he felt a sense of Constitution how he felt a sense of superiority in being a citizen of that

superiority in being a citizen of that superiority in being a citizen of that city and a pride in living up to its city and a pride in living up to its city and a pride in living up to its ideal and fulfilling the obligations of ideal and fulfilling the obligations of ideal and fulfilling the obligations of his nobility in his mouth his nobility in his mouth his nobility in his mouth not beautiful meant contrary to the not beautiful meant contrary to the not beautiful meant contrary to the Spartan laws which were believed to be Spartan laws which were believed to be Spartan laws which were believed to be inspired by Apollo this deep admiration inspired by Apollo this deep admiration inspired by Apollo this deep admiration for their Constitution as an ideally for their Constitution as an ideally for their Constitution as an ideally beautiful creation the conviction that beautiful creation the conviction that beautiful creation the conviction that it was incapable of improvement being in it was incapable of improvement being in it was incapable of improvement being in truth wonderfully effective in realizing truth wonderfully effective in realizing truth wonderfully effective in realizing its aims it's bound up with the its aims it's bound up with the its aims it's bound up with the conservative spirit of the Spartans conservative spirit of the Spartans conservative spirit of the Spartans shown so conspicuously in their use of shown so conspicuously in their use of shown so conspicuously in their use of their old iron coins down to the time of their old iron coins down to the time of their old iron coins down to the time of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander the Great it was inevitable that as time went on it was inevitable that as time went on it was inevitable that as time went on there should be many fallings away and there should be many fallings away and there should be many fallings away and that some of the harder laws should by that some of the harder laws should by that some of the harder laws should by tacit agreement be ignored the other tacit agreement be ignored the other tacit agreement be ignored the other Greeks were always happy to point to the Greeks were always happy to point to the Greeks were always happy to point to the weak spots in the Spartan armor from an weak spots in the Spartan armor from an weak spots in the Spartan armor from an early period it seems to have been a early period it seems to have been a early period it seems to have been a permitted thing for a citizen to acquire permitted thing for a citizen to acquire permitted thing for a citizen to acquire land in addition to his original lot as land in addition to his original lot as land in addition to his original lot as such lands were not like the original such lands were not like the original such lands were not like the original lot inalienable but could be sold or lot inalienable but could be sold or lot inalienable but could be sold or divided inequalities in wealth divided inequalities in wealth divided inequalities in wealth necessarily arose and the communist in necessarily arose and the communist in necessarily arose and the communist in which we observed in the life of the which we observed in the life of the which we observed in the life of the citizens was only superficial but two citizens was only superficial but two citizens was only superficial but two especially provided by law that no especially provided by law that no especially provided by law that no Spartan should possess wealth in the

Spartan should possess wealth in the Spartan should possess wealth in the form of gold or silver this law was at form of gold or silver this law was at form of gold or silver this law was at first eluded by the device of depositing first eluded by the device of depositing first eluded by the device of depositing money in foreign temples and ultimately money in foreign temples and ultimately money in foreign temples and ultimately became a dead-letter spartans even became a dead-letter spartans even became a dead-letter spartans even gained throughout greece and even gained throughout greece and even gained throughout greece and even reputation for a virus by the fourth reputation for a virus by the fourth reputation for a virus by the fourth century they had greatly degenerated and century they had greatly degenerated and century they had greatly degenerated and those who wrote studies of the last de those who wrote studies of the last de those who wrote studies of the last de Manion constitution contrasted sparta as Manion constitution contrasted sparta as Manion constitution contrasted sparta as it should be and used to be with Sparta it should be and used to be with Sparta it should be and used to be with Sparta as it was there is no doubt that the Spartan there is no doubt that the Spartan system of discipline grew up by degrees system of discipline grew up by degrees system of discipline grew up by degrees yes the argument from design might be yes the argument from design might be yes the argument from design might be plausibly used to prove that it was the plausibly used to prove that it was the plausibly used to prove that it was the original creator of a single lawgiver we original creator of a single lawgiver we original creator of a single lawgiver we may observe how well articulated and how may observe how well articulated and how may observe how well articulated and how closely interdependent where its various closely interdependent where its various closely interdependent where its various parts the whole discipline of a society parts the whole discipline of a society parts the whole discipline of a society necessitated the existence of helots and necessitated the existence of helots and necessitated the existence of helots and on the other hand the existence of on the other hand the existence of on the other hand the existence of helots necessitated such a discipline helots necessitated such a discipline helots necessitated such a discipline the affor right was the keystone of the the affor right was the keystone of the the affor right was the keystone of the structure and in the dual kingship one structure and in the dual kingship one structure and in the dual kingship one might see a cunning intention to secure might see a cunning intention to secure might see a cunning intention to secure the powers of the you force by perpetual the powers of the you force by perpetual the powers of the you force by perpetual jealousy between the kings in the whole jealousy between the kings in the whole jealousy between the kings in the whole fabric one might trace an artistic unity fabric one might trace an artistic unity fabric one might trace an artistic unity which might be thought to argue the work which might be thought to argue the work which might be thought to argue the work of a single mind and until lately this

of a single mind and until lately this of a single mind and until lately this was generally believed to be the case was generally believed to be the case was generally believed to be the case some still maintain the belief a certain some still maintain the belief a certain some still maintain the belief a certain lie Sergius was said to have framed the lie Sergius was said to have framed the lie Sergius was said to have framed the spartan institutions and enacted the spartan institutions and enacted the spartan institutions and enacted the spartan laws about the beginning of the spartan laws about the beginning of the spartan laws about the beginning of the ninth century but the grounds were ninth century but the grounds were ninth century but the grounds were believing that a Spartan lawgiver named believing that a Spartan lawgiver named believing that a Spartan lawgiver named Weiss urges ever existed or of the Weiss urges ever existed or of the Weiss urges ever existed or of the Slender is kind the earliest statements Slender is kind the earliest statements Slender is kind the earliest statements as to the origin of the Constitution as to the origin of the Constitution as to the origin of the Constitution date from the fifth century and their date from the fifth century and their date from the fifth century and their discrepancy shows that there were mere discrepancy shows that there were mere discrepancy shows that there were mere guesses and that the true origins were guesses and that the true origins were guesses and that the true origins were buried completely in the obscurity of buried completely in the obscurity of buried completely in the obscurity of the past Pindar attributed the Lhasa demony in Pindar attributed the Lhasa demony in institutions to a Jamis the mythical institutions to a Jamis the mythical institutions to a Jamis the mythical ancestor of the Dorian tribes the ancestor of the Dorian tribes the ancestor of the Dorian tribes the historian Hellenic has regarded them as historian Hellenic has regarded them as historian Hellenic has regarded them as the creation of the two first kings of the creation of the two first kings of the creation of the two first kings of Sparta Pro class and you rest the knees Sparta Pro class and you rest the knees Sparta Pro class and you rest the knees the more critical of his side ADIZ less the more critical of his side ADIZ less the more critical of his side ADIZ less ready to record conjectures contends ready to record conjectures contends ready to record conjectures contends himself was saying that the lasso himself was saying that the lasso himself was saying that the lasso demonium Constitution had existed for demonium Constitution had existed for demonium Constitution had existed for rather more than four hundred years rather more than four hundred years rather more than four hundred years to the end of the palapa knees in war to the end of the palapa knees in war to the end of the palapa knees in war Herodotus states that the Spartans Herodotus states that the Spartans Herodotus states that the Spartans declared lice urges to have been the declared lice urges to have been the declared lice urges to have been the guardian of one of their early kings and guardian of one of their early kings and guardian of one of their early kings and to have introduced from Crete their laws to have introduced from Crete their laws to have introduced from Crete their laws and institutions but the diversion two

and institutions but the diversion two and institutions but the diversion two counts of this historians contemporaries counts of this historians contemporaries counts of this historians contemporaries who ignore lie searches all together who ignore lie searches all together who ignore lie searches all together proved that it was simply one of many proved that it was simply one of many proved that it was simply one of many guesses and not a generally accepted guesses and not a generally accepted guesses and not a generally accepted tradition it may be added that if the tradition it may be added that if the tradition it may be added that if the old Spartan poet tertius had mentioned old Spartan poet tertius had mentioned old Spartan poet tertius had mentioned lice urges as a lawgiver his words would lice urges as a lawgiver his words would lice urges as a lawgiver his words would certainly been quoted by later writers certainly been quoted by later writers certainly been quoted by later writers and who may fairly conclude that he knew and who may fairly conclude that he knew and who may fairly conclude that he knew nothing of such a tradition lice urges nothing of such a tradition lice urges nothing of such a tradition lice urges or to give him his name in its true form or to give him his name in its true form or to give him his name in its true form like Hoover August was not a man he was like Hoover August was not a man he was like Hoover August was not a man he was only a God he was an Arcadian deity or only a God he was an Arcadian deity or only a God he was an Arcadian deity or hero perhaps some form of the Arcadian hero perhaps some form of the Arcadian hero perhaps some form of the Arcadian Zeus Lyceus God at the wolf mountain and Zeus Lyceus God at the wolf mountain and Zeus Lyceus God at the wolf mountain and his name meant wolf repeller he was his name meant wolf repeller he was his name meant wolf repeller he was worshipped at Lacedaemon where he had a worshipped at Lacedaemon where he had a worshipped at Lacedaemon where he had a shrine and who may conjecture that his shrine and who may conjecture that his shrine and who may conjecture that his cult was adopted by the Spartans from cult was adopted by the Spartans from cult was adopted by the Spartans from the older inhabitants whom they the older inhabitants whom they the older inhabitants whom they displaced he may also have been displaced he may also have been displaced he may also have been connected with Olympia for his name was connected with Olympia for his name was connected with Olympia for his name was inscribed in a very ancient quite the so inscribed in a very ancient quite the so inscribed in a very ancient quite the so called quote of if itís which was called quote of if itís which was called quote of if itís which was preserved there and perhaps dated from preserved there and perhaps dated from preserved there and perhaps dated from the 7th century the belief that this the 7th century the belief that this the 7th century the belief that this deity was a Spartan lawgiver inspired by deity was a Spartan lawgiver inspired by deity was a Spartan lawgiver inspired by the Delphic Oracle gradually gained the Delphic Oracle gradually gained the Delphic Oracle gradually gained ground and in the 4th century generally ground and in the 4th century generally ground and in the 4th century generally prevailed

prevailed prevailed Aristotle believed it a made use of the Aristotle believed it a made use of the Aristotle believed it a made use of the old quote to fix the date of the lycian old quote to fix the date of the lycian old quote to fix the date of the lycian legislation to the first half of the legislation to the first half of the legislation to the first half of the eighth century but while everybody eighth century but while everybody eighth century but while everybody regarded lie surges as unquestionably an regarded lie surges as unquestionably an regarded lie surges as unquestionably an historical personage Candide historical personage Candide historical personage Candide investigation confessed that nothing investigation confessed that nothing investigation confessed that nothing certain was known concerning him and the certain was known concerning him and the certain was known concerning him and the views about his chronology were many and views about his chronology were many and views about his chronology were many and very very very yes part for the constitutions yes part for the constitutions yes part for the constitutions ancient Greek students of constitutional ancient Greek students of constitutional ancient Greek students of constitutional history was struck by some obvious and history was struck by some obvious and history was struck by some obvious and remarkable resemblances between the remarkable resemblances between the remarkable resemblances between the Spartan and the Cretan states and it was Spartan and the Cretan states and it was Spartan and the Cretan states and it was believed by many that the Spartan believed by many that the Spartan believed by many that the Spartan Constitution was derived from Crete Constitution was derived from Crete Constitution was derived from Crete though there are notable differences as though there are notable differences as though there are notable differences as well as notable likenesses it will be well as notable likenesses it will be well as notable likenesses it will be convenient to glance here at the convenient to glance here at the convenient to glance here at the political condition of this island to political condition of this island to political condition of this island to which we shall seldom have to recur which we shall seldom have to recur which we shall seldom have to recur since owing to its geographical since owing to its geographical since owing to its geographical situation and the lack of political situation and the lack of political situation and the lack of political union it was isolated and withdrew from union it was isolated and withdrew from union it was isolated and withdrew from the main course of Greek history in a the main course of Greek history in a the main course of Greek history in a passage in the Odyssey the inhabitants passage in the Odyssey the inhabitants passage in the Odyssey the inhabitants of Crete are divided into five classes of Crete are divided into five classes of Crete are divided into five classes achaeans etta cretins Sidonians Dorian's achaeans etta cretins Sidonians Dorian's achaeans etta cretins Sidonians Dorian's and Pulaski ins of these theater cretins and Pulaski ins of these theater cretins and Pulaski ins of these theater cretins may represent the original people who may represent the original people who may represent the original people who dwelled in the island before the Greeks

dwelled in the island before the Greeks dwelled in the island before the Greeks came like the air tow Carpathians of came like the air tow Carpathians of came like the air tow Carpathians of carpet fayus they survived chiefly in carpet fayus they survived chiefly in carpet fayus they survived chiefly in the eastern part of the island and they the eastern part of the island and they the eastern part of the island and they continued to speak their own tongue in continued to speak their own tongue in continued to speak their own tongue in historical times writing it however not historical times writing it however not historical times writing it however not in their ancient linear script Burton in their ancient linear script Burton in their ancient linear script Burton Greek characters a specimen of it but we Greek characters a specimen of it but we Greek characters a specimen of it but we have no key to the meaning has been have no key to the meaning has been have no key to the meaning has been preserved in some inscriptions found at preserved in some inscriptions found at preserved in some inscriptions found at precious their most important city the precious their most important city the precious their most important city the people of Cydonia were perhaps also a people of Cydonia were perhaps also a people of Cydonia were perhaps also a remnant of the old population the remnant of the old population the remnant of the old population the achæans and Pulaski UNS point to achæans and Pulaski UNS point to achæans and Pulaski UNS point to Thessaly and there are some links which Thessaly and there are some links which Thessaly and there are some links which seemed to connect Cretan towns with per seemed to connect Cretan towns with per seemed to connect Cretan towns with per beer we may consider it probable that beer we may consider it probable that beer we may consider it probable that early settlers from Thessaly found their early settlers from Thessaly found their early settlers from Thessaly found their way to Crete but the most important way to Crete but the most important way to Crete but the most important settlers belonged to the Dorian branch settlers belonged to the Dorian branch settlers belonged to the Dorian branch of the Greek race easily recognized by of the Greek race easily recognized by of the Greek race easily recognized by the three tribes Helius pant filly and the three tribes Helius pant filly and the three tribes Helius pant filly and Damons Damons Damons which always accompanied its migrations which always accompanied its migrations which always accompanied its migrations these three tribes can be traced in many these three tribes can be traced in many these three tribes can be traced in many Cretan cities and we saw that this Cretan cities and we saw that this Cretan cities and we saw that this island was one of the first places to island was one of the first places to island was one of the first places to receive the durian Wanderers Berta's a receive the durian Wanderers Berta's a receive the durian Wanderers Berta's a later time this seems to be a further later time this seems to be a further later time this seems to be a further infusion of the durian element new infusion of the durian element new infusion of the durian element new settlers came from Argos and Laconia and settlers came from Argos and Laconia and

settlers came from Argos and Laconia and mingled with the older inhabitants mingled with the older inhabitants mingled with the older inhabitants refounding many cities thus Goten in the refounding many cities thus Goten in the refounding many cities thus Goten in the south of the island in the valley of the south of the island in the valley of the south of the island in the valley of the river lay feeis was resettled and her river lay feeis was resettled and her river lay feeis was resettled and her neighbor Festus distinguished by neighbor Festus distinguished by neighbor Festus distinguished by mentoring Homer was invaded by newcomers mentoring Homer was invaded by newcomers mentoring Homer was invaded by newcomers from Argos world built lettuce in its from Argos world built lettuce in its from Argos world built lettuce in its central side also of Homeric fame and central side also of Homeric fame and central side also of Homeric fame and Polly reunion rich in sheep in the Polly reunion rich in sheep in the Polly reunion rich in sheep in the northwestern corner a haunt of the northwestern corner a haunt of the northwestern corner a haunt of the divine hunters dick Tiana were both divine hunters dick Tiana were both divine hunters dick Tiana were both colonized from Laconia Conesus the great colonized from Laconia Conesus the great colonized from Laconia Conesus the great city of Menace canosa's abroad was city of Menace canosa's abroad was city of Menace canosa's abroad was repopulated by Dorian's and though it repopulated by Dorian's and though it repopulated by Dorian's and though it never attained to its former splendor it never attained to its former splendor it never attained to its former splendor it remained the leading city in Crete the remained the leading city in Crete the remained the leading city in Crete the island then colonized first by folk island then colonized first by folk island then colonized first by folk closely akin to those who conquered closely akin to those who conquered closely akin to those who conquered Lacedaemon and Argos colonized again by Lacedaemon and Argos colonized again by Lacedaemon and Argos colonized again by those very conquerors may be said to be those very conquerors may be said to be those very conquerors may be said to be doubly Dorian and there is the double doubly Dorian and there is the double doubly Dorian and there is the double reason for resemblances between laconian reason for resemblances between laconian reason for resemblances between laconian and Cretan institutions in the Cretan and Cretan institutions in the Cretan and Cretan institutions in the Cretan cities themselves there were of course cities themselves there were of course cities themselves there were of course many local divergences but the general many local divergences but the general many local divergences but the general resemblances are so close where we can resemblances are so close where we can resemblances are so close where we can trace the facts that for our purpose we trace the facts that for our purpose we trace the facts that for our purpose we may safely follow the example of the may safely follow the example of the may safely follow the example of the Ancients in assuming a general type of

Ancients in assuming a general type of Ancients in assuming a general type of Cretan policy the population of a Cretan Cretan policy the population of a Cretan Cretan policy the population of a Cretan state consisted of two classes warriors state consisted of two classes warriors state consisted of two classes warriors and serfs in a few cases where one city and serfs in a few cases where one city and serfs in a few cases where one city had subjugated another the people of the had subjugated another the people of the had subjugated another the people of the subject City held some watch the same subject City held some watch the same subject City held some watch the same position position position laconian Persei and formed a third class laconian Persei and formed a third class laconian Persei and formed a third class but these cases were exceptional in but these cases were exceptional in but these cases were exceptional in general one of the main differences general one of the main differences general one of the main differences between a Cretan state and Sparta was between a Cretan state and Sparta was between a Cretan state and Sparta was that the Cretan state had no Persei that the Cretan state had no Persei that the Cretan state had no Persei there were two kinds of serfs no a tie there were two kinds of serfs no a tie there were two kinds of serfs no a tie and a family tie the Neue ties belonged and a family tie the Neue ties belonged and a family tie the Neue ties belonged to the state to the state to the state while the fao tie also called clarity's while the fao tie also called clarity's while the fao tie also called clarity's or lot men were attached to the lots of or lot men were attached to the lots of or lot men were attached to the lots of the citizens and belonged to the owners the citizens and belonged to the owners the citizens and belonged to the owners of the lots these bondsman cultivated of the lots these bondsman cultivated of the lots these bondsman cultivated the land themselves and could possess the land themselves and could possess the land themselves and could possess private property like the Spartan helots private property like the Spartan helots private property like the Spartan helots but though we do not know exactly what but though we do not know exactly what but though we do not know exactly what their obligations were they seem to have their obligations were they seem to have their obligations were they seem to have been in some ways in a better condition been in some ways in a better condition been in some ways in a better condition than the bondsman of Laconia if the than the bondsman of Laconia if the than the bondsman of Laconia if the pastas or Lord a recruit and serf died pastas or Lord a recruit and serf died pastas or Lord a recruit and serf died childless the serf had an interest in childless the serf had an interest in childless the serf had an interest in his property he could contract a legal his property he could contract a legal his property he could contract a legal marriage and his family was recognized marriage and his family was recognized marriage and his family was recognized by law the two privileges from which he by law the two privileges from which he by law the two privileges from which he was always jealously excluded with a was always jealously excluded with a was always jealously excluded with a carrying of arms and the practice of

carrying of arms and the practice of carrying of arms and the practice of athletic exercises in the gymnasia athletic exercises in the gymnasia athletic exercises in the gymnasia unlike the helots the Cretan sirs found unlike the helots the Cretan sirs found unlike the helots the Cretan sirs found their condition tolerable and we never their condition tolerable and we never their condition tolerable and we never hear that they revolted the geographical hear that they revolted the geographical hear that they revolted the geographical conditions of the Cretans enabled them conditions of the Cretans enabled them conditions of the Cretans enabled them to excuse their slaves from military to excuse their slaves from military to excuse their slaves from military service of the monarchical period in service of the monarchical period in service of the monarchical period in Crete we know nothing in the sixth Crete we know nothing in the sixth Crete we know nothing in the sixth century we find that monarchy had been century we find that monarchy had been century we find that monarchy had been abolished by the aristocracies and abolished by the aristocracies and abolished by the aristocracies and that's the executive governments are in that's the executive governments are in that's the executive governments are in the hands of boards of ten annual the hands of boards of ten annual the hands of boards of ten annual magistrates entitled Cosmo the Cosmo magistrates entitled Cosmo the Cosmo magistrates entitled Cosmo the Cosmo were chosen from certain important clans were chosen from certain important clans were chosen from certain important clans start I and the military as well as the start I and the military as well as the start I and the military as well as the other functions of the King had passed other functions of the King had passed other functions of the King had passed into their hands they were assisted by into their hands they were assisted by into their hands they were assisted by the advice of the council of elders the advice of the council of elders the advice of the council of elders which was elected from those who had which was elected from those who had which was elected from those who had filled to the office of Cosmos the filled to the office of Cosmos the filled to the office of Cosmos the resolves of the Cosmo and council were resolves of the Cosmo and council were resolves of the Cosmo and council were laid before the egg or I laid before the egg or I laid before the egg or I or General Assemblies of citizens who or General Assemblies of citizens who or General Assemblies of citizens who merely voted and had no right to propose merely voted and had no right to propose merely voted and had no right to propose or discuss there is a superficial or discuss there is a superficial or discuss there is a superficial resemblance between this Constitution resemblance between this Constitution resemblance between this Constitution which prevailed in most Cretan cities which prevailed in most Cretan cities which prevailed in most Cretan cities and that of Sparta the Cretan Agora and that of Sparta the Cretan Agora and that of Sparta the Cretan Agora answers to the Spartan Apella the Cretan answers to the Spartan Apella the Cretan answers to the Spartan Apella the Cretan to the spartan gerousia and the cosma to to the spartan gerousia and the cosma to to the spartan gerousia and the cosma to the you force the most obvious the you force the most obvious the you force the most obvious difference is that in Crete there was no

difference is that in Crete there was no difference is that in Crete there was no royalty but there is another important royalty but there is another important royalty but there is another important difference the Democratic feature of the difference the Democratic feature of the difference the Democratic feature of the Spartan Constitution is absent in Crete Spartan Constitution is absent in Crete Spartan Constitution is absent in Crete while the you Falls were chosen from all while the you Falls were chosen from all while the you Falls were chosen from all the citizens in a Cretan state only the citizens in a Cretan state only the citizens in a Cretan state only certain noble families were eligible to certain noble families were eligible to certain noble families were eligible to the office of Cosmos and as the Guru sy the office of Cosmos and as the Guru sy the office of Cosmos and as the Guru sy was chosen from the Cosmo it is clear was chosen from the Cosmo it is clear was chosen from the Cosmo it is clear that's the whole power of the state that's the whole power of the state that's the whole power of the state resided in a privileged class consisting resided in a privileged class consisting resided in a privileged class consisting of those families or clans thus the of those families or clans thus the of those families or clans thus the Cretan state was a closed aristocracy Cretan state was a closed aristocracy Cretan state was a closed aristocracy the true likeness between Sparta and the true likeness between Sparta and the true likeness between Sparta and Crete lies in the circumstance that the Crete lies in the circumstance that the Crete lies in the circumstance that the laws and institutions of both countries laws and institutions of both countries laws and institutions of both countries aimed at creating a class of warriors aimed at creating a class of warriors aimed at creating a class of warriors boys were taught to read and write and boys were taught to read and write and boys were taught to read and write and to recite certain songs ordained by law to recite certain songs ordained by law to recite certain songs ordained by law but the chief part of their training was but the chief part of their training was but the chief part of their training was bodily with a view to making them good bodily with a view to making them good bodily with a view to making them good soldiers at the age of 17 they were soldiers at the age of 17 they were soldiers at the age of 17 they were admitted into herds a galley answering admitted into herds a galley answering admitted into herds a galley answering to the Spartan boy which were organized to the Spartan boy which were organized to the Spartan boy which were organized by sons of noble houses and supported at by sons of noble houses and supported at by sons of noble houses and supported at the expense of the state the members of the expense of the state the members of the expense of the state the members of these associations went through a these associations went through a these associations went through a training in the public gymnasia order training in the public gymnasia order training in the public gymnasia order moy and hence were called Remy s great moy and hence were called Remy s great moy and hence were called Remy s great days were held in which sham fights took days were held in which sham fights took days were held in which sham fights took place between these herds to the sound place between these herds to the sound place between these herds to the sound of liars and flutes the drama yes was of

of liars and flutes the drama yes was of of liars and flutes the drama yes was of age in the eyes of the law and he was age in the eyes of the law and he was age in the eyes of the law and he was bound to marry but his wife continued to bound to marry but his wife continued to bound to marry but his wife continued to live in the house of her father or live in the house of her father or live in the house of her father or kinsman kinsman kinsman until he passed out of the state of until he passed out of the state of until he passed out of the state of jammu yes and became a man the men dined jammu yes and became a man the men dined jammu yes and became a man the men dined at public masses called Andre I at public masses called Andre I at public masses called Andre I corresponding to the Spartan Ford RTA corresponding to the Spartan Ford RTA corresponding to the Spartan Ford RTA but the boys were also permitted to join but the boys were also permitted to join but the boys were also permitted to join them these meals were not afraid them these meals were not afraid them these meals were not afraid altogether as at Sparta by the altogether as at Sparta by the altogether as at Sparta by the contributions of the members but were contributions of the members but were contributions of the members but were partly at least paid for by the state partly at least paid for by the state partly at least paid for by the state and the state also made provision for and the state also made provision for and the state also made provision for the sustenance of the women the public the sustenance of the women the public the sustenance of the women the public income which defrayed these and other income which defrayed these and other income which defrayed these and other such burdens and maintained the worship such burdens and maintained the worship such burdens and maintained the worship of the gods must have been derived from of the gods must have been derived from of the gods must have been derived from public land cultivated by the noh8 I and public land cultivated by the noh8 I and public land cultivated by the noh8 I and distinct from the land which was a distinct from the land which was a distinct from the land which was a portion did Lots among citizens we see portion did Lots among citizens we see portion did Lots among citizens we see then that in the discipline and then that in the discipline and then that in the discipline and education of the citizens in the common education of the citizens in the common education of the citizens in the common meals of the men in general political meals of the men in general political meals of the men in general political objects there is a close and significant objects there is a close and significant objects there is a close and significant likeness between Sparta and Crete but likeness between Sparta and Crete but likeness between Sparta and Crete but otherwise there are great differences otherwise there are great differences otherwise there are great differences one in Crete there were as a rule no one in Crete there were as a rule no one in Crete there were as a rule no parisa to the Cretan serfs lived under parisa to the Cretan serfs lived under parisa to the Cretan serfs lived under more favorable conditions in the helots more favorable conditions in the helots more favorable conditions in the helots and were not a constant source of danger and were not a constant source of danger and were not a constant source of danger 3 kingship did not survive in Crete and 3 kingship did not survive in Crete and 3 kingship did not survive in Crete and consequently for the functions which in

consequently for the functions which in consequently for the functions which in Sparta were divided between Kings and Sparta were divided between Kings and Sparta were divided between Kings and you fours were in Crete United in the you fours were in Crete United in the you fours were in Crete United in the hands of the cosmo 5 the Cretan state hands of the cosmo 5 the Cretan state hands of the cosmo 5 the Cretan state was an aristocracy while sparta so far was an aristocracy while sparta so far was an aristocracy while sparta so far as the city itself was concerned was the as the city itself was concerned was the as the city itself was concerned was the limited democracy a difference which limited democracy a difference which limited democracy a difference which clearly reveals itself in 6 the modes of clearly reveals itself in 6 the modes of clearly reveals itself in 6 the modes of electing cosmo and you force 7 there is electing cosmo and you force 7 there is electing cosmo and you force 7 there is a more advanced form of communism in a more advanced form of communism in a more advanced form of communism in crete in sephora state stores contribute crete in sephora state stores contribute crete in sephora state stores contribute largely to the maintenance of the largely to the maintenance of the largely to the maintenance of the citizens if one city had become dominant citizens if one city had become dominant citizens if one city had become dominant in crete and reduced the others to in crete and reduced the others to in crete and reduced the others to subjugation the resemblance between subjugation the resemblance between subjugation the resemblance between Laconia and Crete who to be much greater Laconia and Crete who to be much greater Laconia and Crete who to be much greater a class of Cretan Percy I were to a class of Cretan Percy I were to a class of Cretan Percy I were to forthwith been formed forthwith been formed forthwith been formed end of chapter three parts three and end of chapter three parts three and end of chapter three parts three and four Chapter three four Chapter three four Chapter three part five and six of a history of Greece part five and six of a history of Greece part five and six of a history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great to the death of Alexander the Great to the death of Alexander the Great Molly one this is a librivox recording Molly one this is a librivox recording Molly one this is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the all librivox recordings are in the all librivox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to public domain for more information or to public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org a volunteer please visit librivox.org a volunteer please visit librivox.org a history of Greece - the death of history of Greece - the death of history of Greece - the death of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander the Great vol 1 by John back nil Burak chapter 3 vol 1 by John back nil Burak chapter 3 vol 1 by John back nil Burak chapter 3 but 5 the supremacy and the decline of but 5 the supremacy and the decline of but 5 the supremacy and the decline of argos the Olympian games the rebellion

argos the Olympian games the rebellion argos the Olympian games the rebellion of Messina had been especially of Messina had been especially of Messina had been especially formidable to Sparta because the rebels formidable to Sparta because the rebels formidable to Sparta because the rebels had been supported by two foreign powers had been supported by two foreign powers had been supported by two foreign powers arcadia and Pisa part of Arcadia seems arcadia and Pisa part of Arcadia seems arcadia and Pisa part of Arcadia seems to have been united at this time under to have been united at this time under to have been united at this time under the lordship of the king of the Arcadian the lordship of the king of the Arcadian the lordship of the king of the Arcadian or communists the king of Pisa on the or communists the king of Pisa on the or communists the king of Pisa on the Alphaeus had recently risen to new power Alphaeus had recently risen to new power Alphaeus had recently risen to new power and honor with the help of Argos and and honor with the help of Argos and and honor with the help of Argos and Argos itself had been playing a Argos itself had been playing a Argos itself had been playing a prominent part in the peninsula under prominent part in the peninsula under prominent part in the peninsula under the leadership of her king Pheidon the the leadership of her king Pheidon the the leadership of her king Pheidon the reign of this king was the last epic of reign of this king was the last epic of reign of this king was the last epic of Argos as an active power of the first Argos as an active power of the first Argos as an active power of the first rank we know little about him but his rank we know little about him but his rank we know little about him but his name became so famous that in the later name became so famous that in the later name became so famous that in the later times the royal house of the distance times the royal house of the distance times the royal house of the distance Macedonia when it reached the height of Macedonia when it reached the height of Macedonia when it reached the height of a success in Alexander the Great was a success in Alexander the Great was a success in Alexander the Great was anxious to connect its line of descent anxious to connect its line of descent anxious to connect its line of descent with fighted under his or species a with fighted under his or species a with fighted under his or species a system of measures were introduced to system of measures were introduced to system of measures were introduced to Argos and the Peloponnesus these Argos and the Peloponnesus these Argos and the Peloponnesus these measures will called after his name Fido measures will called after his name Fido measures will called after his name Fido nian and were likewise adopted at Athens nian and were likewise adopted at Athens nian and were likewise adopted at Athens they seemed to have been closely they seemed to have been closely they seemed to have been closely connected with the Asian Aten system of connected with the Asian Aten system of connected with the Asian Aten system of weights but the only clear action of weights but the only clear action of weights but the only clear action of Vidant is his expedition to the west Vidant is his expedition to the west Vidant is his expedition to the west he led a naja of army across Arcadia he led a naja of army across Arcadia he led a naja of army across Arcadia to the banks of the Alphaeus and to the banks of the Alphaeus and to the banks of the Alphaeus and presided there over the celebration of presided there over the celebration of presided there over the celebration of the olympian festival which is now for the olympian festival which is now for the olympian festival which is now for the first time heard of in the history the first time heard of in the history the first time heard of in the history of greece the altars or sacred grove of of greece the altars or sacred grove of of greece the altars or sacred grove of olympia lay under the wooden mount of olympia lay under the wooden mount of olympia lay under the wooden mount of Cronus where the River Clyde Cronus where the River Clyde Cronus where the River Clyde flows into the Alphaeus in the angle

flows into the Alphaeus in the angle flows into the Alphaeus in the angle between the two streams it was dedicated between the two streams it was dedicated between the two streams it was dedicated to the worship of Zeus but the spot was to the worship of Zeus but the spot was to the worship of Zeus but the spot was probably sacred to peel ups before Zeus probably sacred to peel ups before Zeus probably sacred to peel ups before Zeus claimed it for himself and be loves claimed it for himself and be loves claimed it for himself and be loves decorated to a rank of a hero kept his decorated to a rank of a hero kept his decorated to a rank of a hero kept his own sacred precinct within the larger own sacred precinct within the larger own sacred precinct within the larger enclosure the sanctuary was in the enclosure the sanctuary was in the enclosure the sanctuary was in the territory of Pisa and it is possible territory of Pisa and it is possible territory of Pisa and it is possible that the care of the worship and the that the care of the worship and the that the care of the worship and the conduct of the festivals belonged conduct of the festivals belonged conduct of the festivals belonged originally to the peace and community originally to the peace and community originally to the peace and community but the men of Elise northern neighbors but the men of Elise northern neighbors but the men of Elise northern neighbors of Pisa set their hearts on having of Pisa set their hearts on having of Pisa set their hearts on having control of the Olympian sanctuary which control of the Olympian sanctuary which control of the Olympian sanctuary which though it is not once mentioned as Delfy though it is not once mentioned as Delfy though it is not once mentioned as Delfy and dead ona are mentioned in the poems and dead ona are mentioned in the poems and dead ona are mentioned in the poems of Homer must-buy the 7th century have of Homer must-buy the 7th century have of Homer must-buy the 7th century have won a high prestige in the Peloponnesus won a high prestige in the Peloponnesus won a high prestige in the Peloponnesus and drawn many visitors as Ellis was and drawn many visitors as Ellis was and drawn many visitors as Ellis was stronger than Pisa the aliens finally stronger than Pisa the aliens finally stronger than Pisa the aliens finally succeeded in usurping the conduct of the succeeded in usurping the conduct of the succeeded in usurping the conduct of the caves games were the chief feature of caves games were the chief feature of caves games were the chief feature of the festival which was held every fourth the festival which was held every fourth the festival which was held every fourth year at the high time of the second full year at the high time of the second full year at the high time of the second full moon after Midsummer's day the games at moon after Midsummer's day the games at moon after Midsummer's day the games at first included foot races boxing and first included foot races boxing and first included foot races boxing and wrestling chariot races and horse races wrestling chariot races and horse races wrestling chariot races and horse races were added later such contests were an were added later such contests were an were added later such contests were an ancient institution in Greece we know ancient institution in Greece we know ancient institution in Greece we know not how far back they go or in what not how far back they go or in what not how far back they go or in what circumstances they were first introduced circumstances they were first introduced circumstances they were first introduced but the funeral games of Patroclus but the funeral games of Patroclus but the funeral games of Patroclus described in the Illiad permit us to described in the Illiad permit us to described in the Illiad permit us to infer that they were a feature of Ionian

infer that they were a feature of Ionian infer that they were a feature of Ionian life in the ninth century we can see but life in the ninth century we can see but life in the ninth century we can see but dimly into the political relations of dimly into the political relations of dimly into the political relations of Finance age we can discern at least that Finance age we can discern at least that Finance age we can discern at least that Sparta lent her countenance to Alice in Sparta lent her countenance to Alice in Sparta lent her countenance to Alice in this new certian and that argos jealous this new certian and that argos jealous this new certian and that argos jealous of the growing power of Sparta espoused of the growing power of Sparta espoused of the growing power of Sparta espoused the cause of pisa this was the purpose the cause of pisa this was the purpose the cause of pisa this was the purpose of King Fighters expedition to Olympia of King Fighters expedition to Olympia of King Fighters expedition to Olympia he took the management of the games out he took the management of the games out he took the management of the games out of the hands of Ellis and restored it to of the hands of Ellis and restored it to of the hands of Ellis and restored it to Pisa and for many years Pisa maintained Pisa and for many years Pisa maintained Pisa and for many years Pisa maintained her rights she maintained them so long her rights she maintained them so long her rights she maintained them so long as Sparta absorbed in the Machine Ian as Sparta absorbed in the Machine Ian as Sparta absorbed in the Machine Ian strife had no health despair for her strife had no health despair for her strife had no health despair for her Ellis and during that Ellis and during that Ellis and during that she did what she could to help the foes she did what she could to help the foes she did what she could to help the foes of Sparta but when the revolt was of Sparta but when the revolt was of Sparta but when the revolt was suppressed it was inevitable that Ellis suppressed it was inevitable that Ellis suppressed it was inevitable that Ellis should again with Spartan help win the should again with Spartan help win the should again with Spartan help win the control of the games for Argos declining control of the games for Argos declining control of the games for Argos declining under successors of Pheidon could give under successors of Pheidon could give under successors of Pheidon could give no weight to be said when King Pheidon no weight to be said when King Pheidon no weight to be said when King Pheidon held his state at Olympia the most held his state at Olympia the most held his state at Olympia the most impressive shrine in the oldest was the impressive shrine in the oldest was the impressive shrine in the oldest was the Temple of Hera and Zeus and this is the Temple of Hera and Zeus and this is the Temple of Hera and Zeus and this is the most ancient temple of which the most ancient temple of which the most ancient temple of which the foundations are still preserved on the foundations are still preserved on the foundations are still preserved on the soil of Hellas it was built of Sun baked soil of Hellas it was built of Sun baked soil of Hellas it was built of Sun baked bricks upon lower courses of stone and bricks upon lower courses of stone and bricks upon lower courses of stone and the Doric columns were of wood the days the Doric columns were of wood the days the Doric columns were of wood the days of stone temples were at hand but it was of stone temples were at hand but it was of stone temples were at hand but it was not till two centuries later that the not till two centuries later that the not till two centuries later that the elder shrine was overshadowed by the

elder shrine was overshadowed by the elder shrine was overshadowed by the great stone Temple of Zeus the temple of great stone Temple of Zeus the temple of great stone Temple of Zeus the temple of hera is supposed by some to have been hera is supposed by some to have been hera is supposed by some to have been founded in the 11th or 10th century it founded in the 11th or 10th century it founded in the 11th or 10th century it is hardly likely to be so old but it was is hardly likely to be so old but it was is hardly likely to be so old but it was certainly very old like the games of the certainly very old like the games of the certainly very old like the games of the place the medical institution of the place the medical institution of the place the medical institution of the games was ascribed to Pele ops or to games was ascribed to Pele ops or to games was ascribed to Pele ops or to Heracles and when the aliens usurped the Heracles and when the aliens usurped the Heracles and when the aliens usurped the presidency the story gradually took presidency the story gradually took presidency the story gradually took shape that the celebration had been shape that the celebration had been shape that the celebration had been revived by the Spartan Lycurgus and the revived by the Spartan Lycurgus and the revived by the Spartan Lycurgus and the alien I fittest in the year 776 BC and alien I fittest in the year 776 BC and alien I fittest in the year 776 BC and this year was erected as the first this year was erected as the first this year was erected as the first Olympian from that year until the visit Olympian from that year until the visit Olympian from that year until the visit of Pheidon the aliens professed to have of Pheidon the aliens professed to have of Pheidon the aliens professed to have presided over the feast and their presided over the feast and their presided over the feast and their account of the matter won its way into account of the matter won its way into account of the matter won its way into general belief it is possible that king general belief it is possible that king general belief it is possible that king Pheidon reorganized the games and Pheidon reorganized the games and Pheidon reorganized the games and inaugurated a new stage in the history inaugurated a new stage in the history inaugurated a new stage in the history of the festival at all events by the of the festival at all events by the of the festival at all events by the beginning of the 6th century the beginning of the 6th century the beginning of the 6th century the festival was no longer an event of the festival was no longer an event of the festival was no longer an event of the merely Peloponnesian interest it had merely Peloponnesian interest it had merely Peloponnesian interest it had become famous become famous become famous wherever the Greek tongue was spoken and wherever the Greek tongue was spoken and wherever the Greek tongue was spoken and when the feasts tide came around a cycle when the feasts tide came around a cycle when the feasts tide came around a cycle of four years their throng to the Mane's of four years their throng to the Mane's of four years their throng to the Mane's of Alphaeus from all waters of the Greek of Alphaeus from all waters of the Greek of Alphaeus from all waters of the Greek world athletes and horses to compete in world athletes and horses to compete in world athletes and horses to compete in the contest and spectators to behold the contest and spectators to behold the contest and spectators to behold them them them during the celebration of the festival a during the celebration of the festival a during the celebration of the festival a sacred truths was observed and the man sacred truths was observed and the man sacred truths was observed and the man of Ellis claimed that in those days

of Ellis claimed that in those days of Ellis claimed that in those days their territory was in while label the their territory was in while label the their territory was in while label the prize of victory in the games was a prize of victory in the games was a prize of victory in the games was a wreath of wild olive but rich rewards wreath of wild olive but rich rewards wreath of wild olive but rich rewards always waited the victor when he always waited the victor when he always waited the victor when he returned home in triumph and laid the returned home in triumph and laid the returned home in triumph and laid the olympian crown in the chief temple of a olympian crown in the chief temple of a olympian crown in the chief temple of a city it may seem strange that the city it may seem strange that the city it may seem strange that the greatest and the most glorious of all greatest and the most glorious of all greatest and the most glorious of all Panhellenic festivals should have been Panhellenic festivals should have been Panhellenic festivals should have been celebrated near the western shores of celebrated near the western shores of celebrated near the western shores of the Peloponnesus one might have looked the Peloponnesus one might have looked the Peloponnesus one might have looked to find it nearer the Asian but situated to find it nearer the Asian but situated to find it nearer the Asian but situated where it was the scene of the great where it was the scene of the great where it was the scene of the great games was all the nearer to the Greeks games was all the nearer to the Greeks games was all the nearer to the Greeks beyond the western sea and none of the beyond the western sea and none of the beyond the western sea and none of the people of the mother country wide more people of the mother country wide more people of the mother country wide more eagerly or more often in the context of eagerly or more often in the context of eagerly or more often in the context of Olympia than the children who had found Olympia than the children who had found Olympia than the children who had found new homes far away on Sicilian and new homes far away on Sicilian and new homes far away on Sicilian and Italian soil this nearness of Olympia to Italian soil this nearness of Olympia to Italian soil this nearness of Olympia to the Western colonies comes into one's the Western colonies comes into one's the Western colonies comes into one's thoughts when standing in the sacred thoughts when standing in the sacred thoughts when standing in the sacred oldest one behold the terrace of the oldest one behold the terrace of the oldest one behold the terrace of the northern side of the precinct and the northern side of the precinct and the northern side of the precinct and the scanty remains of the row of twelve scanty remains of the row of twelve scanty remains of the row of twelve treasure houses which once stood here treasure houses which once stood here treasure houses which once stood here for those two US Treasuries five at for those two US Treasuries five at for those two US Treasuries five at least were dedicated by Sicilians and least were dedicated by Sicilians and least were dedicated by Sicilians and Italian cities thus the olympian Italian cities thus the olympian Italian cities thus the olympian festival helped the colonies of the west festival helped the colonies of the west festival helped the colonies of the west to keep in touch with the mother country to keep in touch with the mother country to keep in touch with the mother country it furnished a Center where Greeks of it furnished a Center where Greeks of it furnished a Center where Greeks of all parts met and exchanged their ideas all parts met and exchanged their ideas all parts met and exchanged their ideas and experiences it was one of the and experiences it was one of the and experiences it was one of the institutions which expressed and institutions which expressed and institutions which expressed and quickened the consciousness of quickened the consciousness of quickened the consciousness of fellowship among the sick scattered

fellowship among the sick scattered fellowship among the sick scattered folks of the Greek race and it became a folks of the Greek race and it became a folks of the Greek race and it became a model as we shall see for other model as we shall see for other model as we shall see for other festivals of the same kind which festivals of the same kind which festivals of the same kind which concurred in promoting a feeling of concurred in promoting a feeling of concurred in promoting a feeling of national unity the final success of national unity the final success of national unity the final success of Sparta in the long struggle with Messina Sparta in the long struggle with Messina Sparta in the long struggle with Messina marks the period at which the balance of marks the period at which the balance of marks the period at which the balance of power among the Peloponnesian states power among the Peloponnesian states power among the Peloponnesian states began to shift in the seventh century began to shift in the seventh century began to shift in the seventh century argos is the leading state she has argos is the leading state she has argos is the leading state she has reduced Mycenae she has annihilated reduced Mycenae she has annihilated reduced Mycenae she has annihilated acini she has made Terrace and our joy acini she has made Terrace and our joy acini she has made Terrace and our joy fort fort fort she has defeated Sparta at high sea she has defeated Sparta at high sea she has defeated Sparta at high sea there can be little doubt that fighters there can be little doubt that fighters there can be little doubt that fighters Authority extended over all Argolis Authority extended over all Argolis Authority extended over all Argolis possibly his influence was felt in the a possibly his influence was felt in the a possibly his influence was felt in the a Gina and the laconian islands of cetera Gina and the laconian islands of cetera Gina and the laconian islands of cetera may have been an archive position as may have been an archive position as may have been an archive position as well as the whole eastern coast of well as the whole eastern coast of well as the whole eastern coast of Laconia but his reign is the last Laconia but his reign is the last Laconia but his reign is the last manifestation of the greatest of the manifestation of the greatest of the manifestation of the greatest of the southern argus 50 years after the southern argus 50 years after the southern argus 50 years after the subjugation of Messina subjugation of Messina subjugation of Messina the Spartans become the strongest state the Spartans become the strongest state the Spartans become the strongest state in the Peloponnesus and archives sink in the Peloponnesus and archives sink in the Peloponnesus and archives sink into the position of a second-rate power into the position of a second-rate power into the position of a second-rate power always able to maintain their always able to maintain their always able to maintain their independence always a thorn in the side independence always a thorn in the side independence always a thorn in the side of Sparta always to be reckoned with as of Sparta always to be reckoned with as of Sparta always to be reckoned with as a foe and welcomed as a friend but never a foe and welcomed as a friend but never a foe and welcomed as a friend but never leading dominant on or originated part leading dominant on or originated part leading dominant on or originated part six democratic movements lawgivers and six democratic movements lawgivers and six democratic movements lawgivers and tyrants it is clear that there is no tyrants it is clear that there is no tyrants it is clear that there is no security that equal justice will be security that equal justice will be security that equal justice will be meted out to all so long as the laws by meted out to all so long as the laws by meted out to all so long as the laws by which the judge is supposed to act are which the judge is supposed to act are which the judge is supposed to act are not accessible to all our written code

not accessible to all our written code not accessible to all our written code of laws is a condition of just judgment of laws is a condition of just judgment of laws is a condition of just judgment however just in laws themselves may be however just in laws themselves may be however just in laws themselves may be it was therefore natural that one of the it was therefore natural that one of the it was therefore natural that one of the first demands of the people in Greek first demands of the people in Greek first demands of the people in Greek cities pressed upon that aristocratic cities pressed upon that aristocratic cities pressed upon that aristocratic governments and one of the first governments and one of the first governments and one of the first concessions these governments were concessions these governments were concessions these governments were forced to make was a written law it must forced to make was a written law it must forced to make was a written law it must be borne in mind that in old days deeds be borne in mind that in old days deeds be borne in mind that in old days deeds which injured only the individual and which injured only the individual and which injured only the individual and did not touch the gods or the state were did not touch the gods or the state were did not touch the gods or the state were left to the injured person to deal with left to the injured person to deal with left to the injured person to deal with as he chose or could the state did not as he chose or could the state did not as he chose or could the state did not interfere even in the case of blood interfere even in the case of blood interfere even in the case of blood shedding it devolved upon the kinsfolk shedding it devolved upon the kinsfolk shedding it devolved upon the kinsfolk of the slain man to wreak punishment of the slain man to wreak punishment of the slain man to wreak punishment upon the Slayer then a social order upon the Slayer then a social order upon the Slayer then a social order developed along with centralization the developed along with centralization the developed along with centralization the state took justice smartly into its own state took justice smartly into its own state took justice smartly into its own hands and the injured man before he hands and the injured man before he hands and the injured man before he could punish the wrongdoer was obliged could punish the wrongdoer was obliged could punish the wrongdoer was obliged to charge him before a judge who decided to charge him before a judge who decided to charge him before a judge who decided the punishment but it must be noted that the punishment but it must be noted that the punishment but it must be noted that no crime could come before the judge no crime could come before the judge no crime could come before the judge unless the injured person came forward unless the injured person came forward unless the injured person came forward as accuser in case of blood shedding was as accuser in case of blood shedding was as accuser in case of blood shedding was exceptional owing to the religious ideas exceptional owing to the religious ideas exceptional owing to the religious ideas connected with it it was felt that the connected with it it was felt that the connected with it it was felt that the share of blood was not only impure share of blood was not only impure share of blood was not only impure himself but had also defiled the cause himself but had also defiled the cause himself but had also defiled the cause of the community so that as a of the community so that as a of the community so that as a consequence of this theory consequence of this theory consequence of this theory slaughter of every form came under the slaughter of every form came under the slaughter of every form came under the class of crimes against the religion of class of crimes against the religion of class of crimes against the religion of the state the work of writing down the the state the work of writing down the the state the work of writing down the laws and fixing customs in legal shape laws and fixing customs in legal shape laws and fixing customs in legal shape was probably in most cases combined with was probably in most cases combined with was probably in most cases combined with the work of reforming and thus the great the work of reforming and thus the great the work of reforming and thus the great Cody fires of the seventh century were

Cody fires of the seventh century were Cody fires of the seventh century were also lawgivers among them the most also lawgivers among them the most also lawgivers among them the most famous were the misty figures of Zell famous were the misty figures of Zell famous were the misty figures of Zell Lucas who made laws for the Western lock Lucas who made laws for the Western lock Lucas who made laws for the Western lock reins and shared honest this legislature reins and shared honest this legislature reins and shared honest this legislature of kitane the clearer figure of the of kitane the clearer figure of the of kitane the clearer figure of the Athenian Drakon of whom more will be Athenian Drakon of whom more will be Athenian Drakon of whom more will be said hereafter and most famous of all so said hereafter and most famous of all so said hereafter and most famous of all so long the wise but cities under the elder long the wise but cities under the elder long the wise but cities under the elder Greece had their lawgivers to men of Greece had their lawgivers to men of Greece had their lawgivers to men of knowledge and experience the names of knowledge and experience the names of knowledge and experience the names of some were preserved but they are mere some were preserved but they are mere some were preserved but they are mere names it is probable that the laws of names it is probable that the laws of names it is probable that the laws of Sparta herself which she afterwards Sparta herself which she afterwards Sparta herself which she afterwards attributed to a god were first shaped attributed to a god were first shaped attributed to a god were first shaped and written down at this period the and written down at this period the and written down at this period the cities of Crete too were affected by the cities of Crete too were affected by the cities of Crete too were affected by the prevalent spirit of law shaping and some prevalent spirit of law shaping and some prevalent spirit of law shaping and some fragments are preserved of the early fragments are preserved of the early fragments are preserved of the early laws of Corti which were the beginning laws of Corti which were the beginning laws of Corti which were the beginning of an epoch of legislative activity of an epoch of legislative activity of an epoch of legislative activity culminating in the gore Tinian code culminating in the gore Tinian code culminating in the gore Tinian code which has come down to us on tablets of which has come down to us on tablets of which has come down to us on tablets of stone in many cases the legislation was stone in many cases the legislation was stone in many cases the legislation was accompanied by political concessions to accompanied by political concessions to accompanied by political concessions to the people and it was part of the the people and it was part of the the people and it was part of the lawgivers task to modify the lawgivers task to modify the lawgivers task to modify the Constitution but for the most part this Constitution but for the most part this Constitution but for the most part this was only the beginning of a long was only the beginning of a long was only the beginning of a long political conflict the people striving political conflict the people striving political conflict the people striving for freedom and equality the privileged for freedom and equality the privileged for freedom and equality the privileged class is struggling to retain their class is struggling to retain their class is struggling to retain their exclusive rights the social distress exclusive rights the social distress exclusive rights the social distress touched on it in a previous chapter was touched on it in a previous chapter was touched on it in a previous chapter was the sharp spur which drove the people on the sharp spur which drove the people on the sharp spur which drove the people on in this effort towards popular in this effort towards popular in this effort towards popular government the struggle was in some

government the struggle was in some government the struggle was in some cases to end in the establishment of a cases to end in the establishment of a cases to end in the establishment of a democracy in many cases the oligarchy democracy in many cases the oligarchy democracy in many cases the oligarchy succeeded in maintaining itself and succeeded in maintaining itself and succeeded in maintaining itself and keeping the people down in most cases keeping the people down in most cases keeping the people down in most cases perhaps the result was a perpetual perhaps the result was a perpetual perhaps the result was a perpetual oscillation between oligarchy and oscillation between oligarchy and oscillation between oligarchy and democracy an endless series of democracy an endless series of democracy an endless series of revolutions too often sullied by revolutions too often sullied by revolutions too often sullied by violence violence violence but though democracy was not everywhere but though democracy was not everywhere but though democracy was not everywhere victorious though even the states in victorious though even the states in victorious though even the states in which it was most firmly established which it was most firmly established which it was most firmly established were exposed to the danger of were exposed to the danger of were exposed to the danger of oligarchical conspiracies yet everywhere oligarchical conspiracies yet everywhere oligarchical conspiracies yet everywhere the people aspired to it and we may say the people aspired to it and we may say the people aspired to it and we may say that the chief feature of the demos that the chief feature of the demos that the chief feature of the demos domestic history of most Greek cities domestic history of most Greek cities domestic history of most Greek cities from the end of the 7th century forward from the end of the 7th century forward from the end of the 7th century forward is an endeavor here successful yonder is an endeavor here successful yonder is an endeavor here successful yonder frustrated to establish or maintain frustrated to establish or maintain frustrated to establish or maintain popular government in this sense when we popular government in this sense when we popular government in this sense when we have now reached a period in which the have now reached a period in which the have now reached a period in which the Greek world is striving and tending to Greek world is striving and tending to Greek world is striving and tending to pass from the aristocratic to the pass from the aristocratic to the pass from the aristocratic to the Democratic Commonwealth the movement Democratic Commonwealth the movement Democratic Commonwealth the movement passed by some states like Tesla just as passed by some states like Tesla just as passed by some states like Tesla just as there had been some exceptions like there had been some exceptions like there had been some exceptions like Argos to the general fall of monarchies Argos to the general fall of monarchies Argos to the general fall of monarchies while remote kingdoms like Macedonia and while remote kingdoms like Macedonia and while remote kingdoms like Macedonia and Molossia were not affected as usually or Molossia were not affected as usually or Molossia were not affected as usually or at least frequently happens in such at least frequently happens in such at least frequently happens in such circumstances a popular movement circumstances a popular movement circumstances a popular movement received help from within the camp of received help from within the camp of received help from within the camp of the adversary the adversary the adversary it was help indeed for which there was it was help indeed for which there was it was help indeed for which there was no reason to be grateful to those who

no reason to be grateful to those who no reason to be grateful to those who gave it for it was not given for the gave it for it was not given for the gave it for it was not given for the love of the people in many cities fuels love of the people in many cities fuels love of the people in many cities fuels existed between some of the power existed between some of the power existed between some of the power holding families and when one family was holding families and when one family was holding families and when one family was in the ascendant its rivals were tempted in the ascendant its rivals were tempted in the ascendant its rivals were tempted to make use of the popular dissent in to make use of the popular dissent in to make use of the popular dissent in order to subvert it thus discontented order to subvert it thus discontented order to subvert it thus discontented Nobles came forward to be in the leaders Nobles came forward to be in the leaders Nobles came forward to be in the leaders of the discontented masses but when the of the discontented masses but when the of the discontented masses but when the government was overthrown the revolution government was overthrown the revolution government was overthrown the revolution generally resulted in a temporary generally resulted in a temporary generally resulted in a temporary returned to monarchy the noble leader returned to monarchy the noble leader returned to monarchy the noble leader seized the supreme power and maintained seized the supreme power and maintained seized the supreme power and maintained it by armed might the masses of the it by armed might the masses of the it by armed might the masses of the people were not yet ripe for taking the people were not yet ripe for taking the people were not yet ripe for taking the power into their own hands and they were power into their own hands and they were power into their own hands and they were generally glad to entrust it to the man generally glad to entrust it to the man generally glad to entrust it to the man who had helped them to overthrow the who had helped them to overthrow the who had helped them to overthrow the hated government of the nobles this new hated government of the nobles this new hated government of the nobles this new kind of monarchy was very different from kind of monarchy was very different from kind of monarchy was very different from the old for the position of the monarch the old for the position of the monarch the old for the position of the monarch did not rest on hereditary right but on did not rest on hereditary right but on did not rest on hereditary right but on physical force such illegitimate physical force such illegitimate physical force such illegitimate monarchs were called tyrants to monarchs were called tyrants to monarchs were called tyrants to distinguish them from the hereditary distinguish them from the hereditary distinguish them from the hereditary kings and this form of monarchy was kings and this form of monarchy was kings and this form of monarchy was called called called tyrannies the name tyrant was perhaps tyrannies the name tyrant was perhaps tyrannies the name tyrant was perhaps derived from Lydia and first used by derived from Lydia and first used by derived from Lydia and first used by Greeks in designating the Lydian Greeks in designating the Lydian Greeks in designating the Lydian monarchs our key locus in whose monarchs our key locus in whose monarchs our key locus in whose fragments we first meet tyrannies fragments we first meet tyrannies fragments we first meet tyrannies applied to the sovereignty of je the applied to the sovereignty of je the applied to the sovereignty of je the word in itself morally neutral did not word in itself morally neutral did not word in itself morally neutral did not imply that the monarch was bad or cruel imply that the monarch was bad or cruel imply that the monarch was bad or cruel there was nothing self contradictory in there was nothing self contradictory in there was nothing self contradictory in a good tyrant and many tyrants were

a good tyrant and many tyrants were a good tyrant and many tyrants were beneficial but the isolation of these beneficial but the isolation of these beneficial but the isolation of these rulers who being without the support of rulers who being without the support of rulers who being without the support of legitimacy depended on armed force so legitimacy depended on armed force so legitimacy depended on armed force so often urged them to be suspicious and often urged them to be suspicious and often urged them to be suspicious and cruel that the tyrannies came into bad cruel that the tyrannies came into bad cruel that the tyrannies came into bad odour arbitrary acts of oppression were odour arbitrary acts of oppression were odour arbitrary acts of oppression were associated with the name and tired associated with the name and tired associated with the name and tired inclined to the evil sense in which inclined to the evil sense in which inclined to the evil sense in which modern languages have adopted it for the modern languages have adopted it for the modern languages have adopted it for the Greek dislike of the tyrannies there was Greek dislike of the tyrannies there was Greek dislike of the tyrannies there was however a deeper cause than the fact however a deeper cause than the fact however a deeper cause than the fact that many tyrants were oppressors it that many tyrants were oppressors it that many tyrants were oppressors it placed in the hands of an placed in the hands of an placed in the hands of an unconstitutional ruler arbitrary control unconstitutional ruler arbitrary control unconstitutional ruler arbitrary control whether he exercised it or not over the whether he exercised it or not over the whether he exercised it or not over the lives and fortunes of the citizens it lives and fortunes of the citizens it lives and fortunes of the citizens it was thus repugnant to the Greek love of was thus repugnant to the Greek love of was thus repugnant to the Greek love of freedom and it seemed to arrest their freedom and it seemed to arrest their freedom and it seemed to arrest their constitutional growth as a matter of constitutional growth as a matter of constitutional growth as a matter of fact this temporary arrest during the fact this temporary arrest during the fact this temporary arrest during the period when the first tyrannies prevail period when the first tyrannies prevail period when the first tyrannies prevail may have been useful for the tyrannies may have been useful for the tyrannies may have been useful for the tyrannies though its direct political effect was though its direct political effect was though its direct political effect was retarding forwarded the progress of the retarding forwarded the progress of the retarding forwarded the progress of the people in other directions and even from people in other directions and even from people in other directions and even from a constitutional point of view it may a constitutional point of view it may a constitutional point of view it may have had its uses at this period in some have had its uses at this period in some have had its uses at this period in some cases secured an interval of repose and cases secured an interval of repose and cases secured an interval of repose and growth during which the people one growth during which the people one growth during which the people one experience and knowledge to fit them for experience and knowledge to fit them for experience and knowledge to fit them for self-government the period which saw the self-government the period which saw the self-government the period which saw the fall of the aristocracy is often called fall of the aristocracy is often called fall of the aristocracy is often called the age of the tyrants the expression is the age of the tyrants the expression is the age of the tyrants the expression is unhappy because it might easily mislead unhappy because it might easily mislead unhappy because it might easily mislead the tyrannies first came into existence

the tyrannies first came into existence the tyrannies first came into existence at this period there was a large crop of at this period there was a large crop of at this period there was a large crop of tyrants much about the same time in tyrants much about the same time in tyrants much about the same time in different parts of Greece they all different parts of Greece they all different parts of Greece they all perform the same function of perform the same function of perform the same function of overthrowing aristocracy's and in many overthrowing aristocracy's and in many overthrowing aristocracy's and in many cases they paved the way for democracies cases they paved the way for democracies cases they paved the way for democracies but on the other hand the tyrannies was but on the other hand the tyrannies was but on the other hand the tyrannies was not a form of government which appeared not a form of government which appeared not a form of government which appeared only at this transitional crisis and only at this transitional crisis and only at this transitional crisis and then passed away there is no age in the then passed away there is no age in the then passed away there is no age in the subsequent history of Greece which might subsequent history of Greece which might subsequent history of Greece which might not see and did not actually see the not see and did not actually see the not see and did not actually see the rise of tyrants here and their tyranny rise of tyrants here and their tyranny rise of tyrants here and their tyranny was always with the Greeks it as well as was always with the Greeks it as well as was always with the Greeks it as well as oligarchy was a danger by which the oligarchy was a danger by which the oligarchy was a danger by which the democracies were threatened at all democracies were threatened at all democracies were threatened at all periods Ionia seems to have been the periods Ionia seems to have been the periods Ionia seems to have been the original home of the tyrannies and this original home of the tyrannies and this original home of the tyrannies and this may have been partly due to the may have been partly due to the may have been partly due to the seductive example of the rich Court of seductive example of the rich Court of seductive example of the rich Court of the Lydian tyrants Sardis the Lydian tyrants Sardis the Lydian tyrants Sardis but of the Ionian tyrannies we know but of the Ionian tyrannies we know but of the Ionian tyrannies we know little we hear of fractions and fuels in little we hear of fractions and fuels in little we hear of fractions and fuels in the cities of aristocratic houses the cities of aristocratic houses the cities of aristocratic houses overthrown and despotisms established in overthrown and despotisms established in overthrown and despotisms established in various states a tyrant of Ephesus various states a tyrant of Ephesus various states a tyrant of Ephesus marries the daughter of the Lydian marries the daughter of the Lydian marries the daughter of the Lydian monarch elytis the most famous of this monarch elytis the most famous of this monarch elytis the most famous of this tyrants was Thrasybulus of melodies tyrants was Thrasybulus of melodies tyrants was Thrasybulus of melodies under whose rule the city held a more under whose rule the city held a more under whose rule the city held a more brilliant position than ever brilliant position than ever brilliant position than ever abroad he took part in planting some of abroad he took part in planting some of abroad he took part in planting some of the colonies on the Black Sea and the colonies on the Black Sea and the colonies on the Black Sea and successfully resisted the menaces of successfully resisted the menaces of successfully resisted the menaces of lydia at home he developed the craft of

lydia at home he developed the craft of lydia at home he developed the craft of tyranny to a fine art unless be tyranny to a fine art unless be tyranny to a fine art unless be enlightening we see that tyrannies and enlightening we see that tyrannies and enlightening we see that tyrannies and also a method by which it might be also a method by which it might be also a method by which it might be avoided Mytilene had one great avoided Mytilene had one great avoided Mytilene had one great commercial prosperity its ruling nobles commercial prosperity its ruling nobles commercial prosperity its ruling nobles the pent elites were well deep and the pent elites were well deep and the pent elites were well deep and luxurious and oppressed the people luxurious and oppressed the people luxurious and oppressed the people tyrants rose and fell in rapid tyrants rose and fell in rapid tyrants rose and fell in rapid succession the echoes of hatred and succession the echoes of hatred and succession the echoes of hatred and jubilation still rank to us from the jubilation still rank to us from the jubilation still rank to us from the relics of the lyric poems of Alphaeus relics of the lyric poems of Alphaeus relics of the lyric poems of Alphaeus let us drink and reel for merciless is let us drink and reel for merciless is let us drink and reel for merciless is dead the poet was a noble and a fighter dead the poet was a noble and a fighter dead the poet was a noble and a fighter but in a war with the Athenians on the but in a war with the Athenians on the but in a war with the Athenians on the coast of the Hellespont he threw away coast of the Hellespont he threw away coast of the Hellespont he threw away his shield like a key locust and it hung his shield like a key locust and it hung his shield like a key locust and it hung as a trophy as cesium he plotted with as a trophy as cesium he plotted with as a trophy as cesium he plotted with Pittacus against the tyrant but Pittacus Pittacus against the tyrant but Pittacus Pittacus against the tyrant but Pittacus was not a noble and his friendship with was not a noble and his friendship with was not a noble and his friendship with LCS was not enduring LCS was not enduring LCS was not enduring Pittacus however all who distinguished Pittacus however all who distinguished Pittacus however all who distinguished himself for bravery in the same war with himself for bravery in the same war with himself for bravery in the same war with athens was to be the savior of the state athens was to be the savior of the state athens was to be the savior of the state he gained the trust of the people and he gained the trust of the people and he gained the trust of the people and was elected ruler for a period of 10 was elected ruler for a period of 10 was elected ruler for a period of 10 years in order to heal the source of the years in order to heal the source of the years in order to heal the source of the city such a governor possessing supreme city such a governor possessing supreme city such a governor possessing supreme power but for a limited time was called power but for a limited time was called power but for a limited time was called a sy Metis Pittacus gained the a sy Metis Pittacus gained the a sy Metis Pittacus gained the reputation of a wise lawgiver and a firm reputation of a wise lawgiver and a firm reputation of a wise lawgiver and a firm moderate ruler he banished the nobles moderate ruler he banished the nobles moderate ruler he banished the nobles who opposed him among those others the

who opposed him among those others the who opposed him among those others the two most famous of all lesbians the two most famous of all lesbians the two most famous of all lesbians the poorest al Sears and Sappho at the end poorest al Sears and Sappho at the end poorest al Sears and Sappho at the end of 10 years he laid laid down his office of 10 years he laid laid down his office of 10 years he laid laid down his office to be enrolled after his death in the to be enrolled after his death in the to be enrolled after his death in the number of the seven wise men the ship of number of the seven wise men the ship of number of the seven wise men the ship of state had reached the Haven to apply a state had reached the Haven to apply a state had reached the Haven to apply a metaphor of osseous and the exiles could metaphor of osseous and the exiles could metaphor of osseous and the exiles could safely be allowed to return this was a safely be allowed to return this was a safely be allowed to return this was a brilliant period of the history of brilliant period of the history of brilliant period of the history of lesbos and a few surviving fragments of lesbos and a few surviving fragments of lesbos and a few surviving fragments of its two great poets who struck new notes its two great poets who struck new notes its two great poets who struck new notes and devised new condenses of lyrics give and devised new condenses of lyrics give and devised new condenses of lyrics give a glimpse of the free and luxurious life a glimpse of the free and luxurious life a glimpse of the free and luxurious life of Ionian islands the radiant genius of of Ionian islands the radiant genius of of Ionian islands the radiant genius of Sarov was inspired by her passion Sarov was inspired by her passion Sarov was inspired by her passion attachments to young lesbian made us the attachments to young lesbian made us the attachments to young lesbian made us the songs of osseous mirroring the songs of osseous mirroring the songs of osseous mirroring the commotions of party warfare rang with commotions of party warfare rang with commotions of party warfare rang with the latter of arms and the clinking of the latter of arms and the clinking of the latter of arms and the clinking of drinking cups end of chapter 3 but five drinking cups end of chapter 3 but five drinking cups end of chapter 3 but five and six chapter 3 part 7 & 8 of a history of chapter 3 part 7 & 8 of a history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Greece to the death of Alexander the Greece to the death of Alexander the Great Great Great vol 1 this is a librivox recording all vol 1 this is a librivox recording all vol 1 this is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to domain for more information or to domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org a volunteer please visit librivox.org a volunteer please visit librivox.org a history of Greece - the death of

history of Greece - the death of history of Greece - the death of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander the Great vol 1 by John bag nel burry chapter 3 vol 1 by John bag nel burry chapter 3 vol 1 by John bag nel burry chapter 3 part 7 & 8 chapter 3 the growth of part 7 & 8 chapter 3 the growth of part 7 & 8 chapter 3 the growth of Sparta and the fall of the aristocracy's Sparta and the fall of the aristocracy's Sparta and the fall of the aristocracy's part 7 the tyrannies of central Greece part 7 the tyrannies of central Greece part 7 the tyrannies of central Greece about the middle of the seventh century about the middle of the seventh century about the middle of the seventh century three tyrannies arose in central Greece three tyrannies arose in central Greece three tyrannies arose in central Greece in the neighborhood of the Isthmus at in the neighborhood of the Isthmus at in the neighborhood of the Isthmus at corinth sicyon corinth sicyon corinth sicyon and at Megara in each case the and at Megara in each case the and at Megara in each case the development was different and is in each development was different and is in each development was different and is in each case instructive in sissie on the case instructive in sissie on the case instructive in sissie on the tyranny is brilliant and beneficent in tyranny is brilliant and beneficent in tyranny is brilliant and beneficent in corinth brilliant and oppressive in corinth brilliant and oppressive in corinth brilliant and oppressive in Megara short-lived and followed by long Megara short-lived and followed by long Megara short-lived and followed by long intestine struggles the ruling clan of intestine struggles the ruling clan of intestine struggles the ruling clan of the Bakke odds at corinth was overthrown the Bakke odds at corinth was overthrown the Bakke odds at corinth was overthrown by cypselus who had put himself at the by cypselus who had put himself at the by cypselus who had put himself at the head of the people a characteristic head of the people a characteristic head of the people a characteristic legend was formed at an early time about legend was formed at an early time about legend was formed at an early time about the birth of cypselus suggested by the the birth of cypselus suggested by the the birth of cypselus suggested by the connection of his name with a jar his connection of his name with a jar his connection of his name with a jar his mother was a backyard lady named lambda mother was a backyard lady named lambda mother was a backyard lady named lambda who being lame and consequently who being lame and consequently who being lame and consequently compelled to Wed out of her own class compelled to Wed out of her own class compelled to Wed out of her own class married a certain Ettie on a man of the married a certain Ettie on a man of the married a certain Ettie on a man of the people having no children and consulting people having no children and consulting people having no children and consulting the Delphic Oracle on the matter Etienne the Delphic Oracle on the matter Etienne the Delphic Oracle on the matter Etienne received this reply high honour is they received this reply high honour is they received this reply high honour is they do at yawn yet no man Duffy honor as do at yawn yet no man Duffy honor as do at yawn yet no man Duffy honor as were right lobna thy wife will bear a were right lobna thy wife will bear a were right lobna thy wife will bear a huge millstone destined to fall on them huge millstone destined to fall on them huge millstone destined to fall on them who will alone and free thy Corinth from who will alone and free thy Corinth from who will alone and free thy Corinth from their right less might the prophecy came

their right less might the prophecy came their right less might the prophecy came to the ears of the Bakke odds and was to the ears of the Bakke odds and was to the ears of the Bakke odds and was confirmed to them by another Oracle so confirmed to them by another Oracle so confirmed to them by another Oracle so as soon as labas child was born as soon as labas child was born as soon as labas child was born they sent ten men to slay it when the they sent ten men to slay it when the they sent ten men to slay it when the men came to the court of 80 on swellings men came to the court of 80 on swellings men came to the court of 80 on swellings they found that he was not at home and they found that he was not at home and they found that he was not at home and they asked lambda for the infant they asked lambda for the infant they asked lambda for the infant suspecting nothing suspecting nothing suspecting nothing gave it to one of them to take in his gave it to one of them to take in his gave it to one of them to take in his arms but as he was about to dash it to arms but as he was about to dash it to arms but as he was about to dash it to the ground the child smiled at him and the ground the child smiled at him and the ground the child smiled at him and he had not the heart to slay it he he had not the heart to slay it he he had not the heart to slay it he passed it on to the second but he too passed it on to the second but he too passed it on to the second but he too was moved with pity and so it was passed was moved with pity and so it was passed was moved with pity and so it was passed round from hand to hand and none of the round from hand to hand and none of the round from hand to hand and none of the ten could find it in his heart to ten could find it in his heart to ten could find it in his heart to destroy it then giving the infant back destroy it then giving the infant back destroy it then giving the infant back to the mother and going out of the to the mother and going out of the to the mother and going out of the courtyard they reviled each other for courtyard they reviled each other for courtyard they reviled each other for their weakness and resolved to go in their weakness and resolved to go in their weakness and resolved to go in again and do the deed together but lob again and do the deed together but lob again and do the deed together but lob de listening at the door overheard what de listening at the door overheard what de listening at the door overheard what they said and hid the child in a jar they said and hid the child in a jar they said and hid the child in a jar where none of them thought of looking where none of them thought of looking where none of them thought of looking thus the boy was saved but the men thus the boy was saved but the men thus the boy was saved but the men falsely reported to the backyards that falsely reported to the backyards that falsely reported to the backyards that they had performed their errand the buck they had performed their errand the buck they had performed their errand the buck heads were banished and their property heads were banished and their property heads were banished and their property confiscated dangerous persons were confiscated dangerous persons were confiscated dangerous persons were executed and cypselus took the reins of executed and cypselus took the reins of executed and cypselus took the reins of government into his own hands of the government into his own hands of the government into his own hands of the rule of cypselus himself we know little rule of cypselus himself we know little rule of cypselus himself we know little he is variously represented as harsh and he is variously represented as harsh and he is variously represented as harsh and mild his son periander succeeded and of mild his son periander succeeded and of mild his son periander succeeded and of him more is recorded the general him more is recorded the general him more is recorded the general features of the SIP salad tyrannies were features of the SIP salad tyrannies were features of the SIP salad tyrannies were a vigorous colonial and commercial a vigorous colonial and commercial a vigorous colonial and commercial policy and the encouragement of art one

policy and the encouragement of art one policy and the encouragement of art one of the earliest triumphs of syphilis was of the earliest triumphs of syphilis was of the earliest triumphs of syphilis was probably the reduction of Coursera which probably the reduction of Coursera which probably the reduction of Coursera which had formed a fleet of its own and had had formed a fleet of its own and had had formed a fleet of its own and had grown to be a rival of its mother in the grown to be a rival of its mother in the grown to be a rival of its mother in the Ionian seas it has already been Ionian seas it has already been Ionian seas it has already been mentioned that the earliest battle of mentioned that the earliest battle of mentioned that the earliest battle of ships between two Greek states was ships between two Greek states was ships between two Greek states was supposed to have been fought between supposed to have been fought between supposed to have been fought between Corinth and Coursera the attempt of Corinth and Coursera the attempt of Corinth and Coursera the attempt of Corinth to form a colonial empire was an Corinth to form a colonial empire was an Corinth to form a colonial empire was an interesting experiment interesting experiment interesting experiment the idea of cypselus correspond to our the idea of cypselus correspond to our the idea of cypselus correspond to our modern colonial system in which the modern colonial system in which the modern colonial system in which the colonies are in a relation of dependence colonies are in a relation of dependence colonies are in a relation of dependence to the mother and not to that of the to the mother and not to that of the to the mother and not to that of the Greeks in which the colony was an Greeks in which the colony was an Greeks in which the colony was an independent sovereign state geographical independent sovereign state geographical independent sovereign state geographical conditions alone rendered it out of the conditions alone rendered it out of the conditions alone rendered it out of the question to apply the new principle to question to apply the new principle to question to apply the new principle to Syracuse but the success at Coursera was Syracuse but the success at Coursera was Syracuse but the success at Coursera was followed up by a development of followed up by a development of followed up by a development of Corinthian influence in the northwest of Corinthian influence in the northwest of Corinthian influence in the northwest of Greece the Arcadian Peninsula of Lucas Greece the Arcadian Peninsula of Lucas Greece the Arcadian Peninsula of Lucas was occupied and made into an island by was occupied and made into an island by was occupied and made into an island by piercing a channel through the narrow piercing a channel through the narrow piercing a channel through the narrow isthmus an act Orion was found isthmus an act Orion was found isthmus an act Orion was found on the south side of the embrace on the south side of the embrace on the south side of the embrace engulfed and inland on the North Side engulfed and inland on the North Side engulfed and inland on the North Side embrace' Apollonia was planted on the embrace' Apollonia was planted on the embrace' Apollonia was planted on the coast of Epirus and farther north coast of Epirus and farther north coast of Epirus and farther north Coursera Coursera Coursera under the auspices of her mother city under the auspices of her mother city under the auspices of her mother city colonized epidamnus at a latter period colonized epidamnus at a latter period colonized epidamnus at a latter period and in another quarter of the Greek and in another quarter of the Greek and in another quarter of the Greek world a son of periander founded world a son of periander founded world a son of periander founded Potidaea in the chal CITIC Peninsula Potidaea in the chal CITIC Peninsula Potidaea in the chal CITIC Peninsula cypselus and periander did their utmost cypselus and periander did their utmost cypselus and periander did their utmost to promote the commercial activity of

to promote the commercial activity of to promote the commercial activity of their city in the middle of the 7th their city in the middle of the 7th their city in the middle of the 7th century the rival you Bonilla the city's century the rival you Bonilla the city's century the rival you Bonilla the city's Chalcis and Eretria were the most Chalcis and Eretria were the most Chalcis and Eretria were the most important merchant states of Greece but important merchant states of Greece but important merchant states of Greece but 50 years later they had somewhat 50 years later they had somewhat 50 years later they had somewhat declined Corinth and Aegina were taking declined Corinth and Aegina were taking declined Corinth and Aegina were taking their place their decline was brought their place their decline was brought their place their decline was brought about by their rivalry which led to an about by their rivalry which led to an about by their rivalry which led to an exhausting war for the lowland team exhausting war for the lowland team exhausting war for the lowland team plain it is said that this struggle plain it is said that this struggle plain it is said that this struggle assumed a larger proportion of a Greek assumed a larger proportion of a Greek assumed a larger proportion of a Greek mercantile war involving on the one side mercantile war involving on the one side mercantile war involving on the one side Corinth and Samos as allies of Chalcis Corinth and Samos as allies of Chalcis Corinth and Samos as allies of Chalcis on the other on the other on the other Megara and militants as allies of Megara and militants as allies of Megara and militants as allies of Eritrea the dates are uncertain but the Eritrea the dates are uncertain but the Eritrea the dates are uncertain but the fact seems to be that the strife was fact seems to be that the strife was fact seems to be that the strife was protracted and interrupted and at some protracted and interrupted and at some protracted and interrupted and at some points in its course it may have led to points in its course it may have led to points in its course it may have led to consequences beyond you boa are calacas consequences beyond you boa are calacas consequences beyond you boa are calacas saying how you Boas spear famed Lords saying how you Boas spear famed Lords saying how you Boas spear famed Lords shoot not with slings or bows but smite shoot not with slings or bows but smite shoot not with slings or bows but smite with swords and the Ignace of Megara at with swords and the Ignace of Megara at with swords and the Ignace of Megara at a much later date speaks of the end of a much later date speaks of the end of a much later date speaks of the end of the war as a recent event the war as a recent event the war as a recent event Suren --this fallen the Levantine plain Suren --this fallen the Levantine plain Suren --this fallen the Levantine plain waste and the vineyards all the good waste and the vineyards all the good waste and the vineyards all the good have fled the city in the power of evil have fled the city in the power of evil have fled the city in the power of evil men o might the SIP psyllids even be men o might the SIP psyllids even be men o might the SIP psyllids even be sped an utterance which shows that the sped an utterance which shows that the sped an utterance which shows that the end of the war was complicated by end of the war was complicated by end of the war was complicated by domestic factions Eretria suffered most domestic factions Eretria suffered most domestic factions Eretria suffered most in the struggle she lost her share in in the struggle she lost her share in in the struggle she lost her share in the Levantine plain and she presently the Levantine plain and she presently the Levantine plain and she presently lost also her continental territory the lost also her continental territory the lost also her continental territory the plane of orifice which in the course of

plane of orifice which in the course of plane of orifice which in the course of the sixth century passed under the power the sixth century passed under the power the sixth century passed under the power of Thebes moreover her sway over the of Thebes moreover her sway over the of Thebes moreover her sway over the island of Andros tennis and CIO's was island of Andros tennis and CIO's was island of Andros tennis and CIO's was undermined and they came after a while undermined and they came after a while undermined and they came after a while under Athenian influence under Athenian influence under Athenian influence the decline of Chalcis was perhaps the decline of Chalcis was perhaps the decline of Chalcis was perhaps promoted by a radical change in the promoted by a radical change in the promoted by a radical change in the foreign policy of Corinth this city had foreign policy of Corinth this city had foreign policy of Corinth this city had formerly cultivated the Alliance of formerly cultivated the Alliance of formerly cultivated the Alliance of Samos she now deserted this alliance and Samos she now deserted this alliance and Samos she now deserted this alliance and formed a friendship with her old foe formed a friendship with her old foe formed a friendship with her old foe millet Asst the cause of this change was millet Asst the cause of this change was millet Asst the cause of this change was at least in great measure the natural at least in great measure the natural at least in great measure the natural sympathy of tyrannies through syphilis sympathy of tyrannies through syphilis sympathy of tyrannies through syphilis the powerful turrent of militants the powerful turrent of militants the powerful turrent of militants sympathized with periander the powerful sympathized with periander the powerful sympathized with periander the powerful turrent of corinth this change in policy turrent of corinth this change in policy turrent of corinth this change in policy is connected with the change in the is connected with the change in the is connected with the change in the balance of mercantile power Corinth is balance of mercantile power Corinth is balance of mercantile power Corinth is more prosperous than ever and Aegina is more prosperous than ever and Aegina is more prosperous than ever and Aegina is beginning to share with her the place beginning to share with her the place beginning to share with her the place which was hitherto held by the cities of which was hitherto held by the cities of which was hitherto held by the cities of Ebola the Foreign Relations of periander Ebola the Foreign Relations of periander Ebola the Foreign Relations of periander extended to Egypt and there are two extended to Egypt and there are two extended to Egypt and there are two indications of his intercourse with the indications of his intercourse with the indications of his intercourse with the Egyptian monarchs Necco & semitic as ii Egyptian monarchs Necco & semitic as ii Egyptian monarchs Necco & semitic as ii his nephew and successor was called his nephew and successor was called his nephew and successor was called after the last-named king moreover we after the last-named king moreover we after the last-named king moreover we may guess that the canal works of nikos may guess that the canal works of nikos may guess that the canal works of nikos suggested to periander undertakings of suggested to periander undertakings of suggested to periander undertakings of the same kind the small canal which he the same kind the small canal which he the same kind the small canal which he actually cut at lucas and the great actually cut at lucas and the great actually cut at lucas and the great canal which he designed to cut through canal which he designed to cut through canal which he designed to cut through the isthmus of corinth itself but a the isthmus of corinth itself but a the isthmus of corinth itself but a Greek tyrant had not at his command the Greek tyrant had not at his command the Greek tyrant had not at his command the slave labor of which an Egyptian king slave labor of which an Egyptian king slave labor of which an Egyptian king disposed and the design fell through an

disposed and the design fell through an disposed and the design fell through an Enterprise more than once attempted Enterprise more than once attempted Enterprise more than once attempted since but not accomplished till our own since but not accomplished till our own since but not accomplished till our own day had periander had the resources to day had periander had the resources to day had periander had the resources to carry out his idea the subsequent carry out his idea the subsequent carry out his idea the subsequent history of Greek military and naval history of Greek military and naval history of Greek military and naval operations would have been largely operations would have been largely operations would have been largely changed while the most successful of the changed while the most successful of the changed while the most successful of the tyrants like periander furthered tyrants like periander furthered tyrants like periander furthered material civilization they often material civilization they often material civilization they often manifested an interest in intellectual manifested an interest in intellectual manifested an interest in intellectual pursuits and did something for the pursuits and did something for the pursuits and did something for the promotion of art a new form of poetry promotion of art a new form of poetry promotion of art a new form of poetry called the dis reham was developed at called the dis reham was developed at called the dis reham was developed at corinth during this period the rude corinth during this period the rude corinth during this period the rude strains which were sung at vintage strains which were sung at vintage strains which were sung at vintage feasts in honor of Dionysus being molded feasts in honor of Dionysus being molded feasts in honor of Dionysus being molded into an artistic shape the discovery was into an artistic shape the discovery was into an artistic shape the discovery was attributed to Ariane a mythical minstrel attributed to Ariane a mythical minstrel attributed to Ariane a mythical minstrel who was said to have leaped into the sea who was said to have leaped into the sea who was said to have leaped into the sea under the compulsion of mariners who under the compulsion of mariners who under the compulsion of mariners who robbed him and who have been carried to robbed him and who have been carried to robbed him and who have been carried to Corinth on the back of a Corinth on the back of a Corinth on the back of a dolphin the fish of Dionysus in dolphin the fish of Dionysus in dolphin the fish of Dionysus in architecture Corinthian skill had made architecture Corinthian skill had made architecture Corinthian skill had made an important contribution to the an important contribution to the an important contribution to the development of the temple in the course development of the temple in the course development of the temple in the course of the seventh century men began to of the seventh century men began to of the seventh century men began to translate into stone the old shrine of translate into stone the old shrine of translate into stone the old shrine of brick and wood and stone temples arose brick and wood and stone temples arose brick and wood and stone temples arose in all parts of the Greek world in all parts of the Greek world in all parts of the Greek world the lighter ionic form in Ionia the the lighter ionic form in Ionia the the lighter ionic form in Ionia the heavier Doric in the elder Greece by the heavier Doric in the elder Greece by the heavier Doric in the elder Greece by the invention of roof tiles Corinthian invention of roof tiles Corinthian invention of roof tiles Corinthian workmen rendered it practical to give workmen rendered it practical to give workmen rendered it practical to give considerable inclination to the roof and considerable inclination to the roof and considerable inclination to the roof and thus in each gable of the temple a large thus in each gable of the temple a large thus in each gable of the temple a large triangular space was left inviting the triangular space was left inviting the triangular space was left inviting the sculptor to fill it with a story in

sculptor to fill it with a story in sculptor to fill it with a story in marble the pediment as we named it was marble the pediment as we named it was marble the pediment as we named it was called by the Greeks the eagle and thus called by the Greeks the eagle and thus called by the Greeks the eagle and thus it was said that corinth had discovered it was said that corinth had discovered it was said that corinth had discovered the eagle seven great columns of the eagle seven great columns of the eagle seven great columns of limestone which till the other day were limestone which till the other day were limestone which till the other day were almost the only sign that marked the almost the only sign that marked the almost the only sign that marked the site of ancient corinth are probably a site of ancient corinth are probably a site of ancient corinth are probably a relic of the reign of periander they relic of the reign of periander they relic of the reign of periander they belonged the colonnade of a large Doric belonged the colonnade of a large Doric belonged the colonnade of a large Doric temple with two separate chambers it was temple with two separate chambers it was temple with two separate chambers it was a sanctuary of Apollo and the second a sanctuary of Apollo and the second a sanctuary of Apollo and the second chamber was perhaps a Treasury the chamber was perhaps a Treasury the chamber was perhaps a Treasury the dedicatory offerings of the SIP psyllids dedicatory offerings of the SIP psyllids dedicatory offerings of the SIP psyllids at delphi and Olympia were rich and at delphi and Olympia were rich and at delphi and Olympia were rich and remarkable the treasure house of the remarkable the treasure house of the remarkable the treasure house of the Corinthians at Delphi was ascribed to Corinthians at Delphi was ascribed to Corinthians at Delphi was ascribed to cypselus more famous on account of the cypselus more famous on account of the cypselus more famous on account of the legend which was in later times attached legend which was in later times attached legend which was in later times attached to it was a large chest of cedar wood to it was a large chest of cedar wood to it was a large chest of cedar wood which was dedicated probably by which was dedicated probably by which was dedicated probably by periander in the shrine of hera at periander in the shrine of hera at periander in the shrine of hera at olympia it was called the chest of olympia it was called the chest of olympia it was called the chest of cypselus and was said to have been the cypselus and was said to have been the cypselus and was said to have been the place in which lob de hit her child this place in which lob de hit her child this place in which lob de hit her child this story overlooked the fact that a chest story overlooked the fact that a chest story overlooked the fact that a chest was an obvious place to search in and was an obvious place to search in and was an obvious place to search in and fabricated the theory that the fabricated the theory that the fabricated the theory that the Corinthians called a chest a jar three Corinthians called a chest a jar three Corinthians called a chest a jar three sides of the chest were ornamented with sides of the chest were ornamented with sides of the chest were ornamented with mythological scenes which ran around in mythological scenes which ran around in mythological scenes which ran around in five hands it was still in existence five hands it was still in existence five hands it was still in existence eight centuries later and a traveler who eight centuries later and a traveler who eight centuries later and a traveler who saw it then has left a minut description saw it then has left a minut description saw it then has left a minut description which enables us to form a notion how which enables us to form a notion how which enables us to form a notion how Greek art in the days of periander Greek art in the days of periander Greek art in the days of periander attempted the treatment of legend judged

attempted the treatment of legend judged attempted the treatment of legend judged by a modern standard the government of by a modern standard the government of by a modern standard the government of periander was strict periander was strict periander was strict in accordance with the practice in other in accordance with the practice in other in accordance with the practice in other cities and with the Greek views of the cities and with the Greek views of the cities and with the Greek views of the time there were laws forbidding men to time there were laws forbidding men to time there were laws forbidding men to acquire large numbers of slaves or to acquire large numbers of slaves or to acquire large numbers of slaves or to live beyond their income suppressing live beyond their income suppressing live beyond their income suppressing excessive luxury and idleness hindering excessive luxury and idleness hindering excessive luxury and idleness hindering country people from fixing their abode country people from fixing their abode country people from fixing their abode in the city in his home life periander in the city in his home life periander in the city in his home life periander was unlucky he married Melissa the was unlucky he married Melissa the was unlucky he married Melissa the daughter of pro cleese who had made daughter of pro cleese who had made daughter of pro cleese who had made himself tyrant of Epidaurus it was himself tyrant of Epidaurus it was himself tyrant of Epidaurus it was believed that he put her to death and believed that he put her to death and believed that he put her to death and this led to an irreconcilable quarrel this led to an irreconcilable quarrel this led to an irreconcilable quarrel with his son look a frond the story is with his son look a frond the story is with his son look a frond the story is that pro cleese invited his two that pro cleese invited his two that pro cleese invited his two grandchildren like Efron and an elder grandchildren like Efron and an elder grandchildren like Efron and an elder brother to his court when they were brother to his court when they were brother to his court when they were departing he said to them do you know departing he said to them do you know departing he said to them do you know boys who killed your mother the elder boys who killed your mother the elder boys who killed your mother the elder was dull and did not understand but the was dull and did not understand but the was dull and did not understand but the words sank into the heart of lick fron words sank into the heart of lick fron words sank into the heart of lick fron and henceforward he showed dislike and and henceforward he showed dislike and and henceforward he showed dislike and suspicion towards his father periander suspicion towards his father periander suspicion towards his father periander pressing him discovered what Pro Cleese pressing him discovered what Pro Cleese pressing him discovered what Pro Cleese had said and the affair ended for the had said and the affair ended for the had said and the affair ended for the time in a war with Epidaurus in which time in a war with Epidaurus in which time in a war with Epidaurus in which pro Cleaves was captured and the pro Cleaves was captured and the pro Cleaves was captured and the banishment of liquor fron to Coursera as banishment of liquor fron to Coursera as banishment of liquor fron to Coursera as years went on and periander was growing years went on and periander was growing years went on and periander was growing old seeing that his elder son was dull old seeing that his elder son was dull old seeing that his elder son was dull of wit he desired to hand over the of wit he desired to hand over the of wit he desired to hand over the government to Lee cofrin but the Sun was government to Lee cofrin but the Sun was government to Lee cofrin but the Sun was implacable and did not deign even to implacable and did not deign even to implacable and did not deign even to answer his father's messenger then answer his father's messenger then answer his father's messenger then periander sent his daughter to intercede

periander sent his daughter to intercede periander sent his daughter to intercede but likho firaon replied that he would but likho firaon replied that he would but likho firaon replied that he would never come to Corinth while his father never come to Corinth while his father never come to Corinth while his father was there periander then decided to go was there periander then decided to go was there periander then decided to go himself to coursera and leap Corinth to himself to coursera and leap Corinth to himself to coursera and leap Corinth to his son but the core Syrians were so his son but the core Syrians were so his son but the core Syrians were so terrified at the idea of having the terrified at the idea of having the terrified at the idea of having the tyrant among them that they slew liquor tyrant among them that they slew liquor tyrant among them that they slew liquor fraud in order to foil the plan for this fraud in order to foil the plan for this fraud in order to foil the plan for this act periander chastised them heavily the act periander chastised them heavily the act periander chastised them heavily the great tyrant died and was succeeded by great tyrant died and was succeeded by great tyrant died and was succeeded by his nephew semitic as' who having ruled his nephew semitic as' who having ruled his nephew semitic as' who having ruled for a few years was slain with him the for a few years was slain with him the for a few years was slain with him the tyranny of the SIP psyllids came to an tyranny of the SIP psyllids came to an tyranny of the SIP psyllids came to an end and an aristocracy of merchants was end and an aristocracy of merchants was end and an aristocracy of merchants was firmly established at the same time the firmly established at the same time the firmly established at the same time the SIP psyllid colonial system partly broke SIP psyllid colonial system partly broke SIP psyllid colonial system partly broke down for coursera became independent and down for coursera became independent and down for coursera became independent and hostile while the embrace yacht set up a hostile while the embrace yacht set up a hostile while the embrace yacht set up a democracy but democracy but democracy but her other colonies Corinth retained her her other colonies Corinth retained her her other colonies Corinth retained her influence and was on friendly terms with influence and was on friendly terms with influence and was on friendly terms with all of them the natural sympathy of all of them the natural sympathy of all of them the natural sympathy of tyrannies affected the relations of tyrannies affected the relations of tyrannies affected the relations of corinth and megara sometime after the corinth and megara sometime after the corinth and megara sometime after the inauguration of the sub Silla tyranny a inauguration of the sub Silla tyranny a inauguration of the sub Silla tyranny a similar constitutional change occurred similar constitutional change occurred similar constitutional change occurred at Megara and a friendship sprang up at Megara and a friendship sprang up at Megara and a friendship sprang up between the two cities between the two cities between the two cities the mercantil development of Megara the mercantil development of Megara the mercantil development of Megara famous for her weavers had enriched the famous for her weavers had enriched the famous for her weavers had enriched the nobles who held the political power and nobles who held the political power and nobles who held the political power and oppressed the peasants with a grinding oppressed the peasants with a grinding oppressed the peasants with a grinding despotism then theo Genizah rose as a despotism then theo Genizah rose as a despotism then theo Genizah rose as a deliverer and made himself tyrant the deliverer and made himself tyrant the deliverer and made himself tyrant the example of the sub sillas and probably example of the sub sillas and probably example of the sub sillas and probably his direct influence and help had his direct influence and help had his direct influence and help had something to do with the enterprise of something to do with the enterprise of something to do with the enterprise of Theo genies a connection between the

Theo genies a connection between the Theo genies a connection between the tyrannies of corinth and megara tyrannies of corinth and megara tyrannies of corinth and megara seems implied in the rancorous reference seems implied in the rancorous reference seems implied in the rancorous reference which the Megerian poet the agnes makes which the Megerian poet the agnes makes which the Megerian poet the agnes makes to the sips psyllids having obtained a to the sips psyllids having obtained a to the sips psyllids having obtained a bodyguard Theogony is surprised and bodyguard Theogony is surprised and bodyguard Theogony is surprised and massacred the aristocrats his term of massacred the aristocrats his term of massacred the aristocrats his term of tyranny was marked by one solid work the tyranny was marked by one solid work the tyranny was marked by one solid work the construction of an aqueduct he was construction of an aqueduct he was construction of an aqueduct he was overthrown and did not like soup sillas overthrown and did not like soup sillas overthrown and did not like soup sillas transmitted his power to his descendants transmitted his power to his descendants transmitted his power to his descendants then followed a political struggle then followed a political struggle then followed a political struggle between the aristocracy which had between the aristocracy which had between the aristocracy which had regained its power and the people but regained its power and the people but regained its power and the people but the time for an unmitigated aristocracy the time for an unmitigated aristocracy the time for an unmitigated aristocracy had gone by the demos could not be had gone by the demos could not be had gone by the demos could not be ignored or brushed aside concessions ignored or brushed aside concessions ignored or brushed aside concessions were wrung from the government the were wrung from the government the were wrung from the government the economical conditions of the peasants economical conditions of the peasants economical conditions of the peasants was relieved by a measure which forced was relieved by a measure which forced was relieved by a measure which forced the capitalists to pay back the the capitalists to pay back the the capitalists to pay back the interests which they had extorted while interests which they had extorted while interests which they had extorted while the political disabilities were relieved the political disabilities were relieved the political disabilities were relieved by extending citizenship to the country by extending citizenship to the country by extending citizenship to the country population and admitting the tillers of population and admitting the tillers of population and admitting the tillers of the soil to the assembly these conflicts the soil to the assembly these conflicts the soil to the assembly these conflicts and social changes are reflected in the and social changes are reflected in the and social changes are reflected in the poems of the Ignace who meditated and poems of the Ignace who meditated and poems of the Ignace who meditated and lamented them he's saying in the early lamented them he's saying in the early lamented them he's saying in the early part of the sixth century pouring out part of the sixth century pouring out part of the sixth century pouring out his heart to see ernest a young noble of his heart to see ernest a young noble of his heart to see ernest a young noble of the poly Payette family he had made an the poly Payette family he had made an the poly Payette family he had made an unsuccessful voyage lost his land and unsuccessful voyage lost his land and unsuccessful voyage lost his land and fortune and consequently his influence fortune and consequently his influence fortune and consequently his influence he judges severely the short-sighted he judges severely the short-sighted he judges severely the short-sighted greedy policy of his own cased greedy policy of his own cased greedy policy of his own cased and sees that it is likely to lead to and sees that it is likely to lead to and sees that it is likely to lead to another tyranny on another tyranny on another tyranny on the other hand his sympathies are with

the other hand his sympathies are with the other hand his sympathies are with an aristocratic form of government and an aristocratic form of government and an aristocratic form of government and he discerns with dismay the growth of he discerns with dismay the growth of he discerns with dismay the growth of Democratic tendencies and the changed Democratic tendencies and the changed Democratic tendencies and the changed condition of the country folk whom he condition of the country folk whom he condition of the country folk whom he regarded with true aristocratic contempt regarded with true aristocratic contempt regarded with true aristocratic contempt the exclusiveness of the nobility was the exclusiveness of the nobility was the exclusiveness of the nobility was breaking down in the new circumstances breaking down in the new circumstances breaking down in the new circumstances and mixed marriages were coming in he and mixed marriages were coming in he and mixed marriages were coming in he cries unchanged the walls but ah how cries unchanged the walls but ah how cries unchanged the walls but ah how changed the folk the bass who knew changed the folk the bass who knew changed the folk the bass who knew erstwhile nor law nor right but dwelled erstwhile nor law nor right but dwelled erstwhile nor law nor right but dwelled like deer with goat skin for a cloak are like deer with goat skin for a cloak are like deer with goat skin for a cloak are now a noble and oh sorry plight the now a noble and oh sorry plight the now a noble and oh sorry plight the nobles are made based in all men's sight nobles are made based in all men's sight nobles are made based in all men's sight it was not long before the importance of it was not long before the importance of it was not long before the importance of Megara as a power in Greece dwindled the Megara as a power in Greece dwindled the Megara as a power in Greece dwindled the war with Athens which resulted in the war with Athens which resulted in the war with Athens which resulted in the loss of the island of Salamis was loss of the island of Salamis was loss of the island of Salamis was decisive for her own decline and for the decisive for her own decline and for the decisive for her own decline and for the rise of her rival the rise of a tyranny rise of her rival the rise of a tyranny rise of her rival the rise of a tyranny in agricultural on seems to have in agricultural on seems to have in agricultural on seems to have occurred much about the same time as at occurred much about the same time as at occurred much about the same time as at mercantile corinth we know nothing of mercantile corinth we know nothing of mercantile corinth we know nothing of the circumstances the name of the first the circumstances the name of the first the circumstances the name of the first founder who was of low birth is said to founder who was of low birth is said to founder who was of low birth is said to have been ortho chorus the first of the have been ortho chorus the first of the have been ortho chorus the first of the house of whom we have any historical house of whom we have any historical house of whom we have any historical records is Cleisthenes who ruled in the records is Cleisthenes who ruled in the records is Cleisthenes who ruled in the first quarter of the 6th century his first quarter of the 6th century his first quarter of the 6th century his hostility to Argos which claimed hostility to Argos which claimed hostility to Argos which claimed lordship over on the part he took lordship over on the part he took lordship over on the part he took in the sacred war of Delfy and the in the sacred war of Delfy and the in the sacred war of Delfy and the splendor of his court are the chief splendor of his court are the chief splendor of his court are the chief facts of which we know he was engaged in facts of which we know he was engaged in facts of which we know he was engaged in an archive war he would not permit

an archive war he would not permit an archive war he would not permit rhapsodes to recite the Homeric poems at rhapsodes to recite the Homeric poems at rhapsodes to recite the Homeric poems at on because there was so much in on because there was so much in on because there was so much in them about Argos and the archives and he them about Argos and the archives and he them about Argos and the archives and he did away with the worshipped of the did away with the worshipped of the did away with the worshipped of the archive hero and Ursus whose cult and archive hero and Ursus whose cult and archive hero and Ursus whose cult and on had been conspicuous it is also on had been conspicuous it is also on had been conspicuous it is also stated that not wishing the tribes of stated that not wishing the tribes of stated that not wishing the tribes of sicyon and Argos should have the same sicyon and Argos should have the same sicyon and Argos should have the same names he substituted for the Dorian names he substituted for the Dorian names he substituted for the Dorian tribes Hellas pan fille Dominus the tribes Hellas pan fille Dominus the tribes Hellas pan fille Dominus the insulting names swine i'ts a cites and insulting names swine i'ts a cites and insulting names swine i'ts a cites and pig eyes and called his own tribe are pig eyes and called his own tribe are pig eyes and called his own tribe are Colet this nomenclature endured for 60 Colet this nomenclature endured for 60 Colet this nomenclature endured for 60 years after his death when the old years after his death when the old years after his death when the old Dorian names were restored and our Dorian names were restored and our Dorian names were restored and our collage to collage to collage to galius in this form the story seems galius in this form the story seems galius in this form the story seems highly unlikely for such a change would highly unlikely for such a change would highly unlikely for such a change would have been a greater sleight to the have been a greater sleight to the have been a greater sleight to the masses of ons than to the archives masses of ons than to the archives masses of ons than to the archives but it is quite possible that the but it is quite possible that the but it is quite possible that the tarrant changed the name of his own tarrant changed the name of his own tarrant changed the name of his own tribe a goliaths tribe a goliaths tribe a goliaths to our colloid and we can understand how to our colloid and we can understand how to our colloid and we can understand how the story might have arisen out of a the story might have arisen out of a the story might have arisen out of a word spoken in jest word spoken in jest word spoken in jest I have changed my goats into rulers of I have changed my goats into rulers of I have changed my goats into rulers of the folk I have a mind to change those the folk I have a mind to change those the folk I have a mind to change those archive highlights into the rest of them archive highlights into the rest of them archive highlights into the rest of them into swine and asses Cleisthenes married into swine and asses Cleisthenes married into swine and asses Cleisthenes married his daughter heir gusta to an athenian his daughter heir gusta to an athenian his daughter heir gusta to an athenian noble of the famous family of the noble of the famous family of the noble of the famous family of the awesome a 'it's a legend is told of the awesome a 'it's a legend is told of the awesome a 'it's a legend is told of the wooing of a Garissa which illustrates wooing of a Garissa which illustrates wooing of a Garissa which illustrates the tyrants wealth and hospitality and the tyrants wealth and hospitality and the tyrants wealth and hospitality and the social ideas of the age on the the social ideas of the age on the the social ideas of the age on the occasion of an olympian festival at

occasion of an olympian festival at occasion of an olympian festival at which he had himself won in the chariot which he had himself won in the chariot which he had himself won in the chariot race Clea Sinise made proclamation to race Clea Sinise made proclamation to race Clea Sinise made proclamation to the Greeks that all who aspired to the the Greeks that all who aspired to the the Greeks that all who aspired to the hand of his daughter should assemble at hand of his daughter should assemble at hand of his daughter should assemble at on 60 days hence and be on 60 days hence and be on 60 days hence and be entertained at his court for a year at entertained at his court for a year at entertained at his court for a year at the end of the year he would decide who the end of the year he would decide who the end of the year he would decide who was most worthy of his daughter then was most worthy of his daughter then was most worthy of his daughter then there came to on all the Greeks there came to on all the Greeks there came to on all the Greeks who had a high opinion of themselves or who had a high opinion of themselves or who had a high opinion of themselves or of their families from sabores and of their families from sabores and of their families from sabores and serous in the far west from epidamnus serous in the far west from epidamnus serous in the far west from epidamnus Anatolia Arcadia and Ellis Argos and Anatolia Arcadia and Ellis Argos and Anatolia Arcadia and Ellis Argos and Athens you boa and Thessaly the suitors Athens you boa and Thessaly the suitors Athens you boa and Thessaly the suitors for the hand of Agora sztyc came Clea for the hand of Agora sztyc came Clea for the hand of Agora sztyc came Clea Sinise tested their accomplishments for Sinise tested their accomplishments for Sinise tested their accomplishments for a year he tried them in gymnastic a year he tried them in gymnastic a year he tried them in gymnastic exercises but laid most stressed on exercises but laid most stressed on exercises but laid most stressed on their social qualities the two Athenians their social qualities the two Athenians their social qualities the two Athenians typically at ease and mega Cleese typically at ease and mega Cleese typically at ease and mega Cleese pleased him best but to hit back ladies pleased him best but to hit back ladies pleased him best but to hit back ladies of these two he most inclined the day of these two he most inclined the day of these two he most inclined the day appointed for the choice of the husband appointed for the choice of the husband appointed for the choice of the husband came and Cleisthenes sacrificed a came and Cleisthenes sacrificed a came and Cleisthenes sacrificed a hundred oxen and feasted all the suitors hundred oxen and feasted all the suitors hundred oxen and feasted all the suitors and all the folk of on after the and all the folk of on after the and all the folk of on after the dinner the wars competed in music and dinner the wars competed in music and dinner the wars competed in music and general conversation typically a tease general conversation typically a tease general conversation typically a tease was the most brilliant and as his was the most brilliant and as his was the most brilliant and as his success seemed assured he bad the flute success seemed assured he bad the flute success seemed assured he bad the flute players strike up and began to dance players strike up and began to dance players strike up and began to dance class Deniz was surprised and class Deniz was surprised and class Deniz was surprised and disconcerted at his behavior and his disconcerted at his behavior and his disconcerted at his behavior and his surprise became discussed when hipa clay surprise became discussed when hipa clay surprise became discussed when hipa clay at ease who thought he was making the at ease who thought he was making the at ease who thought he was making the sysop impression called for a table and sysop impression called for a table and sysop impression called for a table and dance Spartan and Athenian figures on it

dance Spartan and Athenian figures on it dance Spartan and Athenian figures on it the host controlled his feelings but the host controlled his feelings but the host controlled his feelings but when hippo Pleiades proceeded to dance when hippo Pleiades proceeded to dance when hippo Pleiades proceeded to dance on his head he could no longer resist on his head he could no longer resist on his head he could no longer resist and called out o son of to sander you and called out o son of to sander you and called out o son of to sander you have danced away your bride have danced away your bride have danced away your bride but the Athenian only replied hypocrite but the Athenian only replied hypocrite but the Athenian only replied hypocrite eats Kerik not and danced on mega Cleese eats Kerik not and danced on mega Cleese eats Kerik not and danced on mega Cleese was chosen for a greased ax and rich was chosen for a greased ax and rich was chosen for a greased ax and rich presents were given to the disappointed presents were given to the disappointed presents were given to the disappointed suitors section 8 the sacred war the suitors section 8 the sacred war the suitors section 8 the sacred war the Panhellenic games the most important Panhellenic games the most important Panhellenic games the most important achievement of Cleisthenes and that achievement of Cleisthenes and that achievement of Cleisthenes and that which won him most Fame in the Greek which won him most Fame in the Greek which won him most Fame in the Greek world was his championship of the world was his championship of the world was his championship of the Delphic Oracle the temple of Delphi or Delphic Oracle the temple of Delphi or Delphic Oracle the temple of Delphi or pith o lay in the territory of the pith o lay in the territory of the pith o lay in the territory of the Foshan town of Chrissa adelphic Kim Foshan town of Chrissa adelphic Kim Foshan town of Chrissa adelphic Kim tells how Apollo came to crease ax a tells how Apollo came to crease ax a tells how Apollo came to crease ax a hill facing to westward under snowy hill facing to westward under snowy hill facing to westward under snowy Parnassus a beetling cliff overhangs it Parnassus a beetling cliff overhangs it Parnassus a beetling cliff overhangs it beneath is a hollow rugged glen here he beneath is a hollow rugged glen here he beneath is a hollow rugged glen here he said I will make me a fair temple to be said I will make me a fair temple to be said I will make me a fair temple to be an Oracle for men the poet's picture is an Oracle for men the poet's picture is an Oracle for men the poet's picture is perfect the sanctuary of rocky pith o perfect the sanctuary of rocky pith o perfect the sanctuary of rocky pith o was terraced on a steep slope hard under was terraced on a steep slope hard under was terraced on a steep slope hard under the bare sheer cliffs of Parnassus the bare sheer cliffs of Parnassus the bare sheer cliffs of Parnassus looking down upon the deep glen of the looking down upon the deep glen of the looking down upon the deep glen of the plea asti's plea asti's plea asti's austere and majestic scene supremely austere and majestic scene supremely austere and majestic scene supremely fitted for the utterance of the Oracles fitted for the utterance of the Oracles fitted for the utterance of the Oracles of God the city of kriesel a on a vine of God the city of kriesel a on a vine of God the city of kriesel a on a vine Trust Hill to the west of the temple and Trust Hill to the west of the temple and Trust Hill to the west of the temple and commanded its own plane which stretched commanded its own plane which stretched commanded its own plane which stretched southward to the sea the men of crease southward to the sea the men of crease southward to the sea the men of crease acclaimed control over the Dell Finian's acclaimed control over the Dell Finian's acclaimed control over the Dell Finian's and the Oracle and levy dues on the

and the Oracle and levy dues on the and the Oracle and levy dues on the visitors who came to consult the deity visitors who came to consult the deity visitors who came to consult the deity the Dell Finian's desired to free the Dell Finian's desired to free the Dell Finian's desired to free themselves from the control of the themselves from the control of the themselves from the control of the Crusades and they naturally looked for Crusades and they naturally looked for Crusades and they naturally looked for help to the great league of the north in help to the great league of the north in help to the great league of the north in which the Thessaly ins the ancient foes which the Thessaly ins the ancient foes which the Thessaly ins the ancient foes of the phocians were now the dominant of the phocians were now the dominant of the phocians were now the dominant member the folks who belong to this member the folks who belong to this member the folks who belong to this religious union were the dwellers around religious union were the dwellers around religious union were the dwellers around the shrine of Demeter a tenth Ella close the shrine of Demeter a tenth Ella close the shrine of Demeter a tenth Ella close to the pass of thermopylae and hence to the pass of thermopylae and hence to the pass of thermopylae and hence they were called the m50 Onis event they were called the m50 Onis event they were called the m50 Onis event Allah or feel a the league was probably Allah or feel a the league was probably Allah or feel a the league was probably old it was formed at all events before old it was formed at all events before old it was formed at all events before the Thessaly ins had incorporated a kN the Thessaly ins had incorporated a kN the Thessaly ins had incorporated a kN thought yes in Thessaly for the people thought yes in Thessaly for the people thought yes in Thessaly for the people of Pythias were an independent member of of Pythias were an independent member of of Pythias were an independent member of the league which included the locrians the league which included the locrians the league which included the locrians phocians phocians phocians motions and athenians as well as the motions and athenians as well as the motions and athenians as well as the Dorian's Malians Dal opions and Dorian's Malians Dal opions and Dorian's Malians Dal opions and mayonnaise Thessaly ins / hey be ins and mayonnaise Thessaly ins / hey be ins and mayonnaise Thessaly ins / hey be ins and magnets the members of the league were magnets the members of the league were magnets the members of the league were bound not to destroy or cut off running bound not to destroy or cut off running bound not to destroy or cut off running water from any city which belonged to it water from any city which belonged to it water from any city which belonged to it the EM fictions espoused warmly the the EM fictions espoused warmly the the EM fictions espoused warmly the cause of Apollo and his Delphian cause of Apollo and his Delphian cause of Apollo and his Delphian servants and declared a holy war against servants and declared a holy war against servants and declared a holy war against the men of Crees ahooo had violated the the men of Crees ahooo had violated the the men of Crees ahooo had violated the sacred territory and Delphi found a sacred territory and Delphi found a sacred territory and Delphi found a champion in the south as well as in the champion in the south as well as in the champion in the south as well as in the north the tyrant of on across the north the tyrant of on across the north the tyrant of on across the gulf went forth against the impious city gulf went forth against the impious city gulf went forth against the impious city it was not enough to conquer crease ax it was not enough to conquer crease ax it was not enough to conquer crease ax and force her to make terms or promises and force her to make terms or promises and force her to make terms or promises as she was situated in such a strong as she was situated in such a strong as she was situated in such a strong position commanding the road from the

position commanding the road from the position commanding the road from the sea to the sanctuary it was plain that sea to the sanctuary it was plain that sea to the sanctuary it was plain that the utter destruction of the city was the utter destruction of the city was the utter destruction of the city was the only conclusion of the war which the only conclusion of the war which the only conclusion of the war which could lead to the assured independence could lead to the assured independence could lead to the assured independence of the Oracle the am fictions and says of the Oracle the am fictions and says of the Oracle the am fictions and says Sony ins took the city after a source Sony ins took the city after a source Sony ins took the city after a source struggle raised it to the ground and struggle raised it to the ground and struggle raised it to the ground and slew the in dwellers the Christian plane slew the in dwellers the Christian plane slew the in dwellers the Christian plane was dedicated to the God solemn and was dedicated to the God solemn and was dedicated to the God solemn and heavy curses were pronounced against heavy curses were pronounced against heavy curses were pronounced against whosoever should till it the great gulf whosoever should till it the great gulf whosoever should till it the great gulf which centers northern Greece from the which centers northern Greece from the which centers northern Greece from the Peloponnesus and whose old name Peloponnesus and whose old name Peloponnesus and whose old name Christian testified to the greatness of Christian testified to the greatness of Christian testified to the greatness of the phocion city received after this the phocion city received after this the phocion city received after this it's familiar name Corinthian from the it's familiar name Corinthian from the it's familiar name Corinthian from the city of the Isthmus one of the city of the Isthmus one of the city of the Isthmus one of the consequences of this war was the consequences of this war was the consequences of this war was the establishment of a close connection establishment of a close connection establishment of a close connection between Delphi and the in fiction Airy between Delphi and the in fiction Airy between Delphi and the in fiction Airy of an Fela the Delphic shrine became a of an Fela the Delphic shrine became a of an Fela the Delphic shrine became a second place of meeting and the league second place of meeting and the league second place of meeting and the league was often called the Delphic and was often called the Delphic and was often called the Delphic and fictiony the temple was taken under the fictiony the temple was taken under the fictiony the temple was taken under the protection of the league the protection of the league the protection of the league the administration of the property of the administration of the property of the administration of the property of the gods was placed in the hands of the gods was placed in the hands of the gods was placed in the hands of the Huayra nominees or sacred counselors who Huayra nominees or sacred counselors who Huayra nominees or sacred counselors who met twice a year in spring and autumn met twice a year in spring and autumn met twice a year in spring and autumn both at aunt Ella and Adele fee to both at aunt Ella and Adele fee to both at aunt Ella and Adele fee to Huayra nominees were sent as its Huayra nominees were sent as its Huayra nominees were sent as its representatives by each member of the representatives by each member of the representatives by each member of the league the Oracle and the priestly league the Oracle and the priestly league the Oracle and the priestly Nobles of Delphi thus won a position of Nobles of Delphi thus won a position of Nobles of Delphi thus won a position of independent independent independent they're great career of prosperity and they're great career of prosperity and they're great career of prosperity and power began the Pythian games were now power began the Pythian games were now power began the Pythian games were now reorganized on a more splendid scale and reorganized on a more splendid scale and reorganized on a more splendid scale and the ordering of them was one of the the ordering of them was one of the the ordering of them was one of the duties of the EM fictions the festival

duties of the EM fictions the festival duties of the EM fictions the festival became like the Olympian a for yearly became like the Olympian a for yearly became like the Olympian a for yearly celebration being held in the middle of celebration being held in the middle of celebration being held in the middle of each Olympiad gymnastic contests were each Olympiad gymnastic contests were each Olympiad gymnastic contests were introduced whereas before there had been introduced whereas before there had been introduced whereas before there had been only a musical competition and money only a musical competition and money only a musical competition and money prizes were abolished for a wreath of prizes were abolished for a wreath of prizes were abolished for a wreath of Bay Cleisthenes one the laurel in the Bay Cleisthenes one the laurel in the Bay Cleisthenes one the laurel in the first chariot race in the new Hippodrome first chariot race in the new Hippodrome first chariot race in the new Hippodrome which was built in the plain below the which was built in the plain below the which was built in the plain below the ruins of Chrissa hard by was the stadium ruins of Chrissa hard by was the stadium ruins of Chrissa hard by was the stadium or racecourse in which the athletes ran or racecourse in which the athletes ran or racecourse in which the athletes ran and wrestled and it was not till after and wrestled and it was not till after and wrestled and it was not till after many years had passed that the new many years had passed that the new many years had passed that the new stadium was built high up above Delphi stadium was built high up above Delphi stadium was built high up above Delphi itself close under the cliffs coleus itself close under the cliffs coleus itself close under the cliffs coleus thinnies was remembered as having taken thinnies was remembered as having taken thinnies was remembered as having taken a prominent parth boat in the sacred war a prominent parth boat in the sacred war a prominent parth boat in the sacred war and in the institution of the games and and in the institution of the games and and in the institution of the games and he commemorated the occasion of his he commemorated the occasion of his he commemorated the occasion of his victory by founding a Pythian games at victory by founding a Pythian games at victory by founding a Pythian games at on which afterwards by a stroke of on which afterwards by a stroke of on which afterwards by a stroke of the irony of history became associated the irony of history became associated the irony of history became associated with the hated hero addressed us before with the hated hero addressed us before with the hated hero addressed us before the sacred war it would seem that the sacred war it would seem that the sacred war it would seem that on had a treasure house within the on had a treasure house within the on had a treasure house within the Delphic precinct some traces of its Delphic precinct some traces of its Delphic precinct some traces of its round form some traces possibly of its round form some traces possibly of its round form some traces possibly of its primitive sculptures have been primitive sculptures have been primitive sculptures have been discovered but not long after the war discovered but not long after the war discovered but not long after the war the old building had to make way for a the old building had to make way for a the old building had to make way for a larger house in the shape of a Doric larger house in the shape of a Doric larger house in the shape of a Doric temple and it is hard not to believe temple and it is hard not to believe temple and it is hard not to believe that it was Clea Sinise himself who that it was Clea Sinise himself who that it was Clea Sinise himself who erected this Lord Lear Treasury for erected this Lord Lear Treasury for erected this Lord Lear Treasury for on much about the same time to on much about the same time to on much about the same time to other Panhellenic festivals were other Panhellenic festivals were other Panhellenic festivals were instituted at isthmus anemia it is instituted at isthmus anemia it is instituted at isthmus anemia it is uncertain whether the Isthmian games in

uncertain whether the Isthmian games in uncertain whether the Isthmian games in honor of Poseidon were founded by honor of Poseidon were founded by honor of Poseidon were founded by periander periander periander or in commemoration of the abolition of or in commemoration of the abolition of or in commemoration of the abolition of tyranny at corinth after the death of tyranny at corinth after the death of tyranny at corinth after the death of semitic as' the games in honor of Nemean semitic as' the games in honor of Nemean semitic as' the games in honor of Nemean Zeus were administered by the little Zeus were administered by the little Zeus were administered by the little town of Clea may and seemed to have been town of Clea may and seemed to have been town of Clea may and seemed to have been established by the influence of Argos established by the influence of Argos established by the influence of Argos both the Isthmian and the Nemean both the Isthmian and the Nemean both the Isthmian and the Nemean festivals were to yearly festivals were to yearly festivals were to yearly thus from the beginning of the sixth thus from the beginning of the sixth thus from the beginning of the sixth century for Panhellenic festivals are century for Panhellenic festivals are century for Panhellenic festivals are celebrated too in the Peloponnesus one celebrated too in the Peloponnesus one celebrated too in the Peloponnesus one on the its mosz on the its mosz on the its mosz one in the north and throughout the one in the north and throughout the one in the north and throughout the course of Grecian history the prestige course of Grecian history the prestige course of Grecian history the prestige of these gatherings never wanes these of these gatherings never wanes these of these gatherings never wanes these four Panhellenic festivals help to four Panhellenic festivals help to four Panhellenic festivals help to maintain a feeling of fellowship among maintain a feeling of fellowship among maintain a feeling of fellowship among all the Greeks and we may suspect that all the Greeks and we may suspect that all the Greeks and we may suspect that the promotion of this feeling was the the promotion of this feeling was the the promotion of this feeling was the deliberate policy of the rulers who deliberate policy of the rulers who deliberate policy of the rulers who raised these games to Panhellenic raised these games to Panhellenic raised these games to Panhellenic dignity but it must not be overlooked dignity but it must not be overlooked dignity but it must not be overlooked that the festivals were themselves only that the festivals were themselves only that the festivals were themselves only a manifestation of a tendency toward a manifestation of a tendency toward a manifestation of a tendency toward unity which had begun in the eighth unity which had begun in the eighth unity which had begun in the eighth century we have already seen how this century we have already seen how this century we have already seen how this tendency was promoted by colonization tendency was promoted by colonization tendency was promoted by colonization and confirmed by the introduction of a and confirmed by the introduction of a and confirmed by the introduction of a common name for the Greek race about the common name for the Greek race about the common name for the Greek race about the middle of the seventh century we meet middle of the seventh century we meet middle of the seventh century we meet the name pan Helena's in a poem of our the name pan Helena's in a poem of our the name pan Helena's in a poem of our calacas and the phrase pan Helena's and calacas and the phrase pan Helena's and calacas and the phrase pan Helena's and achaeans achaeans achaeans occurs in a passage which may be still occurs in a passage which may be still occurs in a passage which may be still earlier in the Homeric catalogue of the earlier in the Homeric catalogue of the earlier in the Homeric catalogue of the ships the Panhellenic idea the ships the Panhellenic idea the ships the Panhellenic idea the conception of a common Hellenic race conception of a common Hellenic race conception of a common Hellenic race with common interests was encouraged by with common interests was encouraged by with common interests was encouraged by the poetical records of the heroic age

the poetical records of the heroic age the poetical records of the heroic age the Trojan War was remembered as a the Trojan War was remembered as a the Trojan War was remembered as a common enterprise in which northern and common enterprise in which northern and common enterprise in which northern and southern Greece had joined and the southern Greece had joined and the southern Greece had joined and the ancient poets had called the whole host ancient poets had called the whole host ancient poets had called the whole host occasions or archives indifferently the occasions or archives indifferently the occasions or archives indifferently the Homeric poems were bond among all men of Homeric poems were bond among all men of Homeric poems were bond among all men of Greek speech and the memory of Troy was Greek speech and the memory of Troy was Greek speech and the memory of Troy was an ingredient in a sentiment which an ingredient in a sentiment which an ingredient in a sentiment which though we cannot call it national was though we cannot call it national was though we cannot call it national was distinctly a sentiment of community the distinctly a sentiment of community the distinctly a sentiment of community the feeling of community was also displayed feeling of community was also displayed feeling of community was also displayed in the recognition of the Pythian apollo in the recognition of the Pythian apollo in the recognition of the Pythian apollo as the chief and supreme oracle of as the chief and supreme oracle of as the chief and supreme oracle of greece the growth of the prestige of the greece the growth of the prestige of the greece the growth of the prestige of the Delphic god might almost have been used Delphic god might almost have been used Delphic god might almost have been used as a touchstone for measuring the growth as a touchstone for measuring the growth as a touchstone for measuring the growth of the feeling of community as a meeting of the feeling of community as a meeting of the feeling of community as a meeting place for pilgrims and envoys from all place for pilgrims and envoys from all place for pilgrims and envoys from all quarters of the Greek world quarters of the Greek world quarters of the Greek world Delfy served to keep distant cities in Delfy served to keep distant cities in Delfy served to keep distant cities in touch with one another and to spread touch with one another and to spread touch with one another and to spread news purposes which were affected in a news purposes which were affected in a news purposes which were affected in a lesser degree by the Panhellenic lesser degree by the Panhellenic lesser degree by the Panhellenic festivals the tendencies to unity were festivals the tendencies to unity were festivals the tendencies to unity were also shown by the league's chiefly of a also shown by the league's chiefly of a also shown by the league's chiefly of a religious kind which were formed among religious kind which were formed among religious kind which were formed among neighboring states the maritime league neighboring states the maritime league neighboring states the maritime league of colori a' is an instance the northern of colori a' is an instance the northern of colori a' is an instance the northern and fictiony event ella is another and fictiony event ella is another and fictiony event ella is another and we shall presently have a glimpse of and we shall presently have a glimpse of and we shall presently have a glimpse of a ionic Federation of Delos early in the a ionic Federation of Delos early in the a ionic Federation of Delos early in the sixth century we find the cities of sixth century we find the cities of sixth century we find the cities of Italy bound together by a sort of Italy bound together by a sort of Italy bound together by a sort of commercial league which was indicated in commercial league which was indicated in commercial league which was indicated in the character of their coinage we shall the character of their coinage we shall the character of their coinage we shall soon see Sparta uniting a large part of soon see Sparta uniting a large part of soon see Sparta uniting a large part of the Peloponnesus in a confederacy under the Peloponnesus in a confederacy under the Peloponnesus in a confederacy under her presidency these tendencies to unity

her presidency these tendencies to unity her presidency these tendencies to unity never resulted in a political union of never resulted in a political union of never resulted in a political union of all Hellas the Greek race never became a all Hellas the Greek race never became a all Hellas the Greek race never became a Greek nation for the Panhellenic idea Greek nation for the Panhellenic idea Greek nation for the Panhellenic idea was weaker than the love of local was weaker than the love of local was weaker than the love of local independence but an ideal unity was independence but an ideal unity was independence but an ideal unity was realized it was realized in those realized it was realized in those realized it was realized in those beliefs and institutions which we have beliefs and institutions which we have beliefs and institutions which we have just been considering they fostered in just been considering they fostered in just been considering they fostered in the hearts of the Greeks a lively the hearts of the Greeks a lively the hearts of the Greeks a lively feeling of fellowship and a deep pride feeling of fellowship and a deep pride feeling of fellowship and a deep pride in Hellas though there was no political in Hellas though there was no political in Hellas though there was no political tie and it is to be noted that the tie and it is to be noted that the tie and it is to be noted that the Delphic Oracle made no efforts to Delphic Oracle made no efforts to Delphic Oracle made no efforts to promote political unity though promote political unity though promote political unity though unintentionally it promoted unity of unintentionally it promoted unity of unintentionally it promoted unity of another kind if it had made any such another kind if it had made any such another kind if it had made any such efforts they would certainly have failed efforts they would certainly have failed efforts they would certainly have failed for the Oracle had little influence in for the Oracle had little influence in for the Oracle had little influence in initiation Greek states did not ask initiation Greek states did not ask initiation Greek states did not ask apollo to originate or direct their apollo to originate or direct their apollo to originate or direct their policy they only sought his authority policy they only sought his authority policy they only sought his authority for what they had already determined we for what they had already determined we for what they had already determined we saw that the Bo shins were a member of saw that the Bo shins were a member of saw that the Bo shins were a member of the northern and fictiony the unity of the northern and fictiony the unity of the northern and fictiony the unity of Bhoja itself had taken the form of a Bhoja itself had taken the form of a Bhoja itself had taken the form of a federation in which thieves was the federation in which thieves was the federation in which thieves was the dominant power being not only the dominant power being not only the dominant power being not only the federal capital but at all events in federal capital but at all events in federal capital but at all events in later times being represented by two later times being represented by two later times being represented by two members on the board of the boat arts as members on the board of the boat arts as members on the board of the boat arts as the federal magistrates were called the federal magistrates were called the federal magistrates were called whereas each of the other cities whereas each of the other cities whereas each of the other cities returned only one boa tark its religious returned only one boa tark its religious returned only one boa tark its religious center for like all old Greek center for like all old Greek center for like all old Greek federations it was religious before it federations it was religious before it federations it was religious before it became political was the sanctuary of became political was the sanctuary of became political was the sanctuary of Poseidon at UNK Estes in the seventh Poseidon at UNK Estes in the seventh Poseidon at UNK Estes in the seventh century it did not yet include al bozhe century it did not yet include al bozhe century it did not yet include al bozhe or Co Menace still resisted but at

or Co Menace still resisted but at or Co Menace still resisted but at length Thebes forced orchomenus to join length Thebes forced orchomenus to join length Thebes forced orchomenus to join and in the course of the 6th century the and in the course of the 6th century the and in the course of the 6th century the Grecian land of or opus was annexed the Grecian land of or opus was annexed the Grecian land of or opus was annexed the unity of Boscia thus completed had its unity of Boscia thus completed had its unity of Boscia thus completed had its weak points its maintenance depended weak points its maintenance depended weak points its maintenance depended upon the power of Thebes some of the upon the power of Thebes some of the upon the power of Thebes some of the cities were reluctant members above all cities were reluctant members above all cities were reluctant members above all Plataea chafed she had kept herself pure Plataea chafed she had kept herself pure Plataea chafed she had kept herself pure from from from sure with abortion settlers and her sure with abortion settlers and her sure with abortion settlers and her whole history of which some remarkable whole history of which some remarkable whole history of which some remarkable episodes will pass before us may be episodes will pass before us may be episodes will pass before us may be regarded as an isolated continuation of regarded as an isolated continuation of regarded as an isolated continuation of the ancient struggle between the elder the ancient struggle between the elder the ancient struggle between the elder Greek inhabitants of the land and the Greek inhabitants of the land and the Greek inhabitants of the land and the Beauchene conquerors end of chapter 3 Beauchene conquerors end of chapter 3 Beauchene conquerors end of chapter 3 part seven and eight