J B Bury's History of Greece - Ch 04 Athenian Democracy And The Union Of Attica

a history of Greece to the death of a history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander the Great vol 1 by John Bagnall puri chapter 4 the vol 1 by John Bagnall puri chapter 4 the vol 1 by John Bagnall puri chapter 4 the union of Attica and the foundation of union of Attica and the foundation of union of Attica and the foundation of the athenian democracy the athenian democracy the athenian democracy section 1 the union of Attica section 1 the union of Attica section 1 the union of Attica when recorded history begins the story when recorded history begins the story when recorded history begins the story of Athens is the story of Attica of Athens is the story of Attica of Athens is the story of Attica the inhabitants of Attica are Athenians the inhabitants of Attica are Athenians the inhabitants of Attica are Athenians but Attica like its neighbor be Asha and but Attica like its neighbor be Asha and but Attica like its neighbor be Asha and other countries of Greece was once other countries of Greece was once other countries of Greece was once occupied by a number of independent occupied by a number of independent occupied by a number of independent states some of these little kingdoms are states some of these little kingdoms are states some of these little kingdoms are vaguely remembered in legends which tell vaguely remembered in legends which tell vaguely remembered in legends which tell of the giant palace who ruled at fellini of the giant palace who ruled at fellini of the giant palace who ruled at fellini under the north eastern slopes of High under the north eastern slopes of High under the north eastern slopes of High Metis of the dreaded careful us Lord of Metis of the dreaded careful us Lord of Metis of the dreaded careful us Lord of the southern region of thorikos or of the southern region of thorikos or of the southern region of thorikos or of poor Farian of mighty stature whose poor Farian of mighty stature whose poor Farian of mighty stature whose domain was @f moanin under mount domain was @f moanin under mount domain was @f moanin under mount intellicus the hill of muni Kiowas in intellicus the hill of muni Kiowas in intellicus the hill of muni Kiowas in the distant past an island and was the distant past an island and was the distant past an island and was crowned by a stronghold the name Piraeus crowned by a stronghold the name Piraeus crowned by a stronghold the name Piraeus has been supposed to preserve the memory has been supposed to preserve the memory has been supposed to preserve the memory of days when the Lords of Mauna Kea of days when the Lords of Mauna Kea of days when the Lords of Mauna Kea looked across to the mainland and spoke looked across to the mainland and spoke looked across to the mainland and spoke of the opposite shore at a later stage of the opposite shore at a later stage of the opposite shore at a later stage we find neighboring villages uniting we find neighboring villages uniting we find neighboring villages uniting themselves together by political or themselves together by political or themselves together by political or religious bonds thus in the north beyond religious bonds thus in the north beyond religious bonds thus in the north beyond Pen teleca's marathon and einie and two

Pen teleca's marathon and einie and two Pen teleca's marathon and einie and two other towns formed a tetra palace again other towns formed a tetra palace again other towns formed a tetra palace again Piraeus adjacent fan Iran and two other Piraeus adjacent fan Iran and two other Piraeus adjacent fan Iran and two other places places places joined in the common worship of the God joined in the common worship of the God joined in the common worship of the God here at leas and recalled the four here at leas and recalled the four here at leas and recalled the four villages of all the Lordships between villages of all the Lordships between villages of all the Lordships between Mount Catherine and Cape zunium the two Mount Catherine and Cape zunium the two Mount Catherine and Cape zunium the two most important were those of Eleusis most important were those of Eleusis most important were those of Eleusis and Athens severed from one another by and Athens severed from one another by and Athens severed from one another by the hill chain of I Goliath it was upon the hill chain of I Goliath it was upon the hill chain of I Goliath it was upon Athens the stronghold in the midst of Athens the stronghold in the midst of Athens the stronghold in the midst of the calf is e'en plain five miles from the calf is e'en plain five miles from the calf is e'en plain five miles from the the the that destiny devolved the task of that destiny devolved the task of that destiny devolved the task of working out the unity of Attica this working out the unity of Attica this working out the unity of Attica this efficient plane on the south side opened efficient plane on the south side opened efficient plane on the south side opened to the ceramic gulf is enclosed by hills to the ceramic gulf is enclosed by hills to the ceramic gulf is enclosed by hills on the west by a Goliath on the on the west by a Goliath on the on the west by a Goliath on the northwest by ponies' on the east by high northwest by ponies' on the east by high northwest by ponies' on the east by high Metis while the gap in the Northeast Metis while the gap in the Northeast Metis while the gap in the Northeast between ponies and high Metis is filled between ponies and high Metis is filled between ponies and high Metis is filled by the gable shaped mass of pentakus the by the gable shaped mass of pentakus the by the gable shaped mass of pentakus the river Cavazos flows not far from Athens river Cavazos flows not far from Athens river Cavazos flows not far from Athens to the Westwood to the Westwood to the Westwood but the Acropolis was Girt by two but the Acropolis was Girt by two but the Acropolis was Girt by two smaller streams the alesis and the air smaller streams the alesis and the air smaller streams the alesis and the air adonis we have seen that it had been adonis we have seen that it had been adonis we have seen that it had been occupied as an abode of man in the third occupied as an abode of man in the third occupied as an abode of man in the third millenium and that in the Bronze Age it millenium and that in the Bronze Age it millenium and that in the Bronze Age it was one of the strong places of Greece was one of the strong places of Greece was one of the strong places of Greece there still remain pieces of the wall of

there still remain pieces of the wall of there still remain pieces of the wall of grey blue limestone with which the grey blue limestone with which the grey blue limestone with which the palace Gian Lords of the castle secured palace Gian Lords of the castle secured palace Gian Lords of the castle secured the edge of their precipitous Hill the the edge of their precipitous Hill the the edge of their precipitous Hill the old wall was called the palagi Khan but old wall was called the palagi Khan but old wall was called the palagi Khan but in later times this name was specially in later times this name was specially in later times this name was specially applied to the ground on the applied to the ground on the applied to the ground on the northwestern slab the Acropolis is northwestern slab the Acropolis is northwestern slab the Acropolis is joined to the Areopagus by a high saddle joined to the Areopagus by a high saddle joined to the Areopagus by a high saddle which forms its natural approach and on which forms its natural approach and on which forms its natural approach and on this side walls were so constructed that this side walls were so constructed that this side walls were so constructed that the main western entrance to the Citadel the main western entrance to the Citadel the main western entrance to the Citadel lay through nine successive gates at the lay through nine successive gates at the lay through nine successive gates at the northwestern corner a covered staircase northwestern corner a covered staircase northwestern corner a covered staircase led down to the well of CLEP Sidra which led down to the well of CLEP Sidra which led down to the well of CLEP Sidra which supplied the fortress with water and on supplied the fortress with water and on supplied the fortress with water and on the north side there were two narrow the north side there were two narrow the north side there were two narrow posture and descends into the plain much posture and descends into the plain much posture and descends into the plain much steeper than that of Terrans we may take steeper than that of Terrans we may take steeper than that of Terrans we may take it that all these constructions were the it that all these constructions were the it that all these constructions were the work of bastions and were inherited by work of bastions and were inherited by work of bastions and were inherited by their Greek successors the first Greeks their Greek successors the first Greeks their Greek successors the first Greeks who won the pelagic Acropolis were who won the pelagic Acropolis were who won the pelagic Acropolis were probably the carapace and there their probably the carapace and there their probably the carapace and there their name was forgotten as the name of an name was forgotten as the name of an name was forgotten as the name of an independent people it survived in independent people it survived in independent people it survived in another form for the later Athenians another form for the later Athenians another form for the later Athenians were always read were always read were always read to describe themselves as the sons of to describe themselves as the sons of to describe themselves as the sons of care crops this ketchups was numbered care crops this ketchups was numbered care crops this ketchups was numbered among the imaginary prehistoric kings of among the imaginary prehistoric kings of among the imaginary prehistoric kings of Athens he was nothing more than the

Athens he was nothing more than the Athens he was nothing more than the fabulous ancestor of the cat repairs but fabulous ancestor of the cat repairs but fabulous ancestor of the cat repairs but the time came when other Greek dwellers the time came when other Greek dwellers the time came when other Greek dwellers in Attica won the upper hand over the in Attica won the upper hand over the in Attica won the upper hand over the carapace and brought with them the carapace and brought with them the carapace and brought with them the worship of Athena it was a momentous day worship of Athena it was a momentous day worship of Athena it was a momentous day in the history of the land when the in the history of the land when the in the history of the land when the goddess whose cult was already goddess whose cult was already goddess whose cult was already established in many other attic places established in many other attic places established in many other attic places took possession of the hill which was to took possession of the hill which was to took possession of the hill which was to be pre-eminently and for all time be pre-eminently and for all time be pre-eminently and for all time associated with her name the Acropolis associated with her name the Acropolis associated with her name the Acropolis became Athena the folks whether carapace became Athena the folks whether carapace became Athena the folks whether carapace or Polaski ins who dwelled in the or Polaski ins who dwelled in the or Polaski ins who dwelled in the villages around it on the banks of the villages around it on the banks of the villages around it on the banks of the alesis and the arid Alice became alesis and the arid Alice became alesis and the arid Alice became Athenians Athenians Athenians the God whom the CAC repairs worshipped the God whom the CAC repairs worshipped the God whom the CAC repairs worshipped on the hill on the hill on the hill Poseidon Erik Zeus was forced to give Poseidon Erik Zeus was forced to give Poseidon Erik Zeus was forced to give way to the goddess legend told that way to the goddess legend told that way to the goddess legend told that Athena and Poseidon had disputed the Athena and Poseidon had disputed the Athena and Poseidon had disputed the possession of the Acropolis and that possession of the Acropolis and that possession of the Acropolis and that each had set a token there the goddess each had set a token there the goddess each had set a token there the goddess has sacred olive tree the goddess salt has sacred olive tree the goddess salt has sacred olive tree the goddess salt spring the dethroned deity it was not spring the dethroned deity it was not spring the dethroned deity it was not banished there was a conciliation banished there was a conciliation banished there was a conciliation characteristic of the Greek temper characteristic of the Greek temper characteristic of the Greek temper between the old and the new erect seus between the old and the new erect seus between the old and the new erect seus in the shape of a snake is permitted in the shape of a snake is permitted in the shape of a snake is permitted still to live on the hill of Xena and still to live on the hill of Xena and still to live on the hill of Xena and the oldest temple that was built for the the oldest temple that was built for the the oldest temple that was built for the goddess harbored also the God in later

goddess harbored also the God in later goddess harbored also the God in later times Athenian history transformed times Athenian history transformed times Athenian history transformed erectus into a hero and regarded him erectus into a hero and regarded him erectus into a hero and regarded him like ketchups as one of the early kings like ketchups as one of the early kings like ketchups as one of the early kings there was another God who was closely there was another God who was closely there was another God who was closely associated in attic legend with Athena associated in attic legend with Athena associated in attic legend with Athena and Athens was distinguished by the high and Athens was distinguished by the high and Athens was distinguished by the high honor in which she held him honor in which she held him honor in which she held him this was Hephaestus the divine Smith the this was Hephaestus the divine Smith the this was Hephaestus the divine Smith the master and helper of handicraftsmen the master and helper of handicraftsmen the master and helper of handicraftsmen the cunning giver of wealth cunning giver of wealth cunning giver of wealth but we cannot say how far back his but we cannot say how far back his but we cannot say how far back his worship in Attica dares or when his worship in Attica dares or when his worship in Attica dares or when his special feasts were instituted it is special feasts were instituted it is special feasts were instituted it is probable that his honor grew along with probable that his honor grew along with probable that his honor grew along with the prosperity of the craftsman an the prosperity of the craftsman an the prosperity of the craftsman an Athenian parrot calls his countrymen Athenian parrot calls his countrymen Athenian parrot calls his countrymen sons of Hephaestus and according to one sons of Hephaestus and according to one sons of Hephaestus and according to one myth it was from his seed that all the myth it was from his seed that all the myth it was from his seed that all the Earthborn inhabitants of Attica was Earthborn inhabitants of Attica was Earthborn inhabitants of Attica was sprung at the feast of Abbot Oriya in sprung at the feast of Abbot Oriya in sprung at the feast of Abbot Oriya in the last days of autumn when children the last days of autumn when children the last days of autumn when children were admitted into the frat trees by a were admitted into the frat trees by a were admitted into the frat trees by a solemn ceremony his fathers used to solemn ceremony his fathers used to solemn ceremony his fathers used to light torches at the half and sing a light torches at the half and sing a light torches at the half and sing a hymn to the Lord of fire the next great hymn to the Lord of fire the next great hymn to the Lord of fire the next great step in attic history was the union of step in attic history was the union of step in attic history was the union of the land we cannot be certain at what the land we cannot be certain at what the land we cannot be certain at what time this union took place it recedes time this union took place it recedes time this union took place it recedes beyond the beginnings of recorded beyond the beginnings of recorded beyond the beginnings of recorded history and we can only dimly discern history and we can only dimly discern history and we can only dimly discern how it was brought about when the Lords how it was brought about when the Lords how it was brought about when the Lords of the Acropolis had subdued their own

of the Acropolis had subdued their own of the Acropolis had subdued their own efficient claim from mount Pawnee is to efficient claim from mount Pawnee is to efficient claim from mount Pawnee is to the hill of mauna kea from the slopes of the hill of mauna kea from the slopes of the hill of mauna kea from the slopes of high Metis to agra less they were high Metis to agra less they were high Metis to agra less they were tempted to extend their power eastward tempted to extend their power eastward tempted to extend their power eastward into the midlands beyond monta Metis and into the midlands beyond monta Metis and into the midlands beyond monta Metis and subdue the southern act a or wedge of subdue the southern act a or wedge of subdue the southern act a or wedge of land which ends in the lofty cape of land which ends in the lofty cape of land which ends in the lofty cape of soon iam the completion of this conquest soon iam the completion of this conquest soon iam the completion of this conquest was possibly the first great achievement was possibly the first great achievement was possibly the first great achievement of Athens and the second was probably of Athens and the second was probably of Athens and the second was probably the subjugation of the northeastern the subjugation of the northeastern the subjugation of the northeastern plain of Marathon and the Tetra palace plain of Marathon and the Tetra palace plain of Marathon and the Tetra palace thus the first stage in the Union of thus the first stage in the Union of thus the first stage in the Union of Attica is the reduction of the small Attica is the reduction of the small Attica is the reduction of the small independent sovereignties throughout all independent sovereignties throughout all independent sovereignties throughout all the land except the Eleusinian plain in the land except the Eleusinian plain in the land except the Eleusinian plain in the West under the loose overlordship of the West under the loose overlordship of the West under the loose overlordship of Athens in the course of time the feeling Athens in the course of time the feeling Athens in the course of time the feeling of unity in Attica became says strong of unity in Attica became says strong of unity in Attica became says strong that all the smaller Lordships which that all the smaller Lordships which that all the smaller Lordships which formed part of the large state but still formed part of the large state but still formed part of the large state but still retained their separate political retained their separate political retained their separate political organizations could be induced to organizations could be induced to organizations could be induced to surrender their home governments and surrender their home governments and surrender their home governments and merge themselves in a single community merge themselves in a single community merge themselves in a single community with the government centralized in the with the government centralized in the with the government centralized in the city of the cohesion plain city of the cohesion plain city of the cohesion plain the man of thorikos or a fitna or a the man of thorikos or a fitna or a the man of thorikos or a fitna or a carrier now became a citizen of Athens carrier now became a citizen of Athens carrier now became a citizen of Athens and his political rights must be and his political rights must be and his political rights must be exercised there the memory of this cynic exercised there the memory of this cynic exercised there the memory of this cynic ISM was preserved in historical times by ISM was preserved in historical times by ISM was preserved in historical times by an annual feast and it was fitting that

an annual feast and it was fitting that an annual feast and it was fitting that it should be so remembered for it it should be so remembered for it it should be so remembered for it determined the whole history of Athens determined the whole history of Athens determined the whole history of Athens from this time forward she is no longer from this time forward she is no longer from this time forward she is no longer merely the supreme city of Attica she is merely the supreme city of Attica she is merely the supreme city of Attica she is neither the head of a league of partly neither the head of a league of partly neither the head of a league of partly independent states nor yet a despotic independent states nor yet a despotic independent states nor yet a despotic mistress of subject communities she is mistress of subject communities she is mistress of subject communities she is not what seems is to become in by OSHA not what seems is to become in by OSHA not what seems is to become in by OSHA or what Sparta is in laconia if she had or what Sparta is in laconia if she had or what Sparta is in laconia if she had been and she might well have been either been and she might well have been either been and she might well have been either of these things her history would have of these things her history would have of these things her history would have been gravely altered she is the central been gravely altered she is the central been gravely altered she is the central city of a united state and to the people city of a united state and to the people city of a united state and to the people of every village in Attica belong the of every village in Attica belong the of every village in Attica belong the same political rights as to the people same political rights as to the people same political rights as to the people of Athens herself the man of Marathon or of Athens herself the man of Marathon or of Athens herself the man of Marathon or the man of Thor occurs is no longer an the man of Thor occurs is no longer an the man of Thor occurs is no longer an attic he is an Athenian it is generally attic he is an Athenian it is generally attic he is an Athenian it is generally supposed that the cynic ISM was the work supposed that the cynic ISM was the work supposed that the cynic ISM was the work of one of the kings it was undoubtedly of one of the kings it was undoubtedly of one of the kings it was undoubtedly the work of one man but it is possible the work of one man but it is possible the work of one man but it is possible that it belongs to the period that it belongs to the period that it belongs to the period immediately succeeding the abolition of immediately succeeding the abolition of immediately succeeding the abolition of royal power in after times the Athenians royal power in after times the Athenians royal power in after times the Athenians thought that the hero Theseus whom they thought that the hero Theseus whom they thought that the hero Theseus whom they had enrolled in the list of their early had enrolled in the list of their early had enrolled in the list of their early kings was the author of the union of kings was the author of the union of kings was the author of the union of their country but at the period when their country but at the period when their country but at the period when that union was brought about Theseus was that union was brought about Theseus was that union was brought about Theseus was not a national hero he was a local God

not a national hero he was a local God not a national hero he was a local God worshipped in the marathon Ian's worshipped in the marathon Ian's worshipped in the marathon Ian's district and in the East Coast runs of district and in the East Coast runs of district and in the East Coast runs of Attica he had not yet won the importance Attica he had not yet won the importance Attica he had not yet won the importance which he was to possess hereafter in which he was to possess hereafter in which he was to possess hereafter in Athenian myth and history section two foundation of the Athenian section two foundation of the Athenian Commonwealth the early history of the Commonwealth the early history of the Commonwealth the early history of the Athenian Constitution resembles that of Athenian Constitution resembles that of Athenian Constitution resembles that of most other Greek States in the general most other Greek States in the general most other Greek States in the general fact that a royalty subjected to various fact that a royalty subjected to various fact that a royalty subjected to various restrictions passes into an aristocracy restrictions passes into an aristocracy restrictions passes into an aristocracy but the details of the transition are but the details of the transition are but the details of the transition are peculiar and the beginning of the peculiar and the beginning of the peculiar and the beginning of the Republic seems to have been Republic seems to have been Republic seems to have been exceptionally early the traditional exceptionally early the traditional exceptionally early the traditional names of the Attic Kings who came after names of the Attic Kings who came after names of the Attic Kings who came after the hero Theseus are certainly in some the hero Theseus are certainly in some the hero Theseus are certainly in some cases and it may be in most cases cases and it may be in most cases cases and it may be in most cases fictitious the most famous of them being fictitious the most famous of them being fictitious the most famous of them being of in Iliad Cod Roose who was said to of in Iliad Cod Roose who was said to of in Iliad Cod Roose who was said to have sacrificed himself to save his have sacrificed himself to save his have sacrificed himself to save his country on the occasion of an attack of country on the occasion of an attack of country on the occasion of an attack of invaders from the Peloponnesus the invaders from the Peloponnesus the invaders from the Peloponnesus the Athenians said that they had abolished Athenians said that they had abolished Athenians said that they had abolished royalty on the death of cod Roose royalty on the death of cod Roose royalty on the death of cod Roose because he was too good to have a because he was too good to have a because he was too good to have a successor a furious reversal of the successor a furious reversal of the successor a furious reversal of the usual causes of such a revolution but usual causes of such a revolution but usual causes of such a revolution but this story is a late invention the first this story is a late invention the first this story is a late invention the first limitation of the royal power affected limitation of the royal power affected limitation of the royal power affected by the aristocracy was the institution by the aristocracy was the institution by the aristocracy was the institution of a poly mark or military commander the

of a poly mark or military commander the of a poly mark or military commander the supreme command of the army which had supreme command of the army which had supreme command of the army which had belonged to the king was transferred to belonged to the king was transferred to belonged to the king was transferred to him and he was elected from and by the him and he was elected from and by the him and he was elected from and by the nobles the next step seems to have been nobles the next step seems to have been nobles the next step seems to have been the overthrow of the royal house by the the overthrow of the royal house by the the overthrow of the royal house by the powerful family of the Madan Ted's the powerful family of the Madan Ted's the powerful family of the Madan Ted's the Madan tides did not themselves assume Madan tides did not themselves assume Madan tides did not themselves assume the royal title nor did they abolish it the royal title nor did they abolish it the royal title nor did they abolish it they instituted the office of our Khan they instituted the office of our Khan they instituted the office of our Khan or Regent and this office usurped the or Regent and this office usurped the or Regent and this office usurped the most important functions of the King most important functions of the King most important functions of the King Acastus the Madan Ted was the first Acastus the Madan Ted was the first Acastus the Madan Ted was the first regent we know that he was an historical regent we know that he was an historical regent we know that he was an historical person the archons of later days always person the archons of later days always person the archons of later days always or that they would be true to their or that they would be true to their or that they would be true to their oaths even as a caster's he held the oaths even as a caster's he held the oaths even as a caster's he held the post for life and his successors after post for life and his successors after post for life and his successors after him and thus the Madan tides resembled him and thus the Madan tides resembled him and thus the Madan tides resembled Kings though they did not bear the king Kings though they did not bear the king Kings though they did not bear the king year name year name year name they fell short of royalty in other way they fell short of royalty in other way they fell short of royalty in other way too for each regent was elected by the too for each regent was elected by the too for each regent was elected by the community the community was only bound community the community was only bound community the community was only bound to elect a member of the mid on Ted to elect a member of the mid on Ted to elect a member of the mid on Ted family the next step in weakening the family the next step in weakening the family the next step in weakening the power of this kingly magistrate was the power of this kingly magistrate was the power of this kingly magistrate was the change of the Regency from a life office change of the Regency from a life office change of the Regency from a life office to an office of 10 years this reform is to an office of 10 years this reform is to an office of 10 years this reform is said to have been affected about the said to have been affected about the said to have been affected about the middle of the 8th century it is middle of the 8th century it is middle of the 8th century it is uncertain at what time the mid on tides uncertain at what time the mid on tides uncertain at what time the mid on tides were deprived of their prerogative and were deprived of their prerogative and were deprived of their prerogative and the Regency was thrown open to all the the Regency was thrown open to all the the Regency was thrown open to all the tables with the next step we reach

tables with the next step we reach tables with the next step we reach firmer ground the Regency became a firmer ground the Regency became a firmer ground the Regency became a yearly office and from this time onward yearly office and from this time onward yearly office and from this time onward an official list of the archons seems to an official list of the archons seems to an official list of the archons seems to have been preserved but meanwhile there have been preserved but meanwhile there have been preserved but meanwhile there were still Kings it happens the Madonn were still Kings it happens the Madonn were still Kings it happens the Madonn tides had robbed the kings of their tides had robbed the kings of their tides had robbed the kings of their royal power but they have not done away royal power but they have not done away royal power but they have not done away with the Kings there was to be a king at with the Kings there was to be a king at with the Kings there was to be a king at Athens till the latest days of the Athens till the latest days of the Athens till the latest days of the Athenian democracy it seems probable Athenian democracy it seems probable Athenian democracy it seems probable that as some historical analogies might that as some historical analogies might that as some historical analogies might suggest the Madan tides allowed the suggest the Madan tides allowed the suggest the Madan tides allowed the shadow of royalty to remain in the shadow of royalty to remain in the shadow of royalty to remain in the possession of the old royal house so possession of the old royal house so possession of the old royal house so that for some time there would have been that for some time there would have been that for some time there would have been life Kings existing by the side of the life Kings existing by the side of the life Kings existing by the side of the life Regents it is not likely that from life Regents it is not likely that from life Regents it is not likely that from the very first the kingship was degraded the very first the kingship was degraded the very first the kingship was degraded to a yearly office filled by election to a yearly office filled by election to a yearly office filled by election this however was what it ultimately this however was what it ultimately this however was what it ultimately became the whole course of the became the whole course of the became the whole course of the Constitutional development is uncertain Constitutional development is uncertain Constitutional development is uncertain for it rests upon traditions of which it for it rests upon traditions of which it for it rests upon traditions of which it is extremely hard to charge the value is extremely hard to charge the value is extremely hard to charge the value but whatever the details of the growth but whatever the details of the growth but whatever the details of the growth may have been two important facts are to may have been two important facts are to may have been two important facts are to be grasped one is that the fall of be grasped one is that the fall of be grasped one is that the fall of royalty which does not imply the royalty which does not imply the royalty which does not imply the abolition of the royal name happened in abolition of the royal name happened in abolition of the royal name happened in Athens at an earlier period than in Athens at an earlier period than in Athens at an earlier period than in Greece generally the other is that the Greece generally the other is that the Greece generally the other is that the Madan tides were not kings but archons Madan tides were not kings but archons Madan tides were not kings but archons the chiefs of an aristocracy the great

the chiefs of an aristocracy the great the chiefs of an aristocracy the great work of the mid 90s was the foundation work of the mid 90s was the foundation work of the mid 90s was the foundation of the Athenian Commonwealth and perhaps of the Athenian Commonwealth and perhaps of the Athenian Commonwealth and perhaps one of their houses to be remembered for one of their houses to be remembered for one of their houses to be remembered for an an an for achievement no less great which has for achievement no less great which has for achievement no less great which has already been described the union of already been described the union of already been described the union of Attica that Union need not be older than Attica that Union need not be older than Attica that Union need not be older than the ninth century and it is possible the ninth century and it is possible the ninth century and it is possible that the same Republican movement which that the same Republican movement which that the same Republican movement which led to the downfall of the old royal led to the downfall of the old royal led to the downfall of the old royal house of the Acropolis led to the cynic house of the Acropolis led to the cynic house of the Acropolis led to the cynic ISM of Attica the political union of a ISM of Attica the political union of a ISM of Attica the political union of a country demands a system of organization country demands a system of organization country demands a system of organization and the Statesman who United Attica and the Statesman who United Attica and the Statesman who United Attica sought their method of organization from sought their method of organization from sought their method of organization from one of those cities of Ionia which one of those cities of Ionia which one of those cities of Ionia which Athens came to look upon as her own Athens came to look upon as her own Athens came to look upon as her own daughters all the inhabitants were daughters all the inhabitants were daughters all the inhabitants were distributed into four tribes which were distributed into four tribes which were distributed into four tribes which were borrowed from Meletis the curious names borrowed from Meletis the curious names borrowed from Meletis the curious names of these tribes Gilly aunties arginase I of these tribes Gilly aunties arginase I of these tribes Gilly aunties arginase I geek erase and hot ladies seemed to have geek erase and hot ladies seemed to have geek erase and hot ladies seemed to have been derived from the worship of special been derived from the worship of special been derived from the worship of special deities for instance Kelly auntie's from deities for instance Kelly auntie's from deities for instance Kelly auntie's from Zeus Kelly on but the original meanings Zeus Kelly on but the original meanings Zeus Kelly on but the original meanings of the names has entirely passed away of the names has entirely passed away of the names has entirely passed away and the tribes were affiliated to Apollo and the tribes were affiliated to Apollo and the tribes were affiliated to Apollo Patras the paternal Apollo from whom all Patras the paternal Apollo from whom all Patras the paternal Apollo from whom all Athenians claimed descent the Athenians claimed descent the Athenians claimed descent the Brotherhood's seemed to have been Brotherhood's seemed to have been Brotherhood's seemed to have been reorganized and arranged under the reorganized and arranged under the reorganized and arranged under the tribes three to each tribe said that tribes three to each tribe said that tribes three to each tribe said that there were twelve Brotherhood's in the

there were twelve Brotherhood's in the there were twelve Brotherhood's in the Attic state at the head of each tribe Attic state at the head of each tribe Attic state at the head of each tribe was a tribe king we can see the clan was a tribe king we can see the clan was a tribe king we can see the clan organization at Athens better than organization at Athens better than organization at Athens better than elsewhere the families of each clan elsewhere the families of each clan elsewhere the families of each clan derived themselves from a common derived themselves from a common derived themselves from a common ancestor and most of the clan names are ancestor and most of the clan names are ancestor and most of the clan names are patronymics patronymics patronymics the worship of this ancestor was the the worship of this ancestor was the the worship of this ancestor was the chief end of the society all the clans chief end of the society all the clans chief end of the society all the clans are like worshipped Zeus her chaos and are like worshipped Zeus her chaos and are like worshipped Zeus her chaos and Apollo Patras many of them had a special Apollo Patras many of them had a special Apollo Patras many of them had a special connection with other public cults each connection with other public cults each connection with other public cults each had a regular administration and had a regular administration and had a regular administration and officers at the head of which was an officers at the head of which was an officers at the head of which was an Archon to these clans only members of Archon to these clans only members of Archon to these clans only members of the noble families belonged the noble families belonged the noble families belonged but the other classes the peasants and but the other classes the peasants and but the other classes the peasants and the craftsmen formed similar the craftsmen formed similar the craftsmen formed similar organizations founded on the worship not organizations founded on the worship not organizations founded on the worship not of a common ancestor for they could of a common ancestor for they could of a common ancestor for they could point to none but some deity whom they point to none but some deity whom they point to none but some deity whom they chose the members of these were called chose the members of these were called chose the members of these were called or gaya neighs this innovation heralds or gaya neighs this innovation heralds or gaya neighs this innovation heralds the advance of the lower classes to the advance of the lower classes to the advance of the lower classes to political importance the Brotherhood's political importance the Brotherhood's political importance the Brotherhood's composed two families whose lands are composed two families whose lands are composed two families whose lands are joined United their members in the cult joined United their members in the cult joined United their members in the cult of Zeus fractious and Athena Efrat Rhea of Zeus fractious and Athena Efrat Rhea of Zeus fractious and Athena Efrat Rhea in early times any clansmen belonged to in early times any clansmen belonged to in early times any clansmen belonged to the Brotherhood's but here again a the Brotherhood's but here again a the Brotherhood's but here again a change takes place in the 7th century change takes place in the 7th century change takes place in the 7th century and all gear nazar admitted the

and all gear nazar admitted the and all gear nazar admitted the organization was then used for the organization was then used for the organization was then used for the purposes of census every child whose purposes of census every child whose purposes of census every child whose parents were citizens must be admitted parents were citizens must be admitted parents were citizens must be admitted into a brotherhood and if this right is into a brotherhood and if this right is into a brotherhood and if this right is neglected he is regarded as illegitimate neglected he is regarded as illegitimate neglected he is regarded as illegitimate it should be observed that in legitimacy it should be observed that in legitimacy it should be observed that in legitimacy at Athens did not deprive a man of at Athens did not deprive a man of at Athens did not deprive a man of political rights but he could not lay political rights but he could not lay political rights but he could not lay claim by right of birth to his father's claim by right of birth to his father's claim by right of birth to his father's inheritance at a much later time the inheritance at a much later time the inheritance at a much later time the constitutional historians of Athens made constitutional historians of Athens made constitutional historians of Athens made out that the clans were artificial out that the clans were artificial out that the clans were artificial subdivisions of the Brotherhood's they subdivisions of the Brotherhood's they subdivisions of the Brotherhood's they said that each tribe was divided to said that each tribe was divided to said that each tribe was divided to three Brotherhood's each Brotherhood three Brotherhood's each Brotherhood three Brotherhood's each Brotherhood into 30 clans and it was even added that into 30 clans and it was even added that into 30 clans and it was even added that each clan comprised 30 men this each clan comprised 30 men this each clan comprised 30 men this artificial scheme is true so far as the artificial scheme is true so far as the artificial scheme is true so far as the relation of the tribe to the Brotherhood relation of the tribe to the Brotherhood relation of the tribe to the Brotherhood is concerned but it is not true in is concerned but it is not true in is concerned but it is not true in regard to the clan and is refuted by the regard to the clan and is refuted by the regard to the clan and is refuted by the circumstance that the tribes consisted circumstance that the tribes consisted circumstance that the tribes consisted of others than clansmen end of chapter 4 of others than clansmen end of chapter 4 of others than clansmen end of chapter 4 sections 1 & 2 Chapter four Chapter four part three of a history of Greece to the part three of a history of Greece to the part three of a history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great death of Alexander the Great death of Alexander the Great vol 1 this is a librivox recording all vol 1 this is a librivox recording all vol 1 this is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to domain for more information or to domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by Anna Christensen a history

recording by Anna Christensen a history recording by Anna Christensen a history of Greece - the death of Alexander the of Greece - the death of Alexander the of Greece - the death of Alexander the Great Great Great vol 1 by John bag number II chapter 4 vol 1 by John bag number II chapter 4 vol 1 by John bag number II chapter 4 part 3 the aristocracy in the 7th part 3 the aristocracy in the 7th part 3 the aristocracy in the 7th century early in the 7th century then century early in the 7th century then century early in the 7th century then the Athenian Republic was an aristocracy the Athenian Republic was an aristocracy the Athenian Republic was an aristocracy and the executive was in the hands of and the executive was in the hands of and the executive was in the hands of three annually elected officers the three annually elected officers the three annually elected officers the Archon the king and the polar mark the Archon the king and the polar mark the Archon the king and the polar mark the Archon was a supreme judge in all civil Archon was a supreme judge in all civil Archon was a supreme judge in all civil suits when he entered an office he suits when he entered an office he suits when he entered an office he published a declaration that he would published a declaration that he would published a declaration that he would throughout the term of his Archon ship throughout the term of his Archon ship throughout the term of his Archon ship preserved the property of every citizen preserved the property of every citizen preserved the property of every citizen intact intact intact at a later time this sphere of judicial at a later time this sphere of judicial at a later time this sphere of judicial power was limited and he judged mainly power was limited and he judged mainly power was limited and he judged mainly cases in which injured parents orphans cases in which injured parents orphans cases in which injured parents orphans Eris's were involved he held the chief Eris's were involved he held the chief Eris's were involved he held the chief place among the magistrates having his place among the magistrates having his place among the magistrates having his official residence in the prytaneum official residence in the prytaneum official residence in the prytaneum where was the public hearth and his name where was the public hearth and his name where was the public hearth and his name appeared at the head of official lists appeared at the head of official lists appeared at the head of official lists once he was called eponymous though the once he was called eponymous though the once he was called eponymous though the Archon ship was a later institution than Archon ship was a later institution than Archon ship was a later institution than that of Paulo mark as is shown by the that of Paulo mark as is shown by the that of Paulo mark as is shown by the fact that no old religious ceremonies fact that no old religious ceremonies fact that no old religious ceremonies were performed by the Archon such as were performed by the Archon such as were performed by the Archon such as devolved upon the Paulo mark as well as devolved upon the Paulo mark as well as devolved upon the Paulo mark as well as upon the king but the conduct of upon the king but the conduct of upon the king but the conduct of festivals instituted at later times were festivals instituted at later times were festivals instituted at later times were entrusted to him such was the thaw Galia entrusted to him such was the thaw Galia entrusted to him such was the thaw Galia the late May feast of the first fruits the late May feast of the first fruits the late May feast of the first fruits the chief Athenian feast of Apollo the chief Athenian feast of Apollo the chief Athenian feast of Apollo introduced from Delos probably in the introduced from Delos probably in the introduced from Delos probably in the seventh century such was the great

seventh century such was the great seventh century such was the great Dionysia which as we shall see were Dionysia which as we shall see were Dionysia which as we shall see were founded in the six the polar Mark had founded in the six the polar Mark had founded in the six the polar Mark had judicial duties besides being judicial duties besides being judicial duties besides being commander-in-chief of the army he held a commander-in-chief of the army he held a commander-in-chief of the army he held a court in the epilogue iron and the court in the epilogue iron and the court in the epilogue iron and the banks of the alesis and judge they're banks of the alesis and judge they're banks of the alesis and judge they're all cases in which non-citizens were all cases in which non-citizens were all cases in which non-citizens were involved that's what the Archon was for involved that's what the Archon was for involved that's what the Archon was for citizens the polar mark was for the citizens the polar mark was for the citizens the polar mark was for the class of foreign settlers who are called class of foreign settlers who are called class of foreign settlers who are called medics the King had his residents in the medics the King had his residents in the medics the King had his residents in the Royal stoah in the Agora Royal stoah in the Agora Royal stoah in the Agora his functions were confined to the his functions were confined to the his functions were confined to the management of the state religion and the management of the state religion and the management of the state religion and the conduct of certain judicial cases conduct of certain judicial cases conduct of certain judicial cases connected with religion he was president connected with religion he was president connected with religion he was president of the council and thus had considerable of the council and thus had considerable of the council and thus had considerable power and responsibility in the conduct power and responsibility in the conduct power and responsibility in the conduct of the judicial functions of that body of the judicial functions of that body of the judicial functions of that body the boule or Council was a political the boule or Council was a political the boule or Council was a political organization through which the nobles organization through which the nobles organization through which the nobles carried out at Athens as elsewhere the carried out at Athens as elsewhere the carried out at Athens as elsewhere the gradual abolition of monarchy this gradual abolition of monarchy this gradual abolition of monarchy this Council of Elders apart as we saw the Council of Elders apart as we saw the Council of Elders apart as we saw the Aryan inheritance of the Greeks came Aryan inheritance of the Greeks came Aryan inheritance of the Greeks came afterwards to be called it Athens the afterwards to be called it Athens the afterwards to be called it Athens the Council of the Areopagus to distinguish Council of the Areopagus to distinguish Council of the Areopagus to distinguish it from other councils a later growth it from other councils a later growth it from other councils a later growth this name was derived from one of the this name was derived from one of the this name was derived from one of the council's most important functions council's most important functions council's most important functions according to early custom which we find according to early custom which we find according to early custom which we find reflected in Homer murder and reflected in Homer murder and reflected in Homer murder and manslaughter were not regarded as crimes manslaughter were not regarded as crimes manslaughter were not regarded as crimes against the state against the state against the state but concerned exclusively the family of but concerned exclusively the family of but concerned exclusively the family of the slain man which might either slay the slain man which might either slay the slain man which might either slay the Slayer or accept a compensation but

the Slayer or accept a compensation but the Slayer or accept a compensation but gradually as the worship of the souls of gradually as the worship of the souls of gradually as the worship of the souls of the dead and the deities of the the dead and the deities of the the dead and the deities of the underworld developed the belief gained underworld developed the belief gained underworld developed the belief gained ground that hue shed blood was impure ground that hue shed blood was impure ground that hue shed blood was impure and needed cleansing accordingly when a and needed cleansing accordingly when a and needed cleansing accordingly when a murderer satisfied the kinsfolk of the murderer satisfied the kinsfolk of the murderer satisfied the kinsfolk of the murder by paying a fine he had also to murder by paying a fine he had also to murder by paying a fine he had also to submit to across the purification and submit to across the purification and submit to across the purification and satisfy the chief e'en gods and the satisfy the chief e'en gods and the satisfy the chief e'en gods and the oranges or Furies who were in the oranges or Furies who were in the oranges or Furies who were in the original conception the souls of the original conception the souls of the original conception the souls of the dead clamoring for vengeance this notion dead clamoring for vengeance this notion dead clamoring for vengeance this notion of manslaughter as a religious offence of manslaughter as a religious offence of manslaughter as a religious offence necessarily led to the interference of necessarily led to the interference of necessarily led to the interference of the state for when the member of a the state for when the member of a the state for when the member of a community was impure the stain drew down community was impure the stain drew down community was impure the stain drew down the anger of the gods upon the whole the anger of the gods upon the whole the anger of the gods upon the whole community community community if the unclean were not driven out hence if the unclean were not driven out hence if the unclean were not driven out hence it came about that the state undertook it came about that the state undertook it came about that the state undertook the conduct of criminal justice the the conduct of criminal justice the the conduct of criminal justice the council itself formed the court and the council itself formed the court and the council itself formed the court and the proceedings were closely associated with proceedings were closely associated with proceedings were closely associated with the worship of the SEM nine these the worship of the SEM nine these the worship of the SEM nine these Chilean goddesses had a sanctuary would Chilean goddesses had a sanctuary would Chilean goddesses had a sanctuary would served as a refuge for him whose hand served as a refuge for him whose hand served as a refuge for him whose hand was stained with blood shed on the was stained with blood shed on the was stained with blood shed on the northeast side of the Areopagus outside northeast side of the Areopagus outside northeast side of the Areopagus outside the city wall it is possible that the the city wall it is possible that the the city wall it is possible that the association in this hill with the god association in this hill with the god association in this hill with the god eros is merely due to popular etymology eros is merely due to popular etymology eros is merely due to popular etymology for he had no shrine here but the for he had no shrine here but the for he had no shrine here but the correct explanation of the name arias correct explanation of the name arias correct explanation of the name arias Bacchus on this rugged spot Bacchus on this rugged spot Bacchus on this rugged spot apart from that within sight of the apart from that within sight of the apart from that within sight of the dwellings of men the council held dwellings of men the council held dwellings of men the council held fittings for cases of murder violence

fittings for cases of murder violence fittings for cases of murder violence with murderous intent poisoning and in with murderous intent poisoning and in with murderous intent poisoning and in sender ISM the accuser stood on the sender ISM the accuser stood on the sender ISM the accuser stood on the stone of insolence the accused on the stone of insolence the accused on the stone of insolence the accused on the stone of recklessness each a huge unhewn stone of recklessness each a huge unhewn stone of recklessness each a huge unhewn block this function of the council which block this function of the council which block this function of the council which continued to belong to it after it lost continued to belong to it after it lost continued to belong to it after it lost its other powers procured it the name of its other powers procured it the name of its other powers procured it the name of the Areopagus during the period of the the Areopagus during the period of the the Areopagus during the period of the aristocracy the council was the aristocracy the council was the aristocracy the council was the governing body of Athens we may be governing body of Athens we may be governing body of Athens we may be certain that the magistrates were always certain that the magistrates were always certain that the magistrates were always members but otherwise we do not know how members but otherwise we do not know how members but otherwise we do not know how it was composed and therefore can form it was composed and therefore can form it was composed and therefore can form no clear idea how the Constitution no clear idea how the Constitution no clear idea how the Constitution worked the council doubtless exercised worked the council doubtless exercised worked the council doubtless exercised direct control over the election of the direct control over the election of the direct control over the election of the chief magistrates but we need have small chief magistrates but we need have small chief magistrates but we need have small doubt that the king the Archon and the doubt that the king the Archon and the doubt that the king the Archon and the Polo mark were either elected by the Polo mark were either elected by the Polo mark were either elected by the ecclesia consisting of the whole body of ecclesia consisting of the whole body of ecclesia consisting of the whole body of citizens entitled to vote or at all citizens entitled to vote or at all citizens entitled to vote or at all events were chosen by the council out of events were chosen by the council out of events were chosen by the council out of a limited number nominated by the a limited number nominated by the a limited number nominated by the Assembly as an achievement of the Assembly as an achievement of the Assembly as an achievement of the aristocracy we may regard the annexation aristocracy we may regard the annexation aristocracy we may regard the annexation of Lucis the aleutian Kingdom founded by of Lucis the aleutian Kingdom founded by of Lucis the aleutian Kingdom founded by Athens on one side and Megara on the Athens on one side and Megara on the Athens on one side and Megara on the other its Little Bay blocked by megarian other its Little Bay blocked by megarian other its Little Bay blocked by megarian Salamis did not play any part in any Salamis did not play any part in any Salamis did not play any part in any portion of Greek history of which we portion of Greek history of which we portion of Greek history of which we have the faintest record but of its have the faintest record but of its have the faintest record but of its independent existence we have a clear independent existence we have a clear independent existence we have a clear echo and a hymn which tells the elusion echo and a hymn which tells the elusion echo and a hymn which tells the elusion story of Demeter that goddess wandering story of Demeter that goddess wandering story of Demeter that goddess wandering in quest of our lost daughter Persephone

in quest of our lost daughter Persephone in quest of our lost daughter Persephone came to a Lucis where she was hospital came to a Lucis where she was hospital came to a Lucis where she was hospital entertained by the king and would have entertained by the king and would have entertained by the king and would have made his made his made his son immortal but for the Queen's want of son immortal but for the Queen's want of son immortal but for the Queen's want of faith this poem is thought to have been faith this poem is thought to have been faith this poem is thought to have been composed in the 7th century and it's composed in the 7th century and it's composed in the 7th century and it's though the days when hallucis was though the days when hallucis was though the days when hallucis was independent had not yet passed out of independent had not yet passed out of independent had not yet passed out of men's memories then the middle of the men's memories then the middle of the men's memories then the middle of the 7th century is marked by a further 7th century is marked by a further 7th century is marked by a further constitutional change which is the constitutional change which is the constitutional change which is the result of various social changes the result of various social changes the result of various social changes the aristocracy of birth is forced to widen aristocracy of birth is forced to widen aristocracy of birth is forced to widen into an aristocracy of wealth the into an aristocracy of wealth the into an aristocracy of wealth the general causes of this change are to be general causes of this change are to be general causes of this change are to be found in the new economical conditions found in the new economical conditions found in the new economical conditions which have been already pointed out as which have been already pointed out as which have been already pointed out as affecting the whole greek world in the affecting the whole greek world in the affecting the whole greek world in the 7th century but to understand their 7th century but to understand their 7th century but to understand their operation and political consequences at operation and political consequences at operation and political consequences at Athens we must look more closely into Athens we must look more closely into Athens we must look more closely into the classes of the attic population and the classes of the attic population and the classes of the attic population and the social structure under the rule of the social structure under the rule of the social structure under the rule of the Kings and the aristocracy's the free the Kings and the aristocracy's the free the Kings and the aristocracy's the free population fell into three classes the population fell into three classes the population fell into three classes the new patre die or Nobles Gore guy or new patre die or Nobles Gore guy or new patre die or Nobles Gore guy or peasants who qualified their own farms peasants who qualified their own farms peasants who qualified their own farms and the Demio guy public workers those and the Demio guy public workers those and the Demio guy public workers those who live by trade or commerce the who live by trade or commerce the who live by trade or commerce the apartments originally lived in the apartments originally lived in the apartments originally lived in the country and many attic places were country and many attic places were country and many attic places were called from their families such as Fiona called from their families such as Fiona called from their families such as Fiona die or booty died after the cynicism die or booty died after the cynicism die or booty died after the cynicism many of them came to live in the city many of them came to live in the city many of them came to live in the city the demure guy had their settlements in the demure guy had their settlements in the demure guy had their settlements in the neighbourhood of the city for the neighbourhood of the city for the neighbourhood of the city for example there was the quarter of the

example there was the quarter of the example there was the quarter of the Potters north of the areopagus and also Potters north of the areopagus and also Potters north of the areopagus and also in the country such as Pella test or the in the country such as Pella test or the in the country such as Pella test or the holiday but besides these classes of holiday but besides these classes of holiday but besides these classes of citizens who had the right of attending citizens who had the right of attending citizens who had the right of attending the assembly there was a mass of free the assembly there was a mass of free the assembly there was a mass of free men who were not citizens among these we men who were not citizens among these we men who were not citizens among these we can distinguish the agricultural can distinguish the agricultural can distinguish the agricultural laborers who having no land of their own laborers who having no land of their own laborers who having no land of their own cultivated the estates of the nobles in cultivated the estates of the nobles in cultivated the estates of the nobles in return for their labor they retained 1/6 return for their labor they retained 1/6 return for their labor they retained 1/6 of the produce produce and were hence of the produce produce and were hence of the produce produce and were hence called 6 parters at the Murray called 6 parters at the Murray called 6 parters at the Murray there were also the craftsmen who were there were also the craftsmen who were there were also the craftsmen who were employed and paid by the Demiurge II and employed and paid by the Demiurge II and employed and paid by the Demiurge II and doubtless small retail dealers and doubtless small retail dealers and doubtless small retail dealers and others although Attica seems to have others although Attica seems to have others although Attica seems to have taken no part in the colonizing movement taken no part in the colonizing movement taken no part in the colonizing movement of the 8th and 7th centuries yes then of the 8th and 7th centuries yes then of the 8th and 7th centuries yes then sharing the trading activities of the sharing the trading activities of the sharing the trading activities of the period and more profoundly affected by period and more profoundly affected by period and more profoundly affected by the economical revolution of the Greek the economical revolution of the Greek the economical revolution of the Greek world the cultivation of the olive was world the cultivation of the olive was world the cultivation of the olive was becoming a feature at Attica and its oil becoming a feature at Attica and its oil becoming a feature at Attica and its oil a profitable article of exportation at a profitable article of exportation at a profitable article of exportation at the same time addict potters were the same time addict potters were the same time addict potters were actively developing their industry on actively developing their industry on actively developing their industry on lines of their own an attic pottery was lines of their own an attic pottery was lines of their own an attic pottery was in the course of another century to in the course of another century to in the course of another century to become disseminated throughout become disseminated throughout become disseminated throughout Mediterranean countries from Tuscany to Mediterranean countries from Tuscany to Mediterranean countries from Tuscany to Cypress jars of this age have been found Cypress jars of this age have been found Cypress jars of this age have been found in tombs neither dip elongate on the in tombs neither dip elongate on the in tombs neither dip elongate on the northwest side of Athens and these northwest side of Athens and these northwest side of Athens and these stipple on vases as they were called stipple on vases as they were called stipple on vases as they were called give us a glimpse of the Attic give us a glimpse of the Attic give us a glimpse of the Attic civilization of the period we not only civilization of the period we not only civilization of the period we not only see a new style of vase painting with

see a new style of vase painting with see a new style of vase painting with geometrical ornament and a symmetrical geometrical ornament and a symmetrical geometrical ornament and a symmetrical arrangement of the space at the painters arrangement of the space at the painters arrangement of the space at the painters disposal but in the picture of funeral disposal but in the picture of funeral disposal but in the picture of funeral processions we can observe with what processions we can observe with what processions we can observe with what pomp and cost the Attic Nobles buried pomp and cost the Attic Nobles buried pomp and cost the Attic Nobles buried their dead in the graves where these their dead in the graves where these their dead in the graves where these vases were found offerings were laid vases were found offerings were laid vases were found offerings were laid beside the dead pottery and sometimes beside the dead pottery and sometimes beside the dead pottery and sometimes gold ornaments and this sepulchral pit gold ornaments and this sepulchral pit gold ornaments and this sepulchral pit was surmounted not by a mound but by a was surmounted not by a mound but by a was surmounted not by a mound but by a tall clay jar with an opening below tall clay jar with an opening below tall clay jar with an opening below through which drink offerings could be through which drink offerings could be through which drink offerings could be poured but it must be noticed that soon poured but it must be noticed that soon poured but it must be noticed that soon oculus epic the influence of Ionia made oculus epic the influence of Ionia made oculus epic the influence of Ionia made it soft felt in attica and the custom it soft felt in attica and the custom it soft felt in attica and the custom was introduced of burning the dead was introduced of burning the dead was introduced of burning the dead burial however was not discontinued the burial however was not discontinued the burial however was not discontinued the two custom subsisted side by side Ionia two custom subsisted side by side Ionia two custom subsisted side by side Ionia also influenced Athenian dress the also influenced Athenian dress the also influenced Athenian dress the woolen peplos fastened with a pin was woolen peplos fastened with a pin was woolen peplos fastened with a pin was given up and they only and sleeved tunic given up and they only and sleeved tunic given up and they only and sleeved tunic or curtain of linen took its place it or curtain of linen took its place it or curtain of linen took its place it would be interesting if we might see in would be interesting if we might see in would be interesting if we might see in the reed representation of ships and the reed representation of ships and the reed representation of ships and some of the diplom some of the diplom some of the diplom vases and illustration of the beginnings vases and illustration of the beginnings vases and illustration of the beginnings of a Dixieland ship the sea traffic of a Dixieland ship the sea traffic of a Dixieland ship the sea traffic Athens must have been rapidly growing in Athens must have been rapidly growing in Athens must have been rapidly growing in the first half of the seventh century it the first half of the seventh century it the first half of the seventh century it is easy to see how the active is easy to see how the active is easy to see how the active participation of Athens in trade began participation of Athens in trade began participation of Athens in trade began to undermine the foundations of the to undermine the foundations of the to undermine the foundations of the aristocracy of birth by introducing a aristocracy of birth by introducing a aristocracy of birth by introducing a new standard of social distinction the new standard of social distinction the new standard of social distinction the nobles engaged in mercantile ventures nobles engaged in mercantile ventures nobles engaged in mercantile ventures with various success some becoming with various success some becoming with various success some becoming richer and others poorer and the richer and others poorer and the richer and others poorer and the Industrial folk increased in wealth

Industrial folk increased in wealth Industrial folk increased in wealth and importance the result would and importance the result would and importance the result would ultimately be that wealth would it cert ultimately be that wealth would it cert ultimately be that wealth would it cert itself as well as birth both socially itself as well as birth both socially itself as well as birth both socially and politically and in the second half and politically and in the second half and politically and in the second half of the seventh century we find that of the seventh century we find that of the seventh century we find that though the aristocracy has not been though the aristocracy has not been though the aristocracy has not been fully replaced by a democracy or fully replaced by a democracy or fully replaced by a democracy or Constitution in which political rights Constitution in which political rights Constitution in which political rights depend entirely on wealth all the depend entirely on wealth all the depend entirely on wealth all the conditions are present for such a conditions are present for such a conditions are present for such a transformation where we find the people transformation where we find the people transformation where we find the people divided into three classes according to divided into three classes according to divided into three classes according to their wealth the principle of division their wealth the principle of division their wealth the principle of division was the annual yield of landed property was the annual yield of landed property was the annual yield of landed property in corn oil or wine the highest class in corn oil or wine the highest class in corn oil or wine the highest class was the pentacle Co Minh Domini before was the pentacle Co Minh Domini before was the pentacle Co Minh Domini before his name had any official meaning it was his name had any official meaning it was his name had any official meaning it was perhaps in popular use designate those perhaps in popular use designate those perhaps in popular use designate those large proprietors whose income reached large proprietors whose income reached large proprietors whose income reached 500 madam knee of corn the time when oil 500 madam knee of corn the time when oil 500 madam knee of corn the time when oil and wine had not been much cultivated and wine had not been much cultivated and wine had not been much cultivated when it acquired an official sense it when it acquired an official sense it when it acquired an official sense it was defined to include those whose Lin was defined to include those whose Lin was defined to include those whose Lin produced at least so many measures madam produced at least so many measures madam produced at least so many measures madam knee of corn and so many measures man knee of corn and so many measures man knee of corn and so many measures man three ty of oil or wine as together three ty of oil or wine as together three ty of oil or wine as together amounted to 500 measures the second amounted to 500 measures the second amounted to 500 measures the second class included those whose property class included those whose property class included those whose property produced more than 300 but less than 500 produced more than 300 but less than 500 produced more than 300 but less than 500 such measures these were called Knights such measures these were called Knights such measures these were called Knights and so were presented roughly those who and so were presented roughly those who and so were presented roughly those who can maintain a horse and take their part can maintain a horse and take their part can maintain a horse and take their part in war as mounted soldiers the minimum in war as mounted soldiers the minimum in war as mounted soldiers the minimum income of the third class was 200 income of the third class was 200 income of the third class was 200 measures and their name Teamsters shows measures and their name Teamsters shows measures and their name Teamsters shows that they were well-to-do peasants who that they were well-to-do peasants who that they were well-to-do peasants who could tell their land with a pair of could tell their land with a pair of could tell their land with a pair of oxen the chief magistrate sees of our

oxen the chief magistrate sees of our oxen the chief magistrate sees of our Kahn king and polar mark were confined Kahn king and polar mark were confined Kahn king and polar mark were confined to the first class but the principal was to the first class but the principal was to the first class but the principal was admitted that a successful man there admitted that a successful man there admitted that a successful man there nirupa trade was eligible for the nirupa trade was eligible for the nirupa trade was eligible for the highest offices if his income amounted highest offices if his income amounted highest offices if his income amounted to 500 madami it was natural the rating to 500 madami it was natural the rating to 500 madami it was natural the rating should be expressed in terms of wealth should be expressed in terms of wealth should be expressed in terms of wealth derived from land but it is not a derived from land but it is not a derived from land but it is not a necessary inference that the necessary inference that the necessary inference that the handicraftsmen handicraftsmen handicraftsmen were entirely excluded or that in order were entirely excluded or that in order were entirely excluded or that in order to win political rights they were forced to win political rights they were forced to win political rights they were forced to purchase estates at first this to purchase estates at first this to purchase estates at first this concession of a you patrons to their concession of a you patrons to their concession of a you patrons to their fellow citizens did not practically fellow citizens did not practically fellow citizens did not practically amount to much amount to much amount to much most of the richest men in the state most of the richest men in the state most of the richest men in the state still belong to the old clans but the still belong to the old clans but the still belong to the old clans but the recognition of wealth recognition of wealth recognition of wealth a political test could not fail to a political test could not fail to a political test could not fail to undermine ultimately the privileges of undermine ultimately the privileges of undermine ultimately the privileges of birth the organization of the lower birth the organization of the lower birth the organization of the lower classes in two bodies resembling the classes in two bodies resembling the classes in two bodies resembling the clans of the nobles and their admission clans of the nobles and their admission clans of the nobles and their admission into the Brotherhood's have been into the Brotherhood's have been into the Brotherhood's have been mentioned it is probable that the mentioned it is probable that the mentioned it is probable that the institution of the best method tie also institution of the best method tie also institution of the best method tie also marks a step itself assert a ssin of marks a step itself assert a ssin of marks a step itself assert a ssin of these classes that the smithy tie were a these classes that the smithy tie were a these classes that the smithy tie were a college of six judges who managed the college of six judges who managed the college of six judges who managed the whole judicial system of Athens it was whole judicial system of Athens it was whole judicial system of Athens it was their duty to examine and call attention their duty to examine and call attention their duty to examine and call attention to defects in the laws and to keep a to defects in the laws and to keep a to defects in the laws and to keep a record of judicial decisions and they record of judicial decisions and they record of judicial decisions and they seem to have taken cognizance of all seem to have taken cognizance of all seem to have taken cognizance of all cases which belonged to the scope of the cases which belonged to the scope of the cases which belonged to the scope of the Council of Areopagus except trials for Council of Areopagus except trials for Council of Areopagus except trials for murder in fact it looks as that they murder in fact it looks as that they murder in fact it looks as that they were practically a committee of that were practically a committee of that were practically a committee of that Council they were elected annually and

Council they were elected annually and Council they were elected annually and it has been plausibly supposed the it has been plausibly supposed the it has been plausibly supposed the number of six was determined by the fact number of six was determined by the fact number of six was determined by the fact that they originated in a compromise that they originated in a compromise that they originated in a compromise between the orders three being you between the orders three being you between the orders three being you portraits to court guy and one demure portraits to court guy and one demure portraits to court guy and one demure Goths Goths Goths they were soon associated with the three they were soon associated with the three they were soon associated with the three chief magistrates the arc on that the chief magistrates the arc on that the chief magistrates the arc on that the silliest and the polar mark and the nine silliest and the polar mark and the nine silliest and the polar mark and the nine came to form a sort of college and were came to form a sort of college and were came to form a sort of college and were called the nine archons each of the nine called the nine archons each of the nine called the nine archons each of the nine when he entered on his office took an when he entered on his office took an when he entered on his office took an oath that he would act in accordance oath that he would act in accordance oath that he would act in accordance with the laws and avow that if he with the laws and avow that if he with the laws and avow that if he committed any injustice he would committed any injustice he would committed any injustice he would dedicate in gold dedicate in gold dedicate in gold a man statute of life sighs it was a a man statute of life sighs it was a a man statute of life sighs it was a penalty which no Archon could have penalty which no Archon could have penalty which no Archon could have discharged outside these classes with a discharged outside these classes with a discharged outside these classes with a smaller peasants who had land of their smaller peasants who had land of their smaller peasants who had land of their own of which however the produce did not own of which however the produce did not own of which however the produce did not amount to two hundred measures of corn amount to two hundred measures of corn amount to two hundred measures of corn or oil and the humbler handicraftsmen or oil and the humbler handicraftsmen or oil and the humbler handicraftsmen these were called Thetis the name being these were called Thetis the name being these were called Thetis the name being perverted from its proper meaning of perverted from its proper meaning of perverted from its proper meaning of labourers the feet test for citizens but labourers the feet test for citizens but labourers the feet test for citizens but had no political rights did they were had no political rights did they were had no political rights did they were beginning to win a certain public beginning to win a certain public beginning to win a certain public importance the conditions of a growing importance the conditions of a growing importance the conditions of a growing maritime trade led to the development of maritime trade led to the development of maritime trade led to the development of a navy as the sea power grew a new a navy as the sea power grew a new a navy as the sea power grew a new organization was found necessary and organization was found necessary and organization was found necessary and there can be little doubt that the duty there can be little doubt that the duty there can be little doubt that the duty of serving his Marines and the pentacon of serving his Marines and the pentacon of serving his Marines and the pentacon ters mainly devolved upon the fetes this ters mainly devolved upon the fetes this ters mainly devolved upon the fetes this gave them an oosik gave them an oosik gave them an oosik in the state a significance which would in the state a significance which would in the state a significance which would strengthen their claim to political strengthen their claim to political strengthen their claim to political rights when the time for pressing that

rights when the time for pressing that rights when the time for pressing that claim should come we shall see hereafter claim should come we shall see hereafter claim should come we shall see hereafter how closely it was a democracy of Athens how closely it was a democracy of Athens how closely it was a democracy of Athens with her sea power and make it hardly be with her sea power and make it hardly be with her sea power and make it hardly be wrong and surmising the faint or shadow wrong and surmising the faint or shadow wrong and surmising the faint or shadow beings of that connection at the very beings of that connection at the very beings of that connection at the very beginning of her naval history each of beginning of her naval history each of beginning of her naval history each of the four tribes was divided for this the four tribes was divided for this the four tribes was divided for this purpose into twelve districts called NOK purpose into twelve districts called NOK purpose into twelve districts called NOK REI each new query I was probably bound REI each new query I was probably bound REI each new query I was probably bound to supply a ship thus the fleet to supply a ship thus the fleet to supply a ship thus the fleet consisted of 48 ships the administration consisted of 48 ships the administration consisted of 48 ships the administration was directed by a body of NACA Prairie was directed by a body of NACA Prairie was directed by a body of NACA Prairie at the head of which were presidents and at the head of which were presidents and at the head of which were presidents and the organization might be found the organization might be found the organization might be found convenient for other than naval purposes convenient for other than naval purposes convenient for other than naval purposes thus the Nakuru formed an important thus the Nakuru formed an important thus the Nakuru formed an important administrative council we see them that administrative council we see them that administrative council we see them that in the middle of the 7th century Society in the middle of the 7th century Society in the middle of the 7th century Society and attic is undergoing a change or just and attic is undergoing a change or just and attic is undergoing a change or just transforming the face of all the transforming the face of all the transforming the face of all the progressive parts of Hellas wealth is progressive parts of Hellas wealth is progressive parts of Hellas wealth is competing with dissent as a political competing with dissent as a political competing with dissent as a political test and the aristocracy of Burke seems test and the aristocracy of Burke seems test and the aristocracy of Burke seems to be passing into a democracy the power to be passing into a democracy the power to be passing into a democracy the power is in the hands of the three chief is in the hands of the three chief is in the hands of the three chief archons who always belong to the class archons who always belong to the class archons who always belong to the class of wealthy nobles and the Council of of wealthy nobles and the Council of of wealthy nobles and the Council of areopagus which is certainly composed of areopagus which is certainly composed of areopagus which is certainly composed of you posterity but the classes outside you posterity but the classes outside you posterity but the classes outside the noble clans the smaller proprietors the noble clans the smaller proprietors the noble clans the smaller proprietors and the merchants are beginning to and the merchants are beginning to and the merchants are beginning to assert themselves and make their weight assert themselves and make their weight assert themselves and make their weight felt possibly the institution of the Fez felt possibly the institution of the Fez felt possibly the institution of the Fez Messiah is due to their pressure they Messiah is due to their pressure they Messiah is due to their pressure they also obtain admission into the also obtain admission into the also obtain admission into the Brotherhood's which had been hitherto Brotherhood's which had been hitherto Brotherhood's which had been hitherto exclusive addict trade is rapidly

exclusive addict trade is rapidly exclusive addict trade is rapidly growing the commercial development growing the commercial development growing the commercial development promotes these Democratic tendencies and promotes these Democratic tendencies and promotes these Democratic tendencies and has also led to the creation of a fleet has also led to the creation of a fleet has also led to the creation of a fleet which since the poorest class of which since the poorest class of which since the poorest class of citizens are required to man it when is citizens are required to man it when is citizens are required to man it when is that class important and prepares the that class important and prepares the that class important and prepares the way for its political recognition as yet way for its political recognition as yet way for its political recognition as yet however the naval establishment of however the naval establishment of however the naval establishment of Athens was but small compared with her Athens was but small compared with her Athens was but small compared with her neighbours Calchas and Corinth or her neighbours Calchas and Corinth or her neighbours Calchas and Corinth or her daughter cities of Ionia and a Ghana daughter cities of Ionia and a Ghana daughter cities of Ionia and a Ghana which I come for well under the which I come for well under the which I come for well under the influence of argos outstripped her it is influence of argos outstripped her it is influence of argos outstripped her it is interesting to find these two cities interesting to find these two cities interesting to find these two cities athens and a janilla athens and a janilla athens and a janilla which were in later times to be bitter which were in later times to be bitter which were in later times to be bitter rivals for the supremacy in their golf rivals for the supremacy in their golf rivals for the supremacy in their golf in the 7th century taking part in an in the 7th century taking part in an in the 7th century taking part in an association for maintaining the worship association for maintaining the worship association for maintaining the worship of Poseidon in the little island at of Poseidon in the little island at of Poseidon in the little island at Colora over against Troezen other coast Colora over against Troezen other coast Colora over against Troezen other coast towns of the Saronic and our Golic bays towns of the Saronic and our Golic bays towns of the Saronic and our Golic bays Epidaurus Troezen Hermia Epidaurus Troezen Hermia Epidaurus Troezen Hermia nope Leah prosaic belongs to the sacred nope Leah prosaic belongs to the sacred nope Leah prosaic belongs to the sacred Union and the Baratheon ARCA menace by Union and the Baratheon ARCA menace by Union and the Baratheon ARCA menace by virtue of the authority which she still virtue of the authority which she still virtue of the authority which she still possessed under the sailors of ant the possessed under the sailors of ant the possessed under the sailors of ant the Don was also a member there was no Don was also a member there was no Don was also a member there was no political significance in the joint political significance in the joint political significance in the joint color in worship of these maritime color in worship of these maritime color in worship of these maritime talents their seamen propitiated talents their seamen propitiated talents their seamen propitiated Poseidon at coal area just as they Poseidon at coal area just as they Poseidon at coal area just as they sacrificed to pan-hellenic Zeus on the sacrificed to pan-hellenic Zeus on the sacrificed to pan-hellenic Zeus on the far steam mountain of pagina and these far steam mountain of pagina and these far steam mountain of pagina and these were not grudging voter ease they built were not grudging voter ease they built were not grudging voter ease they built the house for the sea god in his island

the house for the sea god in his island the house for the sea god in his island its foundations have been recently its foundations have been recently its foundations have been recently uncovered and it is one of the earliest uncovered and it is one of the earliest uncovered and it is one of the earliest dune temples whose ruins have been found dune temples whose ruins have been found dune temples whose ruins have been found in Greece Attica like the rest of the in Greece Attica like the rest of the in Greece Attica like the rest of the Greek world was disturbed in her Greek world was disturbed in her Greek world was disturbed in her economic development by the invention of economic development by the invention of economic development by the invention of money she had naturally been brought money she had naturally been brought money she had naturally been brought into close commercial relations with her into close commercial relations with her into close commercial relations with her neighbor Akina which at this time began neighbor Akina which at this time began neighbor Akina which at this time began to take a leading part in maritime to take a leading part in maritime to take a leading part in maritime enterprise accordingly we find Athens enterprise accordingly we find Athens enterprise accordingly we find Athens adopting the egg in a ton coinage and adopting the egg in a ton coinage and adopting the egg in a ton coinage and using a system of weights and measures using a system of weights and measures using a system of weights and measures which was almost if not quite identical which was almost if not quite identical which was almost if not quite identical with the idea Newton the introduction of with the idea Newton the introduction of with the idea Newton the introduction of money which was at first very scarce and money which was at first very scarce and money which was at first very scarce and led to the accumulation of capital in led to the accumulation of capital in led to the accumulation of capital in the chests of successful speculators was the chests of successful speculators was the chests of successful speculators was followed by a period of transition followed by a period of transition followed by a period of transition between the old system of the direct between the old system of the direct between the old system of the direct exchange of commodities and the new exchange of commodities and the new exchange of commodities and the new system of a metallic medium and this system of a metallic medium and this system of a metallic medium and this transitional period was trying to all transitional period was trying to all transitional period was trying to all men of small means but the inevitable men of small means but the inevitable men of small means but the inevitable economic crisis did not come at once economic crisis did not come at once economic crisis did not come at once though all conditions of social distress though all conditions of social distress though all conditions of social distress were present and a conflict between the were present and a conflict between the were present and a conflict between the rich and the poor was drawn steadily rich and the poor was drawn steadily rich and the poor was drawn steadily near an event happened about 30 years near an event happened about 30 years near an event happened about 30 years before the end of the century which before the end of the century which before the end of the century which shows that the peasants were still loyal shows that the peasants were still loyal shows that the peasants were still loyal to the existing Constitution the example to the existing Constitution the example to the existing Constitution the example of tyranny was infectious and as it of tyranny was infectious and as it of tyranny was infectious and as it flourished at the very door of Athens flourished at the very door of Athens flourished at the very door of Athens in Megara and Corinth it was unlikely in Megara and Corinth it was unlikely in Megara and Corinth it was unlikely that some attempt should not be made at that some attempt should not be made at that some attempt should not be made at Athens to a certain Cylon of noble Athens to a certain Cylon of noble Athens to a certain Cylon of noble family married the daughter of the family married the daughter of the family married the daughter of the agonist tyrant of Megara and under

agonist tyrant of Megara and under agonist tyrant of Megara and under Megerian influence and with Megerian Megerian influence and with Megerian Megerian influence and with Megerian help he tried to make himself master of help he tried to make himself master of help he tried to make himself master of the city consulting the Delphic Oracle the city consulting the Delphic Oracle the city consulting the Delphic Oracle he was advised to seize the Acropolis on he was advised to seize the Acropolis on he was advised to seize the Acropolis on the greatest festival of Zeus cylon an the greatest festival of Zeus cylon an the greatest festival of Zeus cylon an Olympic Victor himself had no doubt that Olympic Victor himself had no doubt that Olympic Victor himself had no doubt that the feast of Olympia was meant but when the feast of Olympia was meant but when the feast of Olympia was meant but when his plot failed it was explained the his plot failed it was explained the his plot failed it was explained the Oracle referred to the Athenian feast Oracle referred to the Athenian feast Oracle referred to the Athenian feast died Asha in March which was celebrated died Asha in March which was celebrated died Asha in March which was celebrated outside the city Cylon enlisted in his outside the city Cylon enlisted in his outside the city Cylon enlisted in his Enterprise a number of noble youths and Enterprise a number of noble youths and Enterprise a number of noble youths and a band a Megerian soldiers were sent by a band a Megerian soldiers were sent by a band a Megerian soldiers were sent by the agonist he had no support among the the agonist he had no support among the the agonist he had no support among the people he succeeded in seizing the people he succeeded in seizing the people he succeeded in seizing the Acropolis but the site of foreign Acropolis but the site of foreign Acropolis but the site of foreign soldiers effectually quenched any soldiers effectually quenched any soldiers effectually quenched any lurking sympathy that any of the lurking sympathy that any of the lurking sympathy that any of the Athenians might have felt for an effort Athenians might have felt for an effort Athenians might have felt for an effort to overthrow the government the Council to overthrow the government the Council to overthrow the government the Council of the now cries summoned the husbandmen of the now cries summoned the husbandmen of the now cries summoned the husbandmen from the country and the summons was from the country and the summons was from the country and the summons was readily obeyed cylon was blockaded in readily obeyed cylon was blockaded in readily obeyed cylon was blockaded in the citadel and after a long siege when the citadel and after a long siege when the citadel and after a long siege when food and water began to fail he escaped food and water began to fail he escaped food and water began to fail he escaped with his brother from the fortress the with his brother from the fortress the with his brother from the fortress the rest were soon constrained to capitulate rest were soon constrained to capitulate rest were soon constrained to capitulate they sought refuge in the temple of they sought refuge in the temple of they sought refuge in the temple of Athena Peleus and left it when the Athena Peleus and left it when the Athena Peleus and left it when the archons promised to spare their lies archons promised to spare their lies archons promised to spare their lies Maga CLA's of the elf mana tree was Maga CLA's of the elf mana tree was Maga CLA's of the elf mana tree was Archon this year and at his instigation Archon this year and at his instigation Archon this year and at his instigation the pledge was disregarded and the the pledge was disregarded and the the pledge was disregarded and the conspirators were put to death some feud conspirators were put to death some feud conspirators were put to death some feud among the clans may have been at work among the clans may have been at work among the clans may have been at work here the city was saved from a tyrant here the city was saved from a tyrant here the city was saved from a tyrant but it had occurred a grave pollution but it had occurred a grave pollution but it had occurred a grave pollution such a violation of a solemn pledge to

such a violation of a solemn pledge to such a violation of a solemn pledge to the suppliant who had trusted in the the suppliant who had trusted in the the suppliant who had trusted in the protection of the gods was an insult to protection of the gods was an insult to protection of the gods was an insult to the gods themselves and the city was the gods themselves and the city was the gods themselves and the city was under a curse to the pollution to be under a curse to the pollution to be under a curse to the pollution to be removed this view was urged by the removed this view was urged by the removed this view was urged by the secret Friends of Cylon and those who secret Friends of Cylon and those who secret Friends of Cylon and those who hated McMahons and so it came to pass hated McMahons and so it came to pass hated McMahons and so it came to pass the law Cylon his brother and their the law Cylon his brother and their the law Cylon his brother and their descendants were condemned to descendants were condemned to descendants were condemned to disenfranchisement and perpetual disenfranchisement and perpetual disenfranchisement and perpetual banishment the alchemy Oh nuts and those banishment the alchemy Oh nuts and those banishment the alchemy Oh nuts and those who had acted with them were also tried who had acted with them were also tried who had acted with them were also tried on the charge of sacrilege and condemned on the charge of sacrilege and condemned on the charge of sacrilege and condemned to a perpetual exile to a perpetual exile to a perpetual exile with a confiscation of their property with a confiscation of their property with a confiscation of their property and the bodies of those of the clan who and the bodies of those of the clan who and the bodies of those of the clan who had died between the deed of sacrilege had died between the deed of sacrilege had died between the deed of sacrilege and the passing of the sentence were and the passing of the sentence were and the passing of the sentence were excused and cast beyond the boundaries excused and cast beyond the boundaries excused and cast beyond the boundaries of Attica the banishment of the ELCA of Attica the banishment of the ELCA of Attica the banishment of the ELCA mantids high consequences in the distant mantids high consequences in the distant mantids high consequences in the distant future and we shall see how it comes future and we shall see how it comes future and we shall see how it comes into the practical politics of Athens into the practical politics of Athens into the practical politics of Athens two hundred years later the tales also two hundred years later the tales also two hundred years later the tales also told that the city required a further told that the city required a further told that the city required a further purification and that a priest named purification and that a priest named purification and that a priest named Apep amenities came from Crete and Apep amenities came from Crete and Apep amenities came from Crete and cleansed it but it has been thought cleansed it but it has been thought cleansed it but it has been thought doubtful whether a Parmenides is more doubtful whether a Parmenides is more doubtful whether a Parmenides is more than a mythical name like Orpheus since than a mythical name like Orpheus since than a mythical name like Orpheus since another story brings him to Athens again another story brings him to Athens again another story brings him to Athens again for similar purposes of atonement more for similar purposes of atonement more for similar purposes of atonement more than a century afterwards and then both than a century afterwards and then both than a century afterwards and then both tails are conciliated by ascribing to tails are conciliated by ascribing to tails are conciliated by ascribing to the seer miraculous sleep of a hundred the seer miraculous sleep of a hundred the seer miraculous sleep of a hundred years in the course of the next 10 years years in the course of the next 10 years years in the course of the next 10 years the state of the peasant seems to have the state of the peasant seems to have the state of the peasant seems to have changed considerably for the worse the changed considerably for the worse the changed considerably for the worse the outbreak of a war with Megara in outbreak of a war with Megara in outbreak of a war with Megara in consequence of the plot of Cylon

consequence of the plot of Cylon consequence of the plot of Cylon aggravated the distress of the rural aggravated the distress of the rural aggravated the distress of the rural population for the attic coast suffered population for the attic coast suffered population for the attic coast suffered from the depredations of the enemy and from the depredations of the enemy and from the depredations of the enemy and the Megerian market was closed to the the Megerian market was closed to the the Megerian market was closed to the oil trade whether the peasants who oil trade whether the peasants who oil trade whether the peasants who groaned in it under the existing system groaned in it under the existing system groaned in it under the existing system found leaders and extorted concessions found leaders and extorted concessions found leaders and extorted concessions from the government or whether the from the government or whether the from the government or whether the ruling classes themselves saw the danger ruling classes themselves saw the danger ruling classes themselves saw the danger and tried to prevent it by a timely and tried to prevent it by a timely and tried to prevent it by a timely concession it was at all events decided concession it was at all events decided concession it was at all events decided that a code of law should be drawn up that a code of law should be drawn up that a code of law should be drawn up and written down probably men had been and written down probably men had been and written down probably men had been clamoring long to obtain the security clamoring long to obtain the security clamoring long to obtain the security for life and property and what does ESMA for life and property and what does ESMA for life and property and what does ESMA that I may have already done by that I may have already done by that I may have already done by recording judicial decisions in writing recording judicial decisions in writing recording judicial decisions in writing was not enough the rack Khan was was not enough the rack Khan was was not enough the rack Khan was appointed an extraordinary legislator appointed an extraordinary legislator appointed an extraordinary legislator desmith Etta's and empowered to codify desmith Etta's and empowered to codify desmith Etta's and empowered to codify and rectify the existing law we know and rectify the existing law we know and rectify the existing law we know only the provisions of that part of his only the provisions of that part of his only the provisions of that part of his criminal law which he dealt with the criminal law which he dealt with the criminal law which he dealt with the shedding of blood for these provisions shedding of blood for these provisions shedding of blood for these provisions were not altered by subsequent were not altered by subsequent were not altered by subsequent legislation in later times it was legislation in later times it was legislation in later times it was thought that Drakon revealed to the thought that Drakon revealed to the thought that Drakon revealed to the Athenians how harsh their laws were and Athenians how harsh their laws were and Athenians how harsh their laws were and his name became proverbial for a severe his name became proverbial for a severe his name became proverbial for a severe lawgiver an Athenian orator one credit lawgiver an Athenian orator one credit lawgiver an Athenian orator one credit for his epigram that darkens law were for his epigram that darkens law were for his epigram that darkens law were written not written not written not Inc but in blood this idea arose from Inc but in blood this idea arose from Inc but in blood this idea arose from the fact that certain small offenses the fact that certain small offenses the fact that certain small offenses such as killing cabbage were punished by such as killing cabbage were punished by such as killing cabbage were punished by death a broader view however of darkins death a broader view however of darkins death a broader view however of darkins code will modify this view code will modify this view code will modify this view he drew careful distinctions between he drew careful distinctions between he drew careful distinctions between murder and various kinds of accidental murder and various kinds of accidental murder and various kinds of accidental or justifiable manslaughter and rockins

or justifiable manslaughter and rockins or justifiable manslaughter and rockins laws would meet a body of fifty-one laws would meet a body of fifty-one laws would meet a body of fifty-one judges called the F Atty judges called the F Atty judges called the F Atty they were chosen from the you pot roads they were chosen from the you pot roads they were chosen from the you pot roads but it is not clear whether they formed but it is not clear whether they formed but it is not clear whether they formed a part of the Council of the Areopagus a part of the Council of the Areopagus a part of the Council of the Areopagus or a wholly distinct body those cases of or a wholly distinct body those cases of or a wholly distinct body those cases of bloodshed which did not come before the bloodshed which did not come before the bloodshed which did not come before the court of the areopagus were tried by the court of the areopagus were tried by the court of the areopagus were tried by the effet i in case the shudder of blood was effet i in case the shudder of blood was effet i in case the shudder of blood was known according to the nature of the known according to the nature of the known according to the nature of the deed the effort I held their court in deed the effort I held their court in deed the effort I held their court in different places in the temple of the different places in the temple of the different places in the temple of the definian Apollo in the Palladian at definian Apollo in the Palladian at definian Apollo in the Palladian at faller on or at Franta a tongue of land faller on or at Franta a tongue of land faller on or at Franta a tongue of land on the munition peninsula this last on the munition peninsula this last on the munition peninsula this last court was used in the case of those who court was used in the case of those who court was used in the case of those who were tried for manslaughter committed were tried for manslaughter committed were tried for manslaughter committed abroad and as they might not set foot on abroad and as they might not set foot on abroad and as they might not set foot on the soil of their country they had to the soil of their country they had to the soil of their country they had to answer the charge standing in a boat answer the charge standing in a boat answer the charge standing in a boat drawn up near the shore when the shudder drawn up near the shore when the shudder drawn up near the shore when the shudder of blood was not knowing the case came of blood was not knowing the case came of blood was not knowing the case came before the king in the prytt Nahum it is before the king in the prytt Nahum it is before the king in the prytt Nahum it is unfortunate that we are not informed of unfortunate that we are not informed of unfortunate that we are not informed of drakken's other legislation we know that drakken's other legislation we know that drakken's other legislation we know that the laws relating to debtors were the laws relating to debtors were the laws relating to debtors were stringent the creditor could claim the stringent the creditor could claim the stringent the creditor could claim the person of the insolvent debtor in person of the insolvent debtor in person of the insolvent debtor in general he was bound to provide for the general he was bound to provide for the general he was bound to provide for the interests of the rich power holding interests of the rich power holding interests of the rich power holding classes but it was at all events an classes but it was at all events an classes but it was at all events an enormous gain for the poor that those enormous gain for the poor that those enormous gain for the poor that those interests should be defined in writing interests should be defined in writing interests should be defined in writing end of chapter 4 part 3 chapter 4 part 4 of a history of Greece chapter 4 part 4 of a history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great vol

to the death of Alexander the Great vol to the death of Alexander the Great vol 1 this is a librivox recording all 1 this is a librivox recording all 1 this is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to domain for more information or to domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by Graham Redman a history of recording by Graham Redman a history of recording by Graham Redman a history of Greece - the death of Alexander the Greece - the death of Alexander the Greece - the death of Alexander the Great volume 1 by John Bagnall buri Great volume 1 by John Bagnall buri Great volume 1 by John Bagnall buri chapter 4 part 4 the legislation of chapter 4 part 4 the legislation of chapter 4 part 4 the legislation of Solon and the foundation of democracy Drake ins code was something but it did Drake ins code was something but it did not touch the root of the evil not touch the root of the evil not touch the root of the evil every year the oppressiveness of the every year the oppressiveness of the every year the oppressiveness of the rich view and the impoverishment of the rich view and the impoverishment of the rich view and the impoverishment of the small farmer were increasing without small farmer were increasing without small farmer were increasing without capital and obliged to borrow money the capital and obliged to borrow money the capital and obliged to borrow money the small proprietors mortgaged their lands small proprietors mortgaged their lands small proprietors mortgaged their lands which fell into the hands of capitalists which fell into the hands of capitalists which fell into the hands of capitalists who lent money at ruinous interest it who lent money at ruinous interest it who lent money at ruinous interest it must be remembered that money was still must be remembered that money was still must be remembered that money was still very scarce and that the peasants had very scarce and that the peasants had very scarce and that the peasants had now to purchase all their needs in coin now to purchase all their needs in coin now to purchase all their needs in coin footnote the value of silver at this footnote the value of silver at this footnote the value of silver at this time may be judged from the fact that a time may be judged from the fact that a time may be judged from the fact that a sheep cost a drachma a bushel of barley sheep cost a drachma a bushel of barley sheep cost a drachma a bushel of barley a drachma an ox five-track me a drachma a drachma an ox five-track me a drachma a drachma an ox five-track me a drachma equals about a franc end of footnote equals about a franc end of footnote equals about a franc end of footnote even in Attica the small peasant could even in Attica the small peasant could even in Attica the small peasant could not cope with the larger proprietor thus

not cope with the larger proprietor thus not cope with the larger proprietor thus the little farms of Attica were covered the little farms of Attica were covered the little farms of Attica were covered with stones on which the mortgage bonds with stones on which the mortgage bonds with stones on which the mortgage bonds were written the largest states grew were written the largest states grew were written the largest states grew apace the black earth as Solon said was apace the black earth as Solon said was apace the black earth as Solon said was enslaved the condition of the free enslaved the condition of the free enslaved the condition of the free laborers was even more deplorable the laborers was even more deplorable the laborers was even more deplorable the sixth part of the produce which was sixth part of the produce which was sixth part of the produce which was their wage no longer sufficed their wage no longer sufficed their wage no longer sufficed under the new economical conditions to under the new economical conditions to under the new economical conditions to support life and they were forced into support life and they were forced into support life and they were forced into borrowing from their masters the borrowing from their masters the borrowing from their masters the interest was high the laws of debt were interest was high the laws of debt were interest was high the laws of debt were ruthless and ruthless and ruthless and the person of the borrower was the the person of the borrower was the the person of the borrower was the pledge of repayment and forfeited to the pledge of repayment and forfeited to the pledge of repayment and forfeited to the lender in case of inability to pay the lender in case of inability to pay the lender in case of inability to pay the result was that the class of free result was that the class of free result was that the class of free laborers was being gradually transformed laborers was being gradually transformed laborers was being gradually transformed into a class of slaves whom their lords into a class of slaves whom their lords into a class of slaves whom their lords could sell when they chose thus while could sell when they chose thus while could sell when they chose thus while the wealthy few were becoming wealthier the wealthy few were becoming wealthier the wealthy few were becoming wealthier and greedier the small proprietors were and greedier the small proprietors were and greedier the small proprietors were becoming landless and the landless becoming landless and the landless becoming landless and the landless Freeman were becoming slaves and the Freeman were becoming slaves and the Freeman were becoming slaves and the evil was aggravated by unjust judgments evil was aggravated by unjust judgments evil was aggravated by unjust judgments and the perversion of law in favor of and the perversion of law in favor of and the perversion of law in favor of the rich and powerful the social disease the rich and powerful the social disease the rich and powerful the social disease seemed likely to culminate in a seemed likely to culminate in a seemed likely to culminate in a political revolution the people were political revolution the people were political revolution the people were bitter against their and mostly bitter against their and mostly bitter against their and mostly suppressors and only wanted a leader to suppressors and only wanted a leader to suppressors and only wanted a leader to rebel to any student of contemporary rebel to any student of contemporary rebel to any student of contemporary politics observing the development in

politics observing the development in politics observing the development in other states a tyranny would have seemed other states a tyranny would have seemed other states a tyranny would have seemed the most probable solution a tyranny had the most probable solution a tyranny had the most probable solution a tyranny had already once at least and probably more already once at least and probably more already once at least and probably more than once been averted and now as it than once been averted and now as it than once been averted and now as it happened the masses obtained a mediator happened the masses obtained a mediator happened the masses obtained a mediator not a demagogue a reform not a not a demagogue a reform not a not a demagogue a reform not a revolution the tyranny though it was revolution the tyranny though it was revolution the tyranny though it was ultimately to come was postponed for ultimately to come was postponed for ultimately to come was postponed for more than 30 years the mediator and the more than 30 years the mediator and the more than 30 years the mediator and the civil strife was Solon the son of excess civil strife was Solon the son of excess civil strife was Solon the son of excess STDs are noble connected with the house STDs are noble connected with the house STDs are noble connected with the house of the Madan teens he was a merchant and of the Madan teens he was a merchant and of the Madan teens he was a merchant and belonged to the wealthiest class in the belonged to the wealthiest class in the belonged to the wealthiest class in the state but he was very different from the state but he was very different from the state but he was very different from the Attic you patrons rustic Squires of old Attic you patrons rustic Squires of old Attic you patrons rustic Squires of old fashions and narrow vision we may guess fashions and narrow vision we may guess fashions and narrow vision we may guess that he had not been a home keeping that he had not been a home keeping that he had not been a home keeping youth but had visited the eastern coasts youth but had visited the eastern coasts youth but had visited the eastern coasts of the Aegean whither mercantile of the Aegean whither mercantile of the Aegean whither mercantile concerns might have taken him at all concerns might have taken him at all concerns might have taken him at all events he had learned much from events he had learned much from events he had learned much from progressive Ionia he had imbued himself progressive Ionia he had imbued himself progressive Ionia he had imbued himself with ionic literature and had mastered with ionic literature and had mastered with ionic literature and had mastered the art of writing verse in the ionic the art of writing verse in the ionic the art of writing verse in the ionic idiom so that he could himself take part idiom so that he could himself take part idiom so that he could himself take part in the intellectual movement of the day in the intellectual movement of the day in the intellectual movement of the day and become one of the sages of and become one of the sages of and become one of the sages of Griese he was a poet not because he was Griese he was a poet not because he was Griese he was a poet not because he was poetically inspired like the Perry poetically inspired like the Perry poetically inspired like the Perry Anarkali curse of an earlier or the Anarkali curse of an earlier or the Anarkali curse of an earlier or the lesbian Sappho of his own generation but

lesbian Sappho of his own generation but lesbian Sappho of his own generation but because at that time every man of because at that time every man of because at that time every man of letters was a poet letters was a poet letters was a poet there was no prose literature a hundred there was no prose literature a hundred there was no prose literature a hundred years later Solon would have use prose years later Solon would have use prose years later Solon would have use prose as the vehicle of his thoughts his as the vehicle of his thoughts his as the vehicle of his thoughts his moderate temper made him generally moderate temper made him generally moderate temper made him generally popular his knowledge gave him authority popular his knowledge gave him authority popular his knowledge gave him authority and his countrymen called upon him at and his countrymen called upon him at and his countrymen called upon him at last to set their house in order we are last to set their house in order we are last to set their house in order we are fortunate enough to possess portions of fortunate enough to possess portions of fortunate enough to possess portions of poems political pamphlets which he poems political pamphlets which he poems political pamphlets which he published for the purpose of guiding published for the purpose of guiding published for the purpose of guiding public opinion and thus we have his view public opinion and thus we have his view public opinion and thus we have his view of the situation in his own words he did of the situation in his own words he did of the situation in his own words he did not scruple to speak plainly the social not scruple to speak plainly the social not scruple to speak plainly the social abuses and the sad state of the masses abuses and the sad state of the masses abuses and the sad state of the masses were clear to everybody but Solon saw were clear to everybody but Solon saw were clear to everybody but Solon saw another side of the question and he had another side of the question and he had another side of the question and he had no sympathy with the extreme no sympathy with the extreme no sympathy with the extreme revolutionary agitators who demanded a revolutionary agitators who demanded a revolutionary agitators who demanded a redistribution of lands the more redistribution of lands the more redistribution of lands the more moderate of the nobles seemed to have moderate of the nobles seemed to have moderate of the nobles seemed to have seen the danger and the urgent need of a seen the danger and the urgent need of a seen the danger and the urgent need of a new order of things and thus it came to new order of things and thus it came to new order of things and thus it came to pass that Solon was solicited to pass that Solon was solicited to pass that Solon was solicited to undertake the work of reform undertake the work of reform undertake the work of reform he definitely undertook the task and was he definitely undertook the task and was he definitely undertook the task and was elected Archon with extraordinary elected Archon with extraordinary elected Archon with extraordinary legislative powers for the purpose of legislative powers for the purpose of legislative powers for the purpose of healing the evils of the state and healing the evils of the state and healing the evils of the state and conciliating the classes footnote the conciliating the classes footnote the conciliating the classes footnote the year of Solon zarkan ship is either 594

year of Solon zarkan ship is either 594 year of Solon zarkan ship is either 594 2 3 or 592 to 1 BC there is evidence for 2 3 or 592 to 1 BC there is evidence for 2 3 or 592 to 1 BC there is evidence for both perhaps the earlier is the more both perhaps the earlier is the more both perhaps the earlier is the more probable in any case it seems certain probable in any case it seems certain probable in any case it seems certain that Solon's legislative activity that Solon's legislative activity that Solon's legislative activity extended over more than a single year extended over more than a single year extended over more than a single year and likely that he was commissioned as and likely that he was commissioned as and likely that he was commissioned as an extraordinary lawgiver Norma thirties an extraordinary lawgiver Norma thirties an extraordinary lawgiver Norma thirties to revise the Constitution end of to revise the Constitution end of to revise the Constitution end of footnote instead of making the usual footnote instead of making the usual footnote instead of making the usual deck deck deck raishin of the chief magistrate that he raishin of the chief magistrate that he raishin of the chief magistrate that he would protect the property of all men would protect the property of all men would protect the property of all men undiminished he made proclamation that undiminished he made proclamation that undiminished he made proclamation that all mortgages and debts by which the all mortgages and debts by which the all mortgages and debts by which the debtors person was pledged were annulled debtors person was pledged were annulled debtors person was pledged were annulled and that all those who had become slaves and that all those who had become slaves and that all those who had become slaves for debt were free by this Proclamation for debt were free by this Proclamation for debt were free by this Proclamation in that summer memorable for the rescue in that summer memorable for the rescue in that summer memorable for the rescue of hundreds of poor wretches into of hundreds of poor wretches into of hundreds of poor wretches into Liberty and hope the Athenians shook off Liberty and hope the Athenians shook off Liberty and hope the Athenians shook off their burdens and this first act of their burdens and this first act of their burdens and this first act of Solon social reform was called the Cizek Solon social reform was called the Cizek Solon social reform was called the Cizek fire the great deliverance was fire the great deliverance was fire the great deliverance was celebrated by a public feast the celebrated by a public feast the celebrated by a public feast the character of the remedial measures of character of the remedial measures of character of the remedial measures of Solon is imperfectly known after the Solon is imperfectly known after the Solon is imperfectly known after the canceling of old debts he passed a law canceling of old debts he passed a law canceling of old debts he passed a law which for bad debtors to be enslaved he which for bad debtors to be enslaved he which for bad debtors to be enslaved he fixed a limit for the measure of land fixed a limit for the measure of land fixed a limit for the measure of land which could be owned by a single person which could be owned by a single person which could be owned by a single person so as to prevent the growth of

so as to prevent the growth of so as to prevent the growth of dangerously large estates and he forbade dangerously large estates and he forbade dangerously large estates and he forbade the exportation of antic products except the exportation of antic products except the exportation of antic products except oil for it had been found that so much oil for it had been found that so much oil for it had been found that so much corn was carried to foreign markets corn was carried to foreign markets corn was carried to foreign markets where the prices were higher that an where the prices were higher that an where the prices were higher that an insufficient supply remained for the insufficient supply remained for the insufficient supply remained for the population of Attica it is to be population of Attica it is to be population of Attica it is to be observed that at this time the Athenians observed that at this time the Athenians observed that at this time the Athenians had not yet begun to import Pontic corn had not yet begun to import Pontic corn had not yet begun to import Pontic corn all these measures hit the rich hard and all these measures hit the rich hard and all these measures hit the rich hard and created discontent with the reformer created discontent with the reformer created discontent with the reformer while on the other hand he was far from while on the other hand he was far from while on the other hand he was far from satisfying the desires and hopes of the satisfying the desires and hopes of the satisfying the desires and hopes of the masses he would not confiscate and masses he would not confiscate and masses he would not confiscate and redistribute the estates of the wealthy redistribute the estates of the wealthy redistribute the estates of the wealthy as many wished and though he rescued the as many wished and though he rescued the as many wished and though he rescued the free laborer from bondage he made no free laborer from bondage he made no free laborer from bondage he made no change in the sixth part system so that change in the sixth part system so that change in the sixth part system so that the condition of these landless Freeman the condition of these landless Freeman the condition of these landless Freeman was improved only insofar as they could was improved only insofar as they could was improved only insofar as they could not be enslaved and in so far as the law not be enslaved and in so far as the law not be enslaved and in so far as the law limiting exportation affected prices and limiting exportation affected prices and limiting exportation affected prices and Solon was too discreet to attempt to Solon was too discreet to attempt to Solon was too discreet to attempt to interfere seriously with the conditions interfere seriously with the conditions interfere seriously with the conditions of the money market by artificial of the money market by artificial of the money market by artificial restrictions he fixed no restrictions he fixed no restrictions he fixed no Aksum rate of interest and his monetary Aksum rate of interest and his monetary Aksum rate of interest and his monetary reforms must be kept strictly apart from reforms must be kept strictly apart from reforms must be kept strictly apart from his social reforms hitherto the his social reforms hitherto the his social reforms hitherto the Athenians did not coin money of their Athenians did not coin money of their Athenians did not coin money of their own they used the eg neaten currency own they used the eg neaten currency own they used the eg neaten currency Solon inaugurated a native coinage but

Solon inaugurated a native coinage but Solon inaugurated a native coinage but he adopted the Ubik not the eg neaten he adopted the Ubik not the eg neaten he adopted the Ubik not the eg neaten standard thus a hundred of the new attak standard thus a hundred of the new attak standard thus a hundred of the new attak trak me were equivalent in value to trak me were equivalent in value to trak me were equivalent in value to about 70 a journey and dragged me the about 70 a journey and dragged me the about 70 a journey and dragged me the Attic coinage introduced by Solon is to Attic coinage introduced by Solon is to Attic coinage introduced by Solon is to be brought into connection not with the be brought into connection not with the be brought into connection not with the domestic reform but with the foreign domestic reform but with the foreign domestic reform but with the foreign policy of Athens to which new prospects policy of Athens to which new prospects policy of Athens to which new prospects were opening the old coinage attached were opening the old coinage attached were opening the old coinage attached her to Aegina with which her relations her to Aegina with which her relations her to Aegina with which her relations were strained and to her foe Megara the were strained and to her foe Megara the were strained and to her foe Megara the new system seemed to invite her into the new system seemed to invite her into the new system seemed to invite her into the distant fields beyond the sea where cal distant fields beyond the sea where cal distant fields beyond the sea where cal seas and corinth had led the way in seas and corinth had led the way in seas and corinth had led the way in opening up a new world a generation opening up a new world a generation opening up a new world a generation later a new monetary reform introduced a later a new monetary reform introduced a later a new monetary reform introduced a distinct attic standard slightly higher distinct attic standard slightly higher distinct attic standard slightly higher than the you biack what Solon did to than the you biack what Solon did to than the you biack what Solon did to heal the social source of his country heal the social source of his country heal the social source of his country entitled him to the most fervent entitled him to the most fervent entitled him to the most fervent gratitude but it was no more than might gratitude but it was no more than might gratitude but it was no more than might have been done by any able and honest have been done by any able and honest have been done by any able and honest statesman who possessed men's confidence statesman who possessed men's confidence statesman who possessed men's confidence his title to fame as one of the great his title to fame as one of the great his title to fame as one of the great statesmen of Europe rests upon his statesmen of Europe rests upon his statesmen of Europe rests upon his reform of the Constitution he discovered reform of the Constitution he discovered reform of the Constitution he discovered a secret of democracy and he used his a secret of democracy and he used his a secret of democracy and he used his discovery to build up the Constitution discovery to build up the Constitution discovery to build up the Constitution on democratic foundations the Athenian on democratic foundations the Athenian on democratic foundations the Athenian Commonwealth did not actually become a Commonwealth did not actually become a Commonwealth did not actually become a democracy till many years later but

democracy till many years later but democracy till many years later but Solon not only laid the foundations he Solon not only laid the foundations he Solon not only laid the foundations he shaped the framework at first sight shaped the framework at first sight shaped the framework at first sight indeed the state as he reformed it might indeed the state as he reformed it might indeed the state as he reformed it might seem little more than an aristocracy of seem little more than an aristocracy of seem little more than an aristocracy of wealth a democracy with certain wealth a democracy with certain wealth a democracy with certain Democratic tendencies he retained the Democratic tendencies he retained the Democratic tendencies he retained the old graduation of the people in classes old graduation of the people in classes old graduation of the people in classes according to property according to property according to property but he added the theses as a fourth but he added the theses as a fourth but he added the theses as a fourth class and gave it certain political class and gave it certain political class and gave it certain political rights on the three higher classes rights on the three higher classes rights on the three higher classes devolved the public burdens and they devolved the public burdens and they devolved the public burdens and they served as cavalry or as hoplites the served as cavalry or as hoplites the served as cavalry or as hoplites the theses were employed as light-armed theses were employed as light-armed theses were employed as light-armed troops or as Marines it is probable that troops or as Marines it is probable that troops or as Marines it is probable that Solon made little or no change in regard Solon made little or no change in regard Solon made little or no change in regard to the offices which were open to each to the offices which were open to each to the offices which were open to each class Pentecost in I were alone eligible class Pentecost in I were alone eligible class Pentecost in I were alone eligible to the Arkin ship and for them alone was to the Arkin ship and for them alone was to the Arkin ship and for them alone was reserved the financial office of reserved the financial office of reserved the financial office of treasurer of Athena other offices were treasurer of Athena other offices were treasurer of Athena other offices were open to the hippies and the Zhuge et but open to the hippies and the Zhuge et but open to the hippies and the Zhuge et but the distinction in privilege between the distinction in privilege between the distinction in privilege between them is unknown footnote the offices of them is unknown footnote the offices of them is unknown footnote the offices of the Polie ty who farmed out public the Polie ty who farmed out public the Polie ty who farmed out public contracts for example mines the eleven contracts for example mines the eleven contracts for example mines the eleven heads of the executive of justice the heads of the executive of justice the heads of the executive of justice the Cole Accra Thai financial officers end Cole Accra Thai financial officers end Cole Accra Thai financial officers end of footnote the theses were not eligible

of footnote the theses were not eligible of footnote the theses were not eligible to any of the offices of state but they to any of the offices of state but they to any of the offices of state but they were admitted to take part in the were admitted to take part in the were admitted to take part in the meetings of the ecclesia and this gave meetings of the ecclesia and this gave meetings of the ecclesia and this gave them a voice in the election of the them a voice in the election of the them a voice in the election of the magistrate's the opening of the assembly magistrate's the opening of the assembly magistrate's the opening of the assembly at of the lowest class was indeed an at of the lowest class was indeed an at of the lowest class was indeed an important step in the democratic important step in the democratic important step in the democratic direction but it may have been only the direction but it may have been only the direction but it may have been only the end of a gradual process of widening end of a gradual process of widening end of a gradual process of widening which had been going on under the which had been going on under the which had been going on under the aristocracy the Radical measure of Solon aristocracy the Radical measure of Solon aristocracy the Radical measure of Solon which was the very cornerstone of the which was the very cornerstone of the which was the very cornerstone of the Athenian democracy was his constitution Athenian democracy was his constitution Athenian democracy was his constitution of the Courts of Justice he constituted of the Courts of Justice he constituted of the Courts of Justice he constituted a court out of all the citizens a court out of all the citizens a court out of all the citizens including the feeties and as the panel's including the feeties and as the panel's including the feeties and as the panel's of judges were enrolled by lot the of judges were enrolled by lot the of judges were enrolled by lot the poorest burger might have his turn any poorest burger might have his turn any poorest burger might have his turn any magistrate on laying down his office magistrate on laying down his office magistrate on laying down his office could be accused before the people in could be accused before the people in could be accused before the people in these courts and thus the institution of these courts and thus the institution of these courts and thus the institution of popular courts invested the people with popular courts invested the people with popular courts invested the people with a supreme control over the a supreme control over the a supreme control over the administration administration administration the people sitting in sections as sworn the people sitting in sections as sworn the people sitting in sections as sworn judges were called the hylia as judges were called the hylia as judges were called the hylia as distinguished from the ecclesia in which distinguished from the ecclesia in which distinguished from the ecclesia in which they gathered to pass laws or choose they gathered to pass laws or choose they gathered to pass laws or choose magistrates but were required to take no magistrates but were required to take no magistrates but were required to take no earth having in its hands both the earth having in its hands both the earth having in its hands both the appointment of the magistrate's and the appointment of the magistrate's and the appointment of the magistrate's and the control of their conduct the people control of their conduct the people control of their conduct the people possessed theoretically the sovereignty

possessed theoretically the sovereignty possessed theoretically the sovereignty of the state and the meeting out of more of the state and the meeting out of more of the state and the meeting out of more privileges to the less wealthy classes privileges to the less wealthy classes privileges to the less wealthy classes could be merely a matter of time could be merely a matter of time could be merely a matter of time at first the archons were not deprived at first the archons were not deprived at first the archons were not deprived of their judicial powers and the hylia of their judicial powers and the hylia of their judicial powers and the hylia acted as a Court of Appeal but by acted as a Court of Appeal but by acted as a Court of Appeal but by degrees the competence of the archons degrees the competence of the archons degrees the competence of the archons was reduced to the conduct of the was reduced to the conduct of the was reduced to the conduct of the proceedings preliminary to a trial and proceedings preliminary to a trial and proceedings preliminary to a trial and the hylia became both the first and the the hylia became both the first and the the hylia became both the first and the final Court the constitution of the final Court the constitution of the final Court the constitution of the judicial courts out of the whole people judicial courts out of the whole people judicial courts out of the whole people was the secret of democracy which Solon was the secret of democracy which Solon was the secret of democracy which Solon discovered it is his title to fame in discovered it is his title to fame in discovered it is his title to fame in the history of the growth of popular the history of the growth of popular the history of the growth of popular government in Europe without ignoring government in Europe without ignoring government in Europe without ignoring the tendencies to a democratic the tendencies to a democratic the tendencies to a democratic development which existed before him and development which existed before him and development which existed before him and without on the other hand disguising the without on the other hand disguising the without on the other hand disguising the privileges which he reserved to the privileges which he reserved to the privileges which he reserved to the upper classes we can hardly hesitate to upper classes we can hardly hesitate to upper classes we can hardly hesitate to regard Solon as the founder of the regard Solon as the founder of the regard Solon as the founder of the Athenian democracy it must indeed be Athenian democracy it must indeed be Athenian democracy it must indeed be confessed that there is much in the confessed that there is much in the confessed that there is much in the scope and intention of his Constitution scope and intention of his Constitution scope and intention of his Constitution which it is difficult to appreciate which it is difficult to appreciate which it is difficult to appreciate because we know so little of the older because we know so little of the older because we know so little of the older Constitution which he reformed thus we Constitution which he reformed thus we Constitution which he reformed thus we have no definite record touching the have no definite record touching the have no definite record touching the composition of the Council of the composition of the Council of the composition of the Council of the Areopagus touching its functions as a Areopagus touching its functions as a Areopagus touching its functions as a deliberative body and its relations to deliberative body and its relations to deliberative body and its relations to the assembly or touching the composition

the assembly or touching the composition the assembly or touching the composition of the assembly itself we can however of the assembly itself we can however of the assembly itself we can however have little doubt that under the older have little doubt that under the older have little doubt that under the older Commonwealth the Council of Elders Commonwealth the Council of Elders Commonwealth the Council of Elders exerted a preponderant influence over exerted a preponderant influence over exerted a preponderant influence over the assembly and that the business the assembly and that the business the assembly and that the business submitted to the assembly whether by the submitted to the assembly whether by the submitted to the assembly whether by the magistrates or in whatever way magistrates or in whatever way magistrates or in whatever way introduced was previously discussed and introduced was previously discussed and introduced was previously discussed and settled by the council the founder of settled by the council the founder of settled by the council the founder of popular government could not leave this popular government could not leave this popular government could not leave this hinge of the aristocratic Republic as it hinge of the aristocratic Republic as it hinge of the aristocratic Republic as it was he must either totally change the was he must either totally change the was he must either totally change the character of the council and transform character of the council and transform character of the council and transform it into a popular body or he must it into a popular body or he must it into a popular body or he must deprive it of its deliberative functions deprive it of its deliberative functions deprive it of its deliberative functions in regard to the assembly Solon deprived in regard to the assembly Solon deprived in regard to the assembly Solon deprived the council of elders of these the council of elders of these the council of elders of these deliberative functions so that it could deliberative functions so that it could deliberative functions so that it could no longer take any direct part in no longer take any direct part in no longer take any direct part in administration and legislation but on administration and legislation but on administration and legislation but on the other hand he assigned to it a new the other hand he assigned to it a new the other hand he assigned to it a new and lofty role he constituted it the and lofty role he constituted it the and lofty role he constituted it the protector of the Constitution and the protector of the Constitution and the protector of the Constitution and the guardian of the laws giving it wide and guardian of the laws giving it wide and guardian of the laws giving it wide and undefined powers of control over the undefined powers of control over the undefined powers of control over the magistrate's and a sensorial authority magistrate's and a sensorial authority magistrate's and a sensorial authority over the citizens its judicial and over the citizens its judicial and over the citizens its judicial and religious functions it retained in order religious functions it retained in order religious functions it retained in order to bring it into harmony with the rest to bring it into harmony with the rest to bring it into harmony with the rest of his Constitution Solon seems to have of his Constitution Solon seems to have of his Constitution Solon seems to have altered the composition of the council altered the composition of the council altered the composition of the council henceforward at least the nine archons henceforward at least the nine archons henceforward at least the nine archons at the end of their year of office

at the end of their year of office at the end of their year of office became life members of the Council of became life members of the Council of became life members of the Council of the Areopagus and this was the manner in the Areopagus and this was the manner in the Areopagus and this was the manner in which the council was recruited thus the which the council was recruited thus the which the council was recruited thus the Areopagus were virtually appointed by Areopagus were virtually appointed by Areopagus were virtually appointed by the people in the assembly having the people in the assembly having the people in the assembly having removed the Council of the Areopagus to removed the Council of the Areopagus to removed the Council of the Areopagus to this place of dignity above and almost this place of dignity above and almost this place of dignity above and almost outside the Constitution Solon was outside the Constitution Solon was outside the Constitution Solon was obliged to create a new body to prepare obliged to create a new body to prepare obliged to create a new body to prepare the business for the assembly such a the business for the assembly such a the business for the assembly such a body was indispensable as the Greeks body was indispensable as the Greeks body was indispensable as the Greeks always recognized and it is clear that always recognized and it is clear that always recognized and it is clear that in its absence enormous powers would in its absence enormous powers would in its absence enormous powers would have been placed in the hands of the have been placed in the hands of the have been placed in the hands of the magistrates on whom the manipulation of magistrates on whom the manipulation of magistrates on whom the manipulation of the assembly would have entirely the assembly would have entirely the assembly would have entirely devolved the Prabhu utak Council which devolved the Prabhu utak Council which devolved the Prabhu utak Council which Solon instituted consisted of four Solon instituted consisted of four Solon instituted consisted of four hundred members a hundred being taken hundred members a hundred being taken hundred members a hundred being taken from each of the four tribes either from each of the four tribes either from each of the four tribes either chosen by the tribe itself or more chosen by the tribe itself or more chosen by the tribe itself or more probably picked by probably picked by probably picked by not all citizens of the three higher not all citizens of the three higher not all citizens of the three higher classes were eligible the feeties alone classes were eligible the feeties alone classes were eligible the feeties alone were excluded in later days this cancel were excluded in later days this cancel were excluded in later days this cancel or rather a new council which took its or rather a new council which took its or rather a new council which took its place gained a large number of important place gained a large number of important place gained a large number of important powers which made it to all intents and powers which made it to all intents and powers which made it to all intents and independent body in the state but at independent body in the state but at independent body in the state but at first its functions seemed to have been first its functions seemed to have been first its functions seemed to have been purely probe utak and it has therefore purely probe utak and it has therefore purely probe utak and it has therefore rather the aspect of being merely a part

rather the aspect of being merely a part rather the aspect of being merely a part of the organization of the assembly it of the organization of the assembly it of the organization of the assembly it must always be remembered that it does must always be remembered that it does must always be remembered that it does not represent the Council of Elders of not represent the Council of Elders of not represent the Council of Elders of the Aryan for world it does not the Aryan for world it does not the Aryan for world it does not correspond to the Jerusha of Sparta or correspond to the Jerusha of Sparta or correspond to the Jerusha of Sparta or the Senate of Rome but it takes over the Senate of Rome but it takes over the Senate of Rome but it takes over certain functions which had before certain functions which had before certain functions which had before formed part of the duty of the Council formed part of the duty of the Council formed part of the duty of the Council of Elders it discusses beforehand the of Elders it discusses beforehand the of Elders it discusses beforehand the public matters which are to be submitted public matters which are to be submitted public matters which are to be submitted to the assembly the use of lot for the to the assembly the use of lot for the to the assembly the use of lot for the purpose of appointing public officers purpose of appointing public officers purpose of appointing public officers was a feature of Solon's reforms was a feature of Solon's reforms was a feature of Solon's reforms according to men's ideas in those days according to men's ideas in those days according to men's ideas in those days lot committed the decision to the gods lot committed the decision to the gods lot committed the decision to the gods and was thus a serious method of and was thus a serious method of and was thus a serious method of procedure not a sign of political levity procedure not a sign of political levity procedure not a sign of political levity as we should regard it now but a device as we should regard it now but a device as we should regard it now but a device which superstitions suggested was which superstitions suggested was which superstitions suggested was approved by the reflections of approved by the reflections of approved by the reflections of philosophical statesmen and lot was philosophical statesmen and lot was philosophical statesmen and lot was recognized as a valuable political recognized as a valuable political recognized as a valuable political engine for security against undue engine for security against undue engine for security against undue influence and for the protection of influence and for the protection of influence and for the protection of minorities it was doubtless as a minorities it was doubtless as a minorities it was doubtless as a security against the undue influence of security against the undue influence of security against the undue influence of clans and parties that so long used it clans and parties that so long used it clans and parties that so long used it he applied it to the appointment of the he applied it to the appointment of the he applied it to the appointment of the chief magistrate's themselves but chief magistrate's themselves but chief magistrate's themselves but religious though he was he could not be religious though he was he could not be religious though he was he could not be blind to the danger of taking no human blind to the danger of taking no human blind to the danger of taking no human precautions against the falling of the

precautions against the falling of the precautions against the falling of the lot upon an incompetent candidate he lot upon an incompetent candidate he lot upon an incompetent candidate he therefore mixed the two devices of lot therefore mixed the two devices of lot therefore mixed the two devices of lot and election 40 candidates were elected and election 40 candidates were elected and election 40 candidates were elected from each tribe by the voice of their from each tribe by the voice of their from each tribe by the voice of their tribesmen and out of these the nine tribesmen and out of these the nine tribesmen and out of these the nine archons were picked by lot it is archons were picked by lot it is archons were picked by lot it is probable that a similar mixed method was probable that a similar mixed method was probable that a similar mixed method was employed in the choice of the four employed in the choice of the four employed in the choice of the four hundred councilors Solon sought to keep hundred councilors Solon sought to keep hundred councilors Solon sought to keep the political balance steady by securing the political balance steady by securing the political balance steady by securing that each of the four tribes should have that each of the four tribes should have that each of the four tribes should have an equal share in the government he an equal share in the government he an equal share in the government he could hardly have done otherwise and yet could hardly have done otherwise and yet could hardly have done otherwise and yet here we touch on the weak point in the here we touch on the weak point in the here we touch on the weak point in the fabric of his Constitution the gravest fabric of his Constitution the gravest fabric of his Constitution the gravest danger ahead was in truth not the strife danger ahead was in truth not the strife danger ahead was in truth not the strife of poor and rich of noble Lord and man of poor and rich of noble Lord and man of poor and rich of noble Lord and man of the people but the deep-rooted and of the people but the deep-rooted and of the people but the deep-rooted and bitter jealousies which existed between bitter jealousies which existed between bitter jealousies which existed between many of the clans while the clan had the many of the clans while the clan had the many of the clans while the clan had the tribe behind it and the tribe possessed tribe behind it and the tribe possessed tribe behind it and the tribe possessed political weight such feuds might at any political weight such feuds might at any political weight such feuds might at any moment cause a civil war or a revolution moment cause a civil war or a revolution moment cause a civil war or a revolution but it was reserved for a future but it was reserved for a future but it was reserved for a future lawgiver to grapple with this problem lawgiver to grapple with this problem lawgiver to grapple with this problem Solon assuredly saw it but he had no Solon assuredly saw it but he had no Solon assuredly saw it but he had no solution ready to hand and the evil was solution ready to hand and the evil was solution ready to hand and the evil was closely connected with another evil the closely connected with another evil the closely connected with another evil the local parties which divided Attica for

local parties which divided Attica for local parties which divided Attica for these dangers Solon offered no remedy these dangers Solon offered no remedy these dangers Solon offered no remedy and therefore his work though abiding in and therefore his work though abiding in and therefore his work though abiding in the highest sense did not supply a final the highest sense did not supply a final the highest sense did not supply a final or even a brief pacification of the or even a brief pacification of the or even a brief pacification of the warring elements in the state he is said warring elements in the state he is said warring elements in the state he is said to have passed a law so clumsy so to have passed a law so clumsy so to have passed a law so clumsy so difficult to render effective that it is difficult to render effective that it is difficult to render effective that it is hard to believe that such an enactment hard to believe that such an enactment hard to believe that such an enactment was ever made that in the case of a was ever made that in the case of a was ever made that in the case of a party's struggle every Berger mistake party's struggle every Berger mistake party's struggle every Berger mistake aside under pain of losing his civic aside under pain of losing his civic aside under pain of losing his civic rights Solon if he was indeed the author rights Solon if he was indeed the author rights Solon if he was indeed the author of such a measure sought to avert the of such a measure sought to avert the of such a measure sought to avert the possible issues of political strife by possible issues of political strife by possible issues of political strife by forcing the best citizens to intervene forcing the best citizens to intervene forcing the best citizens to intervene it was a safeguard a clumsy safeguard it was a safeguard a clumsy safeguard it was a safeguard a clumsy safeguard against the danger of a tyranny it is against the danger of a tyranny it is against the danger of a tyranny it is interesting to observe the interesting to observe the interesting to observe the in some directions Solan extended and in in some directions Solan extended and in in some directions Solan extended and in others restricted the freedom of the others restricted the freedom of the others restricted the freedom of the individual he restricted it by sumptuary individual he restricted it by sumptuary individual he restricted it by sumptuary laws and severe penalties for idleness laws and severe penalties for idleness laws and severe penalties for idleness he extended it by an enactment allowing he extended it by an enactment allowing he extended it by an enactment allowing a man who had no heirs of his body to a man who had no heirs of his body to a man who had no heirs of his body to will his property as he liked instead of will his property as he liked instead of will his property as he liked instead of its going to the next of kin footnote its going to the next of kin footnote its going to the next of kin footnote this measure we may probably assume this measure we may probably assume this measure we may probably assume simply legalized and usage which had simply legalized and usage which had simply legalized and usage which had been introduced in practice long before been introduced in practice long before been introduced in practice long before under footnote 1 of Solon's first acts

under footnote 1 of Solon's first acts under footnote 1 of Solon's first acts was to repeal all the legislation of was to repeal all the legislation of was to repeal all the legislation of Drakon except the laws relating to Drakon except the laws relating to Drakon except the laws relating to manslaughter his own laws were inscribed manslaughter his own laws were inscribed manslaughter his own laws were inscribed on wooden tables set in revolving frames on wooden tables set in revolving frames on wooden tables set in revolving frames called called called action E's which were numbered and the action E's which were numbered and the action E's which were numbered and the laws were quilted by the number of the laws were quilted by the number of the laws were quilted by the number of the action these tablets were kept in the action these tablets were kept in the action these tablets were kept in the public hall but copies were made on public hall but copies were made on public hall but copies were made on stone pillars called in the old attic stone pillars called in the old attic stone pillars called in the old attic tongue curb ice and kept in the portico tongue curb ice and kept in the portico tongue curb ice and kept in the portico of the king every citizen was required of the king every citizen was required of the king every citizen was required to take an oath that he would obey these to take an oath that he would obey these to take an oath that he would obey these laws and it was ordered that the laws laws and it was ordered that the laws laws and it was ordered that the laws were to remain in force for a hundred were to remain in force for a hundred were to remain in force for a hundred years years years Solon had done his work boldly but he Solon had done his work boldly but he Solon had done his work boldly but he had done it constitutionally he had not had done it constitutionally he had not had done it constitutionally he had not made himself a tyrant as he might easily made himself a tyrant as he might easily made himself a tyrant as he might easily have done and as many expected him to do have done and as many expected him to do have done and as many expected him to do on the contrary one purpose of his on the contrary one purpose of his on the contrary one purpose of his reform was to forestall the necessity reform was to forestall the necessity reform was to forestall the necessity and prevent the possibility of a tyranny and prevent the possibility of a tyranny and prevent the possibility of a tyranny he had not even become a Nissim Metis a he had not even become a Nissim Metis a he had not even become a Nissim Metis a legislator like Pittacus who for a legislator like Pittacus who for a legislator like Pittacus who for a number of years supersedes the number of years supersedes the number of years supersedes the Constitution in order to reform it and Constitution in order to reform it and Constitution in order to reform it and rules for that time with the absolute rules for that time with the absolute rules for that time with the absolute power of a tyrant he had simply held the power of a tyrant he had simply held the power of a tyrant he had simply held the office of Archon invested indeed with office of Archon invested indeed with office of Archon invested indeed with extraordinary powers to a superficial

extraordinary powers to a superficial extraordinary powers to a superficial observer caution seemed the motive his observer caution seemed the motive his observer caution seemed the motive his roof roof roof horns and men were surprised and many horns and men were surprised and many horns and men were surprised and many disgusted by his cautiousness his disgusted by his cautiousness his disgusted by his cautiousness his caution consisted in reserving the caution consisted in reserving the caution consisted in reserving the highest offices from men of property and highest offices from men of property and highest offices from men of property and the truth probably is that in his time the truth probably is that in his time the truth probably is that in his time no others would have been fitted to no others would have been fitted to no others would have been fitted to perform the duties but Solon has stated perform the duties but Solon has stated perform the duties but Solon has stated his own principle that the privileges of his own principle that the privileges of his own principle that the privileges of each class should be proportional to the each class should be proportional to the each class should be proportional to the public burdens which it can bear this public burdens which it can bear this public burdens which it can bear this was the conservative feature of his was the conservative feature of his was the conservative feature of his legislation and seizing on it Democrats legislation and seizing on it Democrats legislation and seizing on it Democrats could make out a plausible case for could make out a plausible case for could make out a plausible case for regarding his Constitution as simply a regarding his Constitution as simply a regarding his Constitution as simply a democracy when he laid down his office democracy when he laid down his office democracy when he laid down his office he was assailed by complaints and he he was assailed by complaints and he he was assailed by complaints and he wrote elegies in which he explains his wrote elegies in which he explains his wrote elegies in which he explains his middle course and professes that he middle course and professes that he middle course and professes that he performed the things which he undertook performed the things which he undertook performed the things which he undertook without favor or fear I threw my stout without favor or fear I threw my stout without favor or fear I threw my stout shield he says over both parties he shield he says over both parties he shield he says over both parties he refused to entertain the idea of any refused to entertain the idea of any refused to entertain the idea of any modifications in his measures and modifications in his measures and modifications in his measures and thinking that the reforms would work thinking that the reforms would work thinking that the reforms would work better in the absence of the reformer he better in the absence of the reformer he better in the absence of the reformer he left Athens soon after his Archon ship left Athens soon after his Archon ship left Athens soon after his Archon ship and traveled for ten years partly for and traveled for ten years partly for and traveled for ten years partly for mercantile ends but perhaps chiefly from mercantile ends but perhaps chiefly from mercantile ends but perhaps chiefly from curiosity to see strange places and

curiosity to see strange places and curiosity to see strange places and strange men though the remnants of his strange men though the remnants of his strange men though the remnants of his poems are fragmentary though the poems are fragmentary though the poems are fragmentary though the recorded events of his life are meagre recorded events of his life are meagre recorded events of his life are meagre and though the details of his and though the details of his and though the details of his legislation are dimly known and legislation are dimly known and legislation are dimly known and variously interpreted the personality of variously interpreted the personality of variously interpreted the personality of Solon leaves a distinct impression on Solon leaves a distinct impression on Solon leaves a distinct impression on our minds we know enough to see in him our minds we know enough to see in him our minds we know enough to see in him an embodiment of the ideal of an embodiment of the ideal of an embodiment of the ideal of intellectual and moral excellence of the intellectual and moral excellence of the intellectual and moral excellence of the early Greeks and the greatest of their early Greeks and the greatest of their early Greeks and the greatest of their wise men for him the first of the wise men for him the first of the wise men for him the first of the virtues was moderation and his motto was virtues was moderation and his motto was virtues was moderation and his motto was avoid excess he was in no vulgar sense a avoid excess he was in no vulgar sense a avoid excess he was in no vulgar sense a man of the man of the man of the world for he was many-sided poet and world for he was many-sided poet and world for he was many-sided poet and legislator traveler and trader Noble and legislator traveler and trader Noble and legislator traveler and trader Noble and friend of the people he had the insight friend of the people he had the insight friend of the people he had the insight to discern some of the yet undeveloped to discern some of the yet undeveloped to discern some of the yet undeveloped tendencies of the age and could tendencies of the age and could tendencies of the age and could sympathize with other than the power sympathize with other than the power sympathize with other than the power holding classes he had meditated too holding classes he had meditated too holding classes he had meditated too deeply on the circumstances of humanity deeply on the circumstances of humanity deeply on the circumstances of humanity to find power a temptation he never to find power a temptation he never to find power a temptation he never forgot that he was a traveler between forgot that he was a traveler between forgot that he was a traveler between life and death it was a promising and life and death it was a promising and life and death it was a promising and characteristic act for a Greek state to characteristic act for a Greek state to characteristic act for a Greek state to commit the task of its Reformation to commit the task of its Reformation to commit the task of its Reformation to such a man and empower him to translate such a man and empower him to translate such a man and empower him to translate into definite legislative measures the

into definite legislative measures the into definite legislative measures the views which he expressed in his poems views which he expressed in his poems views which he expressed in his poems Solon social reforms inaugurated a Solon social reforms inaugurated a Solon social reforms inaugurated a permanent improvement but his political permanent improvement but his political permanent improvement but his political measures which he intended as a measures which he intended as a measures which he intended as a compromise displeased many parties compromise displeased many parties compromise displeased many parties strife broke out again bitterly soon strife broke out again bitterly soon strife broke out again bitterly soon after his arkin ship and only to end after his arkin ship and only to end after his arkin ship and only to end after 30 years in the tyranny which it after 30 years in the tyranny which it after 30 years in the tyranny which it had been his dearest object to prevent had been his dearest object to prevent had been his dearest object to prevent of this strife we know little it took of this strife we know little it took of this strife we know little it took the form of a struggle for the Arkin the form of a struggle for the Arkin the form of a struggle for the Arkin ship and two years unnoted in which in ship and two years unnoted in which in ship and two years unnoted in which in consequence of this struggle no archons consequence of this struggle no archons consequence of this struggle no archons were elected hence called years of were elected hence called years of were elected hence called years of anarchy then a certain Arkham de meses anarchy then a certain Arkham de meses anarchy then a certain Arkham de meses attempted to convert his office into a attempted to convert his office into a attempted to convert his office into a permanent tyranny and actually held it permanent tyranny and actually held it permanent tyranny and actually held it for over two years for over two years for over two years this attempt frightened the political this attempt frightened the political this attempt frightened the political parties into making a compromise of some parties into making a compromise of some parties into making a compromise of some sort it was agreed that 10 archons sort it was agreed that 10 archons sort it was agreed that 10 archons should be chosen five upat Reed's 3g or should be chosen five upat Reed's 3g or should be chosen five upat Reed's 3g or joy and to Demiurge i fall of course joy and to Demiurge i fall of course joy and to Demiurge i fall of course possessing the requisite minimum of possessing the requisite minimum of possessing the requisite minimum of wealth footnote we learned this from wealth footnote we learned this from wealth footnote we learned this from Aristotle's athenian politicking this Aristotle's athenian politicking this Aristotle's athenian politicking this you you you eek Arrangements superseded the solonian eek Arrangements superseded the solonian eek Arrangements superseded the solonian Constitution and a footnote it is

Constitution and a footnote it is Constitution and a footnote it is unknown whether this arrangement was unknown whether this arrangement was unknown whether this arrangement was repeated after the year of its first repeated after the year of its first repeated after the year of its first trial but it certainly did not lead to a trial but it certainly did not lead to a trial but it certainly did not lead to a permanent reconciliation the two great permanent reconciliation the two great permanent reconciliation the two great parties were those who were in the main parties were those who were in the main parties were those who were in the main satisfied with the new constitution of satisfied with the new constitution of satisfied with the new constitution of Solon and those who disliked its Solon and those who disliked its Solon and those who disliked its Democratic side and desired to return to Democratic side and desired to return to Democratic side and desired to return to the aristocratic government which he had the aristocratic government which he had the aristocratic government which he had subvert heed the latter consisted subvert heed the latter consisted subvert heed the latter consisted chiefly of upat reeds and when they chiefly of upat reeds and when they chiefly of upat reeds and when they owned as the men of the plain they were owned as the men of the plain they were owned as the men of the plain they were led by Lycurgus and numbered among them led by Lycurgus and numbered among them led by Lycurgus and numbered among them the clan of the fellini distinguished as the clan of the fellini distinguished as the clan of the fellini distinguished as the clan of HIPAA clyde 'is the wooer the clan of HIPAA clyde 'is the wooer the clan of HIPAA clyde 'is the wooer of ag Arista and destined to become more of ag Arista and destined to become more of ag Arista and destined to become more distinguished still as that of more than distinguished still as that of more than distinguished still as that of more than one Cimon and Miltiades the opposite one Cimon and Miltiades the opposite one Cimon and Miltiades the opposite party of the coast included not only the party of the coast included not only the party of the coast included not only the population of the coast but the bulk of population of the coast but the bulk of population of the coast but the bulk of the middle classes the peasants as well the middle classes the peasants as well the middle classes the peasants as well as the Demiurge eye who were bettered by as the Demiurge eye who were bettered by as the Demiurge eye who were bettered by the changes of Solon they were led by the changes of Solon they were led by the changes of Solon they were led by mega Cleese son of alchemy on the same mega Cleese son of alchemy on the same mega Cleese son of alchemy on the same mega Cleese who married Agora star for mega Cleese who married Agora star for mega Cleese who married Agora star for one of Solon's measures was an act of one of Solon's measures was an act of one of Solon's measures was an act of amnesty which was couched in such terms amnesty which was couched in such terms amnesty which was couched in such terms that while it did not benefit the that while it did not benefit the that while it did not benefit the descendants of silen it permitted the descendants of silen it permitted the descendants of silen it permitted the return of the alcmaeonidae their return of the alcmaeonidae their return of the alcmaeonidae their position severed them from the rest of position severed them from the rest of position severed them from the rest of the upat reeds and associated them with

the upat reeds and associated them with the upat reeds and associated them with the party which represented Solon's the party which represented Solon's the party which represented Solon's views end of chapter 4 part 4 recording views end of chapter 4 part 4 recording views end of chapter 4 part 4 recording by Graham Redman