Commentaries 01 - Sumer

I keep telling myself I'm going to I keep telling myself I'm going to read for my books and read for my books and read for my books and recorded I keep putting it recorded I keep putting it recorded I keep putting it off because I know nothing is ever going off because I know nothing is ever going off because I know nothing is ever going to be as good as I want it to be I am a hopeless be I am a hopeless perfectionist who knows he perfectionist who knows he perfectionist who knows he can't be perfect so he ends up just can't be perfect so he ends up just can't be perfect so he ends up just being a hope was procrastinating if we can't be 100% procrastinating if we can't be 100% everything ends up being actually you make everything all or actually you make everything all or nothing all you ever get is so it's just going to be what it so it's just going to be what it is I'm sure it'll be corrupt also because of the corrupt also because of the uh it's hard for me to read out uh it's hard for me to read out uh it's hard for me to read out loud I get tired very quick because I loud I get tired very quick because I loud I get tired very quick because I run out of run out of run out of air because of the here I'm not sure if I want to started

here I'm not sure if I want to started in chapter 3 or four I think I started four I think I started in I four chronologically also I don't know about chronologically also I don't know about these books it'd be a bit remedial for these books it'd be a bit remedial for these books it'd be a bit remedial for me I'm fairly well accustomed to the me I'm fairly well accustomed to the me I'm fairly well accustomed to the information sit's information this is the this is the book there were DS upon the Earth book there were DS upon the Earth book there were DS upon the Earth chapter chapter chapter four Sumer where civilization four Sumer where civilization four Sumer where civilization [Music] [Music] [Music] began Sumer it is now known was the land began Sumer it is now known was the land began Sumer it is now known was the land of a talented and dexterous people and of a talented and dexterous people and of a talented and dexterous people and what is now sudden to what is now sudden to what is now sudden to wreck usually depicted in Artful statues wreck usually depicted in Artful statues wreck usually depicted in Artful statues and statuettes in a devotional stance and statuettes in a devotional stance and statuettes in a devotional stance it was the samarians who were the first it was the samarians who were the first it was the samarians who were the first ones to record and describe past events ones to record and describe past events ones to record and describe past events and tell the tals of their gods wow gods wow that's it supports his his theory to say

that's it supports his his theory to say that's it supports his his theory to say that but they keep finding older sites that but they keep finding older sites that but they keep finding older sites of older of older of older civilizations I have not heard of any civilizations I have not heard of any civilizations I have not heard of any writing in those civilizations so s May writing in those civilizations so s May writing in those civilizations so s May well be the first that had a developed well be the first that had a developed well be the first that had a developed writing system and in fact it was quite writing system and in fact it was quite writing system and in fact it was quite quite crude with the not even cuniform quite crude with the not even cuniform quite crude with the not even cuniform everybody seems to think surian had everybody seems to think surian had everybody seems to think surian had uniform but they actually had uniform but they actually had uniform but they actually had pictographs which later became pictographs which later became pictographs which later became uniform uniform was a stylized uniform uniform was a stylized uniform uniform was a stylized version uh of the version uh of the version uh of the [Music] [Music] [Music] pictograph it was there in the fertile pictograph it was there in the fertile pictograph it was there in the fertile plane watered by the great Euphrates and plane watered by the great Euphrates and plane watered by the great Euphrates and Tigress Rivers Tigress Rivers Tigress Rivers that Mankind's first known civilization that Mankind's first known civilization that Mankind's first known civilization Blossom out some 6,000 years ago Blossom out some 6,000 years ago Blossom out some 6,000 years ago suddenly suddenly suddenly unexpectedly with stunning abruptness according to all abruptness according to all [Music] [Music] [Music] Scholars it was a civilization to which Scholars it was a civilization to which Scholars it was a civilization to which we owe to this day virtually every first we owe to this day virtually every first we owe to this day virtually every first of what we deem essential to Advanced civilization the wheel and wheel field civilization the wheel and wheel field of of of Transportation the brick that made and Transportation the brick that made and Transportation the brick that made and still makes possible high-rise buildings that's not entirely true I buildings that's not entirely true I mean they use like you know steel beams mean they use like you know steel beams mean they use like you know steel beams and things now the brick they use now is and things now the brick they use now is and things now the brick they use now is just the outer casing for aesthetic

purposes PES in the Kil that are purposes PES in the Kil that are essential to industries from baking to essential to industries from baking to essential to industries from baking to metallurgy astronomy and Mathematics metallurgy astronomy and Mathematics metallurgy astronomy and Mathematics cities and urban cities and urban cities and urban societies kingship and laws temples and societies kingship and laws temples and societies kingship and laws temples and priesthoods timekeeping a calendar priesthoods timekeeping a calendar priesthoods timekeeping a calendar festivals from beer to culinary festivals from beer to culinary festivals from beer to culinary recipes you should have said recipes recipes you should have said recipes recipes you should have said recipes from beer to to uh from beer to to uh from beer to to uh culinary from Arts to music to musical culinary from Arts to music to musical culinary from Arts to music to musical instruments and above all writing and instruments and above all writing and instruments and above all writing and recordkeeping Sumer we now know all that thanks to the Sumer we now know all that thanks to the achievements of archaeology and the achievements of archaeology and the achievements of archaeology and the decipherments of ancient languages decipherments of ancient languages decipherments of ancient languages during the past Century and a half the during the past Century and a half the during the past Century and a half the long and arduous Road by which ancient long and arduous Road by which ancient long and arduous Road by which ancient Sumer moved from complete obscurity to Sumer moved from complete obscurity to Sumer moved from complete obscurity to an all appreciation of its grander as a an all appreciation of its grander as a an all appreciation of its grander as a number of Milestones bearing the name of number of Milestones bearing the name of number of Milestones bearing the name of Scholars who had made the journey Scholars who had made the journey Scholars who had made the journey possible some who toiled at the vared possible some who toiled at the vared possible some who toiled at the vared sites will be mentioned by us others who sites will be mentioned by us others who sites will be mentioned by us others who piec together and classified fragmented piec together and classified fragmented piec together and classified fragmented artifacts during a century and a half of artifacts during a century and a half of artifacts during a century and a half of Mesopotamian archaeology are too many to Mesopotamian archaeology are too many to Mesopotamian archaeology are too many to be listed and then there were the listed and then there were the epigraphers sometimes out in the field epigraphers sometimes out in the field epigraphers sometimes out in the field most of the time pouring over tablets in most of the time pouring over tablets in most of the time pouring over tablets in cram museums or university

cram museums or university cram museums or university quarters whose persistence devotion and quarters whose persistence devotion and quarters whose persistence devotion and abilities converted pieces of play in abilities converted pieces of play in abilities converted pieces of play in size with odd size with odd size with odd cats into legible historical cultural cats into legible historical cultural cats into legible historical cultural and literary Treasures their work was crucial for a Treasures their work was crucial for a while the usual pattern of while the usual pattern of while the usual pattern of archaeological and ethnographic archaeological and ethnographic archaeological and ethnographic discoveries has been to find a people's discoveries has been to find a people's discoveries has been to find a people's remains and their uh then decipher their remains and their uh then decipher their remains and their uh then decipher their written records if they had them in the case of these Sumerians in the case of these Sumerians recognition of their language even its recognition of their language even its recognition of their language even its decipherment preceded the discovery of decipherment preceded the discovery of decipherment preceded the discovery of their land their land their land Sumer common English spelling rather Sumer common English spelling rather Sumer common English spelling rather than Schumer and it was not because the Schumer and it was not because the language Su Mar and preceded its people language Su Mar and preceded its people language Su Mar and preceded its people on the contrary it was because the on the contrary it was because the on the contrary it was because the language in his script lingered on after language in his script lingered on after language in his script lingered on after Sumer was long gone just as Latin and Sumer was long gone just as Latin and Sumer was long gone just as Latin and its scripts had outlived the Roman its scripts had outlived the Roman its scripts had outlived the Roman Empire thousands of years later the philological recognition of Samarian the philological recognition of Samarian began as we have Illustrated not through began as we have Illustrated not through began as we have Illustrated not through the discovery of the Samarian own the discovery of the Samarian own the discovery of the Samarian own tablets but through the varied use in a tablets but through the varied use in a tablets but through the varied use in a Cadian text of Lone words that were not Cadian text of Lone words that were not Cadian text of Lone words that were not a a a Cadian the naming of gods and cities by Cadian the naming of gods and cities by Cadian the naming of gods and cities by names that made no sense in ass Syrian names that made no sense in ass Syrian names that made no sense in ass Syrian or Babylonian and of course the actual or Babylonian and of course the actual or Babylonian and of course the actual statements as that of Asher ble about statements as that of Asher ble about statements as that of Asher ble about the existence of earlier writing in the existence of earlier writing in the existence of earlier writing in chuman his statement was borne out by

chuman his statement was borne out by chuman his statement was borne out by the Discover of tablets that rendered the Discover of tablets that rendered the Discover of tablets that rendered the same text in two languages one the same text in two languages one the same text in two languages one Acadian and the other in the mysterious Acadian and the other in the mysterious Acadian and the other in the mysterious language then the next two lines were in language then the next two lines were in language then the next two lines were in a Cadian and in another language and so a Cadian and in another language and so a Cadian and in another language and so on the SC term for such bilingual text on the SC term for such bilingual text on the SC term for such bilingual text is Interlinear it was in 1850 that Edward Interlinear it was in 1850 that Edward HS a student of rollinson fiston HS a student of rollinson fiston HS a student of rollinson fiston decipherments suggested in a scly ESS decipherments suggested in a scly ESS decipherments suggested in a scly ESS say that an Acadian syllabary the say that an Acadian syllabary the say that an Acadian syllabary the collection of some 350 uniform signs collection of some 350 uniform signs collection of some 350 uniform signs each representing a full consonant plus each representing a full consonant plus each representing a full consonant plus vowel syllable must have evolved from a vowel syllable must have evolved from a vowel syllable must have evolved from a prior non- Acadian set of syllabic prior non- Acadian set of syllabic prior non- Acadian set of syllabic signs the idea which was not readily signs the idea which was not readily signs the idea which was not readily accepted was finally borne out when some accepted was finally borne out when some accepted was finally borne out when some of the clay tablets in the Acadian of the clay tablets in the Acadian of the clay tablets in the Acadian language libraries turned out to be language libraries turned out to be language libraries turned out to be bilingual syllabaries or dictionaries list that on one one side dictionaries list that on one one side of the tablet gave a uniform sign in the of the tablet gave a uniform sign in the of the tablet gave a uniform sign in the unknown language and a matching list on unknown language and a matching list on unknown language and a matching list on the other side in a the other side in a the other side in a cadium with the science pronunciation cadium with the science pronunciation cadium with the science pronunciation and meaning and meaning and meaning added all at once archaeology obtained a added all at once archaeology obtained a added all at once archaeology obtained a dictionary of an unknown dictionary of an unknown dictionary of an unknown language in addition to tablets language in addition to tablets language in addition to tablets inscribed as a kind of dictionary the inscribed as a kind of dictionary the inscribed as a kind of dictionary the so-called syllabaries various other so-called syllabaries various other so-called syllabaries various other bilingual tablets served as invaluable bilingual tablets served as invaluable bilingual tablets served as invaluable Tools in deciphering the suian writing

Tools in deciphering the suian writing Tools in deciphering the suian writing and language in 1869 Jules opert addressing language in 1869 Jules opert addressing the frety of the frety of the frety of numismatics and numismatics and numismatics and archaeology pointed out that the royal archaeology pointed out that the royal archaeology pointed out that the royal title of king of Sumer and aad found on title of king of Sumer and aad found on title of king of Sumer and aad found on some tablets provided the name of the some tablets provided the name of the some tablets provided the name of the people who had preceded the Acadian people who had preceded the Acadian people who had preceded the Acadian speaking the syrians and speaking the syrians and speaking the syrians and Babylonians they were he suggested the samarians the designation had not been samarians the designation had not been applied ever since or has been applied applied ever since or has been applied applied ever since or has been applied ever since although to this day museums ever since although to this day museums ever since although to this day museums and the media prefer to name their and the media prefer to name their and the media prefer to name their exhibits or title their articles and exhibits or title their articles and exhibits or title their articles and programs Babylonian or best old programs Babylonian or best old programs Babylonian or best old Babylonian rather than the unfamiliar Babylonian rather than the unfamiliar Babylonian rather than the unfamiliar [Music] [Music] [Music] Samarian now virtually everything that Samarian now virtually everything that Samarian now virtually everything that we consider essential to a developed we consider essential to a developed we consider essential to a developed civilization has been inherited from the civilization has been inherited from the civilization has been inherited from the samarians many people still respond with samarians many people still respond with samarians many people still respond with the blank who question Sumerian the interest in Sumer and the Sumerian the interest in Sumer and the samarians constituted a chronological as samarians constituted a chronological as samarians constituted a chronological as well as a geographical shift from the well as a geographical shift from the well as a geographical shift from the 1st and 2 Millennia BC to the third and 1st and 2 Millennia BC to the third and 1st and 2 Millennia BC to the third and fourth Millennia fourth Millennia fourth Millennia BC and from North and Central BC and from North and Central BC and from North and Central Mesopotamia to the Mesopotamia to the Mesopotamia to the South the ancient settlements lay buried South the ancient settlements lay buried South the ancient settlements lay buried there was indicated not only by the there was indicated not only by the there was indicated not only by the numerous Mounds that were scattered over

numerous Mounds that were scattered over numerous Mounds that were scattered over the flat mud lands Ms that resulted from the flat mud lands Ms that resulted from the flat mud lands Ms that resulted from layers of habitats built upon layers layers of habitats built upon layers layers of habitats built upon layers called strata of the remains of previous called strata of the remains of previous called strata of the remains of previous habitats more intriguing were old habitats more intriguing were old habitats more intriguing were old artifacts that local tribesmen dug up artifacts that local tribesmen dug up artifacts that local tribesmen dug up out of the Mounds showing them to the out of the Mounds showing them to the out of the Mounds showing them to the occasional European visitors what we occasional European visitors what we occasional European visitors what we know now is the result of almost 150 know now is the result of almost 150 know now is the result of almost 150 years of archaeological toil that years of archaeological toil that years of archaeological toil that brought to light to varying degrees brought to light to varying degrees brought to light to varying degrees suers 14 or so major ancient centers suers 14 or so major ancient centers suers 14 or so major ancient centers virtually all of which are mentioned in virtually all of which are mentioned in virtually all of which are mentioned in the ancient [Music] [Music] text systematic field archeaology text systematic field archeaology text systematic field archeaology of Sumer is deemed to have begun in of Sumer is deemed to have begun in of Sumer is deemed to have begun in 1877 by Ernest D 1877 by Ernest D 1877 by Ernest D saric who was then the French Vice saric who was then the French Vice saric who was then the French Vice Consul in bazra Iraq Southern PT City on Consul in bazra Iraq Southern PT City on Consul in bazra Iraq Southern PT City on the Persian the Persian the Persian GF rumors at the time were that having GF rumors at the time were that having GF rumors at the time were that having been fascinated by the local trade and been fascinated by the local trade and been fascinated by the local trade and fines his real interest was in finding fines his real interest was in finding fines his real interest was in finding objects for private objects for private objects for private sale he started Excavating at a site

sale he started Excavating at a site sale he started Excavating at a site locally called T the locally called T the locally called T the mound the finds there were so great and mound the finds there were so great and mound the finds there were so great and they did go to the lou Museum in Paris they did go to the lou Museum in Paris they did go to the lou Museum in Paris where they fill up Galleries and so where they fill up Galleries and so where they fill up Galleries and so inexhaustible that French archaeological inexhaustible that French archaeological inexhaustible that French archaeological teams kept coming back year after year teams kept coming back year after year teams kept coming back year after year to this one site for more than 50 to this one site for more than 50 to this one site for more than 50 years through 1933 T turned out to be the sacred 1933 T turned out to be the sacred Precinct the geu of large Sumerian Urban Precinct the geu of large Sumerian Urban Precinct the geu of large Sumerian Urban C Center called the gash archaeological C Center called the gash archaeological C Center called the gash archaeological strata indicated that it had been strata indicated that it had been strata indicated that it had been continuously settled almost since 3800 continuously settled almost since 3800 continuously settled almost since 3800 BC sculpted wall reliefs dating from a BC sculpted wall reliefs dating from a BC sculpted wall reliefs dating from a so-called early dynastic period Stone so-called early dynastic period Stone so-called early dynastic period Stone sculptures bearing inscriptions and sculptures bearing inscriptions and sculptures bearing inscriptions and Immaculate Sumerian Immaculate Sumerian Immaculate Sumerian uniform and a beautiful silver vase uniform and a beautiful silver vase uniform and a beautiful silver vase presented by a king named presented by a king named presented by a king named intima to his God assessed a high level intima to his God assessed a high level intima to his God assessed a high level of Samarian culture Millennia ago of Samarian culture Millennia ago of Samarian culture Millennia ago to tough it all more than 10,000 to tough it all more than 10,000 to tough it all more than 10,000 inscribed to place tablets were found in inscribed to place tablets were found in inscribed to place tablets were found in the play in the city's the play in the city's the play in the city's Library the importance of which will be Library the importance of which will be Library the importance of which will be discussed later on some inscriptions and texts named a on some inscriptions and texts named a continuous line of kings of leg gash who continuous line of kings of leg gash who continuous line of kings of leg gash who ranged from Circa 2900 BC to 2250 ranged from Circa 2900 BC to 2250 ranged from Circa 2900 BC to 2250 BC an un interrupted reign of almost BC an un interrupted reign of almost BC an un interrupted reign of almost seven centuries play tablets and uh seven centuries play tablets and uh seven centuries play tablets and uh commemorative Stone plaques recorded

commemorative Stone plaques recorded commemorative Stone plaques recorded large construction undertaking large construction undertaking large construction undertaking irrigation and Canal projects and named irrigation and Canal projects and named irrigation and Canal projects and named the Kings who initiated them there was the Kings who initiated them there was the Kings who initiated them there was trade with distant cities and even trade with distant cities and even trade with distant cities and even conflicts with nearby conflicts with nearby conflicts with nearby cities most astounding were the statues cities most astounding were the statues cities most astounding were the statues and inscriptions of a king named gidea and inscriptions of a king named gidea and inscriptions of a king named gidea Circa 2400 Circa 2400 Circa 2400 BC in which he describes the miraculous BC in which he describes the miraculous BC in which he describes the miraculous circumstances leading to the building of circumstances leading to the building of circumstances leading to the building of a complex Temple for the Goden garu and a complex Temple for the Goden garu and a complex Temple for the Goden garu and the God's spouse the God's spouse the God's spouse th the task detailed later on involved th the task detailed later on involved th the task detailed later on involved Divine constructions given in Twilight Divine constructions given in Twilight Divine constructions given in Twilight Zone circumstances astronomical Zone circumstances astronomical Zone circumstances astronomical alignments elaborate architecture the alignments elaborate architecture the alignments elaborate architecture the importation of rare building materials importation of rare building materials importation of rare building materials from distant land krial knowhow and from distant land krial knowhow and from distant land krial knowhow and precise rituals all taking place some precise rituals all taking place some precise rituals all taking place some 4,300 years ago the leash discoveries have been summed the leash discoveries have been summed up by its last French excavator Andre up by its last French excavator Andre up by its last French excavator Andre pero in his book hello 1948 a few miles Northwest of the Mounds 1948 a few miles Northwest of the Mounds of leash a mount locally called T El of leash a mount locally called T El of leash a mount locally called T El Medina was Medina was Medina was located the fren excavators of leg gash located the fren excavators of leg gash located the fren excavators of leg gash peaked at it peaked at it peaked at it too and there was not much to excavate too and there was not much to excavate too and there was not much to excavate for the ancient City that had been there for the ancient City that had been there for the ancient City that had been there was at some time completely destroyed was at some time completely destroyed was at some time completely destroyed destroyed by

destroyed by destroyed by fire a few finds however helped identify fire a few finds however helped identify fire a few finds however helped identify that ancient city as that ancient city as that ancient city as badira the ancient City's name badira badira the ancient City's name badira badira the ancient City's name badira meant the metal working meant the metal working meant the metal working fort at other discoveries clarify bber fort at other discoveries clarify bber fort at other discoveries clarify bber was indeed considered to have been a was indeed considered to have been a was indeed considered to have been a middle working CIT a decade after the starac began CIT a decade after the starac began excavations at Bash a new major excavations at Bash a new major excavations at Bash a new major archaeological player joined the effort archaeological player joined the effort archaeological player joined the effort to uncover suumer the University of to uncover suumer the University of to uncover suumer the University of Pennsylvania in Pennsylvania in Pennsylvania in Philadelphia they have been known from Philadelphia they have been known from Philadelphia they have been known from preceding finds in Mesopotamia but the preceding finds in Mesopotamia but the preceding finds in Mesopotamia but the most important religious Center in Sumer most important religious Center in Sumer most important religious Center in Sumer was a city called neor in neor in 1887 John Peters a professor of Hebrew 1887 John Peters a professor of Hebrew 1887 John Peters a professor of Hebrew at the University succeeded in lining up at the University succeeded in lining up at the University succeeded in lining up academic support at the University and academic support at the University and academic support at the University and financial support support from financial support support from financial support support from Individual donors organize an Individual donors organize an Individual donors organize an archaeological expedition to Iraq to archaeological expedition to Iraq to archaeological expedition to Iraq to find the find the find the poor the location of nepur seemed easy poor the location of nepur seemed easy poor the location of nepur seemed easy to guess the geographical center of to guess the geographical center of to guess the geographical center of southern southern southern Mesopotamia a can't be Miss huge Mound Mesopotamia a can't be Miss huge Mound Mesopotamia a can't be Miss huge Mound Rising some 65 ft above the mud plane Rising some 65 ft above the mud plane Rising some 65 ft above the mud plane was called Nar by the was called Nar by the was called Nar by the locals it bited references to ancient locals it bited references to ancient locals it bited references to ancient neor as Naval of the Earth the univ neor as Naval of the Earth the univ neor as Naval of the Earth the univ of Pennsylvania's of Pennsylvania's of Pennsylvania's Expedition conducted four excavation

Expedition conducted four excavation Expedition conducted four excavation campaigns at the site 1888 to campaigns at the site 1888 to campaigns at the site 1888 to 1900 at first under the direction of 1900 at first under the direction of 1900 at first under the direction of John Peters then under the leadership of John Peters then under the leadership of John Peters then under the leadership of Herman Herman Herman Hil a German born a serologist of Hil a German born a serologist of Hil a German born a serologist of international international international standing theor the archaeologist standing theor the archaeologist standing theor the archaeologist ascertained have been continuously ascertained have been continuously ascertained have been continuously settled from the 6th millennium BC to settled from the 6th millennium BC to settled from the 6th millennium BC to about 800 a the excavations focused at first on a the excavations focused at first on the city's sacred Precinct whose the city's sacred Precinct whose the city's sacred Precinct whose location as incredible as it may sound location as incredible as it may sound location as incredible as it may sound was indicated on a millennial old city was indicated on a millennial old city was indicated on a millennial old city map inscribed on a large Place tablet there the remains of a tablet there the remains of a high-rising zigurat or step pyramid in high-rising zigurat or step pyramid in high-rising zigurat or step pyramid in the city sacred Precinct attested its the city sacred Precinct attested its the city sacred Precinct attested its dominance above the city called eor dominance above the city called eor dominance above the city called eor house which is like a mountain it was house which is like a mountain it was house which is like a mountain it was the main Temple dedicated to sumer's the main Temple dedicated to sumer's the main Temple dedicated to sumer's Leading God in The liil Lord of the Leading God in The liil Lord of the Leading God in The liil Lord of the command and his spouse ninlil Lady of command and his spouse ninlil Lady of command and his spouse ninlil Lady of the the the command the temple inscriptions stated command the temple inscriptions stated command the temple inscriptions stated including the inner chamber in including the inner chamber in including the inner chamber in which tablets of Destinies were kept which tablets of Destinies were kept which tablets of Destinies were kept according to several text the chamber according to several text the chamber according to several text the chamber was the heart of the Duran key or Bond was the heart of the Duran key or Bond was the heart of the Duran key or Bond Heaven Earth they command and control

Heaven Earth they command and control Heaven Earth they command and control cent of the Gods and Lil that connected cent of the Gods and Lil that connected cent of the Gods and Lil that connected Earth with the Earth with the Earth with the heavens the Expeditions finds at nepur heavens the Expeditions finds at nepur heavens the Expeditions finds at nepur deemed by some to be of unparalleled deemed by some to be of unparalleled deemed by some to be of unparalleled importance included the discovery of importance included the discovery of importance included the discovery of nearly 30,000 inscribed clay tablets or nearly 30,000 inscribed clay tablets or nearly 30,000 inscribed clay tablets or fragments thereof in a library of what fragments thereof in a library of what fragments thereof in a library of what had apparently been a special scribal had apparently been a special scribal had apparently been a special scribal and science quarter of the city a and science quarter of the city a and science quarter of the city a joining the sacred here uh one of the locations of what may here uh one of the locations of what may be the Tower of be the Tower of be the Tower of Babel calling it The dur on key the bond Babel calling it The dur on key the bond Babel calling it The dur on key the bond of Heaven and of Heaven and of Heaven and Earth elsewhere in his Earth elsewhere in his Earth elsewhere in his writing he writing he writing he connects the biblical Enoch connects the biblical Enoch connects the biblical Enoch with one of the with one of the with one of the Kings mythical kings called inmy Duron Kings mythical kings called inmy Duron Kings mythical kings called inmy Duron key or priest of the Duron key or priest of the Duron key or priest of the Duron key which would be the what possibly key which would be the what possibly key which would be the what possibly could be the oldest form of the word could be the oldest form of the word could be the oldest form of the word melkisedek it's my theory that the Duron melkisedek it's my theory that the Duron melkisedek it's my theory that the Duron key or the inmate Duron key or the inmate Duron key or the inmate Duron key uh was the original the Duron ke was the originally the the Duron ke was the originally the original original original place where he officiated the Enid Duron

place where he officiated the Enid Duron place where he officiated the Enid Duron ke was the original ke was the original ke was the original priest um I'm not priest um I'm not priest um I'm not certain if that was to be certain if that was to be certain if that was to be the elect of God the bisc of God at time the elect of God the bisc of God at time the elect of God the bisc of God at time or if it was in fact yet another or if it was in fact yet another or if it was in fact yet another perversion uh like the shamash was in perversion uh like the shamash was in perversion uh like the shamash was in Babylon theory helpr planned to publish no less theory helpr planned to publish no less than 20 volumes with the tablet's most than 20 volumes with the tablet's most than 20 volumes with the tablet's most important Tex many with my mythological important Tex many with my mythological important Tex many with my mythological context others dealing with mathematics context others dealing with mathematics context others dealing with mathematics and astronomy and dating back to the and astronomy and dating back to the and astronomy and dating back to the third millennian BC among the nepur inscriptions that BC among the nepur inscriptions that were transcribed cribed translated and were transcribed cribed translated and were transcribed cribed translated and published was a remnant of the original published was a remnant of the original published was a remnant of the original Samarian tale of the delu naming its Samarian tale of the delu naming its Samarian tale of the delu naming its Noah counterpart as Zas Noah counterpart as Zas Noah counterpart as Zas sudra equaling his life days are sudra equaling his life days are sudra equaling his life days are prolonged the equivalent of the Acadian prolonged the equivalent of the Acadian prolonged the equivalent of the Acadian napon in the Samaran inscription known napon in the Samaran inscription known napon in the Samaran inscription known to Scholars by its reference number CBS 10,673 it is the god in who r reveals to 10,673 it is the god in who r reveals to his faithful follower Zia sudra a secret his faithful follower Zia sudra a secret his faithful follower Zia sudra a secret of the of the of the gods that at the instigation of an angry

gods that at the instigation of an angry gods that at the instigation of an angry in liil the gods decided to destroy the in liil the gods decided to destroy the in liil the gods decided to destroy the seed of mankind by the delu that was seed of mankind by the delu that was seed of mankind by the delu that was about to happen and in key or Chronos in about to happen and in key or Chronos in about to happen and in key or Chronos in the bosis the bosis the bosis fragments instructs the fragments instructs the fragments instructs the Audra which bosis calls this Ros to Audra which bosis calls this Ros to Audra which bosis calls this Ros to build the savaging boat but all the expedition's plans were cut but all the expedition's plans were cut short by a spare by a Spate of short by a spare by a Spate of short by a spare by a Spate of accusations by Peters that helpr was accusations by Peters that helpr was accusations by Peters that helpr was providing misleading providing misleading providing misleading providences Discovery locations for providences Discovery locations for providences Discovery locations for announced fines and that announced fines and that announced fines and that hel had made a deal with the Turkish hel had made a deal with the Turkish hel had made a deal with the Turkish Sultan in Constantinople today stul to Sultan in Constantinople today stul to Sultan in Constantinople today stul to send most of the fines there rather than send most of the fines there rather than send most of the fines there rather than to the university in v Adelphia in to the university in v Adelphia in to the university in v Adelphia in exchange for the sultan letting HRI keep exchange for the sultan letting HRI keep exchange for the sultan letting HRI keep some finds as gifts for private some finds as gifts for private some finds as gifts for private collection the controversy which divided collection the controversy which divided collection the controversy which divided Philadelphia's highest estons and made Philadelphia's highest estons and made Philadelphia's highest estons and made headlines in the New York Times raised headlines in the New York Times raised headlines in the New York Times raised from 1907 1910 a commission of inquiry formed by 1910 a commission of inquiry formed by the university in the end found the the university in the end found the the university in the end found the accusations of professional misconduct accusations of professional misconduct accusations of professional misconduct against pel to be against pel to be against pel to be unsubstantiated that affect many of the unsubstantiated that affect many of the unsubstantiated that affect many of the neor tablet did end up in Constantinople hel and private Constantinople hel and private collection ended up in Jenna HPR

collection ended up in Jenna HPR collection ended up in Jenna HPR University town in University town in University town in Germany the University of Pennsylvania Germany the University of Pennsylvania Germany the University of Pennsylvania through its archaological Museum through its archaological Museum through its archaological Museum returned to theor only after World War returned to theor only after World War returned to theor only after World War II in a joint Expedition with Chicago II in a joint Expedition with Chicago II in a joint Expedition with Chicago University's Oriental University's Oriental University's Oriental Institute the Peters helper controversy Institute the Peters helper controversy Institute the Peters helper controversy is still regarded by a St or as a major is still regarded by a St or as a major is still regarded by a St or as a major disruption of near Eastern archaeology disruption of near Eastern archaeology disruption of near Eastern archaeology but due to the ever intervening law of but due to the ever intervening law of but due to the ever intervening law of unintended consequences in the end it unintended consequences in the end it unintended consequences in the end it led to one of the greater advances in led to one of the greater advances in led to one of the greater advances in subology for provided the first job to a subology for provided the first job to a subology for provided the first job to a young epigrapher named Samuel n young epigrapher named Samuel n young epigrapher named Samuel n Kramer who then became an outstanding Kramer who then became an outstanding Kramer who then became an outstanding subologist the excavations at leash and subologist the excavations at leash and subologist the excavations at leash and nepur requiring continuous nepur requiring continuous nepur requiring continuous archaeological efforts year after year archaeological efforts year after year archaeological efforts year after year after year revealed the existence of after year revealed the existence of after year revealed the existence of major Urban centers in Sumer that rled major Urban centers in Sumer that rled major Urban centers in Sumer that rled the the the size uh of Babylonian and Assyrian sites size uh of Babylonian and Assyrian sites size uh of Babylonian and Assyrian sites in the north even though the ones in in the north even though the ones in in the north even though the ones in Sumer were older by more than a thousand Sumer were older by more than a thousand Sumer were older by more than a thousand years the existence of Walled sacred years the existence of Walled sacred years the existence of Walled sacred precincts each with a Skys scrapping precincts each with a Skys scrapping precincts each with a Skys scrapping zigurat indicated a high level of zigurat indicated a high level of zigurat indicated a high level of ancient Building Technology that ancient Building Technology that ancient Building Technology that preceded and served as a model for the preceded and served as a model for the preceded and served as a model for the Babylonians and Assyrians the ziggurats Babylonians and Assyrians the ziggurats Babylonians and Assyrians the ziggurats literally that which Rises High Rose in literally that which Rises High Rose in literally that which Rises High Rose in several steps usually seven to Heights several steps usually seven to Heights several steps usually seven to Heights that could reach 90 MERS they were built that could reach 90 MERS they were built that could reach 90 MERS they were built of two kinds of mud bricks some dried

of two kinds of mud bricks some dried of two kinds of mud bricks some dried for high-rise cores and Kil burned for for high-rise cores and Kil burned for for high-rise cores and Kil burned for Extra Strength for stairways exteriors Extra Strength for stairways exteriors Extra Strength for stairways exteriors and and and overhangs the size shape and curvature overhangs the size shape and curvature overhangs the size shape and curvature of the bricks varied to fit their of the bricks varied to fit their of the bricks varied to fit their function and they were held together function and they were held together function and they were held together with biman as with biman as with biman as mortar modern laboratory tests show that mortar modern laboratory tests show that mortar modern laboratory tests show that killed burnt mud bricks are fivefold killed burnt mud bricks are fivefold killed burnt mud bricks are fivefold times stronger than some dried times stronger than some dried times stronger than some dried ones the discovered ziguras literally ones the discovered ziguras literally ones the discovered ziguras literally confirm the biblical statement of confirm the biblical statement of confirm the biblical statement of Genesis 111:4 regarding the construction Genesis 111:4 regarding the construction Genesis 111:4 regarding the construction methods of the settlers in shinar after methods of the settlers in shinar after methods of the settlers in shinar after the the the delu and the whole earth was of one delu and the whole earth was of one delu and the whole earth was of one language and one kind of words and it language and one kind of words and it language and one kind of words and it came to pass as they Journey from the came to pass as they Journey from the came to pass as they Journey from the East that they found a plane in the land East that they found a plane in the land East that they found a plane in the land of China and they settled there and they of China and they settled there and they of China and they settled there and they they said Each one to the other come let they said Each one to the other come let they said Each one to the other come let us make bricks and burn them thoroughly us make bricks and burn them thoroughly us make bricks and burn them thoroughly and the bricks served them for stone and and the bricks served them for stone and and the bricks served them for stone and bmen served them for Mortar and they bmen served them for Mortar and they bmen served them for Mortar and they said come let us build us a city and a said come let us build us a city and a said come let us build us a city and a tower whose head shall reach to heaven in lands like Canaan where Stones heaven in lands like Canaan where Stones were used for building and lime is still were used for building and lime is still were used for building and lime is still used as used as used as mortar for they lack mortar for they lack mortar for they lack bmen the reference to Brick bmen the reference to Brick bmen the reference to Brick and mud and brick making and mud and brick making and mud and brick making Technologies burn them thoroughly and to Technologies burn them thoroughly and to Technologies burn them thoroughly and to bitamin which seeps out of the ground in bitamin which seeps out of the ground in bitamin which seeps out of the ground in southern southern southern Mesopotamia represent a remarkably Mesopotamia represent a remarkably Mesopotamia represent a remarkably detailed and amazing knowledge of past

detailed and amazing knowledge of past detailed and amazing knowledge of past events in a stoneless land like events in a stoneless land like events in a stoneless land like Sumer uncovering ancient Sumer the Sumer uncovering ancient Sumer the Sumer uncovering ancient Sumer the archaeologist Spades were collaborating archaeologist Spades were collaborating archaeologist Spades were collaborating the the the Bible besides the various technological Bible besides the various technological Bible besides the various technological accomplishments of those accomplishments of those accomplishments of those settlers in the plain between the arates settlers in the plain between the arates settlers in the plain between the arates and tigers River they also included the and tigers River they also included the and tigers River they also included the wheel and wagon the Kil Metallurgy wheel and wagon the Kil Metallurgy wheel and wagon the Kil Metallurgy medicines textiles multicolored apparel medicines textiles multicolored apparel medicines textiles multicolored apparel musical musical musical instruments there were countless other instruments there were countless other instruments there were countless other firsts of what are still deemed firsts of what are still deemed firsts of what are still deemed essential aspects of an advanced essential aspects of an advanced essential aspects of an advanced civilization they include a mathematical civilization they include a mathematical civilization they include a mathematical system called Texas jmal or base system called Texas jmal or base system called Texas jmal or base 60 that initiated the circle of 360 60 that initiated the circle of 360 60 that initiated the circle of 360 Degrees timekeeping that divided day and Degrees timekeeping that divided day and Degrees timekeeping that divided day and night into 12 double hours a Luna solar night into 12 double hours a Luna solar night into 12 double hours a Luna solar calendar of 12 months properly calendar of 12 months properly calendar of 12 months properly interpolated with the 13th leap month interpolated with the 13th leap month interpolated with the 13th leap month geometry measurement units of distance geometry measurement units of distance geometry measurement units of distance weight and capacity and advanced weight and capacity and advanced weight and capacity and advanced astronomy with planetary star and astronomy with planetary star and astronomy with planetary star and constellations and sodal knowledge law constellations and sodal knowledge law constellations and sodal knowledge law codes and court of law irrigation codes and court of law irrigation codes and court of law irrigation systems Transportation networks and systems Transportation networks and systems Transportation networks and custom stations dancing music and custom stations dancing music and custom stations dancing music and musical notes even taxes as well as a musical notes even taxes as well as a musical notes even taxes as well as a social organization based on kingship social organization based on kingship social organization based on kingship and a religion centered at temples with and a religion centered at temples with and a religion centered at temples with prescribed festivals and a specialized priesthood Additionally the existence of priesthood Additionally the existence of scribal schools and Temple and Royal

scribal schools and Temple and Royal scribal schools and Temple and Royal libraries indicated astounding levels of libraries indicated astounding levels of libraries indicated astounding levels of intellectual and literary intellectual and literary intellectual and literary achievements he's making that sound like achievements he's making that sound like achievements he's making that sound like a positive thing but his whole premise a positive thing but his whole premise a positive thing but his whole premise is that they achieve these things by is that they achieve these things by is that they achieve these things by being by becoming slaves of the Gods being by becoming slaves of the Gods being by becoming slaves of the Gods so um you know the whole thing speaks of so um you know the whole thing speaks of so um you know the whole thing speaks of a system of control by the Apparently a system of control by the Apparently a system of control by the Apparently Superior beings which are still considered God's beings which are still considered God's the day by those who see them as such you know I have to disagree with him on you know I have to disagree with him on the idea that the idea that the idea that they got the 360° circle from having a they got the 360° circle from having a they got the 360° circle from having a base 60 counting system base 60 counting system base 60 counting system I would say it's much more likely that I would say it's much more likely that I would say it's much more likely that they derive the 360° circle from the they derive the 360° circle from the they derive the 360° circle from the 365-day year which some people maintain 365-day year which some people maintain 365-day year which some people maintain that it actually used to be 360 days that it actually used to be 360 days that it actually used to be 360 days even and because of whatever occurrences

even and because of whatever occurrences even and because of whatever occurrences may have happened since then it grew may have happened since then it grew may have happened since then it grew into 365 which is why all the ancient into 365 which is why all the ancient into 365 which is why all the ancient cultures cultures cultures um about 2,000 years ago 25 200 years um about 2,000 years ago 25 200 years um about 2,000 years ago 25 200 years ago switched over to a 365 day calendar but the Mayan Long Count the calendar but the Mayan Long Count the Mayan calendar had 360 days the hob and Mayan calendar had 360 days the hob and Mayan calendar had 360 days the hob and they added in five days later on but all these ancient cultures used on but all these ancient cultures used to have 360 days in their year then they to have 360 days in their year then they to have 360 days in their year then they made it 365 then 365 and a quarter yeah to wonder I mean you know quarter yeah to wonder I mean you know they they they're not stupid so why do they they they're not stupid so why do they they they're not stupid so why do they all have 360 day they all have 360 day they all have 360 day years because it's not going to last years because it's not going to last years because it's not going to last very long if you're 5 days off every very long if you're 5 days off every very long if you're 5 days off every year so there's an argument there that year so there's an argument there that year so there's an argument there that they the year might have actually been they the year might have actually been they the year might have actually been 360 originally and from that you get 360 originally and from that you get 360 originally and from that you get 360° in a 360° in a 360° in a circle the circle of the circle the circle of the circle the circle of the Sun and then you break that down and you Sun and then you break that down and you Sun and then you break that down and you get a base 60 out of that get a base 60 out of that get a base 60 out of that [Music] theologist Samuel Noah Kramer in his theologist Samuel Noah Kramer in his trailblazing book history begins at trailblazing book history begins at trailblazing book history begins at Sumer Sumer Sumer 1956 described 27 of those firsts 1956 described 27 of those firsts 1956 described 27 of those firsts including the first legal precedent the

including the first legal precedent the including the first legal precedent the first moral ideals the first historian first moral ideals the first historian first moral ideals the first historian the first love song the first job and so the first love song the first job and so the first love song the first job and so on all called from Samarian inscribed on all called from Samarian inscribed on all called from Samarian inscribed clay tablet clay tablet clay tablet actual archaeological finds and actual archaeological finds and actual archaeological finds and artifacts and pictorial depictions artifacts and pictorial depictions artifacts and pictorial depictions enhanced and affirm that extensive enhanced and affirm that extensive enhanced and affirm that extensive textual record the realization in Europe textual record the realization in Europe textual record the realization in Europe and America of all that served to and America of all that served to and America of all that served to increase the pace of uncovering Sumer increase the pace of uncovering Sumer increase the pace of uncovering Sumer and the more archaeologists dug the more and the more archaeologists dug the more and the more archaeologists dug the more they found themselves facing earlier and they found themselves facing earlier and they found themselves facing earlier and earlier earlier earlier times a site called bisaya was escalated times a site called bisaya was escalated times a site called bisaya was escalated by an expedition of the University of by an expedition of the University of by an expedition of the University of Chicago there was an ancient Samarian Chicago there was an ancient Samarian Chicago there was an ancient Samarian city called city called city called adab remains of temples and palaces were adab remains of temples and palaces were adab remains of temples and palaces were found there with objects bearing bu of found there with objects bearing bu of found there with objects bearing bu of inscriptions some identified a king of inscriptions some identified a king of inscriptions some identified a king of adab named Lugal dalu who reigned there adab named Lugal dalu who reigned there adab named Lugal dalu who reigned there Circa 2 100 Circa 2 100 Circa 2 100 BC at Mounds grouped already around the BC at Mounds grouped already around the BC at Mounds grouped already around the locally named T locally named T locally named T AER French archaeologist uncovered the AER French archaeologist uncovered the AER French archaeologist uncovered the ancient saman and city of ancient saman and city of ancient saman and city of Kish with remains of two Kish with remains of two Kish with remains of two zigurat they were built of unusual zigurat they were built of unusual zigurat they were built of unusual convex convex convex bricks a tablet inscribed an early bricks a tablet inscribed an early bricks a tablet inscribed an early Samarian script identified the temple as Samarian script identified the temple as Samarian script identified the temple as dedicated to the god Nera and Li dedicated to the god Nera and Li dedicated to the god Nera and Li Warrior's son the earliest ruins dated

Warrior's son the earliest ruins dated Warrior's son the earliest ruins dated to the very early dynastic period to the very early dynastic period to the very early dynastic period included a palace of monumental size the included a palace of monumental size the included a palace of monumental size the building was column the Rarity in building was column the Rarity in building was column the Rarity in summer the finds in Kish included summer the finds in Kish included summer the finds in Kish included remains of wheeled wagons and metal remains of wheeled wagons and metal remains of wheeled wagons and metal objects inscriptions identified two objects inscriptions identified two objects inscriptions identified two kings by their name meim and kings by their name meim and kings by their name meim and lugu it was later determined that they lugu it was later determined that they lugu it was later determined that they reigned at the start of the third reigned at the start of the third reigned at the start of the third millennium millennium millennium BC excavations at Kish were resumed BC excavations at Kish were resumed BC excavations at Kish were resumed after World War I by Chicago Field after World War I by Chicago Field after World War I by Chicago Field Museum of national history and Oxford Museum of national history and Oxford Museum of national history and Oxford asolan Museum among their finds were of the Museum among their finds were of the earliest examples of cylinder seal earliest examples of cylinder seal earliest examples of cylinder seal impressions in 2004 a field museum impressions in 2004 a field museum impressions in 2004 a field museum launched a project to unify digitally on launched a project to unify digitally on launched a project to unify digitally on computers more than 100,000 Kish computers more than 100,000 Kish computers more than 100,000 Kish artifacts that have been dispersed artifacts that have been dispersed artifacts that have been dispersed between Chicago London and between Chicago London and between Chicago London and Baghdad in the 1880s a site called Abu Baghdad in the 1880s a site called Abu Baghdad in the 1880s a site called Abu habah drew the attention of LW King in habah drew the attention of LW King in habah drew the attention of LW King in the British museum when interesting the British museum when interesting the British museum when interesting tablets dug up at the site by local tablets dug up at the site by local tablets dug up at the site by local plunderers were offered for sale a plunderers were offered for sale a plunderers were offered for sale a colleague the offerless pen correctly colleague the offerless pen correctly colleague the offerless pen correctly identified the city as ancient identified the city as ancient identified the city as ancient tar the very city of the god shamash tar the very city of the god shamash tar the very city of the god shamash mentioned by bosis in the story of the mentioned by bosis in the story of the mentioned by bosis in the story of the flood the site was briefly excavated by

flood the site was briefly excavated by flood the site was briefly excavated by layard's assistant foras razen one of layard's assistant foras razen one of layard's assistant foras razen one of the best known finds there has been a the best known finds there has been a the best known finds there has been a large Stone tablet large Stone tablet large Stone tablet depicting none other than the god depicting none other than the god depicting none other than the god shamash sitting on his canopy shamash sitting on his canopy shamash sitting on his canopy Throne the accompanying inscriptions Throne the accompanying inscriptions Throne the accompanying inscriptions identified the king being presented to a identified the king being presented to a identified the king being presented to a God as king Nabu afla God as king Nabu afla God as king Nabu afla idin who in the 9th century BC idin who in the 9th century BC idin who in the 9th century BC refurbished the shamash temple in refurbished the shamash temple in refurbished the shamash temple in Sapar the city's twin mountains were Sapar the city's twin mountains were Sapar the city's twin mountains were more thoroughly excavated in the 1890s more thoroughly excavated in the 1890s more thoroughly excavated in the 1890s by a joint expedition of the Dutch by a joint expedition of the Dutch by a joint expedition of the Dutch Orient gessel Orient gessel Orient gessel shop and the ottoman Antiquity service shop and the ottoman Antiquity service shop and the ottoman Antiquity service they not only discovered undisturbed they not only discovered undisturbed they not only discovered undisturbed hordes of text tablets shared between hordes of text tablets shared between hordes of text tablets shared between Berlin and Berlin and Berlin and Constantinople but also some of the Constantinople but also some of the Constantinople but also some of the tablets oldest and oddest tablets oldest and oddest tablets oldest and oddest libraries the tablets were kept in libraries the tablets were kept in libraries the tablets were kept in pigeon hole compartments cut into mud pigeon hole compartments cut into mud pigeon hole compartments cut into mud brick brick brick walls rather than as in later periods on walls rather than as in later periods on walls rather than as in later periods on the shelves the library's texts came shelves the library's texts came included tablets whose copons explicitly included tablets whose copons explicitly included tablets whose copons explicitly stated that those were copies of text stated that those were copies of text stated that those were copies of text from earlier tablets coming from the from earlier tablets coming from the from earlier tablets coming from the from a city called aade and from from a city called aade and from from a city called aade and from Babylon or found this apar itself among Babylon or found this apar itself among Babylon or found this apar itself among them were tablets belonging to the them were tablets belonging to the them were tablets belonging to the Samarian atrias

text did that indicate that Sapar had text did that indicate that Sapar had been an early repository of writing at been an early repository of writing at been an early repository of writing at the statement by bosis have the statement by bosis have the statement by bosis have suggested no certain answers can be suggested no certain answers can be suggested no certain answers can be given except to quote bosis again first given except to quote bosis again first given except to quote bosis again first Kronos ordered zos to dig a hole and to Kronos ordered zos to dig a hole and to Kronos ordered zos to dig a hole and to bury all the writings about the bury all the writings about the bury all the writings about the beginnings middles and ends in beginnings middles and ends in beginnings middles and ends in SAR the city of the Sun God SAR the city of the Sun God SAR the city of the Sun God shamash then the flood survivors came shamash then the flood survivors came shamash then the flood survivors came back to Babylon they dug up the writing back to Babylon they dug up the writing back to Babylon they dug up the writing from zapar how many cities set up from zapar how many cities set up from zapar how many cities set up shrines and once again established shrines and once again established shrines and once again established Babylon was the unique storage in cutout Babylon was the unique storage in cutout Babylon was the unique storage in cutout compartments a reminder of the digging compartments a reminder of the digging compartments a reminder of the digging of holes to preserve the most ancient of holes to preserve the most ancient of holes to preserve the most ancient tablets we can only tablets we can only tablets we can only Wonder at chapar the tale of the Del Wonder at chapar the tale of the Del Wonder at chapar the tale of the Del began to assume physical reality but it began to assume physical reality but it began to assume physical reality but it was only the was only the was only the beginning in the decade beginning in the decade beginning in the decade preceding the World War I German preceding the World War I German preceding the World War I German archaeologist under the opes of the archaeologist under the opes of the archaeologist under the opes of the Dutch Orient Gela began Excavating at a Dutch Orient Gela began Excavating at a Dutch Orient Gela began Excavating at a site locally named site locally named site locally named farra it was an important Sumerian city farra it was an important Sumerian city farra it was an important Sumerian city called Shirak which had been settled called Shirak which had been settled called Shirak which had been settled well before 3000 well before 3000 well before 3000 BC among its interesting features were BC among its interesting features were BC among its interesting features were buildings that were without doubt public buildings that were without doubt public buildings that were without doubt public facilities some serving as schools with facilities some serving as schools with facilities some serving as schools with built-in mud brick benches there were built-in mud brick benches there were built-in mud brick benches there were plenty of inscribed tablets whose plenty of inscribed tablets whose plenty of inscribed tablets whose contents through light on daily life the

contents through light on daily life the contents through light on daily life the administration of laws and the private administration of laws and the private administration of laws and the private ownership of houses and Fields tablished ownership of houses and Fields tablished ownership of houses and Fields tablished that mirrored urban life 5,000 years ago that mirrored urban life 5,000 years ago that mirrored urban life 5,000 years ago inscribed tablets asserted that this inscribed tablets asserted that this inscribed tablets asserted that this Samarian City had a predial predecessor Samarian City had a predial predecessor Samarian City had a predial predecessor a place that played a key role in the a place that played a key role in the a place that played a key role in the events of the events of the events of the delus the discoveries there stood out by delus the discoveries there stood out by delus the discoveries there stood out by their unusual hord of cylinder seals or their unusual hord of cylinder seals or their unusual hord of cylinder seals or their their their Impressions a unique Sumerian invention Impressions a unique Sumerian invention Impressions a unique Sumerian invention that as a unior script was in time that as a unior script was in time that as a unior script was in time adopted throughout the ancient adopted throughout the ancient adopted throughout the ancient lands these were cylinders mostly in an lands these were cylinders mostly in an lands these were cylinders mostly in an inch or two in length that were cut from inch or two in length that were cut from inch or two in length that were cut from a stone often semi-precious a stone often semi-precious a stone often semi-precious into which The Artisan engraved a into which The Artisan engraved a into which The Artisan engraved a drawing with or without accompanying drawing with or without accompanying drawing with or without accompanying writing the trick was to engrave it all writing the trick was to engrave it all writing the trick was to engrave it all in Reverse as a negative so that when it in Reverse as a negative so that when it in Reverse as a negative so that when it was rolled on wet clay the image was was rolled on wet clay the image was was rolled on wet clay the image was impressed as the impressed as the impressed as the positive an early rotary press invention positive an early rotary press invention positive an early rotary press invention these cylindrical works of art are these cylindrical works of art are these cylindrical works of art are called seals because that was their called seals because that was their called seals because that was their purpose the seals owner impressed on a purpose the seals owner impressed on a purpose the seals owner impressed on a lump of wet clay that sealed a container lump of wet clay that sealed a container lump of wet clay that sealed a container of oil or wine or on a clay envelope to of oil or wine or on a clay envelope to of oil or wine or on a clay envelope to seal a clay letter inside some steel seal a clay letter inside some steel seal a clay letter inside some steel Impressions had already been found in Impressions had already been found in Impressions had already been found in the gush bearing the name of their owner the gush bearing the name of their owner the gush bearing the name of their owner but the ones in farra shupak exceeded but the ones in farra shupak exceeded but the ones in farra shupak exceeded 1300 in number and in some cases were

1300 in number and in some cases were 1300 in number and in some cases were from the earliest from the earliest from the earliest times but no less an amazing aspect of times but no less an amazing aspect of times but no less an amazing aspect of uncovering shupa was its very uncovering shupa was its very uncovering shupa was its very finding for according to tablet 11 of finding for according to tablet 11 of finding for according to tablet 11 of the Acadian version of the Epic of yoga the Acadian version of the Epic of yoga the Acadian version of the Epic of yoga MH hupac was the hometown of the napam MH hupac was the hometown of the napam MH hupac was the hometown of the napam the Noah of the delus it was there that the Noah of the delus it was there that the Noah of the delus it was there that the god in ke revealed to ad napam the the god in ke revealed to ad napam the the god in ke revealed to ad napam the secret of the coming delu and instructed secret of the coming delu and instructed secret of the coming delu and instructed him to build the Salvage boat man of him to build the Salvage boat man of him to build the Salvage boat man of shupak son of ubu shupak son of ubu shupak son of ubu ubar 22 tear down the house build a ship ubar 22 tear down the house build a ship ubar 22 tear down the house build a ship give up possessions seek thou life give up possessions seek thou life give up possessions seek thou life forear belongings keep Soul forear belongings keep Soul forear belongings keep Soul alive aboard ship take thou the seed of alive aboard ship take thou the seed of alive aboard ship take thou the seed of all living things that ship Thou shalt all living things that ship Thou shalt all living things that ship Thou shalt built its Dimension shall be to built its Dimension shall be to built its Dimension shall be to measure in key it will be recalled was measure in key it will be recalled was measure in key it will be recalled was reported to have been the revealer of reported to have been the revealer of reported to have been the revealer of the God's secret decision also in the the God's secret decision also in the the God's secret decision also in the Samaran text mentioned earlier the Samaran text mentioned earlier the Samaran text mentioned earlier the discoveries of and at suro together with discoveries of and at suro together with discoveries of and at suro together with those at Saar transform the Del tale those at Saar transform the Del tale those at Saar transform the Del tale from Legend and myth to a physical from Legend and myth to a physical from Legend and myth to a physical reality in Divine encounters I have reality in Divine encounters I have reality in Divine encounters I have concluded based on Ancient data and concluded based on Ancient data and concluded based on Ancient data and modern scientific discoveries that the modern scientific discoveries that the modern scientific discoveries that the Del was a colossal tital wave caused by Del was a colossal tital wave caused by Del was a colossal tital wave caused by the slippage of the Eastern antarctic the slippage of the Eastern antarctic the slippage of the Eastern antarctic ice sheet off that ice sheet off that ice sheet off that continent here is one of the many things continent here is one of the many things continent here is one of the many things where I disagree with sit uh a great

where I disagree with sit uh a great where I disagree with sit uh a great deal on that in the whole new biru concept of on that in the whole new biru concept of 3600 years but we'll get 3600 years but we'll get 3600 years but we'll get there World War I from 1914 to 18 there World War I from 1914 to 18 there World War I from 1914 to 18 interrupted those and other interrupted those and other interrupted those and other archaeological Explorations in the near archaeological Explorations in the near archaeological Explorations in the near East which is part of the Ottoman Empire East which is part of the Ottoman Empire East which is part of the Ottoman Empire until its dismemberment after the war until its dismemberment after the war until its dismemberment after the war Mesopotamia was left in the hands of Mesopotamia was left in the hands of Mesopotamia was left in the hands of local excavators both official and local excavators both official and local excavators both official and mostly private site robbers some of the finds did reach the Museum some of the finds did reach the Museum of the ancient Orient in of the ancient Orient in of the ancient Orient in Constantinople revealing that during the Constantinople revealing that during the Constantinople revealing that during the War years excavations in Iraq had taken War years excavations in Iraq had taken War years excavations in Iraq had taken place at Abu habah ancient place at Abu habah ancient place at Abu habah ancient satar but there was so much to uncover satar but there was so much to uncover satar but there was so much to uncover there that varied excavations have there that varied excavations have there that varied excavations have continued into the continued into the continued into the 70s almost a full Century after they began a continuous and most determined began a continuous and most determined series of series of series of excavations lasting from the end of the excavations lasting from the end of the excavations lasting from the end of the of World War I until the outbreak of of World War I until the outbreak of of World War I until the outbreak of World War II in 39 and resumed again in World War II in 39 and resumed again in World War II in 39 and resumed again in 54 took place at the southern Sumerian 54 took place at the southern Sumerian 54 took place at the southern Sumerian site locally called warka The Very for site locally called warka The Very for site locally called warka The Very for Rook of the Epic of gilgames and Eric of Rook of the Epic of gilgames and Eric of Rook of the Epic of gilgames and Eric of the Bible adopting an Excavating technique Bible adopting an Excavating technique that cut a vertical sha through all the that cut a vertical sha through all the that cut a vertical sha through all the strata the German archa archaeologist of strata the German archa archaeologist of strata the German archa archaeologist of the Dutch Orient ghetto shop are able to

the Dutch Orient ghetto shop are able to the Dutch Orient ghetto shop are able to see at a glance the s's settlements and see at a glance the s's settlements and see at a glance the s's settlements and cultural history from the latest cultural history from the latest cultural history from the latest settlement at the top to a beginning in settlement at the top to a beginning in settlement at the top to a beginning in the fourth millennium BC at the the fourth millennium BC at the the fourth millennium BC at the bottom at all times since at least 3,800 bottom at all times since at least 3,800 bottom at all times since at least 3,800 BC it appeared every Power from Samarian BC it appeared every Power from Samarian BC it appeared every Power from Samarian Acadian Babylonian and Assyrian to Acadian Babylonian and Assyrian to Acadian Babylonian and Assyrian to Persian Greek and sald wanted to leave a Persian Greek and sald wanted to leave a Persian Greek and sald wanted to leave a footprint at ook ook it was apparent was footprint at ook ook it was apparent was footprint at ook ook it was apparent was a special place at Oro the German archaeologist found at Oro the German archaeologist found several firsts the first item of colored several firsts the first item of colored several firsts the first item of colored Pottery baked in a kiln the first use of Pottery baked in a kiln the first use of Pottery baked in a kiln the first use of a potter's wheel the first objects of a potter's wheel the first objects of a potter's wheel the first objects of metal alloys the first cylinder seals metal alloys the first cylinder seals metal alloys the first cylinder seals and the first inscriptions in the and the first inscriptions in the and the first inscriptions in the pictorial predecessor of pictorial predecessor of pictorial predecessor of uniform another first was a pavement uniform another first was a pavement uniform another first was a pavement made of Limestone blocks part of an made of Limestone blocks part of an made of Limestone blocks part of an unusual use EXP Stones rather than mud unusual use EXP Stones rather than mud unusual use EXP Stones rather than mud bricks for construction unusual because bricks for construction unusual because bricks for construction unusual because the stones had to be brought from the stones had to be brought from the stones had to be brought from mountains situated more than 50 miles to mountains situated more than 50 miles to mountains situated more than 50 miles to the east the archaeologist describ some the east the archaeologist describ some the east the archaeologist describ some of the city's Stone buildings as of of the city's Stone buildings as of of the city's Stone buildings as of monumental monumental monumental proportions a massive wall surrounded proportions a massive wall surrounded proportions a massive wall surrounded the city the archaeologist found its the city the archaeologist found its the city the archaeologist found its remains over a length of more than 10 km remains over a length of more than 10 km remains over a length of more than 10 km more than 6 miles it embraced the city's more than 6 miles it embraced the city's more than 6 miles it embraced the city's two sections a residential one and a two sections a residential one and a two sections a residential one and a sacred Precinct where the the where they sacred Precinct where the the where they sacred Precinct where the the where they discovered the earliest

discovered the earliest discovered the earliest zigarette a platform raised in stages zigarette a platform raised in stages zigarette a platform raised in stages serving as a base for a temple at the serving as a base for a temple at the serving as a base for a temple at the time of its excavation it was more like time of its excavation it was more like time of its excavation it was more like an artificial mound of no less than an artificial mound of no less than an artificial mound of no less than seven strata of seven strata of seven strata of rebuilding on top upon an artificially rebuilding on top upon an artificially rebuilding on top upon an artificially made platform there stood a temple made platform there stood a temple made platform there stood a temple called e Ana house or boat of called e Ana house or boat of called e Ana house or boat of Anu it is also known to archaeologists Anu it is also known to archaeologists Anu it is also known to archaeologists as the white temple because another as the white temple because another as the white temple because another unusual feature a first it was painted unusual feature a first it was painted unusual feature a first it was painted white next to the aana were remains of white next to the aana were remains of white next to the aana were remains of two other temples one painted breed was two other temples one painted breed was two other temples one painted breed was dedicated to the goddess dedicated to the goddess dedicated to the goddess Ina under his Ina under his Ina under his beloved better known by her later beloved better known by her later beloved better known by her later Acadian name Acadian name Acadian name Isa the other standing was a Temple Isa the other standing was a Temple Isa the other standing was a Temple dedicated to the goddess dedicated to the goddess dedicated to the goddess larad without doubt the archae larad without doubt the archae larad without doubt the archae Spade brought to life the city of Spade brought to life the city of Spade brought to life the city of gilgames who had rained there Circa 2750 gilgames who had rained there Circa 2750 gilgames who had rained there Circa 2750 BC or even earlier by another chronology BC or even earlier by another chronology BC or even earlier by another chronology the archaeologist finds echol literally the archaeologist finds echol literally the archaeologist finds echol literally the very word of the Epic of the very word of the Epic of the very word of the Epic of Gilgamesh about all his toil he Gilgamesh about all his toil he Gilgamesh about all his toil he Gilgamesh engraved on a stone column of Gilgamesh engraved on a stone column of Gilgamesh engraved on a stone column of ramp parted uro of the wall he built of ramp parted uro of the wall he built of ramp parted uro of the wall he built of hallowed the PED pure sanctuary hallowed the PED pure sanctuary hallowed the PED pure sanctuary behold its outer wall which is like a behold its outer wall which is like a behold its outer wall which is like a copper band appear at its inner wall

copper band appear at its inner wall copper band appear at its inner wall which none can equal gaze upon the stone which none can equal gaze upon the stone which none can equal gaze upon the stone platform which is of old go up and walk platform which is of old go up and walk platform which is of old go up and walk around on the walls of around on the walls of around on the walls of uro approach the aana and the dwelling uro approach the aana and the dwelling uro approach the aana and the dwelling of his star kind of funny that they praise star kind of funny that they praise themselves for piling up themselves for piling up themselves for piling up rocks or in this case bricks I was reminded a bit ago when they were I was reminded a bit ago when they were talking about the Mounds the talking about the Mounds the talking about the Mounds the Tails um that they're like anthills and you um that they're like anthills and you dig down and you find people the the dig down and you find people the the dig down and you find people the the remains of civilization inside the remains of civilization inside the remains of civilization inside the mountains uh it's also kind of funny how they uh it's also kind of funny how they build build build towers uh artificial mountains which he said was house like a mountain which he said was house like a mountain or Mountain House it's funny to me that they have House it's funny to me that they have these mouths where people are like these mouths where people are like these mouths where people are like insects or ants inside they praised themselves for inside they praised themselves for building artificial Mounds artificial building artificial Mounds artificial building artificial Mounds artificial mountains when 5,000 years when 5,000 years later there are natural mountains built

later there are natural mountains built later there are natural mountains built by the decay of their by the decay of their by the decay of their civilization and subsequent uh civilization and subsequent uh civilization and subsequent uh civilizations on top of them among the small finds in the 3200 them among the small finds in the 3200 to 2900 BC stratum were sculpted objects to 2900 BC stratum were sculpted objects to 2900 BC stratum were sculpted objects that were designated the most prized in that were designated the most prized in that were designated the most prized in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad a LIF siiz the Iraq Museum in Baghdad a LIF siiz the Iraq Museum in Baghdad a LIF siiz Mar marble sculpture of a woman's Mar marble sculpture of a woman's Mar marble sculpture of a woman's head nicknamed the lady of a rook that head nicknamed the lady of a rook that head nicknamed the lady of a rook that had once been fitted with a golden had once been fitted with a golden had once been fitted with a golden headdress and eyes made of precious headdress and eyes made of precious headdress and eyes made of precious stones and a large sculptured Alabaster stones and a large sculptured Alabaster stones and a large sculptured Alabaster vase more than 3 ft high that depicted A vase more than 3 ft high that depicted A vase more than 3 ft high that depicted A procession of aderant bearing gifts to a procession of aderant bearing gifts to a procession of aderant bearing gifts to a goddess all at once sumer's art of more goddess all at once sumer's art of more goddess all at once sumer's art of more than 5,000 years ago matched the beauty than 5,000 years ago matched the beauty than 5,000 years ago matched the beauty of Greek sculpture of 2500 years later of Greek sculpture of 2500 years later of Greek sculpture of 2500 years later uh not quite but it's close this this uh uh not quite but it's close this this uh uh not quite but it's close this this uh woman looks very strange without woman looks very strange without woman looks very strange without eyes but um it's getting eyes but um it's getting eyes but um it's getting there at the southernmost part of Sumer there at the southernmost part of Sumer there at the southernmost part of Sumer were the tigr and you frees Rivers come were the tigr and you frees Rivers come were the tigr and you frees Rivers come together in marshlands bordering the together in marshlands bordering the together in marshlands bordering the Persian Gulf a site locally called Abu Persian Gulf a site locally called Abu Persian Gulf a site locally called Abu serin had attracted the attention of the serin had attracted the attention of the serin had attracted the attention of the British museum as early as British museum as early as British museum as early as 1854 one of its experts J Taylor 1854 one of its experts J Taylor 1854 one of its experts J Taylor reported after preliminary diggings that reported after preliminary diggings that reported after preliminary diggings that the effort was unproductive of any very the effort was unproductive of any very the effort was unproductive of any very important results he did bring back with

important results he did bring back with important results he did bring back with him some of the unimportant finds some him some of the unimportant finds some him some of the unimportant finds some mud bricks with writing on them 50 years mud bricks with writing on them 50 years mud bricks with writing on them 50 years later two French serologists determined later two French serologists determined later two French serologists determined from those bricks that the site was from those bricks that the site was from those bricks that the site was ancient ancient ancient erido it name meant house in the far erido it name meant house in the far erido it name meant house in the far away built far away built built far away built house and it was sumer's first house and it was sumer's first house and it was sumer's first city that that may be of some importance city that that may be of some importance city that that may be of some importance to some people maybe it took two world wars in the time maybe it took two world wars in the time in between for the first methodical and in between for the first methodical and in between for the first methodical and continuous archaeological excavations to continuous archaeological excavations to continuous archaeological excavations to take place at the site under the offices take place at the site under the offices take place at the site under the offices of the Iraqi directorate general of of the Iraqi directorate general of of the Iraqi directorate general of Antiquities as the archaeologist dug Antiquities as the archaeologist dug Antiquities as the archaeologist dug away occupation stratum after occupation away occupation stratum after occupation away occupation stratum after occupation stratum from the latest on top to the stratum from the latest on top to the stratum from the latest on top to the earliest at the bottom they uncovered no earliest at the bottom they uncovered no earliest at the bottom they uncovered no less than 17 levels above the first one less than 17 levels above the first one less than 17 levels above the first one they could count time backwards as they they could count time backwards as they they could count time backwards as they kept Excavating 2500 BC 2800 3, kept Excavating 2500 BC 2800 3, kept Excavating 2500 BC 2800 3, 3500 when the Spades reached the 3500 when the Spades reached the 3500 when the Spades reached the foundations of aru's first temple the foundations of aru's first temple the foundations of aru's first temple the date was Circle 4,000 BC below that the date was Circle 4,000 BC below that the date was Circle 4,000 BC below that the archaeologist struck virgin mud soil the city's original Temple which had the city's original Temple which had been rebuilt time and time again was been rebuilt time and time again was been rebuilt time and time again was constructed of fired mud bricks and Rose

constructed of fired mud bricks and Rose constructed of fired mud bricks and Rose upon an artificial level platform the upon an artificial level platform the upon an artificial level platform the central Hall was rectangular in shape central Hall was rectangular in shape central Hall was rectangular in shape flanked on its two longer sides by a flanked on its two longer sides by a flanked on its two longer sides by a series of smaller series of smaller series of smaller rooms a model of other temples in rooms a model of other temples in rooms a model of other temples in Millennia to Millennia to Millennia to come at one end there was a pedestal come at one end there was a pedestal come at one end there was a pedestal perhaps a for statue at the other end a perhaps a for statue at the other end a perhaps a for statue at the other end a Podium created an elevated area the Podium created an elevated area the Podium created an elevated area the astounded excavators discovered there at astounded excavators discovered there at astounded excavators discovered there at levels 6 and seven large quantities of levels 6 and seven large quantities of levels 6 and seven large quantities of fish bones mixed with ashes leading to fish bones mixed with ashes leading to fish bones mixed with ashes leading to the suggestion that fish were offered the suggestion that fish were offered the suggestion that fish were offered there to the there to the there to the god oh great the first incarnation of Deon escate well that's the that's the Deon escate well that's the that's the deification of Noah what it deification of Noah what it deification of Noah what it is the excavator should not have been is the excavator should not have been is the excavator should not have been puzzled and that may be what iny puzzled and that may be what iny puzzled and that may be what iny actually is if you think about it he's the water it he's the water God the excavators should not have been God the excavators should not have been God the excavators should not have been puzzled the temple was dedicated to the puzzled the temple was dedicated to the puzzled the temple was dedicated to the Samaran a whose name meant he whose home Samaran a whose name meant he whose home Samaran a whose name meant he whose home is water it was he as his autobiography is water it was he as his autobiography is water it was he as his autobiography and many other texts made clear who had and many other texts made clear who had and many other texts made clear who had waited ashore from the Persian Gulf at waited ashore from the Persian Gulf at waited ashore from the Persian Gulf at the head of 50 anaki Spacemen the head of 50 anaki Spacemen the head of 50 anaki Spacemen who had come to Earth from their Planet who had come to Earth from their Planet who had come to Earth from their Planet customarily depicted with outpoured customarily depicted with outpoured customarily depicted with outpoured streams of water it was he who was the streams of water it was he who was the streams of water it was he who was the legendary

legendary legendary aanas in that time as explained in the aanas in that time as explained in the aanas in that time as explained in the Preamble of the Atrius epic aah was Preamble of the Atrius epic aah was Preamble of the Atrius epic aah was granted the epithet en ke lord of the granted the epithet en ke lord of the granted the epithet en ke lord of the earth and it was he who had alerted of earth and it was he who had alerted of earth and it was he who had alerted of napishtim Thea SRA of becoming napishtim Thea SRA of becoming napishtim Thea SRA of becoming delude instructing him to build a delude instructing him to build a delude instructing him to build a waterproof boat and be saved you know I waterproof boat and be saved you know I waterproof boat and be saved you know I just it just occurred to me that in ke just it just occurred to me that in ke just it just occurred to me that in ke may actually himself be the defecation may actually himself be the defecation may actually himself be the defecation of of of Noah and that they landed they them Noah and that they landed they them Noah and that they landed they them coming ashore from the Persian Gulf coming ashore from the Persian Gulf coming ashore from the Persian Gulf would just be when Noah's Ark came would just be when Noah's Ark came would just be when Noah's Ark came ashore when the waters receded cuz he he he supposedly built a receded cuz he he he supposedly built a a large enough boat that it would have a large enough boat that it would have a large enough boat that it would have been an oceangoing vessel they compare been an oceangoing vessel they compare been an oceangoing vessel they compare it it's comparable in size to ocean it it's comparable in size to ocean it it's comparable in size to ocean liners uh Circa 19 liners uh Circa 19 liners uh Circa 19 1800 so it was definitely capable of of 1800 so it was definitely capable of of 1800 so it was definitely capable of of being an oceanborn craft that's interesting I haven't craft that's interesting I haven't really thought of it thought of it that really thought of it thought of it that really thought of it thought of it that way that ink himself might be the way that ink himself might be the way that ink himself might be the deification of Noah and not just Deon deification of Noah and not just Deon deification of Noah and not just Deon and other later fishan Gods and other later fishan Gods and other later fishan Gods Etc things like Poseidon or Etc things like Poseidon or Etc things like Poseidon or Neptune with this uh in key Poseidon and of course wanas I believe Poseidon and of course wanas I believe is the one that later on

is the one that later on is the one that later on became uh Odin that's Odin that's [Music] [Music] [Music] interesting so holy unintended the interesting so holy unintended the interesting so holy unintended the unearthing of eridu opened the way to unearthing of eridu opened the way to unearthing of eridu opened the way to archaeological confirmation of one of archaeological confirmation of one of archaeological confirmation of one of sumer's most basic myths the coming of sumer's most basic myths the coming of sumer's most basic myths the coming of the anaki to Earth and the establishment the anaki to Earth and the establishment the anaki to Earth and the establishment by them of the cities of the Gods in by them of the cities of the Gods in by them of the cities of the Gods in predial times it was in times it was in 1914 that one of the early subologist 1914 that one of the early subologist 1914 that one of the early subologist Arnold Arnold Arnold poel made known the astounding content poel made known the astounding content poel made known the astounding content of a tablet kept in a fragment box of a tablet kept in a fragment box of a tablet kept in a fragment box catalog CBS 9 catalog CBS 9 catalog CBS 9 10,673 in the collection of the 10,673 in the collection of the 10,673 in the collection of the Philadelphia University Museum less than Philadelphia University Museum less than Philadelphia University Museum less than half preserved this remainder of the half preserved this remainder of the half preserved this remainder of the original Sumerian delu record provides original Sumerian delu record provides original Sumerian delu record provides on the obverse side the bottom part of on the obverse side the bottom part of on the obverse side the bottom part of the first three columns of the text and the first three columns of the text and the first three columns of the text and turned over retains on the reverse the turned over retains on the reverse the turned over retains on the reverse the upper part of columns 4-6 the extant line in the latter 4-6 the extant line in the latter section relate how Zia sudra had been section relate how Zia sudra had been section relate how Zia sudra had been forewarned by the god in key about the forewarned by the god in key about the forewarned by the god in key about the Deluge and the boat he was instructed to Deluge and the boat he was instructed to Deluge and the boat he was instructed to build how the delu had raised for seven build how the delu had raised for seven build how the delu had raised for seven days and seven nights and how the gods

days and seven nights and how the gods days and seven nights and how the gods led by enlil granted the SRA life like a led by enlil granted the SRA life like a led by enlil granted the SRA life like a god thus is named he of prolonged life god thus is named he of prolonged life god thus is named he of prolonged life days the Obe columns 1:3 however days the Obe columns 1:3 however days the Obe columns 1:3 however considerably expand the tale the text considerably expand the tale the text considerably expand the tale the text describes the circumstances of the da L describes the circumstances of the da L describes the circumstances of the da L and the events that preceded it indeed and the events that preceded it indeed and the events that preceded it indeed the text hars back to the time when the the text hars back to the time when the the text hars back to the time when the anaki had come to Earth and settled in anaki had come to Earth and settled in anaki had come to Earth and settled in the the the aen a tale that has led some to call aen a tale that has led some to call aen a tale that has led some to call this text the eridu this text the eridu this text the eridu Genesis it was in those early days when Genesis it was in those early days when Genesis it was in those early days when anaki brought kingship down from heaven anaki brought kingship down from heaven anaki brought kingship down from heaven the text asserts in column 2 that five the text asserts in column 2 that five the text asserts in column 2 that five cities of the gods were founded cities of the gods were founded cities of the gods were founded after the blank of after the blank of after the blank of kingship was brought down from heaven kingship was brought down from heaven kingship was brought down from heaven after the lofty crown and Throne of after the lofty crown and Throne of after the lofty crown and Throne of kingship were lowered from kingship were lowered from kingship were lowered from heaven and there are blank spaces heaven and there are blank spaces heaven and there are blank spaces perfected the founded the cities in gave perfected the founded the cities in gave perfected the founded the cities in gave them their names allocated their pure them their names allocated their pure them their names allocated their pure places the first of these cities eridu places the first of these cities eridu places the first of these cities eridu to the leader nud was given the second B to the leader nud was given the second B to the leader nud was given the second B to Bara he gave to gig the third lak to to Bara he gave to gig the third lak to to Bara he gave to gig the third lak to pag was given the fourth SAR he gave to pag was given the fourth SAR he gave to pag was given the fourth SAR he gave to the the the hero the hero hero the hero hero the hero U the fifth Sho to sud was

U the fifth Sho to sud was U the fifth Sho to sud was given or it should be given or it should be given or it should be sued hu is the same as shamash in the sued hu is the same as shamash in the sued hu is the same as shamash in the Babylonian Babylonian Babylonian text uh if you have in text uh if you have in text uh if you have in key being King key being King key being King Noah and this is the reestablishment of Noah and this is the reestablishment of Noah and this is the reestablishment of cities After the cities After the cities After the flood U is shamash shamash I submit I've flood U is shamash shamash I submit I've flood U is shamash shamash I submit I've always contended was the brother of shim always contended was the brother of shim always contended was the brother of shim who made his own priesthood and called himself shamash priesthood and called himself shamash shamash became the son shamash became the son shamash became the son God okay shim was the melkisedek but he God okay shim was the melkisedek but he God okay shim was the melkisedek but he was not the the first was not the the first was not the the first born his brother in the Bible called born his brother in the Bible called born his brother in the Bible called ham uh was the firstborn he thought he ham uh was the firstborn he thought he ham uh was the firstborn he thought he should have the priesthood so he made should have the priesthood so he made should have the priesthood so he made his own and uh he referred back to this uh own and uh he referred back to this uh image that they made of the son God utu image that they made of the son God utu image that they made of the son God utu or shamash under his canopied or shamash under his canopied or shamash under his canopied throne uh that's the one where he's like throne uh that's the one where he's like throne uh that's the one where he's like three times as tall as everybody else three times as tall as everybody else three times as tall as everybody else he's one of the he's one of the he's one of the Giants and he's just is sitting there Giants and he's just is sitting there Giants and he's just is sitting there they he's on his throne or it looks more they he's on his throne or it looks more they he's on his throne or it looks more like a box but he's sitting down it may like a box but he's sitting down it may like a box but he's sitting down it may be the Ark of the Covenant who knows be the Ark of the Covenant who knows be the Ark of the Covenant who knows he's sitting he's sitting he's sitting down and these guys his attendants or uh down and these guys his attendants or uh down and these guys his attendants or uh whoever they are coming up to him are

whoever they are coming up to him are whoever they are coming up to him are only half as tall as he is when he's only half as tall as he is when he's only half as tall as he is when he's sitting down these are the anti delial what's down these are the anti delial what's called called called Nephilim Nephilim Nephilim by uh Christian proponents of the by uh Christian proponents of the by uh Christian proponents of the Nephilim uh Nephilim uh Nephilim uh Theory but these Theory but these Theory but these guys they are they are not guys they are they are not guys they are they are not what the Christians are saying that they what the Christians are saying that they what the Christians are saying that they are which is the mixture of the are which is the mixture of the are which is the mixture of the races of What's called the demons or races of What's called the demons or races of What's called the demons or fallen fallen fallen angels and humans it's actually what angels and humans it's actually what angels and humans it's actually what humans used to be before the humans used to be before the humans used to be before the flood the whole world was different flood the whole world was different flood the whole world was different everything everything everything was everything was back was everything was back was everything was back [Music] [Music] [Music] then anyway my point is that um that then anyway my point is that um that then anyway my point is that um that makes sense what I said about uh in key makes sense what I said about uh in key makes sense what I said about uh in key being Noah actually makes sense in the being Noah actually makes sense in the being Noah actually makes sense in the context of what else I've I've theorized context of what else I've I've theorized context of what else I've I've theorized before I just haven't ever thought of it before I just haven't ever thought of it before I just haven't ever thought of it uh exactly that way never really uh exactly that way never really uh exactly that way never really occurred to me because you think of in key as being me because you think of in key as being like uh like uh like uh like a Mercury type like Hermes iny is like a Mercury type like Hermes iny is like a Mercury type like Hermes iny is the Samarian version of the Samarian version of the Samarian version of Hermes now Hermes was the deification of Hermes now Hermes was the deification of Hermes now Hermes was the deification of [Music] [Music] [Music] Enoch more or less but I mean that's Enoch more or less but I mean that's Enoch more or less but I mean that's that's Greek and the farther you go down

that's Greek and the farther you go down that's Greek and the farther you go down through time you know the more through time you know the more through time you know the more convoluted everything becomes the more convoluted everything becomes the more convoluted everything becomes the more mixed up they get mixed up they get mixed up they get um the various Gods take on all the um the various Gods take on all the um the various Gods take on all the other attributes of other gods and they other attributes of other gods and they other attributes of other gods and they just kind of all get mixed together just kind of all get mixed together just kind of all get mixed together and it just becomes kind of watered and it just becomes kind of watered and it just becomes kind of watered down stories get retold and changed and down stories get retold and changed and down stories get retold and changed and new ones are invented and brought new ones are invented and brought new ones are invented and brought in next thing I know you have hessie is in next thing I know you have hessie is in next thing I know you have hessie is the ogyny the disclosure that sometime after ogyny the disclosure that sometime after they had arrived on Earth but long they had arrived on Earth but long they had arrived on Earth but long before the Deluge the an established before the Deluge the an established before the Deluge the an established five five five settlements is a major Revelation that settlements is a major Revelation that settlements is a major Revelation that the city's names and names of their God the city's names and names of their God the city's names and names of their God rulers are rulers are rulers are stated now he's saying this is before stated now he's saying this is before stated now he's saying this is before the the the Del I would say it's long after you're Del I would say it's long after you're Del I would say it's long after you're going to put the Deluge at 10,000 BC going to put the Deluge at 10,000 BC going to put the Deluge at 10,000 BC anyway um he tries to make all this anyway um he tries to make all this anyway um he tries to make all this stuff you know 400,000 years stuff you know 400,000 years stuff you know 400,000 years ago and ago and ago and um that to me is just way too far um that to me is just way too far um that to me is just way too far back but if you have a civilization say back but if you have a civilization say back but if you have a civilization say Atlantis about 12,000 years ago and then Atlantis about 12,000 years ago and then Atlantis about 12,000 years ago and then you have the destruction of that world you have the destruction of that world you have the destruction of that world that Civilization 10,000 years ago or that Civilization 10,000 years ago or that Civilization 10,000 years ago or 10,000 10,000 10,000 BC

um then you have some survivors of it in um then you have some survivors of it in boats and they come ashore being being deified by the I guess the new inhabitants because there would be time inhabitants because there would be time in in in between say there's a contingent of between say there's a contingent of between say there's a contingent of survivors from the Atlantean world that survivors from the Atlantean world that survivors from the Atlantean world that were the original were the original were the original humans the adamic humans the adamic humans the adamic race then you have the spliced which race then you have the spliced which race then you have the spliced which this is the inversion from what most this is the inversion from what most this is the inversion from what most Christians of the CHR would say that the Christians of the CHR would say that the Christians of the CHR would say that the demons made it with humans and made demons made it with humans and made demons made it with humans and made Giants no we were the Giants and the Giants no we were the Giants and the Giants no we were the Giants and the demons spliced their DNA with demons spliced their DNA with demons spliced their DNA with ours and we ours and we ours and we became dwarves by comparison or if you became dwarves by comparison or if you became dwarves by comparison or if you want to say they made it with us then want to say they made it with us then want to say they made it with us then that Union did not produce Giants who that Union did not produce Giants who that Union did not produce Giants who were superhuman what it did was reduce were superhuman what it did was reduce were superhuman what it did was reduce the aspect of humanity that we had and the aspect of humanity that we had and the aspect of humanity that we had and our DNA became reduced by those our DNA became reduced by those our DNA became reduced by those so-called Fallen Angel and they produced so-called Fallen Angel and they produced so-called Fallen Angel and they produced Modern Man Homo Modern Man Homo Modern Man Homo sapiens it's the exact inversion sapiens it's the exact inversion sapiens it's the exact inversion everything that they tell tell us is everything that they tell tell us is everything that they tell tell us is reversed it's all inverted it's inverted reversed it's all inverted it's inverted reversed it's all inverted it's inverted reality and that is the same with this reality and that is the same with this reality and that is the same with this Nephilim stuff that they are pushing Nephilim stuff that they are pushing Nephilim stuff that they are pushing it's also reversed and so these so-called gods are reversed and so these so-called gods are just the Giants from before but they're just the Giants from before but they're just the Giants from before but they're not they're not Nephilim the Nephilim

not they're not Nephilim the Nephilim not they're not Nephilim the Nephilim are are the regularized people that came out the city's names and names of their out the city's names and names of their God rulers are stated it is quite a God rulers are stated it is quite a God rulers are stated it is quite a sounding but what is even more amazing sounding but what is even more amazing sounding but what is even more amazing about the list of cities and the gods is about the list of cities and the gods is about the list of cities and the gods is that four of their sites have been found that four of their sites have been found that four of their sites have been found and excavated by modern archaeologist and excavated by modern archaeologist and excavated by modern archaeologist with the exception of Lorac whose with the exception of Lorac whose with the exception of Lorac whose remains have not been identified through remains have not been identified through remains have not been identified through its approximate location or though its its approximate location or though its its approximate location or though its approximate location has been approximate location has been approximate location has been ascertained eridu badira Saar and shupac ascertained eridu badira Saar and shupac ascertained eridu badira Saar and shupac have been have been have been found thus as Sumer its cities and its found thus as Sumer its cities and its found thus as Sumer its cities and its civilization have been brought back to civilization have been brought back to civilization have been brought back to light light light not only the Del but events and places not only the Del but events and places not only the Del but events and places from before the delu emerged as from before the delu emerged as from before the delu emerged as historical reality since the Mesopotamian texts reality since the Mesopotamian texts asserts that the Del devastated the asserts that the Del devastated the asserts that the Del devastated the Earth and all upon Earth and all upon Earth and all upon it one may well ask how those cities it one may well ask how those cities it one may well ask how those cities were still exent after the Deluge for that answer provided by the

Deluge for that answer provided by the same Mesopotamia in text we have to pull same Mesopotamia in text we have to pull same Mesopotamia in text we have to pull away the curtains of time and obscurity away the curtains of time and obscurity away the curtains of time and obscurity and reveal the full story of the anoi and reveal the full story of the anoi and reveal the full story of the anoi those who from Heaven to Earth came as before it will be the ancient came as before it will be the ancient sex themselves that will tell the story sex themselves that will tell the story sex themselves that will tell the story well my solution would be that they were well my solution would be that they were well my solution would be that they were built after the delus like I just said built after the delus like I just said built after the delus like I just said that's a simple that's a simple that's a simple solution and as for the anaki I believe solution and as for the anaki I believe solution and as for the anaki I believe the the literal translation of that word the the literal translation of that word the the literal translation of that word yeah I I forget what it was supposed to yeah I I forget what it was supposed to yeah I I forget what it was supposed to be I've heard his definition so much be I've heard his definition so much be I've heard his definition so much those who from Heaven to Earth came but those who from Heaven to Earth came but those who from Heaven to Earth came but it really just means like the lofty ones it really just means like the lofty ones it really just means like the lofty ones or the holy ones and I I is of my or the holy ones and I I is of my or the holy ones and I I is of my personal opinion that this is the personal opinion that this is the personal opinion that this is the original form of the word original form of the word original form of the word Elohim and when you read Elohim in the Elohim and when you read Elohim in the Elohim and when you read Elohim in the Bible like when it says the Elohim said Bible like when it says the Elohim said Bible like when it says the Elohim said let us make man in our image the Elohim let us make man in our image the Elohim let us make man in our image the Elohim is the Hebrew equivalent of the Sumerian is the Hebrew equivalent of the Sumerian is the Hebrew equivalent of the Sumerian anuna because it is talking about the anuna because it is talking about the anuna because it is talking about the anuna gods and the key is just the word anuna gods and the key is just the word anuna gods and the key is just the word for for for Earth Anu is Heaven Key is Earth so you Earth Anu is Heaven Key is Earth so you Earth Anu is Heaven Key is Earth so you have the anuna gods as they are called have the anuna gods as they are called have the anuna gods as they are called gods of of heaven or the heavens the gods of of heaven or the heavens the gods of of heaven or the heavens the Stars Stars Stars [Music] [Music] [Music] uh it also reminds me of the Duron key uh it also reminds me of the Duron key uh it also reminds me of the Duron key the the the bond between Heaven and Earth so the it's it's these anuna Gods

Earth so the it's it's these anuna Gods who gave uh it says kingship to who gave uh it says kingship to who gave uh it says kingship to Mankind and the priesthood as well Mankind and the priesthood as well Mankind and the priesthood as well because early on you had priest because early on you had priest because early on you had priest Kings and with that you had the Duron Kings and with that you had the Duron Kings and with that you had the Duron key or the bonds between Heaven and key or the bonds between Heaven and key or the bonds between Heaven and Earth of which they were in charge Earth of which they were in charge Earth of which they were in charge over and like I I mentioned the Ark of over and like I I mentioned the Ark of over and like I I mentioned the Ark of the Covenant before I'm fairly the Covenant before I'm fairly the Covenant before I'm fairly certain that certain that certain that um the Ark of the Covenant was some kind um the Ark of the Covenant was some kind um the Ark of the Covenant was some kind kind of latterday rendition or perhaps kind of latterday rendition or perhaps kind of latterday rendition or perhaps vestigial remnant of the original Duron vestigial remnant of the original Duron vestigial remnant of the original Duron key device and that's the end of chapter device and that's the end of chapter 4 so I guess I will cut it off here [Music] [Music] look