Roman History 01 - The Mythic Kings 753-509 BC

[Music] [Music] hello and welcome to the history of hello and welcome to the history of hello and welcome to the history of Rome the founding of Rome is an event Rome the founding of Rome is an event Rome the founding of Rome is an event wrapped in myth lacking a credible wrapped in myth lacking a credible wrapped in myth lacking a credible historical record it is impossible to historical record it is impossible to historical record it is impossible to know exactly what led to the know exactly what led to the know exactly what led to the establishment of the Eternal City but we establishment of the Eternal City but we establishment of the Eternal City but we do know the legend the Romans told do know the legend the Romans told do know the legend the Romans told themselves and have some idea of the themselves and have some idea of the themselves and have some idea of the population migrations that took place in population migrations that took place in population migrations that took place in Central Italy at the time so we can Central Italy at the time so we can Central Italy at the time so we can piece together a general timeline of piece together a general timeline of piece together a general timeline of events there may be truth wrapped up in events there may be truth wrapped up in events there may be truth wrapped up in the official Legend and there may not the official Legend and there may not the official Legend and there may not but it is a good story and an important but it is a good story and an important but it is a good story and an important one to know for students of ancient one to know for students of ancient one to know for students of ancient history it is the story of a refugee history it is the story of a refugee history it is the story of a refugee Trojan Prince and how his great great Trojan Prince and how his great great Trojan Prince and how his great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great grandsons would be wet nursed by a She grandsons would be wet nursed by a She grandsons would be wet nursed by a She Wolf and later found the greatest city Wolf and later found the greatest city Wolf and later found the greatest city of the ancient of the ancient of the ancient world the story of Rome begins with the world the story of Rome begins with the world the story of Rome begins with the end of the Trojan War after Troy was end of the Trojan War after Troy was end of the Trojan War after Troy was finally sacked by the Greeks anas Chief finally sacked by the Greeks anas Chief finally sacked by the Greeks anas Chief Lieutenant of Hector managed to escape Lieutenant of Hector managed to escape Lieutenant of Hector managed to escape with a few followers they boarded ships with a few followers they boarded ships with a few followers they boarded ships and set out into the Mediterranean to and set out into the Mediterranean to and set out into the Mediterranean to find a new home their Odyssey took them find a new home their Odyssey took them find a new home their Odyssey took them from Asia Minor to the North coast of from Asia Minor to the North coast of from Asia Minor to the North coast of Africa where anas managed to sew the Africa where anas managed to sew the Africa where anas managed to sew the seeds of the three Punic Wars by seeds of the three Punic Wars by seeds of the three Punic Wars by seducing the carthaginian queen daido seducing the carthaginian queen daido seducing the carthaginian queen daido and then abandoning her Virgil writes and then abandoning her Virgil writes and then abandoning her Virgil writes that in the final moments before she that in the final moments before she that in the final moments before she committed suicide da cursed the committed suicide da cursed the committed suicide da cursed the descendants of both to return Eternal descendants of both to return Eternal descendants of both to return Eternal enmity oh my tyrians besiege with hate enmity oh my tyrians besiege with hate enmity oh my tyrians besiege with hate his progyny and all his race to come

his progyny and all his race to come his progyny and all his race to come make this your offering to my dust No make this your offering to my dust No make this your offering to my dust No Love No PCT must be between our peoples Love No PCT must be between our peoples Love No PCT must be between our peoples no but Rise Up from my bones avenging no but Rise Up from my bones avenging no but Rise Up from my bones avenging Spirit Hell hath no fury like a woman Spirit Hell hath no fury like a woman Spirit Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned after securing an arch enemy for scorned after securing an arch enemy for scorned after securing an arch enemy for Rome anas sailed to the West Coast of Rome anas sailed to the West Coast of Rome anas sailed to the West Coast of Italy where he and his followers hope to Italy where he and his followers hope to Italy where he and his followers hope to make a make a make a settlement arriving in the territory of settlement arriving in the territory of settlement arriving in the territory of laurentum the Trojans were immediately laurentum the Trojans were immediately laurentum the Trojans were immediately met by armed locals who tried to drive met by armed locals who tried to drive met by armed locals who tried to drive them off but their King latinus decided them off but their King latinus decided them off but their King latinus decided to make peace rather than war with the to make peace rather than war with the to make peace rather than war with the foreigners and offered his daughter foreigners and offered his daughter foreigners and offered his daughter levinia to anas solidifying an alliance levinia to anas solidifying an alliance levinia to anas solidifying an alliance this marriage came as quite a shock to this marriage came as quite a shock to this marriage came as quite a shock to turnis Prince of the ruli a nearby tribe turnis Prince of the ruli a nearby tribe turnis Prince of the ruli a nearby tribe because levinia had already been pledged because levinia had already been pledged because levinia had already been pledged to him angered by this slap in the face to him angered by this slap in the face to him angered by this slap in the face he led an attack on the combined Trojan he led an attack on the combined Trojan he led an attack on the combined Trojan and Latin forces the ruli were defeated and Latin forces the ruli were defeated and Latin forces the ruli were defeated but King latinus was killed in the but King latinus was killed in the but King latinus was killed in the fighting leaving anas in control of both fighting leaving anas in control of both fighting leaving anas in control of both the Trojans and the Latin who were the Trojans and the Latin who were the Trojans and the Latin who were rapidly intermarrying into a single rapidly intermarrying into a single rapidly intermarrying into a single people vanquished turnis and the ruli people vanquished turnis and the ruli people vanquished turnis and the ruli turned North to the rich and Powerful at turned North to the rich and Powerful at turned North to the rich and Powerful at truskin for help the at truskin were truskin for help the at truskin were truskin for help the at truskin were more than willing to lend a hand against more than willing to lend a hand against more than willing to lend a hand against the growing Menace of the Trojan infused the growing Menace of the Trojan infused the growing Menace of the Trojan infused Latin and attacked but anas in his final Latin and attacked but anas in his final Latin and attacked but anas in his final Act led the Latins to Victory Act led the Latins to Victory Act led the Latins to Victory establishing the Tyber River as the establishing the Tyber River as the establishing the Tyber River as the boundary between the Latins and the boundary between the Latins and the boundary between the Latins and the atesin atesin atesin we should pause the legend here before we should pause the legend here before we should pause the legend here before we get too far and give an account of we get too far and give an account of we get too far and give an account of the political landscape of pre-roman the political landscape of pre-roman the political landscape of pre-roman Italy as historians and archaeologists

Italy as historians and archaeologists Italy as historians and archaeologists understand it today who were the Latins understand it today who were the Latins understand it today who were the Latins who were the atrans Where did they come who were the atrans Where did they come who were the atrans Where did they come from and what sort of lives did they from and what sort of lives did they from and what sort of lives did they lead the origin of the atrans is lead the origin of the atrans is lead the origin of the atrans is debatable however DNA evidence points to debatable however DNA evidence points to debatable however DNA evidence points to a migration from Asia Minor which if a migration from Asia Minor which if a migration from Asia Minor which if true offers a context for the legend of true offers a context for the legend of true offers a context for the legend of anas's arrival from Troy the atrus were anas's arrival from Troy the atrus were anas's arrival from Troy the atrus were the dominant Force culturally and the dominant Force culturally and the dominant Force culturally and politically in the Italian Peninsula and politically in the Italian Peninsula and politically in the Italian Peninsula and as we will see came to dominate Latin as we will see came to dominate Latin as we will see came to dominate Latin territory in the waning years of the territory in the waning years of the territory in the waning years of the Roman Kingdom they had developed cities Roman Kingdom they had developed cities Roman Kingdom they had developed cities and a Confederal State system long and a Confederal State system long and a Confederal State system long before the Latins who remained in before the Latins who remained in before the Latins who remained in traditional tribal affiliations until traditional tribal affiliations until traditional tribal affiliations until the foundation of Rome which was the the foundation of Rome which was the the foundation of Rome which was the first major settlement in Latin first major settlement in Latin first major settlement in Latin territory that could be called a city territory that could be called a city territory that could be called a city the atrans were artists and craftsmen the atrans were artists and craftsmen the atrans were artists and craftsmen who had set up extensive trading who had set up extensive trading who had set up extensive trading networks that reached all the way to networks that reached all the way to networks that reached all the way to Greece the trading roads between aturia Greece the trading roads between aturia Greece the trading roads between aturia and the Greek cities of magn Gracia in and the Greek cities of magn Gracia in and the Greek cities of magn Gracia in the South ran right through Rome the South ran right through Rome the South ran right through Rome offering a clue as to the reason for its offering a clue as to the reason for its offering a clue as to the reason for its location the Latins in contrast were location the Latins in contrast were location the Latins in contrast were simple pastoral herdsmen evidence from simple pastoral herdsmen evidence from simple pastoral herdsmen evidence from ancient burial mounds suggest the Latin ancient burial mounds suggest the Latin ancient burial mounds suggest the Latin were descended from Balkan migrants who were descended from Balkan migrants who were descended from Balkan migrants who crossed the Adriatic in prehistory crossed the Adriatic in prehistory crossed the Adriatic in prehistory mostly Shepherds and Farmers they did mostly Shepherds and Farmers they did mostly Shepherds and Farmers they did not have any sort of advanced arts or not have any sort of advanced arts or not have any sort of advanced arts or crafts what culture they display seems crafts what culture they display seems crafts what culture they display seems to be little more than a blend of at to be little more than a blend of at to be little more than a blend of at truscan and Greek elements indeed truscan and Greek elements indeed truscan and Greek elements indeed nothing about later Roman history nothing about later Roman history nothing about later Roman history suggests the Latins were Innovative at suggests the Latins were Innovative at suggests the Latins were Innovative at all in art religion or letters they

all in art religion or letters they all in art religion or letters they excelled at Warfare and engineering and excelled at Warfare and engineering and excelled at Warfare and engineering and administrating but were merely students administrating but were merely students administrating but were merely students of philosophy never of philosophy never of philosophy never instructors their gods to take one instructors their gods to take one instructors their gods to take one obvious example are little more than an obvious example are little more than an obvious example are little more than an adaption of the Greek pantheon Zeus adaption of the Greek pantheon Zeus adaption of the Greek pantheon Zeus becoming Jupiter Hera becoming Juno and becoming Jupiter Hera becoming Juno and becoming Jupiter Hera becoming Juno and so forth what bound the Latins together so forth what bound the Latins together so forth what bound the Latins together was a Common Language distinct from the was a Common Language distinct from the was a Common Language distinct from the atran language to the North and the atran language to the North and the atran language to the North and the imported Greek in the imported Greek in the imported Greek in the South Latin of course forms the basis South Latin of course forms the basis South Latin of course forms the basis for half the languages in Europe and its for half the languages in Europe and its for half the languages in Europe and its vocabulary still dominates the legal vocabulary still dominates the legal vocabulary still dominates the legal profession but enough humorless profession but enough humorless profession but enough humorless anthropology after anas died his young anthropology after anas died his young anthropology after anas died his young son ascanius grew to be king the town son ascanius grew to be king the town son ascanius grew to be king the town built by the Trojan settlers had become built by the Trojan settlers had become built by the Trojan settlers had become too small for the exploding population too small for the exploding population too small for the exploding population and ascanius led a group East to found a and ascanius led a group East to found a and ascanius led a group East to found a new settlement called albalonga which new settlement called albalonga which new settlement called albalonga which would become the of the growing Latin would become the of the growing Latin would become the of the growing Latin Kingdom generation upon generation Kingdom generation upon generation Kingdom generation upon generation followed and the Latins became powerful followed and the Latins became powerful followed and the Latins became powerful and secure the kingship was passed from and secure the kingship was passed from and secure the kingship was passed from father to son until finally it rested father to son until finally it rested father to son until finally it rested upon the head of a man named numor numor upon the head of a man named numor numor upon the head of a man named numor numor had a brother named amulius who coveted had a brother named amulius who coveted had a brother named amulius who coveted the throne and decided to seize power the throne and decided to seize power the throne and decided to seize power for himself numor was driven from for himself numor was driven from for himself numor was driven from albalonga all his sons were killed and albalonga all his sons were killed and albalonga all his sons were killed and his daughter Ray Silvia was forced to his daughter Ray Silvia was forced to his daughter Ray Silvia was forced to become a vestial virgin to ensure she become a vestial virgin to ensure she become a vestial virgin to ensure she would bear no children who could would bear no children who could would bear no children who could threaten Ulus threaten Ulus threaten Ulus however after taking the vows Ry was the however after taking the vows Ry was the however after taking the vows Ry was the victim of rape and consequently gave victim of rape and consequently gave victim of rape and consequently gave birth to twin boys Ry declared that the birth to twin boys Ry declared that the birth to twin boys Ry declared that the god Mars was the father but to no avail

god Mars was the father but to no avail god Mars was the father but to no avail and for the crime of allowing herself to and for the crime of allowing herself to and for the crime of allowing herself to be raped she was thrown in be raped she was thrown in be raped she was thrown in prison the Twins were sent to be drowned prison the Twins were sent to be drowned prison the Twins were sent to be drowned in the Tyber however the men entrusted in the Tyber however the men entrusted in the Tyber however the men entrusted with the task found the River flooded with the task found the River flooded with the task found the River flooded and left the boys in the sluggish water and left the boys in the sluggish water and left the boys in the sluggish water rather than slogging their way to the rather than slogging their way to the rather than slogging their way to the river itself and when the waters were river itself and when the waters were river itself and when the waters were seeded the babies were left alive and seeded the babies were left alive and seeded the babies were left alive and well in the reeds well in the reeds well in the reeds here Legend states that a She Wolf here Legend states that a She Wolf here Legend states that a She Wolf coming to the river to quench her thirst coming to the river to quench her thirst coming to the river to quench her thirst found the babies and offered her teets found the babies and offered her teets found the babies and offered her teets for them to suckle on a herdsman Came for them to suckle on a herdsman Came for them to suckle on a herdsman Came Upon the scene and gathered the children Upon the scene and gathered the children Upon the scene and gathered the children up from the wolf who had been gently up from the wolf who had been gently up from the wolf who had been gently licking them and took them home with him licking them and took them home with him licking them and took them home with him even Livy acknowledges that the story of even Livy acknowledges that the story of even Livy acknowledges that the story of the wolf is a fable and postulates that the wolf is a fable and postulates that the wolf is a fable and postulates that it may have Arisen because the it may have Arisen because the it may have Arisen because the herdsman's wife was a named herdsman's wife was a named herdsman's wife was a named Wolf the herdsman and his wife raised Wolf the herdsman and his wife raised Wolf the herdsman and his wife raised the boys named ramulus and RIS as their the boys named ramulus and RIS as their the boys named ramulus and RIS as their own and soon they grew to be men own and soon they grew to be men own and soon they grew to be men apparently the boys took a liking to apparently the boys took a liking to apparently the boys took a liking to fighting the local brigands who raided fighting the local brigands who raided fighting the local brigands who raided the countryside and began taking the the countryside and began taking the the countryside and began taking the fight to the robbers raiding their camps fight to the robbers raiding their camps fight to the robbers raiding their camps and stealing from them the criminals and stealing from them the criminals and stealing from them the criminals angered by the theft of their booty set angered by the theft of their booty set angered by the theft of their booty set a trap for the twins Romulus managed to a trap for the twins Romulus managed to a trap for the twins Romulus managed to escape but Remis was captured the brigin escape but Remis was captured the brigin escape but Remis was captured the brigin took Remis to the local land owner who took Remis to the local land owner who took Remis to the local land owner who turned out to be none other than the turned out to be none other than the turned out to be none other than the exiled numor and claimed Ramis and his exiled numor and claimed Ramis and his exiled numor and claimed Ramis and his brother had been caught stealing numor brother had been caught stealing numor brother had been caught stealing numor his cattle and that he should be his cattle and that he should be his cattle and that he should be punished punished punished numor was immediately reminded of his numor was immediately reminded of his numor was immediately reminded of his twin grandsons and realizing that they twin grandsons and realizing that they twin grandsons and realizing that they would be the same age as Remis was now would be the same age as Remis was now would be the same age as Remis was now began to suspect that the boys were his began to suspect that the boys were his began to suspect that the boys were his blood numor began making inquiries and

blood numor began making inquiries and blood numor began making inquiries and soon learned the particulars of their soon learned the particulars of their soon learned the particulars of their upbringing and became convinced that upbringing and became convinced that upbringing and became convinced that they were his daughter's children the they were his daughter's children the they were his daughter's children the herdsman knowing RIS was in nur's herdsman knowing RIS was in nur's herdsman knowing RIS was in nur's custody and having himself long custody and having himself long custody and having himself long suspected that his two boys were of suspected that his two boys were of suspected that his two boys were of Royal Blood decided to tell Romulus the Royal Blood decided to tell Romulus the Royal Blood decided to tell Romulus the whole story of their Discovery By The whole story of their Discovery By The whole story of their Discovery By The River from this plan was hatched to River from this plan was hatched to River from this plan was hatched to return numor to the throne with ramulus return numor to the throne with ramulus return numor to the throne with ramulus leading one group of men and Ramis leading one group of men and Ramis leading one group of men and Ramis another they surprised and killed another they surprised and killed another they surprised and killed amulius and brought numor back to Abal amulius and brought numor back to Abal amulius and brought numor back to Abal longa numor told the story of his longa numor told the story of his longa numor told the story of his brother's treachery and the brother's treachery and the brother's treachery and the circumstances of his grandson's birth circumstances of his grandson's birth circumstances of his grandson's birth and the people shouted unanimous consent and the people shouted unanimous consent and the people shouted unanimous consent that new Mur be king once again after that new Mur be king once again after that new Mur be king once again after newor became king Romulus and RIS newor became king Romulus and RIS newor became king Romulus and RIS decided to found a new settlement at the decided to found a new settlement at the decided to found a new settlement at the spot where they had been left to drown spot where they had been left to drown spot where they had been left to drown there are two accounts of what happened there are two accounts of what happened there are two accounts of what happened next one states that trouble arose when next one states that trouble arose when next one states that trouble arose when the question of who would be senior in the question of who would be senior in the question of who would be senior in the new city was raised they decided to the new city was raised they decided to the new city was raised they decided to allow the gods to the side and each allow the gods to the side and each allow the gods to the side and each retired to the top of a hill ramulus the retired to the top of a hill ramulus the retired to the top of a hill ramulus the Palatine and Remis the Aventine to await Palatine and Remis the Aventine to await Palatine and Remis the Aventine to await a sign soon enough six vultur landed at a sign soon enough six vultur landed at a sign soon enough six vultur landed at the feet of Remis and when his followers the feet of Remis and when his followers the feet of Remis and when his followers made this known to Romulus 12 vultures made this known to Romulus 12 vultures made this known to Romulus 12 vultures immediately landed at romulus's feet a immediately landed at romulus's feet a immediately landed at romulus's feet a fight broke out with one side claiming fight broke out with one side claiming fight broke out with one side claiming Primacy of arrival and the other Primacy of arrival and the other Primacy of arrival and the other claiming Primacy of number in this fight claiming Primacy of number in this fight claiming Primacy of number in this fight Remis was killed the other more famous Remis was killed the other more famous Remis was killed the other more famous story is that Remis mocking his brother story is that Remis mocking his brother story is that Remis mocking his brother jumped over the partially completed jumped over the partially completed jumped over the partially completed walls and Romulus in a fit of anger walls and Romulus in a fit of anger walls and Romulus in a fit of anger killed him swearing so perish whoever killed him swearing so perish whoever killed him swearing so perish whoever shall overleap my battlements either way

shall overleap my battlements either way shall overleap my battlements either way Romulus obtained sole power the city was Romulus obtained sole power the city was Romulus obtained sole power the city was named for him and he became its first named for him and he became its first named for him and he became its first king the legendary date of foundation is king the legendary date of foundation is king the legendary date of foundation is April the 21st 753 April the 21st 753 April the 21st 753 BC did it happen like this almost BC did it happen like this almost BC did it happen like this almost certainly not after the sack of Rome in certainly not after the sack of Rome in certainly not after the sack of Rome in 386 BC most of the early historical 386 BC most of the early historical 386 BC most of the early historical record was lost and with it the record was lost and with it the record was lost and with it the specifics we need for an accurate specifics we need for an accurate specifics we need for an accurate telling of the story but archaeological telling of the story but archaeological telling of the story but archaeological evidence seems to support the broader evidence seems to support the broader evidence seems to support the broader Strokes of the legend settlements have Strokes of the legend settlements have Strokes of the legend settlements have been found on the Palatine Hill that been found on the Palatine Hill that been found on the Palatine Hill that date from the 800s BC suggesting that date from the 800s BC suggesting that date from the 800s BC suggesting that the legendary chronology is at least in the legendary chronology is at least in the legendary chronology is at least in the ballpark the general story of a the ballpark the general story of a the ballpark the general story of a struggle between the Latin and at struggle between the Latin and at struggle between the Latin and at truscan people ending with ostensible truscan people ending with ostensible truscan people ending with ostensible Latin autonomy south of the Tyber also Latin autonomy south of the Tyber also Latin autonomy south of the Tyber also fits our understanding of the ethnic and fits our understanding of the ethnic and fits our understanding of the ethnic and cult C Al landscape of the cult C Al landscape of the cult C Al landscape of the era it is doubtful that the site of Rome era it is doubtful that the site of Rome era it is doubtful that the site of Rome was chosen because it marked where the was chosen because it marked where the was chosen because it marked where the twins had been sent to die more likely twins had been sent to die more likely twins had been sent to die more likely an easy River Crossing coupled with the an easy River Crossing coupled with the an easy River Crossing coupled with the natural defenses offered by the nearby natural defenses offered by the nearby natural defenses offered by the nearby Hills Drew settlers to the area and of Hills Drew settlers to the area and of Hills Drew settlers to the area and of course as already noted the site lay on course as already noted the site lay on course as already noted the site lay on the trade Road between aturia and magn the trade Road between aturia and magn the trade Road between aturia and magn Gracia without any real data to draw Gracia without any real data to draw Gracia without any real data to draw from later Roman historians use common from later Roman historians use common from later Roman historians use common mythological elements to construct a mythological elements to construct a mythological elements to construct a conventional founding Legend indoan an conventional founding Legend indoan an conventional founding Legend indoan an culture produced numerous examples of culture produced numerous examples of culture produced numerous examples of the Divine twin mythe including Castor the Divine twin mythe including Castor the Divine twin mythe including Castor and poock and Idis and lindus of Thieves and poock and Idis and lindus of Thieves and poock and Idis and lindus of Thieves the motif of infant exposure gone wrong the motif of infant exposure gone wrong the motif of infant exposure gone wrong crops up in the biographies of both crops up in the biographies of both crops up in the biographies of both Perseus and Moses and of course most Perseus and Moses and of course most Perseus and Moses and of course most will recognize the Virgin birth element

will recognize the Virgin birth element will recognize the Virgin birth element from Christianity but Tales of from Christianity but Tales of from Christianity but Tales of miraculous or virgin births have miraculous or virgin births have miraculous or virgin births have surrounded important legendary and surrounded important legendary and surrounded important legendary and historical figures from historical figures from historical figures from Millennium the addition of anas gives Millennium the addition of anas gives Millennium the addition of anas gives Rome a lofty ancestor and connects their Rome a lofty ancestor and connects their Rome a lofty ancestor and connects their City to the Greek civilization the City to the Greek civilization the City to the Greek civilization the Romans so Romans so Romans so admired however it happened a settlement admired however it happened a settlement admired however it happened a settlement was established at the bend in the Tyber was established at the bend in the Tyber was established at the bend in the Tyber this settlement grew and came to this settlement grew and came to this settlement grew and came to dominate its neighboring communities dominate its neighboring communities dominate its neighboring communities then the entire Italian Peninsula then then the entire Italian Peninsula then then the entire Italian Peninsula then the entire the entire the entire Mediterranean next we will cover Rome's Mediterranean next we will cover Rome's Mediterranean next we will cover Rome's unsavory Beginnings who the first Romans unsavory Beginnings who the first Romans unsavory Beginnings who the first Romans were whose women they stole to ensure were whose women they stole to ensure were whose women they stole to ensure that there would be a second generation that there would be a second generation that there would be a second generation of Romans and whether Romulus great of Romans and whether Romulus great of Romans and whether Romulus great soldier that he was died or simply faded soldier that he was died or simply faded soldier that he was died or simply faded away [Music] [Music] hello and welcome to the history of hello and welcome to the history of hello and welcome to the history of Rome last time we discussed the events Rome last time we discussed the events Rome last time we discussed the events that led up to the birth of Rome that led up to the birth of Rome that led up to the birth of Rome covering the arrival of anas into Italy covering the arrival of anas into Italy covering the arrival of anas into Italy and the story of the twins Romulus and and the story of the twins Romulus and and the story of the twins Romulus and Remis today we will cover the remainder Remis today we will cover the remainder Remis today we will cover the remainder of romulus's Life his questionable of romulus's Life his questionable of romulus's Life his questionable morality and his ultimate disappearance morality and his ultimate disappearance morality and his ultimate disappearance from the world of from the world of from the world of men after after Romulus founded the city men after after Romulus founded the city men after after Romulus founded the city it became apparent that he would need to it became apparent that he would need to it became apparent that he would need to attract settlers in order to ensure its attract settlers in order to ensure its attract settlers in order to ensure its survival to this end he opened up the survival to this end he opened up the survival to this end he opened up the city to what could tactfully be city to what could tactfully be city to what could tactfully be described as colorful characters but put described as colorful characters but put described as colorful characters but put simply they were the drags of simply they were the drags of simply they were the drags of society fugitives escaped slaves debtors

society fugitives escaped slaves debtors society fugitives escaped slaves debtors and criminals all flocked to the new and criminals all flocked to the new and criminals all flocked to the new town to start fresh and ramulus welcomed town to start fresh and ramulus welcomed town to start fresh and ramulus welcomed them with open them with open them with open arms the first order of business in true arms the first order of business in true arms the first order of business in true Roman fashion was to establish an army Roman fashion was to establish an army Roman fashion was to establish an army ramulus ed through his new subjects and ramulus ed through his new subjects and ramulus ed through his new subjects and divided them into able-bodied men of divided them into able-bodied men of divided them into able-bodied men of military age and well everyone else most military age and well everyone else most military age and well everyone else most sources agree that the first Legions sources agree that the first Legions sources agree that the first Legions consisted of 3,000 foot soldiers and 300 consisted of 3,000 foot soldiers and 300 consisted of 3,000 foot soldiers and 300 Cavalry but accounts differ as to Cavalry but accounts differ as to Cavalry but accounts differ as to whether there was initially just one whether there was initially just one whether there was initially just one Legion or whether there were many Legion or whether there were many Legion or whether there were many soldiers in those days had to equip soldiers in those days had to equip soldiers in those days had to equip themselves so only well to-do citizens themselves so only well to-do citizens themselves so only well to-do citizens could enlist with the richest citizens could enlist with the richest citizens could enlist with the richest citizens serving in the Cavalry because they were serving in the Cavalry because they were serving in the Cavalry because they were the only ones who could afford the only ones who could afford the only ones who could afford horses this meant that the interests of horses this meant that the interests of horses this meant that the interests of the army were in those early days firmly the army were in those early days firmly the army were in those early days firmly squared with the interests of the squared with the interests of the squared with the interests of the society it defended at least the middle society it defended at least the middle society it defended at least the middle and upper classes of that Society in and upper classes of that Society in and upper classes of that Society in later years the legions were filled with later years the legions were filled with later years the legions were filled with mercenary soldiers whose interests often mercenary soldiers whose interests often mercenary soldiers whose interests often diverged from those of the actual diverged from those of the actual diverged from those of the actual citizens of Rome who had long since citizens of Rome who had long since citizens of Rome who had long since given up fighting for themselves here given up fighting for themselves here given up fighting for themselves here the seeds would be swn for civil war the seeds would be swn for civil war the seeds would be swn for civil war Decline and ultimately Decline and ultimately Decline and ultimately destruction but for now Rome's army destruction but for now Rome's army destruction but for now Rome's army fought for the people not against fought for the people not against fought for the people not against them from the remaining mly assembly of them from the remaining mly assembly of them from the remaining mly assembly of the those not called to Arms Romulus the those not called to Arms Romulus the those not called to Arms Romulus created a council of 100 Senators to created a council of 100 Senators to created a council of 100 Senators to help him govern either because that help him govern either because that help him govern either because that number was enough for his purposes or number was enough for his purposes or number was enough for his purposes or because there were only a 100 men because there were only a 100 men because there were only a 100 men respectable enough to be given such respectable enough to be given such respectable enough to be given such responsibility the descendants of these responsibility the descendants of these responsibility the descendants of these men would become the Patrician class of men would become the Patrician class of men would become the Patrician class of later Rome who would find themselves later Rome who would find themselves later Rome who would find themselves constantly at odds with the plebian

constantly at odds with the plebian constantly at odds with the plebian class the descendants of the remaining class the descendants of the remaining class the descendants of the remaining unwashed unwashed unwashed masses Rome was now ready to defend and masses Rome was now ready to defend and masses Rome was now ready to defend and govern itself but there was just one govern itself but there was just one govern itself but there was just one problem the new arrivals were almost problem the new arrivals were almost problem the new arrivals were almost entire irely male without any women entire irely male without any women entire irely male without any women around the dream of Rome would die after around the dream of Rome would die after around the dream of Rome would die after a single a single a single generation so delegations were sent generation so delegations were sent generation so delegations were sent around to the neighboring communities to around to the neighboring communities to around to the neighboring communities to ask for intermarriage rights but ask for intermarriage rights but ask for intermarriage rights but wherever they went they were refused wherever they went they were refused wherever they went they were refused fathers did not want their daughters fathers did not want their daughters fathers did not want their daughters married to the Romans who after all were married to the Romans who after all were married to the Romans who after all were nothing more than a collection of nothing more than a collection of nothing more than a collection of Despicable Despicable Despicable castoffs the Romans resented these castoffs the Romans resented these castoffs the Romans resented these rejections and so ramulus thought up a rejections and so ramulus thought up a rejections and so ramulus thought up a Surefire way to acquire wives for his Surefire way to acquire wives for his Surefire way to acquire wives for his people they would steal them people they would steal them people they would steal them the Romans invited all the neighboring the Romans invited all the neighboring the Romans invited all the neighboring communities to a great Festival honoring communities to a great Festival honoring communities to a great Festival honoring Neptune they spared no expense in Neptune they spared no expense in Neptune they spared no expense in preparing and promoting the celebration preparing and promoting the celebration preparing and promoting the celebration and on the appointed day a great crowd and on the appointed day a great crowd and on the appointed day a great crowd filled Rome including famously the filled Rome including famously the filled Rome including famously the sabines all was going well and no one sabines all was going well and no one sabines all was going well and no one suspected a thing until Romulus suddenly suspected a thing until Romulus suddenly suspected a thing until Romulus suddenly gave a signal and the men of Rome seized gave a signal and the men of Rome seized gave a signal and the men of Rome seized all the visiting women they could all the visiting women they could all the visiting women they could capture the festival was broken up and capture the festival was broken up and capture the festival was broken up and the parents of deceased women fled the the parents of deceased women fled the the parents of deceased women fled the city cursing the treachery of the city cursing the treachery of the city cursing the treachery of the Romans the seized women were naturally Romans the seized women were naturally Romans the seized women were naturally horrified at their predicament but horrified at their predicament but horrified at their predicament but Romulus went to them and claimed that it Romulus went to them and claimed that it Romulus went to them and claimed that it was their parents who were to blame was their parents who were to blame was their parents who were to blame because they had been too proud to Wed because they had been too proud to Wed because they had been too proud to Wed their daughters to Roman men further he their daughters to Roman men further he their daughters to Roman men further he said they would all be treated better in said they would all be treated better in said they would all be treated better in Rome than anywhere else because the Rome than anywhere else because the Rome than anywhere else because the Roman men would feel obligated to work Roman men would feel obligated to work Roman men would feel obligated to work off the guilt over what they had done off the guilt over what they had done off the guilt over what they had done apparently this mollified the women but

apparently this mollified the women but apparently this mollified the women but it did nothing for their parents and it did nothing for their parents and it did nothing for their parents and brothers attacks followed in succession brothers attacks followed in succession brothers attacks followed in succession from the victimized communities but each from the victimized communities but each from the victimized communities but each was repelled by Romulus and the Roman was repelled by Romulus and the Roman was repelled by Romulus and the Roman forces forces forces finally only the sabines had not yet finally only the sabines had not yet finally only the sabines had not yet sought Revenge they waited and planned sought Revenge they waited and planned sought Revenge they waited and planned rather than immediately taking up arms rather than immediately taking up arms rather than immediately taking up arms when the time was right the sabines when the time was right the sabines when the time was right the sabines bribed a young girl to let them into the bribed a young girl to let them into the bribed a young girl to let them into the Citadel of the city and took it before Citadel of the city and took it before Citadel of the city and took it before the Romans could react ramulus the Romans could react ramulus the Romans could react ramulus immediately mustered his army and immediately mustered his army and immediately mustered his army and launched a launched a launched a Counterattack a brief battle was joined Counterattack a brief battle was joined Counterattack a brief battle was joined but neither side could gain the upper but neither side could gain the upper but neither side could gain the upper hand finally the Sabine Women Daughters hand finally the Sabine Women Daughters hand finally the Sabine Women Daughters of one side and husbands of the other of one side and husbands of the other of one side and husbands of the other intervened throwing themselves between intervened throwing themselves between intervened throwing themselves between the two pleading with them to Halt Livy the two pleading with them to Halt Livy the two pleading with them to Halt Livy writes we are mothers now they cried our writes we are mothers now they cried our writes we are mothers now they cried our children are your sons your grandsons do children are your sons your grandsons do children are your sons your grandsons do not put on them the stain of not put on them the stain of not put on them the stain of paraside if our marriage if the paraside if our marriage if the paraside if our marriage if the relationship between you is hateful to relationship between you is hateful to relationship between you is hateful to you turn your hatred against us we are you turn your hatred against us we are you turn your hatred against us we are the cause of strife on our account our the cause of strife on our account our the cause of strife on our account our husbands and fathers lie wounded or dead husbands and fathers lie wounded or dead husbands and fathers lie wounded or dead and we would rather die ourselves than and we would rather die ourselves than and we would rather die ourselves than live either widowed or live either widowed or live either widowed or orphaned their entreaties moved the orphaned their entreaties moved the orphaned their entreaties moved the opposing armies and peace was made or opposing armies and peace was made or opposing armies and peace was made or ultimately joining the Romans and ultimately joining the Romans and ultimately joining the Romans and sabines into one political sabines into one political sabines into one political entity the abduction episode has lodged entity the abduction episode has lodged entity the abduction episode has lodged itself in the western imagination itself in the western imagination itself in the western imagination commonly referred to as the rape of the commonly referred to as the rape of the commonly referred to as the rape of the Sabine Women the event has been depicted Sabine Women the event has been depicted Sabine Women the event has been depicted by countless painters including Nicholas by countless painters including Nicholas by countless painters including Nicholas pan John Paul Rubin and Pablo Picasso pan John Paul Rubin and Pablo Picasso pan John Paul Rubin and Pablo Picasso Shak Lou David depicted the conclusion

Shak Lou David depicted the conclusion Shak Lou David depicted the conclusion of the story in his intervention of the of the story in his intervention of the of the story in his intervention of the Sabine Women anyone who has read Waters Sabine Women anyone who has read Waters Sabine Women anyone who has read Waters ship down will remember that the entire ship down will remember that the entire ship down will remember that the entire second half of the book is taken up with second half of the book is taken up with second half of the book is taken up with an adventure to secure female rabbits an adventure to secure female rabbits an adventure to secure female rabbits for the new Warren no doubt taking its for the new Warren no doubt taking its for the new Warren no doubt taking its inspiration of the Roman example inspiration of the Roman example inspiration of the Roman example although in that case Hazel and his although in that case Hazel and his although in that case Hazel and his followers were far more ethical in their followers were far more ethical in their followers were far more ethical in their solution after the sabines joined with solution after the sabines joined with solution after the sabines joined with the Romans a power sharing agreement was the Romans a power sharing agreement was the Romans a power sharing agreement was reached and Romulus agreed to rule reached and Romulus agreed to rule reached and Romulus agreed to rule jointly with tacus the Sabine King the jointly with tacus the Sabine King the jointly with tacus the Sabine King the newly integrated citizens of the city newly integrated citizens of the city newly integrated citizens of the city were divided into three tribes the first were divided into three tribes the first were divided into three tribes the first being made of Romans the second sabines being made of Romans the second sabines being made of Romans the second sabines and the third the remaining population and the third the remaining population and the third the remaining population mostly of at truscan origin mostly of at truscan origin mostly of at truscan origin 100 leading sabines were then added to 100 leading sabines were then added to 100 leading sabines were then added to the Senate doubling its the Senate doubling its the Senate doubling its size leadership thus established ramulus size leadership thus established ramulus size leadership thus established ramulus formed the first great citizen assembly formed the first great citizen assembly formed the first great citizen assembly the kamita kuata to do so he divided the the kamita kuata to do so he divided the the kamita kuata to do so he divided the tribes further into 10 cuier naming each tribes further into 10 cuier naming each tribes further into 10 cuier naming each one after an abducted Sabine woman to one after an abducted Sabine woman to one after an abducted Sabine woman to honor them for their role in the honor them for their role in the honor them for their role in the peacemaking each cier cast one peacemaking each cier cast one peacemaking each cier cast one Collective vote making for 30 total and Collective vote making for 30 total and Collective vote making for 30 total and the assembly was tasked with electing the assembly was tasked with electing the assembly was tasked with electing various magistrates and enacting routine various magistrates and enacting routine various magistrates and enacting routine laws laws laws thus the original political Constitution thus the original political Constitution thus the original political Constitution was settled the Kings reigned supreme was settled the Kings reigned supreme was settled the Kings reigned supreme but from the beginning both Aristocrats but from the beginning both Aristocrats but from the beginning both Aristocrats and commoners were involved in the and commoners were involved in the and commoners were involved in the legislative and judicial functions of legislative and judicial functions of legislative and judicial functions of state it was at this point as well that state it was at this point as well that state it was at this point as well that the legions doubled in size to the legions doubled in size to the legions doubled in size to approximately 6,000 men a number that approximately 6,000 men a number that approximately 6,000 men a number that would stand for the remainder of the would stand for the remainder of the would stand for the remainder of the Empire the power sharing agreement with

Empire the power sharing agreement with Empire the power sharing agreement with tasus lasted all of 5 years the Sabine tasus lasted all of 5 years the Sabine tasus lasted all of 5 years the Sabine King for whatever reason assaulted some King for whatever reason assaulted some King for whatever reason assaulted some envoys from linium and when he later envoys from linium and when he later envoys from linium and when he later arrived in that City for routine arrived in that City for routine arrived in that City for routine religious Services he was set upon by a religious Services he was set upon by a religious Services he was set upon by a mob and killed Romulus not seeking war mob and killed Romulus not seeking war mob and killed Romulus not seeking war with levinia and no doubt secretly with levinia and no doubt secretly with levinia and no doubt secretly welcoming the death of his rival did welcoming the death of his rival did welcoming the death of his rival did nothing to avenge the death of his nothing to avenge the death of his nothing to avenge the death of his co-ruler the sabines were outraged but co-ruler the sabines were outraged but co-ruler the sabines were outraged but fear of romulus's power and his fear of romulus's power and his fear of romulus's power and his apparently Divine Mission held their apparently Divine Mission held their apparently Divine Mission held their tongues Romulus now reigned Supreme once tongues Romulus now reigned Supreme once tongues Romulus now reigned Supreme once again for the next 40 years the Romans again for the next 40 years the Romans again for the next 40 years the Romans fought continuously against hostile fought continuously against hostile fought continuously against hostile neighbors usually at truscan cities in neighbors usually at truscan cities in neighbors usually at truscan cities in the North By the time of romulus's death the North By the time of romulus's death the North By the time of romulus's death he had made the Romans a power to be he had made the Romans a power to be he had made the Romans a power to be reckoned with the details of his passing reckoned with the details of his passing reckoned with the details of his passing confirm his status as a mythological confirm his status as a mythological confirm his status as a mythological figure one day Seated on the throne he figure one day Seated on the throne he figure one day Seated on the throne he was reviewing his troops and a storm was reviewing his troops and a storm was reviewing his troops and a storm kicked up thunder clapped and Romulus kicked up thunder clapped and Romulus kicked up thunder clapped and Romulus was enveloped by a cloud when the storm was enveloped by a cloud when the storm was enveloped by a cloud when the storm dissipated the throne was empty and dissipated the throne was empty and dissipated the throne was empty and Romulus was gone the Senators who stood Romulus was gone the Senators who stood Romulus was gone the Senators who stood beside him searched but no trace of beside him searched but no trace of beside him searched but no trace of Romulus was ever found living notes that Romulus was ever found living notes that Romulus was ever found living notes that Romulus was always more popular with the Romulus was always more popular with the Romulus was always more popular with the people than he was with the Senate and people than he was with the Senate and people than he was with the Senate and that it is entirely possible he was that it is entirely possible he was that it is entirely possible he was murdered by the Senators who stood murdered by the Senators who stood murdered by the Senators who stood beside him I find it part of Livy's beside him I find it part of Livy's beside him I find it part of Livy's charm that he would go out of his way to charm that he would go out of his way to charm that he would go out of his way to offer a more plausible explanation for offer a more plausible explanation for offer a more plausible explanation for the death of such an obviously the death of such an obviously the death of such an obviously fictitious fictitious fictitious character the life of Romulus is a character the life of Romulus is a character the life of Romulus is a convenient myth who founded Rome Romulus convenient myth who founded Rome Romulus convenient myth who founded Rome Romulus where does the name come from Romulus

where does the name come from Romulus where does the name come from Romulus who organized the legions Romulus who who organized the legions Romulus who who organized the legions Romulus who divided up the tribes organized the divided up the tribes organized the divided up the tribes organized the Senate and began the citizens assembly Senate and began the citizens assembly Senate and began the citizens assembly Romulus Romulus Romulus Romulus Romulus Romulus Romulus it is possible that the stories Romulus it is possible that the stories Romulus it is possible that the stories Grew From the life of a real person but Grew From the life of a real person but Grew From the life of a real person but most likely Romulus was created out of most likely Romulus was created out of most likely Romulus was created out of necessity to answer questions later necessity to answer questions later necessity to answer questions later Romans had about their own past it seems Romans had about their own past it seems Romans had about their own past it seems comically naive of the Romans to believe comically naive of the Romans to believe comically naive of the Romans to believe that so much could be owed to a single that so much could be owed to a single that so much could be owed to a single man but when we look at our own almost man but when we look at our own almost man but when we look at our own almost religious veneration of George religious veneration of George religious veneration of George Washington it begins to make sense in Washington it begins to make sense in Washington it begins to make sense in 500 years will historians be reporting 500 years will historians be reporting 500 years will historians be reporting that George Washington was born of a that George Washington was born of a that George Washington was born of a chry tree and had wooden teeth to prove chry tree and had wooden teeth to prove chry tree and had wooden teeth to prove it that he flew over the Delaware River it that he flew over the Delaware River it that he flew over the Delaware River defeated the British Army and designed defeated the British Army and designed defeated the British Army and designed the Constitution all by the Constitution all by the Constitution all by himself it seems crazy but as time goes himself it seems crazy but as time goes himself it seems crazy but as time goes by the subtleties of actual events are by the subtleties of actual events are by the subtleties of actual events are compressed into small digestible units compressed into small digestible units compressed into small digestible units Horatio Gates has already been pushed Horatio Gates has already been pushed Horatio Gates has already been pushed from the collective Consciousness and is from the collective Consciousness and is from the collective Consciousness and is known only to historians but it was his known only to historians but it was his known only to historians but it was his victory at Saratoga not Washington's victory at Saratoga not Washington's victory at Saratoga not Washington's that led the French to support the that led the French to support the that led the French to support the Revolution and thus ensure its Revolution and thus ensure its Revolution and thus ensure its success that story though is too success that story though is too success that story though is too complicated most Americans don't even complicated most Americans don't even complicated most Americans don't even know how critical French involvement was know how critical French involvement was know how critical French involvement was let alone that Washington had little to let alone that Washington had little to let alone that Washington had little to do with securing it Washington beat the do with securing it Washington beat the do with securing it Washington beat the British that is the story of the British that is the story of the British that is the story of the American Revolution as the years pass American Revolution as the years pass American Revolution as the years pass will the name of Madison be lost will the name of Madison be lost will the name of Madison be lost Hamilton even the great Thomas Jefferson Hamilton even the great Thomas Jefferson Hamilton even the great Thomas Jefferson whose Fame is second to none may yet whose Fame is second to none may yet whose Fame is second to none may yet fall under the Juggernaut that is this fall under the Juggernaut that is this fall under the Juggernaut that is this mythical Washington as he like Romulus mythical Washington as he like Romulus mythical Washington as he like Romulus becomes the answer to all questions

becomes the answer to all questions becomes the answer to all questions about the founding of about the founding of about the founding of America count hands working patiently America count hands working patiently America count hands working patiently over years no doubt transformed Rome over years no doubt transformed Rome over years no doubt transformed Rome from a collection of shepherds into a from a collection of shepherds into a from a collection of shepherds into a origional power but their names have origional power but their names have origional power but their names have been lost and their deeds have been been lost and their deeds have been been lost and their deeds have been rolled into the biography of a single rolled into the biography of a single rolled into the biography of a single mythical mythical mythical man the early days of Rome stand in man the early days of Rome stand in man the early days of Rome stand in stark contrast to its later greatness to stark contrast to its later greatness to stark contrast to its later greatness to say that the mighty Empire came from say that the mighty Empire came from say that the mighty Empire came from humble roots would be a gross humble roots would be a gross humble roots would be a gross understatement and entirely understatement and entirely understatement and entirely misleading I've always found it odd that misleading I've always found it odd that misleading I've always found it odd that more was not done to alter the details more was not done to alter the details more was not done to alter the details of Rome's unsavory Beginnings founded by of Rome's unsavory Beginnings founded by of Rome's unsavory Beginnings founded by a man who killed his own brother and was a man who killed his own brother and was a man who killed his own brother and was raised by a the city's initial raised by a the city's initial raised by a the city's initial inhabitants were thieves Crooks and inhabitants were thieves Crooks and inhabitants were thieves Crooks and Beggars such an unappealing lot that Beggars such an unappealing lot that Beggars such an unappealing lot that they could not find a single woman who they could not find a single woman who they could not find a single woman who would have them they resorted to would have them they resorted to would have them they resorted to kidnapping to protect their ill-gotten kidnapping to protect their ill-gotten kidnapping to protect their ill-gotten wives they then proceeded to make war on wives they then proceeded to make war on wives they then proceeded to make war on their new in-laws there is not a single their new in-laws there is not a single their new in-laws there is not a single sympathetic figure in the whole bunch sympathetic figure in the whole bunch sympathetic figure in the whole bunch you almost find yourself rooting for the you almost find yourself rooting for the you almost find yourself rooting for the at truskin to put this Rabel down and at truskin to put this Rabel down and at truskin to put this Rabel down and restore some decency to the world but restore some decency to the world but restore some decency to the world but alas the Romans were strong and would alas the Romans were strong and would alas the Romans were strong and would not be conquered even if they were tot not be conquered even if they were tot not be conquered even if they were tot bastards and this is the moral of Rome's bastards and this is the moral of Rome's bastards and this is the moral of Rome's birth the Romans won and grew and birth the Romans won and grew and birth the Romans won and grew and thrived not because they were right or thrived not because they were right or thrived not because they were right or good or moral or God's chosen people but good or moral or God's chosen people but good or moral or God's chosen people but because they were strong and knew how to because they were strong and knew how to because they were strong and knew how to win in battle might may not make right win in battle might may not make right win in battle might may not make right but it will make a Thousand-Year but it will make a Thousand-Year but it will make a Thousand-Year civilization join me next time as we civilization join me next time as we civilization join me next time as we discuss romulus's successors to the discuss romulus's successors to the discuss romulus's successors to the throne Rome's religious Awakening and throne Rome's religious Awakening and throne Rome's religious Awakening and how the kings were finally run out of

how the kings were finally run out of how the kings were finally run out of town a transcript of this podcast and town a transcript of this podcast and town a transcript of this podcast and additional information can be found as additional information can be found as additional information can be found as always at the historyof rome. always at the historyof rome. always at the historyof rome. [Music] [Music] [Music] blogspot.com hello and welcome to the blogspot.com hello and welcome to the blogspot.com hello and welcome to the history of history of history of Rome last time we finished with the Rome last time we finished with the Rome last time we finished with the death of Romulus first and greatest king death of Romulus first and greatest king death of Romulus first and greatest king of Rome today we will cover his first of Rome today we will cover his first of Rome today we will cover his first three successors who they were and what three successors who they were and what three successors who they were and what roles they played in the evolution of roles they played in the evolution of roles they played in the evolution of Roman law and Society I call this Roman law and Society I call this Roman law and Society I call this section the seven Kings of Rome because section the seven Kings of Rome because section the seven Kings of Rome because common historical nomenclature always common historical nomenclature always common historical nomenclature always refers to the seven Kings of Rome so refers to the seven Kings of Rome so refers to the seven Kings of Rome so though we will only be talking about though we will only be talking about though we will only be talking about three kings it seemed appropriate to use three kings it seemed appropriate to use three kings it seemed appropriate to use the phrase as a title even if it isn't the phrase as a title even if it isn't the phrase as a title even if it isn't technically accurate just remember there technically accurate just remember there technically accurate just remember there were seven Kings of were seven Kings of were seven Kings of Rome oh by the way in reality there were Rome oh by the way in reality there were Rome oh by the way in reality there were almost certainly more than seven Kings almost certainly more than seven Kings almost certainly more than seven Kings of Rome the the idea that seven of Rome the the idea that seven of Rome the the idea that seven successive Kings could Reign for an successive Kings could Reign for an successive Kings could Reign for an average of 35 years each stretches average of 35 years each stretches average of 35 years each stretches credulity nowhere else in the history of credulity nowhere else in the history of credulity nowhere else in the history of mankind have seven monarchs in a row mankind have seven monarchs in a row mankind have seven monarchs in a row manage such continuous good luck the manage such continuous good luck the manage such continuous good luck the story is handed down to us of Numa and story is handed down to us of Numa and story is handed down to us of Numa and hostilius and Martius and the tarquins hostilius and Martius and the tarquins hostilius and Martius and the tarquins are no doubt apocryphal meant to cover are no doubt apocryphal meant to cover are no doubt apocryphal meant to cover the ground between Romulus and the the ground between Romulus and the the ground between Romulus and the founding of the Republic while founding of the Republic while founding of the Republic while explaining the evolution of the city's explaining the evolution of the city's explaining the evolution of the city's culture at the same time so just culture at the same time so just culture at the same time so just remember even though there weren't

remember even though there weren't remember even though there weren't really seven Kings of Rome there were really seven Kings of Rome there were really seven Kings of Rome there were seven Kings of seven Kings of seven Kings of Rome after Romulus died or disappeared Rome after Romulus died or disappeared Rome after Romulus died or disappeared there was a crisis who would lead the there was a crisis who would lead the there was a crisis who would lead the Romans now that their first and only Romans now that their first and only Romans now that their first and only King was gone trouble arose not just King was gone trouble arose not just King was gone trouble arose not just from the question of which particular from the question of which particular from the question of which particular man would Reign but also from the man would Reign but also from the man would Reign but also from the question of what tribe he would be from question of what tribe he would be from question of what tribe he would be from the sabines who had suffered the sole the sabines who had suffered the sole the sabines who had suffered the sole rule of Romulus in silence now wished to rule of Romulus in silence now wished to rule of Romulus in silence now wished to see one of their own placed upon the see one of their own placed upon the see one of their own placed upon the throne the Romans found this idea throne the Romans found this idea throne the Romans found this idea Preposterous but the sabines refused all Preposterous but the sabines refused all Preposterous but the sabines refused all Roman candidates and the Romans in turn Roman candidates and the Romans in turn Roman candidates and the Romans in turn refused all Sabine candidates to avoid a refused all Sabine candidates to avoid a refused all Sabine candidates to avoid a slip into Anarchy it was decided that slip into Anarchy it was decided that slip into Anarchy it was decided that each senator in succession would Reign each senator in succession would Reign each senator in succession would Reign for a single day until an acceptable man for a single day until an acceptable man for a single day until an acceptable man was found to rule this was the first was found to rule this was the first was found to rule this was the first instance in Roman history of an instance in Roman history of an instance in Roman history of an interregnum or period between official interregnum or period between official interregnum or period between official sovereigns a compromise was finally sovereigns a compromise was finally sovereigns a compromise was finally proposed that allowed the Romans to proposed that allowed the Romans to proposed that allowed the Romans to choose whomever they wished without choose whomever they wished without choose whomever they wished without Sabine veto as long as the man was a Sabine veto as long as the man was a Sabine veto as long as the man was a Sabine the Romans agreed to this and Sabine the Romans agreed to this and Sabine the Romans agreed to this and picked a man of universal renown Numa picked a man of universal renown Numa picked a man of universal renown Numa pulus the sabines delighted by the pulus the sabines delighted by the pulus the sabines delighted by the choice agreed at once and Messengers choice agreed at once and Messengers choice agreed at once and Messengers were sent to Numa to present him with were sent to Numa to present him with were sent to Numa to present him with the good news to the amazement of the good news to the amazement of the good news to the amazement of everyone however numer refused the offer everyone however numer refused the offer everyone however numer refused the offer and it was only after much cajoling that and it was only after much cajoling that and it was only after much cajoling that he agreed to take the throne you see he agreed to take the throne you see he agreed to take the throne you see Numa was a bit of an oddbird he Numa was a bit of an oddbird he Numa was a bit of an oddbird he disdained all luxury and had devoted his disdained all luxury and had devoted his disdained all luxury and had devoted his life to religious contemplation he often life to religious contemplation he often life to religious contemplation he often took long walks alone and it was took long walks alone and it was took long walks alone and it was believed that on these strolls he believed that on these strolls he believed that on these strolls he conversed with the Gods Not that this

conversed with the Gods Not that this conversed with the Gods Not that this concerned anyone quite the opposite it concerned anyone quite the opposite it concerned anyone quite the opposite it only enhanced his reputation that the only enhanced his reputation that the only enhanced his reputation that the gods spoke to him but still not exactly gods spoke to him but still not exactly gods spoke to him but still not exactly a man you usually find at the head of a a man you usually find at the head of a a man you usually find at the head of a growing military power Newman did not growing military power Newman did not growing military power Newman did not even live in Rome he resided in a nearby even live in Rome he resided in a nearby even live in Rome he resided in a nearby town and was for the most part put off town and was for the most part put off town and was for the most part put off by the violence and greed of the city by the violence and greed of the city by the violence and greed of the city this second king of Rome was the this second king of Rome was the this second king of Rome was the opposite of Romulus in almost every way opposite of Romulus in almost every way opposite of Romulus in almost every way where Romulus was Brash Numa was where Romulus was Brash Numa was where Romulus was Brash Numa was reserved where Romulus was a warrior reserved where Romulus was a warrior reserved where Romulus was a warrior Numa was a pacifist where ramulus sought Numa was a pacifist where ramulus sought Numa was a pacifist where ramulus sought glory and fame Numa sought peace and glory and fame Numa sought peace and glory and fame Numa sought peace and Solitude overnight he changed the Solitude overnight he changed the Solitude overnight he changed the trajectory of Rome's march to trajectory of Rome's march to trajectory of Rome's march to Greatness when Numa arrived in Rome he Greatness when Numa arrived in Rome he Greatness when Numa arrived in Rome he found a warmongering population of found a warmongering population of found a warmongering population of brutes who had known 40 years of war and brutes who had known 40 years of war and brutes who had known 40 years of war and when he died he left Rome a population when he died he left Rome a population when he died he left Rome a population of farmers who had known 40 Years of of farmers who had known 40 Years of of farmers who had known 40 Years of Peace the remarkable transformation was Peace the remarkable transformation was Peace the remarkable transformation was due entirely to numa's introduction of due entirely to numa's introduction of due entirely to numa's introduction of religion to the city he turned the religion to the city he turned the religion to the city he turned the people's attention away from the people's attention away from the people's attention away from the battlefield and towards the heavens battlefield and towards the heavens battlefield and towards the heavens Desiring peace more than anything else Desiring peace more than anything else Desiring peace more than anything else Numa devis comp Le Lex religious rights Numa devis comp Le Lex religious rights Numa devis comp Le Lex religious rights to occupy the time of the now to occupy the time of the now to occupy the time of the now demobilized Army so they would not grow demobilized Army so they would not grow demobilized Army so they would not grow restless and provoke unnecessary Wars he restless and provoke unnecessary Wars he restless and provoke unnecessary Wars he instilled in the Romans an everlasting instilled in the Romans an everlasting instilled in the Romans an everlasting fear and awe of the Gods which would fear and awe of the Gods which would fear and awe of the Gods which would last for the remainder of the last for the remainder of the last for the remainder of the Empire Numa is credited with the Empire Numa is credited with the Empire Numa is credited with the foundation of the most important foundation of the most important foundation of the most important religious institutions in Rome he religious institutions in Rome he religious institutions in Rome he imported the Vestal virgins and imported the Vestal virgins and imported the Vestal virgins and established the laws governing their established the laws governing their established the laws governing their watch over the Eternal Flame he created watch over the Eternal Flame he created watch over the Eternal Flame he created the Office of pontifex Maximus the high the Office of pontifex Maximus the high the Office of pontifex Maximus the high priest of Rome who would be be

priest of Rome who would be be priest of Rome who would be be responsible for the maintenance of all responsible for the maintenance of all responsible for the maintenance of all religious services and in an act of religious services and in an act of religious services and in an act of remarkable foresight declined to serve remarkable foresight declined to serve remarkable foresight declined to serve in that role himself establishing a in that role himself establishing a in that role himself establishing a sovereign religious realm that could not sovereign religious realm that could not sovereign religious realm that could not be meddled with by future kings he be meddled with by future kings he be meddled with by future kings he believed that later Kings would be so believed that later Kings would be so believed that later Kings would be so caught up in war making that they would caught up in war making that they would caught up in war making that they would neglect their religious duties and bring neglect their religious duties and bring neglect their religious duties and bring the Wrath of the Gods upon the city the the Wrath of the Gods upon the city the the Wrath of the Gods upon the city the office of pontifex Maximus would remain office of pontifex Maximus would remain office of pontifex Maximus would remain an independent Authority until the title an independent Authority until the title an independent Authority until the title was claimed for the Emperors by Augustus was claimed for the Emperors by Augustus was claimed for the Emperors by Augustus at the dawn of the Imperium at the end at the dawn of the Imperium at the end at the dawn of the Imperium at the end of the EMP ire the title was passed to of the EMP ire the title was passed to of the EMP ire the title was passed to the popes who hold it to this day 2600 the popes who hold it to this day 2600 the popes who hold it to this day 2600 years after its years after its years after its Inception just as Romulus is the answer Inception just as Romulus is the answer Inception just as Romulus is the answer to all questions about the founding of to all questions about the founding of to all questions about the founding of the city Numa is the answer to all the city Numa is the answer to all the city Numa is the answer to all questions about the origin of religious questions about the origin of religious questions about the origin of religious practices who divided regular days from practices who divided regular days from practices who divided regular days from holy days Numa who created the holy days Numa who created the holy days Numa who created the priesthood of Mars Numa did the priesthood of Mars Numa did the priesthood of Mars Numa did the priesthood of quinius Numa who built the priesthood of quinius Numa who built the priesthood of quinius Numa who built the altar to Jupiter Numa of course in the altar to Jupiter Numa of course in the altar to Jupiter Numa of course in the development of Roman culture Numa is development of Roman culture Numa is development of Roman culture Numa is second only to Romulus in importance and second only to Romulus in importance and second only to Romulus in importance and to some he was even more important to some he was even more important to some he was even more important makavelli writes and for anyone who makavelli writes and for anyone who makavelli writes and for anyone who considers Roman history carefully it is considers Roman history carefully it is considers Roman history carefully it is clear how much religion helped in the clear how much religion helped in the clear how much religion helped in the commanding of armies in inspiring the commanding of armies in inspiring the commanding of armies in inspiring the plebians in keeping men good and in plebians in keeping men good and in plebians in keeping men good and in making the wicked feel shame thus if one making the wicked feel shame thus if one making the wicked feel shame thus if one were to debate about the prince to whom were to debate about the prince to whom were to debate about the prince to whom Rome owed the most I think Numa would Rome owed the most I think Numa would Rome owed the most I think Numa would sooner obtain the first place for where sooner obtain the first place for where sooner obtain the first place for where there is religion one can easily there is religion one can easily there is religion one can easily introduce arms but where there are arms introduce arms but where there are arms introduce arms but where there are arms but no religion the former can only be

but no religion the former can only be but no religion the former can only be introduced with introduced with introduced with difficulty perhaps numa's most famous difficulty perhaps numa's most famous difficulty perhaps numa's most famous addition to Rome was the Temple of addition to Rome was the Temple of addition to Rome was the Temple of Janice the gates of the temple were to Janice the gates of the temple were to Janice the gates of the temple were to remain open while Rome was at War and be remain open while Rome was at War and be remain open while Rome was at War and be closed in times of peace for the closed in times of peace for the closed in times of peace for the entirety of numa's Reign the doors entirety of numa's Reign the doors entirety of numa's Reign the doors stayed shut but after his passing they stayed shut but after his passing they stayed shut but after his passing they remained open almost continuously numa's remained open almost continuously numa's remained open almost continuously numa's dream of Peace it would seem died with dream of Peace it would seem died with dream of Peace it would seem died with him and his Reign would be an anomaly in him and his Reign would be an anomaly in him and his Reign would be an anomaly in Roman Roman Roman history of numa's Rome Livy writes once history of numa's Rome Livy writes once history of numa's Rome Livy writes once Rome's neighbors had considered her no Rome's neighbors had considered her no Rome's neighbors had considered her no more than an armed camp in their midst more than an armed camp in their midst more than an armed camp in their midst threatening the general peace now they threatening the general peace now they threatening the general peace now they came to Revere her so profoundly as a came to Revere her so profoundly as a came to Revere her so profoundly as a community dedicated wholly to worship community dedicated wholly to worship community dedicated wholly to worship that the mere thought of offering her that the mere thought of offering her that the mere thought of offering her violence seemed to them like violence seemed to them like violence seemed to them like sacrilege numer reigned 43 years and sacrilege numer reigned 43 years and sacrilege numer reigned 43 years and died in 673 BC his successor to the died in 673 BC his successor to the died in 673 BC his successor to the throne tulus hostilius did his level throne tulus hostilius did his level throne tulus hostilius did his level best to banish forever this image of best to banish forever this image of best to banish forever this image of Rome as a city of docile farmer priests Rome as a city of docile farmer priests Rome as a city of docile farmer priests just as Numa was the opposite of Romulus just as Numa was the opposite of Romulus just as Numa was the opposite of Romulus tulus was the opposite of Numa he longed tulus was the opposite of Numa he longed tulus was the opposite of Numa he longed for a return to the Marshal virtues of for a return to the Marshal virtues of for a return to the Marshal virtues of Romulus he believed Numa had left the Romulus he believed Numa had left the Romulus he believed Numa had left the Roman soft and dangerously unprepared Roman soft and dangerously unprepared Roman soft and dangerously unprepared for what tulus saw as inevitable attack for what tulus saw as inevitable attack for what tulus saw as inevitable attack from eternally hostile neighbors the from eternally hostile neighbors the from eternally hostile neighbors the Peace of the previous decades could not Peace of the previous decades could not Peace of the previous decades could not hold forever and if Rome was to live it hold forever and if Rome was to live it hold forever and if Rome was to live it had to fight with this in mind tulus had to fight with this in mind tulus had to fight with this in mind tulus looked around for a clash that would looked around for a clash that would looked around for a clash that would reinvigorate the warrior Spirit of his reinvigorate the warrior Spirit of his reinvigorate the warrior Spirit of his people and found it in the place of people and found it in the place of people and found it in the place of romulus's romulus's romulus's birth a cattle raing dispute along the

birth a cattle raing dispute along the birth a cattle raing dispute along the border between Rome and Alba led to border between Rome and Alba led to border between Rome and Alba led to mutual recriminations and for tulus this mutual recriminations and for tulus this mutual recriminations and for tulus this was enough of a pretext and War was was enough of a pretext and War was was enough of a pretext and War was declared he even managed to arrange declared he even managed to arrange declared he even managed to arrange things so that the Romans looked like things so that the Romans looked like things so that the Romans looked like the grieved party who were being dragged the grieved party who were being dragged the grieved party who were being dragged against their will into against their will into against their will into battle armies from both sides Advanced battle armies from both sides Advanced battle armies from both sides Advanced on one another but before the order for on one another but before the order for on one another but before the order for full scale engagement was given medius full scale engagement was given medius full scale engagement was given medius the leader of the albins approached the leader of the albins approached the leader of the albins approached tullus with an unusual proposal tullus with an unusual proposal tullus with an unusual proposal there was nothing to be gained the Albin there was nothing to be gained the Albin there was nothing to be gained the Albin said in a bloody struggle between two said in a bloody struggle between two said in a bloody struggle between two familial people when the atrans SAT at familial people when the atrans SAT at familial people when the atrans SAT at both their doorsteps eagerly awaiting both their doorsteps eagerly awaiting both their doorsteps eagerly awaiting any opportunity to invade a fight any opportunity to invade a fight any opportunity to invade a fight between Alba and Rome would deplete the between Alba and Rome would deplete the between Alba and Rome would deplete the strength of both Victor and vanquished strength of both Victor and vanquished strength of both Victor and vanquished leaving the door wide open for the leaving the door wide open for the leaving the door wide open for the atrans to make them all slaves medus atrans to make them all slaves medus atrans to make them all slaves medus proposed that single combat should proposed that single combat should proposed that single combat should decide their quarrel that way their decide their quarrel that way their decide their quarrel that way their respective armies could still keep the respective armies could still keep the respective armies could still keep the ambitious at truskin in check toas ambitious at truskin in check toas ambitious at truskin in check toas agreed reluctantly seeing the logic of agreed reluctantly seeing the logic of agreed reluctantly seeing the logic of Med's argument though it would not be Med's argument though it would not be Med's argument though it would not be single combat per se that would decide single combat per se that would decide single combat per se that would decide things each Army's ranks held three things each Army's ranks held three things each Army's ranks held three brothers triplets who were chosen to brothers triplets who were chosen to brothers triplets who were chosen to fight for the fate of their people this fight for the fate of their people this fight for the fate of their people this fight between the Roman Hara and the fight between the Roman Hara and the fight between the Roman Hara and the Albin CTI is an episode like the rape of Albin CTI is an episode like the rape of Albin CTI is an episode like the rape of the Sabine women that has found its way the Sabine women that has found its way the Sabine women that has found its way into countless works of art and into countless works of art and into countless works of art and literature most famously in the oath of literature most famously in the oath of literature most famously in the oath of the Hara by jacqu L David that great the Hara by jacqu L David that great the Hara by jacqu L David that great lover of lover of lover of antiquity in front of the opposing Army antiquity in front of the opposing Army antiquity in front of the opposing Army as the two sets of Brothers squared off as the two sets of Brothers squared off as the two sets of Brothers squared off the fight was Furious and in quick

the fight was Furious and in quick the fight was Furious and in quick succession two of the Romans lay dead succession two of the Romans lay dead succession two of the Romans lay dead horatius the remaining brother knowing horatius the remaining brother knowing horatius the remaining brother knowing he could not take all three of his he could not take all three of his he could not take all three of his enemies at once ran up a nearby Hill enemies at once ran up a nearby Hill enemies at once ran up a nearby Hill forcing the three curiot to chase him as forcing the three curiot to chase him as forcing the three curiot to chase him as the first neared horatius turned the first neared horatius turned the first neared horatius turned abruptly and killed him the second Albin abruptly and killed him the second Albin abruptly and killed him the second Albin brother arrived too late to help and brother arrived too late to help and brother arrived too late to help and horatius fought and killed him as well horatius fought and killed him as well horatius fought and killed him as well the third curiot weary from the Chase the third curiot weary from the Chase the third curiot weary from the Chase and from wound sustained in the earlier and from wound sustained in the earlier and from wound sustained in the earlier fight was no match at all upon rival he fight was no match at all upon rival he fight was no match at all upon rival he fell to his knees and horatius did not fell to his knees and horatius did not fell to his knees and horatius did not fight him so much as execute him fight him so much as execute him fight him so much as execute him plunging his sword down the poor plunging his sword down the poor plunging his sword down the poor bastard's bastard's bastard's throat the Romans cheered their Victory throat the Romans cheered their Victory throat the Romans cheered their Victory and the Albin grumbling at medus his and the Albin grumbling at medus his and the Albin grumbling at medus his deal were forced to withdraw and deal were forced to withdraw and deal were forced to withdraw and supplicate themselves to Roman rule but supplicate themselves to Roman rule but supplicate themselves to Roman rule but medus aware of how precarious his medus aware of how precarious his medus aware of how precarious his authority was in the aftermath of this authority was in the aftermath of this authority was in the aftermath of this non- Dee to Rome conspired to release non- Dee to Rome conspired to release non- Dee to Rome conspired to release his people from subjugation he induced his people from subjugation he induced his people from subjugation he induced VA the nearest at truscan city and as we VA the nearest at truscan city and as we VA the nearest at truscan city and as we will later see an important early rival will later see an important early rival will later see an important early rival of Rome to attack the Romans the Albin of Rome to attack the Romans the Albin of Rome to attack the Romans the Albin media said would be called upon to Aid media said would be called upon to Aid media said would be called upon to Aid Rome and he promised that at a decisive Rome and he promised that at a decisive Rome and he promised that at a decisive moment in the battle the Albans would moment in the battle the Albans would moment in the battle the Albans would desert leaving the Roman flank unguarded desert leaving the Roman flank unguarded desert leaving the Roman flank unguarded VA jumped at the opportunity to crush VA jumped at the opportunity to crush VA jumped at the opportunity to crush Rome and attacked immediately just as Rome and attacked immediately just as Rome and attacked immediately just as medus predicted tus called upon the medus predicted tus called upon the medus predicted tus called upon the Albin to join the fight and the armies Albin to join the fight and the armies Albin to join the fight and the armies gathered to do battle just as the fight gathered to do battle just as the fight gathered to do battle just as the fight was about to begin medius ordered the was about to begin medius ordered the was about to begin medius ordered the Albin to withdraw the Roman soldiers Albin to withdraw the Roman soldiers Albin to withdraw the Roman soldiers were shock to see their Ally suddenly were shock to see their Ally suddenly were shock to see their Ally suddenly leaving but tulus thinking quickly leaving but tulus thinking quickly leaving but tulus thinking quickly addressed his troops telling them that

addressed his troops telling them that addressed his troops telling them that it was his plan for the Albans to sneak it was his plan for the Albans to sneak it was his plan for the Albans to sneak around behind the enemy the Romans around behind the enemy the Romans around behind the enemy the Romans heartened marched into battle with heartened marched into battle with heartened marched into battle with confidence and defeated the confidence and defeated the confidence and defeated the vites back in Camp however tus ordered vites back in Camp however tus ordered vites back in Camp however tus ordered the arrest of medius and had him brought the arrest of medius and had him brought the arrest of medius and had him brought before the Roman troops tus then before the Roman troops tus then before the Roman troops tus then revealed the treachery of the Albin revealed the treachery of the Albin revealed the treachery of the Albin leader and to the horror of his Men leader and to the horror of his Men leader and to the horror of his Men passed without trial a sentence of death passed without trial a sentence of death passed without trial a sentence of death by by by dismemberment their leader dead then dismemberment their leader dead then dismemberment their leader dead then ordered the destruction of Al belonga ordered the destruction of Al belonga ordered the destruction of Al belonga itself he ordered the city destroyed and itself he ordered the city destroyed and itself he ordered the city destroyed and the citizens relocated to Rome where the citizens relocated to Rome where the citizens relocated to Rome where they would become Romans forever wiping they would become Romans forever wiping they would become Romans forever wiping allba from the allba from the allba from the map tus ran 32 years and died in 642 BC map tus ran 32 years and died in 642 BC map tus ran 32 years and died in 642 BC the return to Arms was his lasting the return to Arms was his lasting the return to Arms was his lasting Legacy and the incorporation of the Legacy and the incorporation of the Legacy and the incorporation of the albins was his most important albins was his most important albins was his most important contribution to the growth of the city contribution to the growth of the city contribution to the growth of the city henceforth Rome's neighbors returned to henceforth Rome's neighbors returned to henceforth Rome's neighbors returned to their view of the city as little more their view of the city as little more their view of the city as little more than an armed camp and work tirelessly than an armed camp and work tirelessly than an armed camp and work tirelessly to defeat the Roman Menace never again to defeat the Roman Menace never again to defeat the Roman Menace never again would Rome enjoy an extended period of would Rome enjoy an extended period of would Rome enjoy an extended period of uninterrupted peace despite the efforts uninterrupted peace despite the efforts uninterrupted peace despite the efforts made by ts's successor anus marcius the made by ts's successor anus marcius the made by ts's successor anus marcius the grandson of Numa to bring the population grandson of Numa to bring the population grandson of Numa to bring the population back to his grandfather's vision of back to his grandfather's vision of back to his grandfather's vision of Peace Les is known or told about anus Peace Les is known or told about anus Peace Les is known or told about anus than any of his predecessors but we do than any of his predecessors but we do than any of his predecessors but we do know that he attempted to follow in the know that he attempted to follow in the know that he attempted to follow in the footsteps of his grandfathers but with footsteps of his grandfathers but with footsteps of his grandfathers but with far less success avenge conspired to far less success avenge conspired to far less success avenge conspired to force War upon him and despite his force War upon him and despite his force War upon him and despite his natural proclivities he accepted his natural proclivities he accepted his natural proclivities he accepted his fate and led the Romans into battle a fate and led the Romans into battle a fate and led the Romans into battle a confederation of Latin communities who

confederation of Latin communities who confederation of Latin communities who chafed under Roman dominance took anas's chafed under Roman dominance took anas's chafed under Roman dominance took anas's succession as the perfect opportunity to succession as the perfect opportunity to succession as the perfect opportunity to attack believing they had another Numa attack believing they had another Numa attack believing they had another Numa on their hands who would be an easy mark on their hands who would be an easy mark on their hands who would be an easy mark But anus accepted the challenge and the But anus accepted the challenge and the But anus accepted the challenge and the Roman forces battle tested by their Roman forces battle tested by their Roman forces battle tested by their years under tulus routed each in turn years under tulus routed each in turn years under tulus routed each in turn the defeated inhabitants were forced the defeated inhabitants were forced the defeated inhabitants were forced like the Albans to abandon their homes like the Albans to abandon their homes like the Albans to abandon their homes and settle in Rome while Romans were and settle in Rome while Romans were and settle in Rome while Romans were sent to settle the vacated towns through sent to settle the vacated towns through sent to settle the vacated towns through this policy the population of the city this policy the population of the city this policy the population of the city swelled and the surrounding Countryside swelled and the surrounding Countryside swelled and the surrounding Countryside was filled with subjects loyal to was filled with subjects loyal to was filled with subjects loyal to Rome at the outset of the fight with the Rome at the outset of the fight with the Rome at the outset of the fight with the Latins ankus made his most important Latins ankus made his most important Latins ankus made his most important contribution to Roman society contribution to Roman society contribution to Roman society dissatisfied with the halfhazard way War dissatisfied with the halfhazard way War dissatisfied with the halfhazard way War Began between Rome and her enemies he Began between Rome and her enemies he Began between Rome and her enemies he decided to inject a sacred ritual decided to inject a sacred ritual decided to inject a sacred ritual introducing something of Numa into the introducing something of Numa into the introducing something of Numa into the barbarism of armed conflict a specific barbarism of armed conflict a specific barbarism of armed conflict a specific formula was prescribed as to how exactly formula was prescribed as to how exactly formula was prescribed as to how exactly the Romans would declare war on an enemy the Romans would declare war on an enemy the Romans would declare war on an enemy too tedious to spell out here but it too tedious to spell out here but it too tedious to spell out here but it involves sending envoys into enemy involves sending envoys into enemy involves sending envoys into enemy territory announcing the war to the territory announcing the war to the territory announcing the war to the first man met in an official first man met in an official first man met in an official pronouncement making more official pronouncement making more official pronouncement making more official declarations at appointed times waiting declarations at appointed times waiting declarations at appointed times waiting 33 days and finally throwing a spear 33 days and finally throwing a spear 33 days and finally throwing a spear into enemy territory signaling the into enemy territory signaling the into enemy territory signaling the beginning of hostilities the entire beginning of hostilities the entire beginning of hostilities the entire process may seem a bit overwrought but process may seem a bit overwrought but process may seem a bit overwrought but it demonstrates the Roman desire to it demonstrates the Roman desire to it demonstrates the Roman desire to infuse all aspects of life with the rule infuse all aspects of life with the rule infuse all aspects of life with the rule of law even if the end result was Savage of law even if the end result was Savage of law even if the end result was Savage bloodshed bloodshed bloodshed after the campaign against the Latins after the campaign against the Latins after the campaign against the Latins anus won an important Victory against anus won an important Victory against anus won an important Victory against the vites gaining control of the masan the vites gaining control of the masan the vites gaining control of the masan forest and extending Roman territory all

forest and extending Roman territory all forest and extending Roman territory all the way to the Sea the consequences of the way to the Sea the consequences of the way to the Sea the consequences of this event cannot be overstated through this event cannot be overstated through this event cannot be overstated through Osa the Port Town founded by anus at the Osa the Port Town founded by anus at the Osa the Port Town founded by anus at the mouth of the Tyber all initial Roman mouth of the Tyber all initial Roman mouth of the Tyber all initial Roman foray into the Mediterranean were foray into the Mediterranean were foray into the Mediterranean were launched and launched and launched and received anus reigned 24 years and died received anus reigned 24 years and died received anus reigned 24 years and died in 617 BC at his death Rome found itself in 617 BC at his death Rome found itself in 617 BC at his death Rome found itself immeasurably strengthened by the immeasurably strengthened by the immeasurably strengthened by the addition of count count L new citizens a addition of count count L new citizens a addition of count count L new citizens a neighborhood free of enemies and a port neighborhood free of enemies and a port neighborhood free of enemies and a port to call its very own we will leave the to call its very own we will leave the to call its very own we will leave the story here and pick up next time with story here and pick up next time with story here and pick up next time with the final three kings the Tarin Dynasty the final three kings the Tarin Dynasty the final three kings the Tarin Dynasty the last of which would show himself to the last of which would show himself to the last of which would show himself to be such a tyrant that the very idea of be such a tyrant that the very idea of be such a tyrant that the very idea of monarchy would be hateful to Romans monarchy would be hateful to Romans monarchy would be hateful to Romans Forever After even forcing the Emperors Forever After even forcing the Emperors Forever After even forcing the Emperors to semantically cloak their activities to semantically cloak their activities to semantically cloak their activities so as not to be accused of so as not to be accused of so as not to be accused of monarchism as I said earlier the lives monarchism as I said earlier the lives monarchism as I said earlier the lives of these kings are apocryphal of these kings are apocryphal of these kings are apocryphal biographies designed to explain the biographies designed to explain the biographies designed to explain the origin of the development of Rome to origin of the development of Rome to origin of the development of Rome to later Romans what is mostly being later Romans what is mostly being later Romans what is mostly being fleshed out in the story of these First fleshed out in the story of these First fleshed out in the story of these First Kings is the relationship between the Kings is the relationship between the Kings is the relationship between the two most important pillars of Roman two most important pillars of Roman two most important pillars of Roman society war and society war and society war and religion the warlike Romulus is followed religion the warlike Romulus is followed religion the warlike Romulus is followed by the religious Numa who is followed by by the religious Numa who is followed by by the religious Numa who is followed by the warlike tulus until finally the two the warlike tulus until finally the two the warlike tulus until finally the two pillars are joined in anus the religious pillars are joined in anus the religious pillars are joined in anus the religious King who is dragged into battle by Fate King who is dragged into battle by Fate King who is dragged into battle by Fate this interplay is instructive and offers this interplay is instructive and offers this interplay is instructive and offers a neat and capitalization of their a neat and capitalization of their a neat and capitalization of their character the Romans are a warlike character the Romans are a warlike character the Romans are a warlike people tempered by Rel religion not a people tempered by Rel religion not a people tempered by Rel religion not a religious people forged into Warriors religious people forged into Warriors religious people forged into Warriors ultimately it is war not prayer that ultimately it is war not prayer that ultimately it is war not prayer that defines the Romans imagine if it had

defines the Romans imagine if it had defines the Romans imagine if it had been the opposite a people founded by a been the opposite a people founded by a been the opposite a people founded by a religious pacifist and succeeded by a religious pacifist and succeeded by a religious pacifist and succeeded by a warrior who was then succeeded by a warrior who was then succeeded by a warrior who was then succeeded by a pacifist who was then succeeded by a pacifist who was then succeeded by a pacifist who was then succeeded by a warrior dragged by fate into a religious warrior dragged by fate into a religious warrior dragged by fate into a religious life it paints a very different picture life it paints a very different picture life it paints a very different picture the Romans are Fighters through and the Romans are Fighters through and the Romans are Fighters through and through though makaveli's point is well through though makaveli's point is well through though makaveli's point is well taken without religious tempering it is taken without religious tempering it is taken without religious tempering it is doubtful the Romans could have sustained doubtful the Romans could have sustained doubtful the Romans could have sustained a republic based upon the rule of law a republic based upon the rule of law a republic based upon the rule of law and would have remained an unremarkable and would have remained an unremarkable and would have remained an unremarkable tribe of violent tribe of violent tribe of violent barbarians to sum up the Romans were barbarians to sum up the Romans were barbarians to sum up the Romans were soldiers who took Oaths seriously not soldiers who took Oaths seriously not soldiers who took Oaths seriously not priests who took swordsmanship priests who took swordsmanship priests who took swordsmanship seriously join me next time as we seriously join me next time as we seriously join me next time as we discuss the last days of the Roman discuss the last days of the Roman discuss the last days of the Roman monarchy and what was so bad about monarchy and what was so bad about monarchy and what was so bad about tarquinius suurus the last king of Rome tarquinius suurus the last king of Rome tarquinius suurus the last king of Rome that led the city to transform itself that led the city to transform itself that led the city to transform itself into a republic that lasted for 500 into a republic that lasted for 500 into a republic that lasted for 500 years years years [Music] [Music] [Music] hello and welcome to the history of hello and welcome to the history of hello and welcome to the history of Rome so far we've covered four of the Rome so far we've covered four of the Rome so far we've covered four of the seven Kings of Rome ramulus numo pulus seven Kings of Rome ramulus numo pulus seven Kings of Rome ramulus numo pulus tus hostilius and anus Marcus today we tus hostilius and anus Marcus today we tus hostilius and anus Marcus today we will discuss the final three the will discuss the final three the will discuss the final three the so-called Tarin Dynasty the father so-called Tarin Dynasty the father so-called Tarin Dynasty the father tarquinius priscus a decent if tarquinius priscus a decent if tarquinius priscus a decent if manipulative King his adopted son and manipulative King his adopted son and manipulative King his adopted son and successor cus tulus and finally his real successor cus tulus and finally his real successor cus tulus and finally his real son tarquinius Superbus who usurped his son tarquinius Superbus who usurped his son tarquinius Superbus who usurped his adopted brother and was then himself adopted brother and was then himself adopted brother and was then himself usurped by a Fed Up mob marking him usurped by a Fed Up mob marking him usurped by a Fed Up mob marking him forever with the infamy of being the forever with the infamy of being the forever with the infamy of being the last king of

last king of last king of Rome Lucius tarquinius priscus was born Rome Lucius tarquinius priscus was born Rome Lucius tarquinius priscus was born in Tarin one of the 12 cities of aturia in Tarin one of the 12 cities of aturia in Tarin one of the 12 cities of aturia the son of a Corinthian Exile named the son of a Corinthian Exile named the son of a Corinthian Exile named amarius Tarin the name by which history amarius Tarin the name by which history amarius Tarin the name by which history remembers him was a shrewd businessman remembers him was a shrewd businessman remembers him was a shrewd businessman who became wealthy but due to his who became wealthy but due to his who became wealthy but due to his racially mixed Heritage he was only racially mixed Heritage he was only racially mixed Heritage he was only admitted so far up the at truscan social admitted so far up the at truscan social admitted so far up the at truscan social and political ladder Ang at being denied and political ladder Ang at being denied and political ladder Ang at being denied the respect he felt he deserved he the respect he felt he deserved he the respect he felt he deserved he decided to move to Rome a city famous decided to move to Rome a city famous decided to move to Rome a city famous for offering men a fresh start in Rome for offering men a fresh start in Rome for offering men a fresh start in Rome Tarin made an immediate Splash he gave Tarin made an immediate Splash he gave Tarin made an immediate Splash he gave lavishly funding public projects lavishly funding public projects lavishly funding public projects Charities and anything else that would Charities and anything else that would Charities and anything else that would bring him Renown it did not take long bring him Renown it did not take long bring him Renown it did not take long for tarwin to come to the attention of for tarwin to come to the attention of for tarwin to come to the attention of anus Marcus the agent King in his final anus Marcus the agent King in his final anus Marcus the agent King in his final years anus brought Tarin into his years anus brought Tarin into his years anus brought Tarin into his confidence leading to a close confidence leading to a close confidence leading to a close relationship that resulted in Tarin relationship that resulted in Tarin relationship that resulted in Tarin ultimately being made guardian of anas's ultimately being made guardian of anas's ultimately being made guardian of anas's two sons when the King died two sons when the King died two sons when the King died died Tarin knew an opportunity when he died Tarin knew an opportunity when he died Tarin knew an opportunity when he saw it and after anus died he sent the saw it and after anus died he sent the saw it and after anus died he sent the two boys away on a hunting trip he then two boys away on a hunting trip he then two boys away on a hunting trip he then Lobby the Senate to hold elections for a Lobby the Senate to hold elections for a Lobby the Senate to hold elections for a new king immediately to avoid any new king immediately to avoid any new king immediately to avoid any possible threat to the city brought on possible threat to the city brought on possible threat to the city brought on by the vacuum and Leadership Tarkin had by the vacuum and Leadership Tarkin had by the vacuum and Leadership Tarkin had made a lot of friends in the short time made a lot of friends in the short time made a lot of friends in the short time he had been in Rome and his further he had been in Rome and his further he had been in Rome and his further generosity no doubt convinced any fence generosity no doubt convinced any fence generosity no doubt convinced any fence hitters that he was the man for the job hitters that he was the man for the job hitters that he was the man for the job he was selected in a landslide and he was selected in a landslide and he was selected in a landslide and became the fifth king of became the fifth king of became the fifth king of Rome one of his first acts demonstrating Rome one of his first acts demonstrating Rome one of his first acts demonstrating his characteristic shrewdness was to his characteristic shrewdness was to his characteristic shrewdness was to expand the Senate by another 100 men expand the Senate by another 100 men expand the Senate by another 100 men bringing their total number to 300 the bringing their total number to 300 the bringing their total number to 300 the new senators were wholly obligated to new senators were wholly obligated to new senators were wholly obligated to Tarin for their positions and

Tarin for their positions and Tarin for their positions and predictably supported him in everything predictably supported him in everything predictably supported him in everything that he did leaving the Senate little that he did leaving the Senate little that he did leaving the Senate little more than a rubber stamp for tarwin's more than a rubber stamp for tarwin's more than a rubber stamp for tarwin's policies this could have proven policies this could have proven policies this could have proven disastrous if Tarin had been an disastrous if Tarin had been an disastrous if Tarin had been an incompetent or tyrannical leader but he incompetent or tyrannical leader but he incompetent or tyrannical leader but he proved to be a conscientious and able proved to be a conscientious and able proved to be a conscientious and able King both as an administrator and King both as an administrator and King both as an administrator and military military military commander soon after his election Rome commander soon after his election Rome commander soon after his election Rome found itself at War again with some of found itself at War again with some of found itself at War again with some of its Latin neighbors Tarin easily routed its Latin neighbors Tarin easily routed its Latin neighbors Tarin easily routed his opponents and returned to Rome with his opponents and returned to Rome with his opponents and returned to Rome with a great deal of plunder he decided to a great deal of plunder he decided to a great deal of plunder he decided to celebrate his victory by throwing public celebrate his victory by throwing public celebrate his victory by throwing public games the likes of which had never been games the likes of which had never been games the likes of which had never been seen but there was no Stadium large seen but there was no Stadium large seen but there was no Stadium large enough for tarkin's vision so he ordered enough for tarkin's vision so he ordered enough for tarkin's vision so he ordered a hippodrome built between the Palatine a hippodrome built between the Palatine a hippodrome built between the Palatine and Aventine Hills this Hippodrome when and Aventine Hills this Hippodrome when and Aventine Hills this Hippodrome when completed would become known as the completed would become known as the completed would become known as the circus Maximus one of the greatest circus Maximus one of the greatest circus Maximus one of the greatest sports venues in the ancient world it sports venues in the ancient world it sports venues in the ancient world it would remain in continuous use for the would remain in continuous use for the would remain in continuous use for the thousand near existence of the thousand near existence of the thousand near existence of the Empire immediately after work began on Empire immediately after work began on Empire immediately after work began on the circus Maximus Rome found itself the circus Maximus Rome found itself the circus Maximus Rome found itself embroiled in a fight with the remaining embroiled in a fight with the remaining embroiled in a fight with the remaining independent Sabine communities they had independent Sabine communities they had independent Sabine communities they had never gotten over having half their never gotten over having half their never gotten over having half their population annexed by the Romans and now population annexed by the Romans and now population annexed by the Romans and now sought to challenge the upstart for sought to challenge the upstart for sought to challenge the upstart for control of the region tarwin again led control of the region tarwin again led control of the region tarwin again led the Romans to Victory defeating the the Romans to Victory defeating the the Romans to Victory defeating the sabines with strategy as well as Brute sabines with strategy as well as Brute sabines with strategy as well as Brute Force destroying a bridge the sabines Force destroying a bridge the sabines Force destroying a bridge the sabines had used to cross into Roman territory had used to cross into Roman territory had used to cross into Roman territory cutting off any Escape Route he then cutting off any Escape Route he then cutting off any Escape Route he then smashed them against the river to smashed them against the river to smashed them against the river to celebrate this Victory tarwin celebrate this Victory tarwin celebrate this Victory tarwin inaugurated one of the most famous of inaugurated one of the most famous of inaugurated one of the most famous of all Roman Traditions the Triumph later all Roman Traditions the Triumph later all Roman Traditions the Triumph later years would set guidelines for what years would set guidelines for what years would set guidelines for what constituted an official Triumph but the constituted an official Triumph but the constituted an official Triumph but the basic parts were put in place by Tarin

basic parts were put in place by Tarin basic parts were put in place by Tarin the leader of the Victorious Army rides the leader of the Victorious Army rides the leader of the Victorious Army rides into the city on a chariot drawn by four into the city on a chariot drawn by four into the city on a chariot drawn by four horses the legions follow with prisoners horses the legions follow with prisoners horses the legions follow with prisoners of the vanquished Army and all manner of of the vanquished Army and all manner of of the vanquished Army and all manner of plunder seized from the enemy to be plunder seized from the enemy to be plunder seized from the enemy to be awarded a Triumph was the greatest honor awarded a Triumph was the greatest honor awarded a Triumph was the greatest honor a Roman general could receive more will a Roman general could receive more will a Roman general could receive more will be said later about the traditional be said later about the traditional be said later about the traditional elements of a Triumph so for now we will elements of a Triumph so for now we will elements of a Triumph so for now we will simply note for trivia sake that it was simply note for trivia sake that it was simply note for trivia sake that it was tarquinius priscus who celebrated the tarquinius priscus who celebrated the tarquinius priscus who celebrated the first first first one right around this time a fantastic one right around this time a fantastic one right around this time a fantastic story reached the king the head of a story reached the king the head of a story reached the king the head of a slave sleeping child had suddenly burst slave sleeping child had suddenly burst slave sleeping child had suddenly burst into flames though the child remained into flames though the child remained into flames though the child remained unhe hurt and did not wake up Witnesses unhe hurt and did not wake up Witnesses unhe hurt and did not wake up Witnesses testified that they had seen the event testified that they had seen the event testified that they had seen the event with their own eyes and that the Flames with their own eyes and that the Flames with their own eyes and that the Flames only disappeared when the child awoke only disappeared when the child awoke only disappeared when the child awoke tarkin's wife believed it was an omen of tarkin's wife believed it was an omen of tarkin's wife believed it was an omen of the child's future greatness and the child's future greatness and the child's future greatness and implored the king to adopt him so as to implored the king to adopt him so as to implored the king to adopt him so as to invite Destiny into their house and not invite Destiny into their house and not invite Destiny into their house and not have it break down their doors Tarin have it break down their doors Tarin have it break down their doors Tarin agreed in the child cus tulus was agreed in the child cus tulus was agreed in the child cus tulus was adopted by the king he raised the boy as adopted by the king he raised the boy as adopted by the king he raised the boy as his own and The Omen bore out as the boy his own and The Omen bore out as the boy his own and The Omen bore out as the boy grew into a capable leader and eventual grew into a capable leader and eventual grew into a capable leader and eventual Heir parent to the Heir parent to the Heir parent to the Throne all was progressing nicely for Throne all was progressing nicely for Throne all was progressing nicely for Tarin but trouble was brewing the sons Tarin but trouble was brewing the sons Tarin but trouble was brewing the sons of anus had not forgotten how Tarin of anus had not forgotten how Tarin of anus had not forgotten how Tarin denied them their Birthright and denied them their Birthright and denied them their Birthright and resolved to reclaim what they felt was resolved to reclaim what they felt was resolved to reclaim what they felt was theirs knowing they could never get theirs knowing they could never get theirs knowing they could never get close to the king the brothers enticed close to the king the brothers enticed close to the king the brothers enticed two men to do their dirty work for them two men to do their dirty work for them two men to do their dirty work for them the two men arrived at the palace and the two men arrived at the palace and the two men arrived at the palace and pretended to have a loud quarrel pretended to have a loud quarrel pretended to have a loud quarrel eventually demanding the king settle eventually demanding the king settle eventually demanding the king settle their dispute Tarin came to see what all their dispute Tarin came to see what all their dispute Tarin came to see what all the commotion was about and agreed to the commotion was about and agreed to the commotion was about and agreed to settle the fight but as he sat to settle the fight but as he sat to settle the fight but as he sat to adjudicate one of the men pulled out an

adjudicate one of the men pulled out an adjudicate one of the men pulled out an axe he had hidden in his robe and lodged axe he had hidden in his robe and lodged axe he had hidden in his robe and lodged it in the back of the king's head tarwin it in the back of the king's head tarwin it in the back of the king's head tarwin fell and the two men attempted to escape fell and the two men attempted to escape fell and the two men attempted to escape but they were immediately captured but they were immediately captured but they were immediately captured tarwin's wife tanaquil seeing the tarwin's wife tanaquil seeing the tarwin's wife tanaquil seeing the severity of the wound immediately severity of the wound immediately severity of the wound immediately cleared the room and brought cus tus in cleared the room and brought cus tus in cleared the room and brought cus tus in to help herend to the king over the body to help herend to the king over the body to help herend to the king over the body she told cus that nothing could be done she told cus that nothing could be done she told cus that nothing could be done for Tarin but that it was imperative the for Tarin but that it was imperative the for Tarin but that it was imperative the men responsible for the crime should not men responsible for the crime should not men responsible for the crime should not sit on the throne she implored cus to sit on the throne she implored cus to sit on the throne she implored cus to take part in a charade to guarantee that take part in a charade to guarantee that take part in a charade to guarantee that neither of anas's sons would ever be neither of anas's sons would ever be neither of anas's sons would ever be king throwing open a window and king throwing open a window and king throwing open a window and addressing the crowd that had by this addressing the crowd that had by this addressing the crowd that had by this time gathered tanaquil told them that time gathered tanaquil told them that time gathered tanaquil told them that her husband's wound was only superficial her husband's wound was only superficial her husband's wound was only superficial and that the king would be back on his and that the king would be back on his and that the king would be back on his feet soon in the meantime she told him feet soon in the meantime she told him feet soon in the meantime she told him to obey cus who would act as king until to obey cus who would act as king until to obey cus who would act as king until Taron could resume his duties at this Taron could resume his duties at this Taron could resume his duties at this point of course of course the King was point of course of course the King was point of course of course the King was already dead Tarin reigned 37 years and already dead Tarin reigned 37 years and already dead Tarin reigned 37 years and died in 579 died in 579 died in 579 BC cus performed the duties of king for BC cus performed the duties of king for BC cus performed the duties of king for a time as if he was merely acting in a time as if he was merely acting in a time as if he was merely acting in twinstead going so far as to reserve twinstead going so far as to reserve twinstead going so far as to reserve judgment in some legal disputes claiming judgment in some legal disputes claiming judgment in some legal disputes claiming that he must consult with the king the that he must consult with the king the that he must consult with the king the sons of anus believing their plot had sons of anus believing their plot had sons of anus believing their plot had failed and seeing CIA secure on the failed and seeing CIA secure on the failed and seeing CIA secure on the throne went into Exile not long after throne went into Exile not long after throne went into Exile not long after the transfer of power VA launched an the transfer of power VA launched an the transfer of power VA launched an attack on Rome and cus marched to meet attack on Rome and cus marched to meet attack on Rome and cus marched to meet them completely destroying the vi Army them completely destroying the vi Army them completely destroying the vi Army cus returned to Rome a beloved savior at cus returned to Rome a beloved savior at cus returned to Rome a beloved savior at this point clearly in command of the this point clearly in command of the this point clearly in command of the throne the death of Taron was announced throne the death of Taron was announced throne the death of Taron was announced no one questioned sirus's continued no one questioned sirus's continued no one questioned sirus's continued reign as king and the plan hatched by reign as king and the plan hatched by reign as king and the plan hatched by tanaquil was brought to a successful

tanaquil was brought to a successful tanaquil was brought to a successful conclusion cus would be the second to conclusion cus would be the second to conclusion cus would be the second to last king of Rome and by all accounts last king of Rome and by all accounts last king of Rome and by all accounts the last good one he was responsible for the last good one he was responsible for the last good one he was responsible for the final reconfiguration of Roman the final reconfiguration of Roman the final reconfiguration of Roman society prior to the establishment of society prior to the establishment of society prior to the establishment of the Republic a reconfiguration that the Republic a reconfiguration that the Republic a reconfiguration that would have a profound effect on the way would have a profound effect on the way would have a profound effect on the way that public would ultimately be governed that public would ultimately be governed that public would ultimately be governed Desiring to take stock of the city's Desiring to take stock of the city's Desiring to take stock of the city's resources wealth and population he resources wealth and population he resources wealth and population he instituted the first census based upon instituted the first census based upon instituted the first census based upon the data he received he divided the data he received he divided the data he received he divided landowning Romans known as a sigui into landowning Romans known as a sigui into landowning Romans known as a sigui into five classes nominally divided by wealth five classes nominally divided by wealth five classes nominally divided by wealth the idea was to establish who could the idea was to establish who could the idea was to establish who could provide what when War inevitably came provide what when War inevitably came provide what when War inevitably came knocking the first class was the richest knocking the first class was the richest knocking the first class was the richest able to provide a helmet round Shield able to provide a helmet round Shield able to provide a helmet round Shield bronze breastplate leg armor sword and bronze breastplate leg armor sword and bronze breastplate leg armor sword and spear the second class provided all the spear the second class provided all the spear the second class provided all the same equipment as the first save for the same equipment as the first save for the same equipment as the first save for the breastplate the third provided the same breastplate the third provided the same breastplate the third provided the same as the second but for the leg armor only as the second but for the leg armor only as the second but for the leg armor only a spear and Javelin were required of the a spear and Javelin were required of the a spear and Javelin were required of the fourth class and the fifth provided fourth class and the fifth provided fourth class and the fifth provided merely slings and Stones sandwiching merely slings and Stones sandwiching merely slings and Stones sandwiching these classes were the richest of the these classes were the richest of the these classes were the richest of the rich already separately designated as rich already separately designated as rich already separately designated as equites Cavalry men able to provide equites Cavalry men able to provide equites Cavalry men able to provide horses and the poorest of the poor I.E horses and the poorest of the poor I.E horses and the poorest of the poor I.E most of the population who were Exempted most of the population who were Exempted most of the population who were Exempted from military service men aged 18 to 40 from military service men aged 18 to 40 from military service men aged 18 to 40 from the five classes fored from the from the five classes fored from the from the five classes fored from the legions when the need which was often legions when the need which was often legions when the need which was often arose the classes did not serve a arose the classes did not serve a arose the classes did not serve a strictly military function they also strictly military function they also strictly military function they also formed the basis of the new Roman formed the basis of the new Roman formed the basis of the new Roman Electoral College the old tribal Electoral College the old tribal Electoral College the old tribal assembly created by Romulus the Kam assembly created by Romulus the Kam assembly created by Romulus the Kam kurata was surpassed by servus as new

kurata was surpassed by servus as new kurata was surpassed by servus as new Comm Comm Comm centuriata each of the classes were centuriata each of the classes were centuriata each of the classes were further divided into centuries which further divided into centuries which further divided into centuries which voted as blocks the centuries however voted as blocks the centuries however voted as blocks the centuries however were not equal in size the first class were not equal in size the first class were not equal in size the first class which was the smallest was divided into which was the smallest was divided into which was the smallest was divided into 80 C centuries the second third and 80 C centuries the second third and 80 C centuries the second third and fourth classes each had 20 the fifth by fourth classes each had 20 the fifth by fourth classes each had 20 the fifth by far the largest was composed of 30 the far the largest was composed of 30 the far the largest was composed of 30 the small group of equites were divided into small group of equites were divided into small group of equites were divided into 12 centuries and the landless masses 12 centuries and the landless masses 12 centuries and the landless masses were granted just one elections being were granted just one elections being were granted just one elections being determined by a simple majority the determined by a simple majority the determined by a simple majority the equites in the first class held between equites in the first class held between equites in the first class held between them all the votes they needed to them all the votes they needed to them all the votes they needed to control who would hold office and what control who would hold office and what control who would hold office and what policies would be pursued there was some policies would be pursued there was some policies would be pursued there was some logic to the wildly skewed voting system logic to the wildly skewed voting system logic to the wildly skewed voting system the wealthy shouldered the financial the wealthy shouldered the financial the wealthy shouldered the financial burdens of both State and Military and burdens of both State and Military and burdens of both State and Military and thus felt entirely justified in their thus felt entirely justified in their thus felt entirely justified in their strangle hold on power the bulk of the strangle hold on power the bulk of the strangle hold on power the bulk of the population however would come to view population however would come to view population however would come to view the system as entirely unjust and would the system as entirely unjust and would the system as entirely unjust and would eventually have to take drastic steps eventually have to take drastic steps eventually have to take drastic steps for their voices to be heard cia's Reign for their voices to be heard cia's Reign for their voices to be heard cia's Reign was progressing nicely the Latin was progressing nicely the Latin was progressing nicely the Latin communities even contributed funds to communities even contributed funds to communities even contributed funds to build a temple to Diana in Rome build a temple to Diana in Rome build a temple to Diana in Rome admitting once and for all that Rome was admitting once and for all that Rome was admitting once and for all that Rome was the capital of the capital of the capital of Lum however all was not well just as Lum however all was not well just as Lum however all was not well just as anas's Sons were the undoing of Tarin so anas's Sons were the undoing of Tarin so anas's Sons were the undoing of Tarin so would the sons of Tarin the undoing of would the sons of Tarin the undoing of would the sons of Tarin the undoing of cus cus believed he had covered this cus cus believed he had covered this cus cus believed he had covered this obvious Threat by marrying his daughters obvious Threat by marrying his daughters obvious Threat by marrying his daughters to the two Tarin boys Lucius and herun to the two Tarin boys Lucius and herun to the two Tarin boys Lucius and herun but this was not enough for Lucius who but this was not enough for Lucius who but this was not enough for Lucius who felt he had been tricked out of his felt he had been tricked out of his felt he had been tricked out of his rightful succession though his new wife rightful succession though his new wife rightful succession though his new wife was non-committal about this alleged was non-committal about this alleged was non-committal about this alleged Injustice his brother Arun who could not

Injustice his brother Arun who could not Injustice his brother Arun who could not have cared one way or the other found have cared one way or the other found have cared one way or the other found himself married to a woman Tulia who himself married to a woman Tulia who himself married to a woman Tulia who resented his lack of ambition and resented his lack of ambition and resented his lack of ambition and admired lucius's drive toia further admired lucius's drive toia further admired lucius's drive toia further despised her own sister for not despised her own sister for not despised her own sister for not supporting an obviously great man in his supporting an obviously great man in his supporting an obviously great man in his quest for the throne evil took hold of quest for the throne evil took hold of quest for the throne evil took hold of them and not being particularly creative them and not being particularly creative them and not being particularly creative they decided to Simply kill their they decided to Simply kill their they decided to Simply kill their unwanted mates so they could beat unwanted mates so they could beat unwanted mates so they could beat together and pursue the crown at Full together and pursue the crown at Full together and pursue the crown at Full Throttle the newlyweds began a whisper Throttle the newlyweds began a whisper Throttle the newlyweds began a whisper campaign against cus pointing out his campaign against cus pointing out his campaign against cus pointing out his low birth and the fact that he had never low birth and the fact that he had never low birth and the fact that he had never been truly elected to the richest in been truly elected to the richest in been truly elected to the richest in Rome they alleged that the census was no Rome they alleged that the census was no Rome they alleged that the census was no more than a trick to expose their wealth more than a trick to expose their wealth more than a trick to expose their wealth so cus could snatch it up and hand it so cus could snatch it up and hand it so cus could snatch it up and hand it over to his lowborn friends Lucius grew over to his lowborn friends Lucius grew over to his lowborn friends Lucius grew ever more bold as he gained support ever more bold as he gained support ever more bold as he gained support until finally he decided to make his until finally he decided to make his until finally he decided to make his move he went to the Palace while cus was move he went to the Palace while cus was move he went to the Palace while cus was away and sat upon the throne demanding away and sat upon the throne demanding away and sat upon the throne demanding that the Senate assembled before him that the Senate assembled before him that the Senate assembled before him when they did out of a mixture of fear when they did out of a mixture of fear when they did out of a mixture of fear and confusion he demanded they kneel and confusion he demanded they kneel and confusion he demanded they kneel before him and hail him King Tarin he before him and hail him King Tarin he before him and hail him King Tarin he was in the midst of a lengthy speech was in the midst of a lengthy speech was in the midst of a lengthy speech degrading cus when the Old King appeared degrading cus when the Old King appeared degrading cus when the Old King appeared demanding an explanation a scuffle demanding an explanation a scuffle demanding an explanation a scuffle ensued between the supporters of Tarin ensued between the supporters of Tarin ensued between the supporters of Tarin and those loyal to cus and in the melee and those loyal to cus and in the melee and those loyal to cus and in the melee the Old King himself was struck and the Old King himself was struck and the Old King himself was struck and killed serus had reigned 43 years and killed serus had reigned 43 years and killed serus had reigned 43 years and died in 535 BC Lucius would become known died in 535 BC Lucius would become known died in 535 BC Lucius would become known to history as tarquinius Superbus or to history as tarquinius Superbus or to history as tarquinius Superbus or tarwin the proud the last king of tarwin the proud the last king of tarwin the proud the last king of Rome from the start tarwin was the very Rome from the start tarwin was the very Rome from the start tarwin was the very model of a tyrant he was vain arrogant model of a tyrant he was vain arrogant model of a tyrant he was vain arrogant pompous and dismissive of both the

pompous and dismissive of both the pompous and dismissive of both the people and the Senate he built monuments people and the Senate he built monuments people and the Senate he built monuments to himself at the expense of the rich to himself at the expense of the rich to himself at the expense of the rich using the labor of the poor smart enough using the labor of the poor smart enough using the labor of the poor smart enough to understand his shaky position having to understand his shaky position having to understand his shaky position having seized power without so much as a nod to seized power without so much as a nod to seized power without so much as a nod to electoral formalities he chose fear as electoral formalities he chose fear as electoral formalities he chose fear as the basis for his Reign he claimed for the basis for his Reign he claimed for the basis for his Reign he claimed for himself all legislative and judicial himself all legislative and judicial himself all legislative and judicial functions and dared anyone to oppose him functions and dared anyone to oppose him functions and dared anyone to oppose him those who did quickly regretted their those who did quickly regretted their those who did quickly regretted their choice Tarin arrested tried and executed choice Tarin arrested tried and executed choice Tarin arrested tried and executed his opponents completely bypassing the his opponents completely bypassing the his opponents completely bypassing the traditional court system he confiscated traditional court system he confiscated traditional court system he confiscated property whenever he saw fit and property whenever he saw fit and property whenever he saw fit and arbitrarily reduced the ranks of the arbitrarily reduced the ranks of the arbitrarily reduced the ranks of the Senate leaving it anemic and unable to Senate leaving it anemic and unable to Senate leaving it anemic and unable to counter his actions tarwin's misconduct counter his actions tarwin's misconduct counter his actions tarwin's misconduct was not confined to the city itself self was not confined to the city itself self was not confined to the city itself self he sought to consolidate Rome's power he sought to consolidate Rome's power he sought to consolidate Rome's power over Lum and to this end called the over Lum and to this end called the over Lum and to this end called the Council of the local nobility he let Council of the local nobility he let Council of the local nobility he let them sit all day without making an them sit all day without making an them sit all day without making an appearance until one of them Rose to appearance until one of them Rose to appearance until one of them Rose to declare that Tarin was making them wait declare that Tarin was making them wait declare that Tarin was making them wait on purpose to show that he could order on purpose to show that he could order on purpose to show that he could order them around at will just then Tarin them around at will just then Tarin them around at will just then Tarin finally appeared the king made note of finally appeared the king made note of finally appeared the king made note of the man who had spoken against him and the man who had spoken against him and the man who had spoken against him and after the meeting broke up bribed one of after the meeting broke up bribed one of after the meeting broke up bribed one of the noble slaves to plant a cash of the noble slaves to plant a cash of the noble slaves to plant a cash of weapons in his master's room the deed weapons in his master's room the deed weapons in his master's room the deed done Tarin recalled the council and done Tarin recalled the council and done Tarin recalled the council and announced that he had just discovered a announced that he had just discovered a announced that he had just discovered a plot against his life and fingered the plot against his life and fingered the plot against his life and fingered the offensive Noble as its leader they offensive Noble as its leader they offensive Noble as its leader they marched as a group to where the noble marched as a group to where the noble marched as a group to where the noble was staying and discovered the hidden was staying and discovered the hidden was staying and discovered the hidden weapons that coupled with his speech weapons that coupled with his speech weapons that coupled with his speech from the day before was enough to frame from the day before was enough to frame from the day before was enough to frame the poor man and he was immediately the poor man and he was immediately the poor man and he was immediately executed without so much as a executed without so much as a executed without so much as a trial the remaining Latin nobility trial the remaining Latin nobility trial the remaining Latin nobility whether they believed the charges or not

whether they believed the charges or not whether they believed the charges or not believed that Taron was capable of believed that Taron was capable of believed that Taron was capable of almost anything and so did nothing to almost anything and so did nothing to almost anything and so did nothing to challenge his position in Rome the City challenge his position in Rome the City challenge his position in Rome the City and surrounding Countryside thus and surrounding Countryside thus and surrounding Countryside thus pacified Tarin sat back to enjoy the pacified Tarin sat back to enjoy the pacified Tarin sat back to enjoy the fruits of his labor but only poison fruits of his labor but only poison fruits of his labor but only poison fruit can grow from such poisonous seeds fruit can grow from such poisonous seeds fruit can grow from such poisonous seeds a Taron would soon pay the ultimate a Taron would soon pay the ultimate a Taron would soon pay the ultimate price for his underhanded price for his underhanded price for his underhanded tactics Tarin obviously had engendered tactics Tarin obviously had engendered tactics Tarin obviously had engendered no Goodwill in the city and the no Goodwill in the city and the no Goodwill in the city and the population waited only for a spark to population waited only for a spark to population waited only for a spark to light them into full Revolt tarwin's own light them into full Revolt tarwin's own light them into full Revolt tarwin's own son would provide that spark the young son would provide that spark the young son would provide that spark the young man sexus was invited to a dinner party man sexus was invited to a dinner party man sexus was invited to a dinner party hosted by katus a local Noble and upon hosted by katus a local Noble and upon hosted by katus a local Noble and upon meeting lucrea the lady of the house meeting lucrea the lady of the house meeting lucrea the lady of the house sexus decided that he must have her sexus decided that he must have her sexus decided that he must have her inflamed with lust he returned to the inflamed with lust he returned to the inflamed with lust he returned to the house while colaus was off laying Siege house while colaus was off laying Siege house while colaus was off laying Siege to the nearby town of ardia and raped to the nearby town of ardia and raped to the nearby town of ardia and raped her his lust faded sexus rode off her his lust faded sexus rode off her his lust faded sexus rode off unaware of what he had set in motion unaware of what he had set in motion unaware of what he had set in motion katus riding back to Rome with a certain katus riding back to Rome with a certain katus riding back to Rome with a certain lucious Junius Brutus was met by a lucious Junius Brutus was met by a lucious Junius Brutus was met by a messenger who bid him return to his messenger who bid him return to his messenger who bid him return to his house at once there surrounded by her house at once there surrounded by her house at once there surrounded by her father katus and Brutus luria told him father katus and Brutus luria told him father katus and Brutus luria told him what sexus had done and then overwhelmed what sexus had done and then overwhelmed what sexus had done and then overwhelmed by shame grabbed a knife and stabbed by shame grabbed a knife and stabbed by shame grabbed a knife and stabbed herself in the heart the three men grief herself in the heart the three men grief herself in the heart the three men grief stricken stood over her body and swore stricken stood over her body and swore stricken stood over her body and swore that the Tarin would pay for her death that the Tarin would pay for her death that the Tarin would pay for her death returning at once to the encamped Army returning at once to the encamped Army returning at once to the encamped Army at ardia Brutus raised them into Revolt at ardia Brutus raised them into Revolt at ardia Brutus raised them into Revolt with a stirring speech denouncing the with a stirring speech denouncing the with a stirring speech denouncing the Tarin as oppressive criminals he then Tarin as oppressive criminals he then Tarin as oppressive criminals he then led the Army back to Rome where he led the Army back to Rome where he led the Army back to Rome where he planned to expel the Tarin once and for planned to expel the Tarin once and for planned to expel the Tarin once and for all arriving in the city he marched

all arriving in the city he marched all arriving in the city he marched through the streets and found a through the streets and found a through the streets and found a population slaving away on tarwin's population slaving away on tarwin's population slaving away on tarwin's various pet projects and ready for various pet projects and ready for various pet projects and ready for revolution tarwin at this point had revolution tarwin at this point had revolution tarwin at this point had having heard of the Mutiny in Aria had having heard of the Mutiny in Aria had having heard of the Mutiny in Aria had ridden out to take control of the ridden out to take control of the ridden out to take control of the situation but instead found his army situation but instead found his army situation but instead found his army gone and himself in Exile from the city gone and himself in Exile from the city gone and himself in Exile from the city he allegedly ruled tarquinius Superbus he allegedly ruled tarquinius Superbus he allegedly ruled tarquinius Superbus reigned 24 years and would die seeking reigned 24 years and would die seeking reigned 24 years and would die seeking but never regaining the but never regaining the but never regaining the throne back in the city the liberated throne back in the city the liberated throne back in the city the liberated people declared the Tarin enemies of the people declared the Tarin enemies of the people declared the Tarin enemies of the state and forever barred them from Rome state and forever barred them from Rome state and forever barred them from Rome the Comm centuriata was convened and it the Comm centuriata was convened and it the Comm centuriata was convened and it was decided that King should never again was decided that King should never again was decided that King should never again rule Rome and that two men should be rule Rome and that two men should be rule Rome and that two men should be elected annually to be leaders so the elected annually to be leaders so the elected annually to be leaders so the power could never again be concentrated power could never again be concentrated power could never again be concentrated in the hands of a single man katus and in the hands of a single man katus and in the hands of a single man katus and Brutus were duly elected and were Brutus were duly elected and were Brutus were duly elected and were inaugurated as the first two consoles in inaugurated as the first two consoles in inaugurated as the first two consoles in Roman history the year was 509 BC and Roman history the year was 509 BC and Roman history the year was 509 BC and the most famous Republic in the history the most famous Republic in the history the most famous Republic in the history of the world was of the world was of the world was born the story of the ill- fated Tarin born the story of the ill- fated Tarin born the story of the ill- fated Tarin Dynasty casts an interesting Shadow over Dynasty casts an interesting Shadow over Dynasty casts an interesting Shadow over Roman history through the obviously Roman history through the obviously Roman history through the obviously apocryphal Royal biographies a general apocryphal Royal biographies a general apocryphal Royal biographies a general outline of actual history begins to outline of actual history begins to outline of actual history begins to emerge emerge emerge as I said in part one Roman culture was as I said in part one Roman culture was as I said in part one Roman culture was derived largely from at truscan and derived largely from at truscan and derived largely from at truscan and Greek influences so as an instructive Greek influences so as an instructive Greek influences so as an instructive parallel we are given the story of a parallel we are given the story of a parallel we are given the story of a family of Kings who became masters of family of Kings who became masters of family of Kings who became masters of Rome after immigrating from atoria and Rome after immigrating from atoria and Rome after immigrating from atoria and were descended from an exiled Greek were descended from an exiled Greek were descended from an exiled Greek there in the micro story of the tarquins there in the micro story of the tarquins there in the micro story of the tarquins is the macro story of all Rome this is the macro story of all Rome this is the macro story of all Rome this dramatic if fictitious account has roots

dramatic if fictitious account has roots dramatic if fictitious account has roots in reality modern historians recognize in reality modern historians recognize in reality modern historians recognize the dominance of tra had over Rome until the dominance of tra had over Rome until the dominance of tra had over Rome until the founding of the Republic it is the founding of the Republic it is the founding of the Republic it is thought that at truscan Kings did indeed thought that at truscan Kings did indeed thought that at truscan Kings did indeed command Rome and that they were rejected command Rome and that they were rejected command Rome and that they were rejected by a native population wary of their by a native population wary of their by a native population wary of their rule though the neatness of this account rule though the neatness of this account rule though the neatness of this account no doubt misses a reality filled with no doubt misses a reality filled with no doubt misses a reality filled with inner marriage and colliding cultures inner marriage and colliding cultures inner marriage and colliding cultures making it hard to know who was a native making it hard to know who was a native making it hard to know who was a native Roman and who was a foreign at truscan Roman and who was a foreign at truscan Roman and who was a foreign at truscan the story of the Kings also offers a the story of the Kings also offers a the story of the Kings also offers a moral that the rans followed to create moral that the rans followed to create moral that the rans followed to create success and abandon at their Peril until success and abandon at their Peril until success and abandon at their Peril until the ill- fated tarquinius Superbus none the ill- fated tarquinius Superbus none the ill- fated tarquinius Superbus none of the Kings had been the son of a of the Kings had been the son of a of the Kings had been the son of a previous ruler hereditary succession previous ruler hereditary succession previous ruler hereditary succession played almost no part in the Ascension played almost no part in the Ascension played almost no part in the Ascension of the Kings Angus Marcus was the only of the Kings Angus Marcus was the only of the Kings Angus Marcus was the only one who was even related to one of his one who was even related to one of his one who was even related to one of his predecessors and he was the grandson of predecessors and he was the grandson of predecessors and he was the grandson of Numa not an immediate Heir this stands Numa not an immediate Heir this stands Numa not an immediate Heir this stands in stark contrast to the monarchies that in stark contrast to the monarchies that in stark contrast to the monarchies that emerged in the Middle Ages that were emerged in the Middle Ages that were emerged in the Middle Ages that were founded entirely on the passing of power founded entirely on the passing of power founded entirely on the passing of power from father to son whatever the merits from father to son whatever the merits from father to son whatever the merits or abilities of the child Gibbon or abilities of the child Gibbon or abilities of the child Gibbon famously marks the beginning of the end famously marks the beginning of the end famously marks the beginning of the end of the Roman Empire with Marcus of the Roman Empire with Marcus of the Roman Empire with Marcus aurelius's sentimental choice of his son aurelius's sentimental choice of his son aurelius's sentimental choice of his son Commodus and not another more capable Commodus and not another more capable Commodus and not another more capable man to succeed the Imperium in 177 ad man to succeed the Imperium in 177 ad man to succeed the Imperium in 177 ad the choice ended five successive the choice ended five successive the choice ended five successive transfers of power from the emperor to a transfers of power from the emperor to a transfers of power from the emperor to a man chosen on Merit and not relation the man chosen on Merit and not relation the man chosen on Merit and not relation the 100-year period of the so-called five 100-year period of the so-called five 100-year period of the so-called five good Emperors marked the height of Roman good Emperors marked the height of Roman good Emperors marked the height of Roman power wealth and power wealth and power wealth and stability history has shown again and stability history has shown again and stability history has shown again and again that the ship of state is well again that the ship of state is well again that the ship of state is well sailed when leadership is based on great sailed when leadership is based on great sailed when leadership is based on great ability and run against the Rocks when

ability and run against the Rocks when ability and run against the Rocks when it is based upon mere it is based upon mere it is based upon mere birth the Roman monarchy was now dead birth the Roman monarchy was now dead birth the Roman monarchy was now dead never to return next we move on to the never to return next we move on to the never to return next we move on to the story of the Roman Republic and Trace story of the Roman Republic and Trace story of the Roman Republic and Trace its Long March through the Italian its Long March through the Italian its Long March through the Italian Peninsula across the Mediterranean and Peninsula across the Mediterranean and Peninsula across the Mediterranean and into to into to into to Legend next week we will discuss the Legend next week we will discuss the Legend next week we will discuss the first days of the Republic who its first days of the Republic who its first days of the Republic who its initial leaders were and what would initial leaders were and what would initial leaders were and what would happen to any man who ever again tried happen to any man who ever again tried happen to any man who ever again tried to make himself king of Rome