Josephus Book 03 - Exodus And The Tabernacle

The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1 by The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1 by Flavius Josephus, translated by William Flavius Josephus, translated by William Flavius Josephus, translated by William Wiston. Book three, Chapter 1. Book Wiston. Book three, Chapter 1. Book Wiston. Book three, Chapter 1. Book three. Containing the interval of two three. Containing the interval of two three. Containing the interval of two years from the Exodus out of Egypt to years from the Exodus out of Egypt to years from the Exodus out of Egypt to the rejection of that the rejection of that the rejection of that generation. Chapter 1. How Moses, when generation. Chapter 1. How Moses, when generation. Chapter 1. How Moses, when he had brought the people out of Egypt, he had brought the people out of Egypt, he had brought the people out of Egypt, led them to Mount Si, but not till they led them to Mount Si, but not till they led them to Mount Si, but not till they had suffered much in their journey. had suffered much in their journey. had suffered much in their journey. When the Hebrews had obtained such a When the Hebrews had obtained such a When the Hebrews had obtained such a wonderful deliverance, the country was a wonderful deliverance, the country was a wonderful deliverance, the country was a great trouble to them, for it was great trouble to them, for it was great trouble to them, for it was entirely a desert, and without entirely a desert, and without entirely a desert, and without sustenance for them, and also had sustenance for them, and also had sustenance for them, and also had exceeding little water, so that it not exceeding little water, so that it not exceeding little water, so that it not only was not at all sufficient for men, only was not at all sufficient for men, only was not at all sufficient for men, but not enough to feed any of the but not enough to feed any of the but not enough to feed any of the cattle, for it was parched up, and had cattle, for it was parched up, and had cattle, for it was parched up, and had no moisture that might afford nutrient no moisture that might afford nutrient no moisture that might afford nutrient to the vegetables. So they were forced to the vegetables. So they were forced to the vegetables. So they were forced to travel over this country, as having to travel over this country, as having to travel over this country, as having no other country but this to travel in. no other country but this to travel in. no other country but this to travel in. They had indeed carried water along with They had indeed carried water along with They had indeed carried water along with them from the land over which they had them from the land over which they had them from the land over which they had traveled before, as their conductor had traveled before, as their conductor had traveled before, as their conductor had bidden them. But when that was spent, bidden them. But when that was spent, bidden them. But when that was spent, they were obliged to draw water out of they were obliged to draw water out of they were obliged to draw water out of wells with pain by reason of the wells with pain by reason of the wells with pain by reason of the hardness of the soil. Moreover, what hardness of the soil. Moreover, what hardness of the soil. Moreover, what water they found was bitter and not fit water they found was bitter and not fit water they found was bitter and not fit for drinking, and this in small for drinking, and this in small for drinking, and this in small quantities also. And as they thus quantities also. And as they thus quantities also. And as they thus traveled, they came late in the evening traveled, they came late in the evening traveled, they came late in the evening to a place called Marra, which had that to a place called Marra, which had that to a place called Marra, which had that name from the badness of its water. for name from the badness of its water. for name from the badness of its water. for mar denotes bitterness. Thither they mar denotes bitterness. Thither they mar denotes bitterness. Thither they came afflicted both by the tediousness came afflicted both by the tediousness came afflicted both by the tediousness of their journey and by their want of of their journey and by their want of of their journey and by their want of food, for it entirely failed them at

food, for it entirely failed them at food, for it entirely failed them at that time. Now here was a well which that time. Now here was a well which that time. Now here was a well which made them choose to stay in the place made them choose to stay in the place made them choose to stay in the place which although it were not sufficient to which although it were not sufficient to which although it were not sufficient to satisfy so great an army did yet afford satisfy so great an army did yet afford satisfy so great an army did yet afford them some comfort as found in such them some comfort as found in such them some comfort as found in such desert places. For they heard from those desert places. For they heard from those desert places. For they heard from those who had been to search that there was who had been to search that there was who had been to search that there was nothing to be found if they traveled any nothing to be found if they traveled any nothing to be found if they traveled any farther. Yet was this water bitter and farther. Yet was this water bitter and farther. Yet was this water bitter and not fit for men to drink. And not only not fit for men to drink. And not only not fit for men to drink. And not only so, but it was intolerable even to the so, but it was intolerable even to the so, but it was intolerable even to the cattle cattle cattle themselves. When Moses saw how much the themselves. When Moses saw how much the themselves. When Moses saw how much the people were cast down, and that the people were cast down, and that the people were cast down, and that the occasion of it could not be occasion of it could not be occasion of it could not be contradicted, for the people were not in contradicted, for the people were not in contradicted, for the people were not in the nature of a complete army of men, the nature of a complete army of men, the nature of a complete army of men, who might oppose a manly fortitude to who might oppose a manly fortitude to who might oppose a manly fortitude to the necessity that distressed them. The the necessity that distressed them. The the necessity that distressed them. The multitude of the children and of the multitude of the children and of the multitude of the children and of the women also being of two weak capacities women also being of two weak capacities women also being of two weak capacities to be persuaded by reason blunted the to be persuaded by reason blunted the to be persuaded by reason blunted the courage of the men themselves. He was courage of the men themselves. He was courage of the men themselves. He was therefore in great difficulties and made therefore in great difficulties and made therefore in great difficulties and made everybody's calamity his own. For they everybody's calamity his own. For they everybody's calamity his own. For they ran all of them to him and begged of ran all of them to him and begged of ran all of them to him and begged of him. The women begged for their infants him. The women begged for their infants him. The women begged for their infants and the men for the women that he would and the men for the women that he would and the men for the women that he would not overlook them but procure some way not overlook them but procure some way not overlook them but procure some way or other for their deliverance. He or other for their deliverance. He or other for their deliverance. He therefore betook himself to prayer to therefore betook himself to prayer to therefore betook himself to prayer to God that he would change the water from God that he would change the water from God that he would change the water from its present badness and make it fit for its present badness and make it fit for its present badness and make it fit for drinking. And when God had granted him drinking. And when God had granted him drinking. And when God had granted him that favor, he took the top of a stick that favor, he took the top of a stick that favor, he took the top of a stick that laid down at his feet and divided that laid down at his feet and divided that laid down at his feet and divided it in the middle and made the section it in the middle and made the section it in the middle and made the section lengthways.

lengthways. lengthways. He then let it down into the well and He then let it down into the well and He then let it down into the well and persuaded the Hebrews that God had persuaded the Hebrews that God had persuaded the Hebrews that God had hearkened to his prayers and had hearkened to his prayers and had hearkened to his prayers and had promised to render the water such as promised to render the water such as promised to render the water such as they desired it to be in case they would they desired it to be in case they would they desired it to be in case they would be subservient to him in what he should be subservient to him in what he should be subservient to him in what he should enjoin them to do. And this not after a enjoin them to do. And this not after a enjoin them to do. And this not after a remiss or negligent manner. And when remiss or negligent manner. And when remiss or negligent manner. And when they asked what they were to do in order they asked what they were to do in order they asked what they were to do in order to have the water changed for the to have the water changed for the to have the water changed for the better, he bid the strongest men among better, he bid the strongest men among better, he bid the strongest men among them that stood there to draw up water them that stood there to draw up water them that stood there to draw up water and told them that when the greatest and told them that when the greatest and told them that when the greatest part was drawn up, the remainder would part was drawn up, the remainder would part was drawn up, the remainder would be fit to drink. So they labored at it be fit to drink. So they labored at it be fit to drink. So they labored at it till the water was so agitated and till the water was so agitated and till the water was so agitated and purged as to be fit to purged as to be fit to purged as to be fit to drink. And now removing from vents, they drink. And now removing from vents, they drink. And now removing from vents, they came to a limb, which place looked well came to a limb, which place looked well came to a limb, which place looked well at a distance, for there was a grove of at a distance, for there was a grove of at a distance, for there was a grove of palm trees. But when they came near to palm trees. But when they came near to palm trees. But when they came near to it, it appeared to be a bad place. For it, it appeared to be a bad place. For it, it appeared to be a bad place. For the palm trees were no more than 70, and the palm trees were no more than 70, and the palm trees were no more than 70, and they were illgrown and creeping trees by they were illgrown and creeping trees by they were illgrown and creeping trees by the want of water. For the country about the want of water. For the country about the want of water. For the country about was all parched, and no moisture was all parched, and no moisture was all parched, and no moisture sufficient to water them and make them sufficient to water them and make them sufficient to water them and make them hopeful and useful, was derived to them hopeful and useful, was derived to them hopeful and useful, was derived to them from the fountains, which were a number from the fountains, which were a number from the fountains, which were a number 12. They were rather a few moist places 12. They were rather a few moist places 12. They were rather a few moist places than springs, which not breaking out of than springs, which not breaking out of than springs, which not breaking out of the ground, nor running over, could not the ground, nor running over, could not the ground, nor running over, could not sufficiently water the trees. And when sufficiently water the trees. And when sufficiently water the trees. And when they dug into the sand, they met with no they dug into the sand, they met with no they dug into the sand, they met with no water. and if they took a few drops of water. and if they took a few drops of water. and if they took a few drops of it into their hands, they found it to be it into their hands, they found it to be it into their hands, they found it to be useless on account of its mud. The trees useless on account of its mud. The trees useless on account of its mud. The trees were too weak to bear fruit, for one of were too weak to bear fruit, for one of were too weak to bear fruit, for one of being sufficiently cherished and being sufficiently cherished and being sufficiently cherished and enlivened by the water. So they laid the enlivened by the water. So they laid the enlivened by the water. So they laid the blame on their conductor and made heavy blame on their conductor and made heavy blame on their conductor and made heavy complaints against him and said that

complaints against him and said that complaints against him and said that this their miserable state and the this their miserable state and the this their miserable state and the experience they had of adversity were experience they had of adversity were experience they had of adversity were owing to him. For that they had then owing to him. For that they had then owing to him. For that they had then journeyed an entire 30 days and had journeyed an entire 30 days and had journeyed an entire 30 days and had spent all the provisions they had spent all the provisions they had spent all the provisions they had brought with them and meeting with no brought with them and meeting with no brought with them and meeting with no relief they were in a very desponding relief they were in a very desponding relief they were in a very desponding condition. And by fixing their attention condition. And by fixing their attention condition. And by fixing their attention upon nothing but their present upon nothing but their present upon nothing but their present misfortunes, they were hindered from misfortunes, they were hindered from misfortunes, they were hindered from remembering what deliverances they had remembering what deliverances they had remembering what deliverances they had received from God, and those by the received from God, and those by the received from God, and those by the virtue and wisdom of Moses also. So they virtue and wisdom of Moses also. So they virtue and wisdom of Moses also. So they were very angry at their conductor, and were very angry at their conductor, and were very angry at their conductor, and were zealous in their attempt to stone were zealous in their attempt to stone were zealous in their attempt to stone him as the direct occasion of their him as the direct occasion of their him as the direct occasion of their present miseries. present miseries. present miseries. But as for Moses himself, while the But as for Moses himself, while the But as for Moses himself, while the multitude were irritated and bitterly multitude were irritated and bitterly multitude were irritated and bitterly set against him, he cheerfully relied set against him, he cheerfully relied set against him, he cheerfully relied upon God and upon his consciousness of upon God and upon his consciousness of upon God and upon his consciousness of the care he had taken of these his own the care he had taken of these his own the care he had taken of these his own people. And he came into the midst of people. And he came into the midst of people. And he came into the midst of them, even while they clamored against them, even while they clamored against them, even while they clamored against him, and had stones in their hands in him, and had stones in their hands in him, and had stones in their hands in order to dispatch him. Now he was an order to dispatch him. Now he was an order to dispatch him. Now he was an agreeable presence, and very able to agreeable presence, and very able to agreeable presence, and very able to persuade the people by his speeches.

persuade the people by his speeches. persuade the people by his speeches. Accordingly, he began to mitigate their Accordingly, he began to mitigate their Accordingly, he began to mitigate their anger and exhorted them not to be anger and exhorted them not to be anger and exhorted them not to be overmindful of their present overmindful of their present overmindful of their present adversities, lest they should thereby adversities, lest they should thereby adversities, lest they should thereby suffer the benefits that had formerly suffer the benefits that had formerly suffer the benefits that had formerly been bestowed on them to slip out of been bestowed on them to slip out of been bestowed on them to slip out of their memories. And he desired them by their memories. And he desired them by their memories. And he desired them by no means on account of their present no means on account of their present no means on account of their present uneasiness, to cast those great and uneasiness, to cast those great and uneasiness, to cast those great and wonderful favors and gifts which they wonderful favors and gifts which they wonderful favors and gifts which they had obtained of God out of their minds, had obtained of God out of their minds, had obtained of God out of their minds, but to expect deliverance out of those but to expect deliverance out of those but to expect deliverance out of those their present troubles which they could their present troubles which they could their present troubles which they could not free themselves from. and this by not free themselves from. and this by not free themselves from. and this by the means of that divine providence the means of that divine providence the means of that divine providence which watched over them. Seeing it is which watched over them. Seeing it is which watched over them. Seeing it is probable that God tries their virtue and probable that God tries their virtue and probable that God tries their virtue and exercises their patience by these exercises their patience by these exercises their patience by these adversities, that it may appear what adversities, that it may appear what adversities, that it may appear what fortitude they have, and what memory fortitude they have, and what memory fortitude they have, and what memory they retain of his former wonderful they retain of his former wonderful they retain of his former wonderful works in their favor, and whether they works in their favor, and whether they works in their favor, and whether they will not think of them upon occasion of will not think of them upon occasion of will not think of them upon occasion of the miseries they now feel. the miseries they now feel. the miseries they now feel. He told them it appeared they were not He told them it appeared they were not He told them it appeared they were not really good men, either in patience or really good men, either in patience or really good men, either in patience or in remembering what had been in remembering what had been in remembering what had been successfully done for them, sometimes by successfully done for them, sometimes by successfully done for them, sometimes by condemning God and his commands, when by condemning God and his commands, when by condemning God and his commands, when by those commands they left the land of those commands they left the land of those commands they left the land of Egypt. And sometimes by behaving Egypt. And sometimes by behaving Egypt. And sometimes by behaving themselves ill towards him who was the themselves ill towards him who was the themselves ill towards him who was the servant of God, and this when he had servant of God, and this when he had servant of God, and this when he had never deceived them, either in what he never deceived them, either in what he never deceived them, either in what he said or had ordered them to do by God's said or had ordered them to do by God's said or had ordered them to do by God's command. He also put them in mind of all command. He also put them in mind of all command. He also put them in mind of all that had passed. how the Egyptians were that had passed. how the Egyptians were that had passed. how the Egyptians were destroyed when they attempted to detain destroyed when they attempted to detain destroyed when they attempted to detain them, contrary to the command of God, them, contrary to the command of God, them, contrary to the command of God, and after what manner the Verism River and after what manner the Verism River and after what manner the Verism River was to the others bloody and not fit for

was to the others bloody and not fit for was to the others bloody and not fit for drinking, but was to them sweet and fit drinking, but was to them sweet and fit drinking, but was to them sweet and fit for drinking. And how they went a new for drinking. And how they went a new for drinking. And how they went a new road through the sea, which fled a long road through the sea, which fled a long road through the sea, which fled a long way from them, by which very means they way from them, by which very means they way from them, by which very means they were themselves preserved, but saw their were themselves preserved, but saw their were themselves preserved, but saw their enemies destroyed. And that when they enemies destroyed. And that when they enemies destroyed. And that when they were in want of weapons, God gave them were in want of weapons, God gave them were in want of weapons, God gave them plenty of them. And so he recounted all plenty of them. And so he recounted all plenty of them. And so he recounted all the particular instances how when they the particular instances how when they the particular instances how when they were in appearance just going to be were in appearance just going to be were in appearance just going to be destroyed, God had saved them in a destroyed, God had saved them in a destroyed, God had saved them in a surprising manner, and that he had still surprising manner, and that he had still surprising manner, and that he had still the same power, that they ought not even the same power, that they ought not even the same power, that they ought not even to despair of his providence over them. to despair of his providence over them. to despair of his providence over them. And accordingly, he exhorted them to And accordingly, he exhorted them to And accordingly, he exhorted them to continue quiet, and to consider that continue quiet, and to consider that continue quiet, and to consider that help would not come too late, though it help would not come too late, though it help would not come too late, though it come not immediately, if it be present come not immediately, if it be present come not immediately, if it be present with them, before they suffer any great with them, before they suffer any great with them, before they suffer any great misfortune. that they ought to reason misfortune. that they ought to reason misfortune. that they ought to reason thus, that God delays to assist them, thus, that God delays to assist them, thus, that God delays to assist them, not because he has no regard to them, not because he has no regard to them, not because he has no regard to them, but because he will first try their but because he will first try their but because he will first try their fortitude and the pleasure they take in fortitude and the pleasure they take in fortitude and the pleasure they take in their freedom, that he may learn whether their freedom, that he may learn whether their freedom, that he may learn whether you have souls great enough to bear want you have souls great enough to bear want you have souls great enough to bear want of food and scarcity of water on its of food and scarcity of water on its of food and scarcity of water on its account. or whether you rather love to account. or whether you rather love to account. or whether you rather love to be slaves, as cattle are slaves to such be slaves, as cattle are slaves to such be slaves, as cattle are slaves to such as own them, and feed them liberally, as own them, and feed them liberally, as own them, and feed them liberally, but only in order to make them more but only in order to make them more but only in order to make them more useful in their service. That as for useful in their service. That as for useful in their service. That as for himself, he shall not be so much himself, he shall not be so much himself, he shall not be so much concerned for his own preservation. For concerned for his own preservation. For concerned for his own preservation. For if he die unjustly, he shall not reckon if he die unjustly, he shall not reckon if he die unjustly, he shall not reckon at any affliction, but that he is at any affliction, but that he is at any affliction, but that he is concerned for them, lest by casting concerned for them, lest by casting concerned for them, lest by casting stones at him, they should be thought to stones at him, they should be thought to stones at him, they should be thought to condemn God himself.

condemn God himself. condemn God himself. By this means Moses pacified the people By this means Moses pacified the people By this means Moses pacified the people and restrained them from stoning him and and restrained them from stoning him and and restrained them from stoning him and brought them to repent of what they were brought them to repent of what they were brought them to repent of what they were going to do. And because he thought the going to do. And because he thought the going to do. And because he thought the necessity they were under made their necessity they were under made their necessity they were under made their passion less unjustifiable, he thought passion less unjustifiable, he thought passion less unjustifiable, he thought he ought to apply himself to God by he ought to apply himself to God by he ought to apply himself to God by prayer and supplication. And going up to prayer and supplication. And going up to prayer and supplication. And going up to an eminence, he requested of God for an eminence, he requested of God for an eminence, he requested of God for some sucker for the people and some way some sucker for the people and some way some sucker for the people and some way of deliverance from the want they were of deliverance from the want they were of deliverance from the want they were in, because in him and in him alone was in, because in him and in him alone was in, because in him and in him alone was their hope of salvation. and he desired their hope of salvation. and he desired their hope of salvation. and he desired that he would forgive what necessity had that he would forgive what necessity had that he would forgive what necessity had forced the people to do, since such was forced the people to do, since such was forced the people to do, since such was the nature of mankind, hard to please the nature of mankind, hard to please the nature of mankind, hard to please and very complaining under adversities. and very complaining under adversities. and very complaining under adversities. Accordingly, God promised he would take Accordingly, God promised he would take Accordingly, God promised he would take care of them and afford them the sucker care of them and afford them the sucker care of them and afford them the sucker they were desirous they were desirous they were desirous of. Now, when Moses had heard this from of. Now, when Moses had heard this from of. Now, when Moses had heard this from God, he came down to the multitude. But God, he came down to the multitude. But God, he came down to the multitude. But as soon as they saw him joyful at the as soon as they saw him joyful at the as soon as they saw him joyful at the promises he had received from God, they promises he had received from God, they promises he had received from God, they changed their sad countenances into changed their sad countenances into changed their sad countenances into gladness. So he placed himself in the gladness. So he placed himself in the gladness. So he placed himself in the midst of them and told them he came to midst of them and told them he came to midst of them and told them he came to bring them from God a deliverance from bring them from God a deliverance from bring them from God a deliverance from their present distresses. Accordingly, a their present distresses. Accordingly, a their present distresses. Accordingly, a little after came a vast number of little after came a vast number of little after came a vast number of quails, which is a bird more plentiful quails, which is a bird more plentiful quails, which is a bird more plentiful in this Arabian Gulf than anywhere else, in this Arabian Gulf than anywhere else, in this Arabian Gulf than anywhere else, flying over the sea and hovered over flying over the sea and hovered over flying over the sea and hovered over them till wearied with their laborious them till wearied with their laborious them till wearied with their laborious flight, and indeed as usual, flying very flight, and indeed as usual, flying very flight, and indeed as usual, flying very near to the earth, they fell down upon near to the earth, they fell down upon near to the earth, they fell down upon the Hebrews, who caught them, and the Hebrews, who caught them, and the Hebrews, who caught them, and satisfied their hunger with them. And satisfied their hunger with them. And satisfied their hunger with them. And suppose that this was the method whereby suppose that this was the method whereby suppose that this was the method whereby God meant to supply them with food, upon God meant to supply them with food, upon God meant to supply them with food, upon which Moses returned thanks to God for which Moses returned thanks to God for which Moses returned thanks to God for affording them his assistance so

affording them his assistance so affording them his assistance so suddenly and sooner than he had promised suddenly and sooner than he had promised suddenly and sooner than he had promised them. But presently after this first them. But presently after this first them. But presently after this first supply of food, he sent them a second. supply of food, he sent them a second. supply of food, he sent them a second. For as Moses was lifting up his hands in For as Moses was lifting up his hands in For as Moses was lifting up his hands in prayer, a dew fell down. And Moses, when prayer, a dew fell down. And Moses, when prayer, a dew fell down. And Moses, when he found it stick to his hands, suppose he found it stick to his hands, suppose he found it stick to his hands, suppose this was also come for food from God to this was also come for food from God to this was also come for food from God to them, he tasted it, and perceiving that them, he tasted it, and perceiving that them, he tasted it, and perceiving that the people knew not what it was, and the people knew not what it was, and the people knew not what it was, and thought it snowed, and that it was what thought it snowed, and that it was what thought it snowed, and that it was what usually fell at that time of year, he usually fell at that time of year, he usually fell at that time of year, he informed them that this dude did not informed them that this dude did not informed them that this dude did not fall from heaven after the manner they fall from heaven after the manner they fall from heaven after the manner they imagined, but came for their imagined, but came for their imagined, but came for their preservation and sustenance. So he preservation and sustenance. So he preservation and sustenance. So he tasted it and gave them some of it, that tasted it and gave them some of it, that tasted it and gave them some of it, that they might be satisfied about what he they might be satisfied about what he they might be satisfied about what he told them. They also imitated their told them. They also imitated their told them. They also imitated their conductor and were pleased with the conductor and were pleased with the conductor and were pleased with the food, for it was like honey in sweetness food, for it was like honey in sweetness food, for it was like honey in sweetness and pleasant taste, but liken its body and pleasant taste, but liken its body and pleasant taste, but liken its body to delium, one of the sweet spices, and to delium, one of the sweet spices, and to delium, one of the sweet spices, and in bigness equal to coriander seed. And in bigness equal to coriander seed. And in bigness equal to coriander seed. And very earnest they were in gathering it. very earnest they were in gathering it. very earnest they were in gathering it. But they were enjoined to gather it But they were enjoined to gather it But they were enjoined to gather it equally, the measure of an R for each equally, the measure of an R for each equally, the measure of an R for each one every day, because this food should one every day, because this food should one every day, because this food should not come in too small a quantity, lest not come in too small a quantity, lest not come in too small a quantity, lest the weaker may not be able to get their the weaker may not be able to get their the weaker may not be able to get their share by reason of the overbearing of share by reason of the overbearing of share by reason of the overbearing of the strong in collecting it. However, the strong in collecting it. However, the strong in collecting it. However, these strong men, when they had gathered these strong men, when they had gathered these strong men, when they had gathered more than the measure appointed for more than the measure appointed for more than the measure appointed for them, had no more than others, but only them, had no more than others, but only them, had no more than others, but only tired themselves more in gathering it, tired themselves more in gathering it, tired themselves more in gathering it, for they found no more than an a piece.

for they found no more than an a piece. for they found no more than an a piece. And the advantage they got by what was And the advantage they got by what was And the advantage they got by what was superfluous was none at all, it superfluous was none at all, it superfluous was none at all, it corrupting, both by the worms breeding corrupting, both by the worms breeding corrupting, both by the worms breeding in it, and by its bitterness. So divine in it, and by its bitterness. So divine in it, and by its bitterness. So divine and wonderful a food was this. It also and wonderful a food was this. It also and wonderful a food was this. It also supplied the want of other sorts of food supplied the want of other sorts of food supplied the want of other sorts of food to those that fed on it. And even now in to those that fed on it. And even now in to those that fed on it. And even now in all that place this mana comes down in all that place this mana comes down in all that place this mana comes down in rain according to what Moses then rain according to what Moses then rain according to what Moses then obtained of God to send it to the people obtained of God to send it to the people obtained of God to send it to the people for their sustenance. Now the Hebrews for their sustenance. Now the Hebrews for their sustenance. Now the Hebrews call this food mana for the particle man call this food mana for the particle man call this food mana for the particle man in our language is the asking of a in our language is the asking of a in our language is the asking of a question. What is this? So the Hebrews question. What is this? So the Hebrews question. What is this? So the Hebrews were very joyful at what was sent them were very joyful at what was sent them were very joyful at what was sent them from heaven. Now they made use of this from heaven. Now they made use of this from heaven. Now they made use of this food for 40 years or as long as they food for 40 years or as long as they food for 40 years or as long as they were in the wilderness. As soon as they were in the wilderness. As soon as they were in the wilderness. As soon as they were removed thence, they came to were removed thence, they came to were removed thence, they came to Refiddom, being distressed to the last Refiddom, being distressed to the last Refiddom, being distressed to the last degree by thirst, and while in the degree by thirst, and while in the degree by thirst, and while in the foregoing days they had lit on a few foregoing days they had lit on a few foregoing days they had lit on a few small fountains, but now found the earth small fountains, but now found the earth small fountains, but now found the earth entirely destitute of water, they were entirely destitute of water, they were entirely destitute of water, they were in an evil case. They again turned their in an evil case. They again turned their in an evil case. They again turned their anger against Moses. But he had first anger against Moses. But he had first anger against Moses. But he had first avoided the fury of the multitude, and avoided the fury of the multitude, and avoided the fury of the multitude, and then bestook himself to prayer to God, then bestook himself to prayer to God, then bestook himself to prayer to God, beseeching him, that as he had given beseeching him, that as he had given beseeching him, that as he had given them food when they were in the greatest them food when they were in the greatest them food when they were in the greatest want of it, so he would give them drink, want of it, so he would give them drink, want of it, so he would give them drink, since the favor of giving them food was since the favor of giving them food was since the favor of giving them food was of no value to them, while they had of no value to them, while they had of no value to them, while they had nothing to drink. And God did not long nothing to drink. And God did not long nothing to drink. And God did not long delay to give it to them, but promised delay to give it to them, but promised delay to give it to them, but promised Moses that he would procure them a Moses that he would procure them a Moses that he would procure them a fountain and plenty of water from a fountain and plenty of water from a fountain and plenty of water from a place they did not expect any. So he place they did not expect any. So he place they did not expect any. So he commanded him to smite the rock which commanded him to smite the rock which commanded him to smite the rock which they saw lying there with his rod and they saw lying there with his rod and they saw lying there with his rod and out of it to receive plenty of what they out of it to receive plenty of what they out of it to receive plenty of what they wanted. For he had taken care that drink

wanted. For he had taken care that drink wanted. For he had taken care that drink should come to them without any labor or should come to them without any labor or should come to them without any labor or painstaking. When Moses had received painstaking. When Moses had received painstaking. When Moses had received this command from God, he came to the this command from God, he came to the this command from God, he came to the people who waited for him and looked people who waited for him and looked people who waited for him and looked upon him. For they saw already that he upon him. For they saw already that he upon him. For they saw already that he was coming a pace from his eminence. As was coming a pace from his eminence. As was coming a pace from his eminence. As soon as he was come, he told them that soon as he was come, he told them that soon as he was come, he told them that God would deliver them from their God would deliver them from their God would deliver them from their present distress and had granted them an present distress and had granted them an present distress and had granted them an unexpected favor. and informed them that unexpected favor. and informed them that unexpected favor. and informed them that a river should run for their sakes out a river should run for their sakes out a river should run for their sakes out of the rock. But they were amazed at of the rock. But they were amazed at of the rock. But they were amazed at that hearing, supposing they were of that hearing, supposing they were of that hearing, supposing they were of necessity to cut the rock in pieces. Now necessity to cut the rock in pieces. Now necessity to cut the rock in pieces. Now they were distressed by their thirst and they were distressed by their thirst and they were distressed by their thirst and by their journey, while Moses only by their journey, while Moses only by their journey, while Moses only smiting the rock with his rod, opened a smiting the rock with his rod, opened a smiting the rock with his rod, opened a passage, and out of it burst water, and passage, and out of it burst water, and passage, and out of it burst water, and that in great abundance, and very clear. that in great abundance, and very clear. that in great abundance, and very clear. But they were astonished at this But they were astonished at this But they were astonished at this wonderful effect, and as it were wonderful effect, and as it were wonderful effect, and as it were quenched their thirst by the very sight quenched their thirst by the very sight quenched their thirst by the very sight of it. So they drank this pleasant, this of it. So they drank this pleasant, this of it. So they drank this pleasant, this sweet water, and such, it seemed to be, sweet water, and such, it seemed to be, sweet water, and such, it seemed to be, as might well be expected, where God was as might well be expected, where God was as might well be expected, where God was the donor. They were also in admiration the donor. They were also in admiration the donor. They were also in admiration how Moses was honored by God. And they how Moses was honored by God. And they how Moses was honored by God. And they made grateful returns of sacrifices to made grateful returns of sacrifices to made grateful returns of sacrifices to God for his providence towards them. Now God for his providence towards them. Now God for his providence towards them. Now that scripture, which is laid up in the that scripture, which is laid up in the that scripture, which is laid up in the temple, informs us how God foretold to temple, informs us how God foretold to temple, informs us how God foretold to Moses, that water timid in this manner Moses, that water timid in this manner Moses, that water timid in this manner be derived out of the rock. End of book be derived out of the rock. End of book be derived out of the rock. End of book three, chapter 1. Recording by Lynn three, chapter 1. Recording by Lynn three, chapter 1. Recording by Lynn Handler.

book three, chapters 2 through 4 of The book three, chapters 2 through 4 of The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1. This Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1. This Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For recordings are in the public domain. For recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please more information or to volunteer, please more information or to volunteer, please visit visit visit librivox.org. Recording by Jason librivox.org. Recording by Jason librivox.org. Recording by Jason Justice. Justice. Justice. The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1 by The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1 by The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1 by Favius Josephus, translated by William Favius Josephus, translated by William Favius Josephus, translated by William Wiston, Book Three, Chapters 2 through Wiston, Book Three, Chapters 2 through Wiston, Book Three, Chapters 2 through 4. Chapter 2. How the Amalachites and 4. Chapter 2. How the Amalachites and 4. Chapter 2. How the Amalachites and the neighboring nations made war with the neighboring nations made war with the neighboring nations made war with the Hebrews and were beaten and lost a the Hebrews and were beaten and lost a the Hebrews and were beaten and lost a great part of their great part of their great part of their army. The name of the Hebrews began army. The name of the Hebrews began army. The name of the Hebrews began already to be everywhere renowned, and already to be everywhere renowned, and already to be everywhere renowned, and rumors about them ran abroad. This made rumors about them ran abroad. This made rumors about them ran abroad. This made the inhabitants of those countries to be the inhabitants of those countries to be the inhabitants of those countries to be in no small fear. Accordingly, they sent in no small fear. Accordingly, they sent in no small fear. Accordingly, they sent ambassadors to one another and exhorted ambassadors to one another and exhorted ambassadors to one another and exhorted one another to defend themselves and to one another to defend themselves and to one another to defend themselves and to endeavor to destroy these men. Those endeavor to destroy these men. Those endeavor to destroy these men. Those that induced the rest to do so were such that induced the rest to do so were such that induced the rest to do so were such as inhabited Goalitis and Petra. as inhabited Goalitis and Petra. as inhabited Goalitis and Petra. They were called Amalachites, and were They were called Amalachites, and were They were called Amalachites, and were the most warlike of the nations that the most warlike of the nations that the most warlike of the nations that lived thereabouts, and whose kings lived thereabouts, and whose kings lived thereabouts, and whose kings exhorted one another, and their exhorted one another, and their exhorted one another, and their neighbors, to go to war against the neighbors, to go to war against the neighbors, to go to war against the Hebrews, telling them that an army of Hebrews, telling them that an army of Hebrews, telling them that an army of strangers, and such a one as had run strangers, and such a one as had run strangers, and such a one as had run away from slavery under the Egyptians, away from slavery under the Egyptians, away from slavery under the Egyptians, lay in wait to ruin them, which army lay in wait to ruin them, which army lay in wait to ruin them, which army they were not, in common prudence, in they were not, in common prudence, in they were not, in common prudence, in regard to their own safety, to overlook, regard to their own safety, to overlook, regard to their own safety, to overlook, but to crush them before they gather but to crush them before they gather but to crush them before they gather strength and come to be in prosperity, strength and come to be in prosperity, strength and come to be in prosperity, and perhaps attack them first in a and perhaps attack them first in a and perhaps attack them first in a hostile manner as presuming upon their hostile manner as presuming upon their hostile manner as presuming upon their indolence and not attacking them before,

indolence and not attacking them before, indolence and not attacking them before, and that we ought to avenge ourselves of and that we ought to avenge ourselves of and that we ought to avenge ourselves of them for what they have done in the them for what they have done in the them for what they have done in the wilderness. But that this cannot be so wilderness. But that this cannot be so wilderness. But that this cannot be so well done when they have laid their well done when they have laid their well done when they have laid their hands on our cities and on our goods, hands on our cities and on our goods, hands on our cities and on our goods, that those who endeavor to crush a power that those who endeavor to crush a power that those who endeavor to crush a power in its first rise are wiser than those in its first rise are wiser than those in its first rise are wiser than those that endeavor to put a stop to its that endeavor to put a stop to its that endeavor to put a stop to its progress when it becomes formidable. For progress when it becomes formidable. For progress when it becomes formidable. For these last seemed to be angry only at these last seemed to be angry only at these last seemed to be angry only at the flourishing of others, but the the flourishing of others, but the the flourishing of others, but the former did not leave any room for their former did not leave any room for their former did not leave any room for their enemies to become troublesome to them. enemies to become troublesome to them. enemies to become troublesome to them. After they had sent such ambassadors to After they had sent such ambassadors to After they had sent such ambassadors to the neighboring nations, and among one the neighboring nations, and among one the neighboring nations, and among one another, they resolved to attack the another, they resolved to attack the another, they resolved to attack the Hebrews in battle. These proceedings of Hebrews in battle. These proceedings of Hebrews in battle. These proceedings of the people of those countries occasioned the people of those countries occasioned the people of those countries occasioned perplexity and trouble to Moses, who perplexity and trouble to Moses, who perplexity and trouble to Moses, who expected no such warlike preparations. expected no such warlike preparations. expected no such warlike preparations. And when these nations were ready to And when these nations were ready to And when these nations were ready to fight, and the multitude of the Hebrews fight, and the multitude of the Hebrews fight, and the multitude of the Hebrews were obliged to try the fortune of war, were obliged to try the fortune of war, were obliged to try the fortune of war, they were in a mighty disorder and in they were in a mighty disorder and in they were in a mighty disorder and in want of all necessaries, and yet were to want of all necessaries, and yet were to want of all necessaries, and yet were to make war with men who were thoroughly make war with men who were thoroughly make war with men who were thoroughly prepared for it. Then therefore, it was prepared for it. Then therefore, it was prepared for it. Then therefore, it was that Moses began to encourage them, and that Moses began to encourage them, and that Moses began to encourage them, and to exhort them to have a good heart, and to exhort them to have a good heart, and to exhort them to have a good heart, and rely on God's assistance, by which they rely on God's assistance, by which they rely on God's assistance, by which they had been in state of freedom, and to had been in state of freedom, and to had been in state of freedom, and to hope for victory over those who were hope for victory over those who were hope for victory over those who were ready to fight with them. in order to ready to fight with them. in order to ready to fight with them. in order to deprive them of that blessing that they deprive them of that blessing that they deprive them of that blessing that they were to suppose their own army to be were to suppose their own army to be were to suppose their own army to be numerous, wanting nothing, neither numerous, wanting nothing, neither numerous, wanting nothing, neither weapons, nor money, nor provisions, nor weapons, nor money, nor provisions, nor weapons, nor money, nor provisions, nor such other conveniences as when men are such other conveniences as when men are such other conveniences as when men are in possession of, they fight in possession of, they fight in possession of, they fight undauntedly, and that they are to judge undauntedly, and that they are to judge undauntedly, and that they are to judge themselves to have all these advantages themselves to have all these advantages themselves to have all these advantages in the divine assistance. They are also

in the divine assistance. They are also in the divine assistance. They are also to suppose the enemy's army to be small, to suppose the enemy's army to be small, to suppose the enemy's army to be small, unarmed, weak, and such as want those unarmed, weak, and such as want those unarmed, weak, and such as want those conveniences which they know must be conveniences which they know must be conveniences which they know must be wanted, when it is God's will that they wanted, when it is God's will that they wanted, when it is God's will that they shall be beaten. And how valuable God's shall be beaten. And how valuable God's shall be beaten. And how valuable God's assistance is, they had experienced assistance is, they had experienced assistance is, they had experienced inabundance of trials, and those such as inabundance of trials, and those such as inabundance of trials, and those such as were more terrible than war, for that is were more terrible than war, for that is were more terrible than war, for that is only against men. But these were against only against men. But these were against only against men. But these were against famine and thirst, things indeed that famine and thirst, things indeed that famine and thirst, things indeed that are in their own nature insuperable, as are in their own nature insuperable, as are in their own nature insuperable, as also against mountains, and that sea also against mountains, and that sea also against mountains, and that sea which afforded them no way for escaping. which afforded them no way for escaping. which afforded them no way for escaping. Yet had all these difficulties been Yet had all these difficulties been Yet had all these difficulties been conquered by God's gracious kindness to conquered by God's gracious kindness to conquered by God's gracious kindness to them. So he exhorted them to be them. So he exhorted them to be them. So he exhorted them to be courageous at this time, and to look courageous at this time, and to look courageous at this time, and to look upon their entire prosperity, to depend upon their entire prosperity, to depend upon their entire prosperity, to depend on the present conquest of their on the present conquest of their on the present conquest of their enemies. enemies. enemies. And with these words did Moses encourage And with these words did Moses encourage And with these words did Moses encourage the multitude, who then called together the multitude, who then called together the multitude, who then called together the princes of their tribes and their the princes of their tribes and their the princes of their tribes and their chief men, both separately and chief men, both separately and chief men, both separately and conjoinly. The young men he charged to conjoinly. The young men he charged to conjoinly. The young men he charged to obey their elders, and the elders to obey their elders, and the elders to obey their elders, and the elders to hearken to their leader. So the people hearken to their leader. So the people hearken to their leader. So the people were elevated in their minds, and ready were elevated in their minds, and ready were elevated in their minds, and ready to try their fortune in battle, and to try their fortune in battle, and to try their fortune in battle, and hoped to be thereby at length delivered hoped to be thereby at length delivered hoped to be thereby at length delivered from their miseries. Nay, they desired from their miseries. Nay, they desired from their miseries. Nay, they desired that Moses would immediately lead them that Moses would immediately lead them that Moses would immediately lead them against their enemies without the least against their enemies without the least against their enemies without the least delay, that no backwardness might be a delay, that no backwardness might be a delay, that no backwardness might be a hindrance to their present resolution.

hindrance to their present resolution. hindrance to their present resolution. So Moses sorted all that were fit for So Moses sorted all that were fit for So Moses sorted all that were fit for war into different groups and set Joshua war into different groups and set Joshua war into different groups and set Joshua the son of Nun of the tribe of Ephraim the son of Nun of the tribe of Ephraim the son of Nun of the tribe of Ephraim over them. One that was great of courage over them. One that was great of courage over them. One that was great of courage and patient to undergo labors of great and patient to undergo labors of great and patient to undergo labors of great abilities to understand and to speak abilities to understand and to speak abilities to understand and to speak what was proper and very serious in the what was proper and very serious in the what was proper and very serious in the worship of God and indeed made like worship of God and indeed made like worship of God and indeed made like another Moses a teacher of piety towards another Moses a teacher of piety towards another Moses a teacher of piety towards God. He also appointed a small party of God. He also appointed a small party of God. He also appointed a small party of the armed men to be near the water and the armed men to be near the water and the armed men to be near the water and to take care of the children and the to take care of the children and the to take care of the children and the women and of the entire camp so that the women and of the entire camp so that the women and of the entire camp so that the whole night they prepared themselves for whole night they prepared themselves for whole night they prepared themselves for the battle. They took their weapons if the battle. They took their weapons if the battle. They took their weapons if any of them had such as were wellmade any of them had such as were wellmade any of them had such as were wellmade and attended to their commanders as and attended to their commanders as and attended to their commanders as ready to rush forth to the battle as ready to rush forth to the battle as ready to rush forth to the battle as soon as Moses should give the word of soon as Moses should give the word of soon as Moses should give the word of command. Moses also kept awake teaching command. Moses also kept awake teaching command. Moses also kept awake teaching Joshua after what manner he should order Joshua after what manner he should order Joshua after what manner he should order his camp. But when the day began, Moses his camp. But when the day began, Moses his camp. But when the day began, Moses called for Joshua again, and exhorted called for Joshua again, and exhorted called for Joshua again, and exhorted him to approve himself in deeds, such a him to approve himself in deeds, such a him to approve himself in deeds, such a one as his reputation made men to expect one as his reputation made men to expect one as his reputation made men to expect from him, and to gain glory by the from him, and to gain glory by the from him, and to gain glory by the present expedition, in the opinion of present expedition, in the opinion of present expedition, in the opinion of those under him, for his exploits in those under him, for his exploits in those under him, for his exploits in battle. He also gave a particular battle. He also gave a particular battle. He also gave a particular exhortation to the principal men of the exhortation to the principal men of the exhortation to the principal men of the Hebrews, and encouraged the whole army, Hebrews, and encouraged the whole army, Hebrews, and encouraged the whole army, as it stood armed before him. And when as it stood armed before him. And when as it stood armed before him. And when he had thus animated the army, both by he had thus animated the army, both by he had thus animated the army, both by his words and works, and prepared his words and works, and prepared his words and works, and prepared everything, he retired to a mountain, everything, he retired to a mountain, everything, he retired to a mountain, and committed the army to God and to and committed the army to God and to and committed the army to God and to Joshua. So the armies joined the battle,

Joshua. So the armies joined the battle, Joshua. So the armies joined the battle, and it came to a close fight, handto and it came to a close fight, handto and it came to a close fight, handto hand, both sides showing great elacrity hand, both sides showing great elacrity hand, both sides showing great elacrity and encouraging one another. And indeed, and encouraging one another. And indeed, and encouraging one another. And indeed, while Moses stretched out his hand while Moses stretched out his hand while Moses stretched out his hand towards heaven, the Hebrews were too towards heaven, the Hebrews were too towards heaven, the Hebrews were too hard for the Amalachites. But Moses not hard for the Amalachites. But Moses not hard for the Amalachites. But Moses not being able to sustain his hands, thus being able to sustain his hands, thus being able to sustain his hands, thus stretched out, for as often as he let stretched out, for as often as he let stretched out, for as often as he let down his hands, so often were his people down his hands, so often were his people down his hands, so often were his people worsted. He bade his brother Aaron and worsted. He bade his brother Aaron and worsted. He bade his brother Aaron and her their sister Miriam's husband, to her their sister Miriam's husband, to her their sister Miriam's husband, to stand on each side of him, and take hold stand on each side of him, and take hold stand on each side of him, and take hold of his hands, and not permit his of his hands, and not permit his of his hands, and not permit his weariness to prevent it, but to assist weariness to prevent it, but to assist weariness to prevent it, but to assist him in the extension of his hands. When him in the extension of his hands. When him in the extension of his hands. When this was done, the Hebrews conquered the this was done, the Hebrews conquered the this was done, the Hebrews conquered the Amalachites by main force. And indeed Amalachites by main force. And indeed Amalachites by main force. And indeed they had all perished unless the they had all perished unless the they had all perished unless the approach of the night had obliged the approach of the night had obliged the approach of the night had obliged the Hebrews to desist from killing anymore. Hebrews to desist from killing anymore. Hebrews to desist from killing anymore. So our forefathers obtained a most So our forefathers obtained a most So our forefathers obtained a most signal and a most seasonable victory. signal and a most seasonable victory. signal and a most seasonable victory. For they not only overcame those that For they not only overcame those that For they not only overcame those that fought against them, but terrified also fought against them, but terrified also fought against them, but terrified also the neighboring nations and got great the neighboring nations and got great the neighboring nations and got great and splendid advantages which they and splendid advantages which they and splendid advantages which they obtained of their enemies by their hard obtained of their enemies by their hard obtained of their enemies by their hard pains in this battle. For when they had pains in this battle. For when they had pains in this battle. For when they had taken the enemy's camp, they got ready taken the enemy's camp, they got ready taken the enemy's camp, they got ready booty for the public and for their own booty for the public and for their own booty for the public and for their own private families, whereas till then they private families, whereas till then they private families, whereas till then they had not any sort of plenty of even had not any sort of plenty of even had not any sort of plenty of even necessary food. The forementioned battle necessary food. The forementioned battle necessary food. The forementioned battle when they had once got it was also the when they had once got it was also the when they had once got it was also the occasion of their prosperity, not only occasion of their prosperity, not only occasion of their prosperity, not only for the present, but for the future ages for the present, but for the future ages for the present, but for the future ages also. For they not only made slaves of also. For they not only made slaves of also. For they not only made slaves of the bodies of their enemies, but subdued the bodies of their enemies, but subdued the bodies of their enemies, but subdued their minds also. and after this battle

their minds also. and after this battle their minds also. and after this battle became terrible to all that dwelt around became terrible to all that dwelt around became terrible to all that dwelt around them. Moreover, they acquired a vast them. Moreover, they acquired a vast them. Moreover, they acquired a vast quantity of riches, for a great deal of quantity of riches, for a great deal of quantity of riches, for a great deal of silver and gold was left in the enemy's silver and gold was left in the enemy's silver and gold was left in the enemy's camp, as also brazen vessels, which they camp, as also brazen vessels, which they camp, as also brazen vessels, which they made common use of in their families. made common use of in their families. made common use of in their families. Many utensils also that were Many utensils also that were Many utensils also that were embroidered. There were of both sorts, embroidered. There were of both sorts, embroidered. There were of both sorts, that is, of what were weaved, and what that is, of what were weaved, and what that is, of what were weaved, and what were the ornaments of their armor, and were the ornaments of their armor, and were the ornaments of their armor, and other things that served for use in the other things that served for use in the other things that served for use in the family, and for the furniture of their family, and for the furniture of their family, and for the furniture of their rooms. They got also the prey of their rooms. They got also the prey of their rooms. They got also the prey of their cattle and of whatsoever uses to follow cattle and of whatsoever uses to follow cattle and of whatsoever uses to follow camps when they were moved from one camps when they were moved from one camps when they were moved from one place to another. So the Hebrews now place to another. So the Hebrews now place to another. So the Hebrews now valued themselves upon their courage and valued themselves upon their courage and valued themselves upon their courage and claimed great merit for their valor, and claimed great merit for their valor, and claimed great merit for their valor, and they perpetually injured themselves to they perpetually injured themselves to they perpetually injured themselves to take pains by which they deemed every take pains by which they deemed every take pains by which they deemed every difficulty might be surmounted. Such difficulty might be surmounted. Such difficulty might be surmounted. Such were the consequences of this battle. On were the consequences of this battle. On were the consequences of this battle. On the next day, Moses stripped the dead the next day, Moses stripped the dead the next day, Moses stripped the dead bodies of their enemies and gathered bodies of their enemies and gathered bodies of their enemies and gathered together the armor of those that were together the armor of those that were together the armor of those that were fled, and gave rewards to such as had fled, and gave rewards to such as had fled, and gave rewards to such as had signalized themselves in the action, and signalized themselves in the action, and signalized themselves in the action, and highly commended Joshua, their general, highly commended Joshua, their general, highly commended Joshua, their general, who was attested to by all the army, on who was attested to by all the army, on who was attested to by all the army, on account of the great actions he had account of the great actions he had account of the great actions he had done. Nor was anyone of the Hebrews done. Nor was anyone of the Hebrews done. Nor was anyone of the Hebrews slain, but the slain of the enemy's army slain, but the slain of the enemy's army slain, but the slain of the enemy's army were too many to be enumerated.

were too many to be enumerated. were too many to be enumerated. So Moses offered sacrifices of So Moses offered sacrifices of So Moses offered sacrifices of thanksgiving to God and built an altar thanksgiving to God and built an altar thanksgiving to God and built an altar which he named the Lord the Conqueror. which he named the Lord the Conqueror. which he named the Lord the Conqueror. He also foretold that the Amalachites He also foretold that the Amalachites He also foretold that the Amalachites should utterly be destroyed and that should utterly be destroyed and that should utterly be destroyed and that hereafter none of them should remain hereafter none of them should remain hereafter none of them should remain because they fought against the Hebrews because they fought against the Hebrews because they fought against the Hebrews and this when they were in the and this when they were in the and this when they were in the wilderness and in their distress also. wilderness and in their distress also. wilderness and in their distress also. Moreover, he refreshed the army with Moreover, he refreshed the army with Moreover, he refreshed the army with feasting. And thus did they fight this feasting. And thus did they fight this feasting. And thus did they fight this first battle with those that ventured to first battle with those that ventured to first battle with those that ventured to oppose them after they were gone out of oppose them after they were gone out of oppose them after they were gone out of Egypt. But when Moses had celebrated Egypt. But when Moses had celebrated Egypt. But when Moses had celebrated this festival for the victory, he this festival for the victory, he this festival for the victory, he permitted the Hebrews to rest for a few permitted the Hebrews to rest for a few permitted the Hebrews to rest for a few days. And then he brought them out after days. And then he brought them out after days. And then he brought them out after the fight in order of battle. For they the fight in order of battle. For they the fight in order of battle. For they now had many soldiers in light armor. now had many soldiers in light armor. now had many soldiers in light armor. And going gradually on, he came to Mount And going gradually on, he came to Mount And going gradually on, he came to Mount Cyani. And three months time after they Cyani. And three months time after they Cyani. And three months time after they were removed out of Egypt at which were removed out of Egypt at which were removed out of Egypt at which mountain as we have before related the mountain as we have before related the mountain as we have before related the vision of the bush and the other vision of the bush and the other vision of the bush and the other wonderful appearances had wonderful appearances had wonderful appearances had happened. Chapter 3 that Moses kindly happened. Chapter 3 that Moses kindly happened. Chapter 3 that Moses kindly received his father-in-law Jethro when received his father-in-law Jethro when received his father-in-law Jethro when he came to him to Mount he came to him to Mount he came to him to Mount Sani. Now when Rodwell, Moses' Sani. Now when Rodwell, Moses' Sani. Now when Rodwell, Moses' father-in-law, understood in what a father-in-law, understood in what a father-in-law, understood in what a prosperous condition his affairs were, prosperous condition his affairs were, prosperous condition his affairs were, he willingly came to meet him. And Moses he willingly came to meet him. And Moses he willingly came to meet him. And Moses and his children, and pleased himself and his children, and pleased himself and his children, and pleased himself with his coming. And when he had offered with his coming. And when he had offered with his coming. And when he had offered sacrifice, he made a feast for the sacrifice, he made a feast for the sacrifice, he made a feast for the multitude near the bush he had formerly multitude near the bush he had formerly multitude near the bush he had formerly seen, which multitude. Everyone seen, which multitude. Everyone seen, which multitude. Everyone according to their families parttook of according to their families parttook of according to their families parttook of the feast. But Aaron and his family took

the feast. But Aaron and his family took the feast. But Aaron and his family took Ragwell and sung hymns to God as to him Ragwell and sung hymns to God as to him Ragwell and sung hymns to God as to him who had been the author procurer of who had been the author procurer of who had been the author procurer of their deliverance and their freedom. their deliverance and their freedom. their deliverance and their freedom. They also praised their conductor as him They also praised their conductor as him They also praised their conductor as him by whose virtue it was that all things by whose virtue it was that all things by whose virtue it was that all things had succeeded with them. Ragwell also in had succeeded with them. Ragwell also in had succeeded with them. Ragwell also in his eucharistical oration to Moses made his eucharistical oration to Moses made his eucharistical oration to Moses made great incoms upon the whole multitude great incoms upon the whole multitude great incoms upon the whole multitude and he could not but admire Moses for and he could not but admire Moses for and he could not but admire Moses for his fortitude and that humanity he had his fortitude and that humanity he had his fortitude and that humanity he had shown in the delivery of his friends. shown in the delivery of his friends. shown in the delivery of his friends. Chapter 4. How Ragwell suggested to Chapter 4. How Ragwell suggested to Chapter 4. How Ragwell suggested to Moses to set his people in order under Moses to set his people in order under Moses to set his people in order under their rulers of thousands and rulers of their rulers of thousands and rulers of their rulers of thousands and rulers of hundreds who lived without order before. hundreds who lived without order before. hundreds who lived without order before. And how Moses complied in all things And how Moses complied in all things And how Moses complied in all things with his father-in-law's admonition. The with his father-in-law's admonition. The with his father-in-law's admonition. The next day, as Ragwell saw Moses in the next day, as Ragwell saw Moses in the next day, as Ragwell saw Moses in the midst of a crowd of business, for he midst of a crowd of business, for he midst of a crowd of business, for he determined the differences of those that determined the differences of those that determined the differences of those that referred them to him, everyone still referred them to him, everyone still referred them to him, everyone still going to him, and supposing that they going to him, and supposing that they going to him, and supposing that they should then only obtain justice, if he should then only obtain justice, if he should then only obtain justice, if he were the arbitrator, and those that lost were the arbitrator, and those that lost were the arbitrator, and those that lost their causes thought it no harm, while their causes thought it no harm, while their causes thought it no harm, while they thought they lost them justly, and they thought they lost them justly, and they thought they lost them justly, and not by partiality. Ragwell, however, not by partiality. Ragwell, however, not by partiality. Ragwell, however, said nothing to him at that time, as not said nothing to him at that time, as not said nothing to him at that time, as not desirous to be any hindrance to such as desirous to be any hindrance to such as desirous to be any hindrance to such as had a mind to make use of the virtue of had a mind to make use of the virtue of had a mind to make use of the virtue of their conductor. But afterward he took their conductor. But afterward he took their conductor. But afterward he took him to himself, and when he had him him to himself, and when he had him him to himself, and when he had him alone, he instructed him of what he alone, he instructed him of what he alone, he instructed him of what he ought to do, and advised him to leave ought to do, and advised him to leave ought to do, and advised him to leave the trouble of lesser causes to others, the trouble of lesser causes to others, the trouble of lesser causes to others, but himself to take care of the greater, but himself to take care of the greater, but himself to take care of the greater, and of the people's safety. for that and of the people's safety. for that and of the people's safety. for that certain others of the Hebrews might be certain others of the Hebrews might be certain others of the Hebrews might be found that were fit to determine causes,

found that were fit to determine causes, found that were fit to determine causes, but that nobody but a Moses could take but that nobody but a Moses could take but that nobody but a Moses could take of the safety of so many 10 thousands. of the safety of so many 10 thousands. of the safety of so many 10 thousands. Be therefore, says he, insensible of Be therefore, says he, insensible of Be therefore, says he, insensible of thine own virtue, and what thou hast thine own virtue, and what thou hast thine own virtue, and what thou hast done by ministering under God, to the done by ministering under God, to the done by ministering under God, to the people's preservation. Permit therefore people's preservation. Permit therefore people's preservation. Permit therefore the determination of common causes to be the determination of common causes to be the determination of common causes to be done by others, but do thou reserve done by others, but do thou reserve done by others, but do thou reserve thyself to the attendance on God only, thyself to the attendance on God only, thyself to the attendance on God only, and look out for methods of preserving and look out for methods of preserving and look out for methods of preserving the multitude from their present the multitude from their present the multitude from their present distress. Make use of the method, I distress. Make use of the method, I distress. Make use of the method, I suggest to you, as to human affairs, and suggest to you, as to human affairs, and suggest to you, as to human affairs, and take a review of the army, and appoint take a review of the army, and appoint take a review of the army, and appoint chosen rulers over tens of thousands, chosen rulers over tens of thousands, chosen rulers over tens of thousands, and then over thousands. and then over thousands. and then over thousands. Then divide them into 5 hunds, and again Then divide them into 5 hunds, and again Then divide them into 5 hunds, and again into hundreds, and into 50s, and set into hundreds, and into 50s, and set into hundreds, and into 50s, and set rulers over each of them, who may rulers over each of them, who may rulers over each of them, who may distinguish them into 30s, and keep them distinguish them into 30s, and keep them distinguish them into 30s, and keep them in order, and at last number them by in order, and at last number them by in order, and at last number them by 20s, and by tens, and let there be one 20s, and by tens, and let there be one 20s, and by tens, and let there be one commander over each number, to be commander over each number, to be commander over each number, to be denominated from the number of those denominated from the number of those denominated from the number of those over whom they are rulers, but such as over whom they are rulers, but such as over whom they are rulers, but such as the whole multitude have tried, and do the whole multitude have tried, and do the whole multitude have tried, and do approve of as being good and righteous approve of as being good and righteous approve of as being good and righteous men. and let those rulers decide the men. and let those rulers decide the men. and let those rulers decide the controversies they have one with controversies they have one with controversies they have one with another. But if any great cause arise, another. But if any great cause arise, another. But if any great cause arise, let them bring the cognizance of it let them bring the cognizance of it let them bring the cognizance of it before the rulers of a higher dignity.

before the rulers of a higher dignity. before the rulers of a higher dignity. But if any great difficulty arise that But if any great difficulty arise that But if any great difficulty arise that is too hard for even their is too hard for even their is too hard for even their determination, let them send it to thee. determination, let them send it to thee. determination, let them send it to thee. By these means two advantages will be By these means two advantages will be By these means two advantages will be gained. the Hebrews will have justice gained. the Hebrews will have justice gained. the Hebrews will have justice done them, and thou wil be able to done them, and thou wil be able to done them, and thou wil be able to attend constantly on God, and procure attend constantly on God, and procure attend constantly on God, and procure him to be more favorable to the people." him to be more favorable to the people." him to be more favorable to the people." This was the admonition of Ragwell, and This was the admonition of Ragwell, and This was the admonition of Ragwell, and Moses received his advice very kindly, Moses received his advice very kindly, Moses received his advice very kindly, and acted according to his suggestion, and acted according to his suggestion, and acted according to his suggestion, nor did he conceal the invention of this nor did he conceal the invention of this nor did he conceal the invention of this method, nor pretend to it himself, but method, nor pretend to it himself, but method, nor pretend to it himself, but informed the multitude who it was that informed the multitude who it was that informed the multitude who it was that invented it. Nay, he is named Ragwell in invented it. Nay, he is named Ragwell in invented it. Nay, he is named Ragwell in the books he wrote as the person who the books he wrote as the person who the books he wrote as the person who invented this ordering of the people, as invented this ordering of the people, as invented this ordering of the people, as thinking it right to give a true thinking it right to give a true thinking it right to give a true testimony to worthy persons. Although he testimony to worthy persons. Although he testimony to worthy persons. Although he might have gotten reputation by might have gotten reputation by might have gotten reputation by ascribing to himself the inventions of ascribing to himself the inventions of ascribing to himself the inventions of other men, once we may learn the other men, once we may learn the other men, once we may learn the virtuous disposition of Moses, but of virtuous disposition of Moses, but of virtuous disposition of Moses, but of such his disposition, we shall have such his disposition, we shall have such his disposition, we shall have proper occasion to speak in other places proper occasion to speak in other places proper occasion to speak in other places of these of these of these books. End of book three, chapters 2 books. End of book three, chapters 2 books. End of book three, chapters 2 through 4. Recording by Jason Justice 3, chapters 5 and six of the Justice 3, chapters 5 and six of the Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1. This Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1. This Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For recordings are in the public domain. For recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please more information or to volunteer, please more information or to volunteer, please visit librivox.org.

visit librivox.org. visit librivox.org. The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1 by The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1 by The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1 by Flavius Josephus, translated by William Flavius Josephus, translated by William Flavius Josephus, translated by William Wiston. Book 3, chapters 5 and 6. Wiston. Book 3, chapters 5 and 6. Wiston. Book 3, chapters 5 and 6. Chapter 5. How Moses ascended up to Chapter 5. How Moses ascended up to Chapter 5. How Moses ascended up to Mount Si and received laws from God and Mount Si and received laws from God and Mount Si and received laws from God and delivered them to the Hebrews. delivered them to the Hebrews. delivered them to the Hebrews. Now Moses called the multitude together Now Moses called the multitude together Now Moses called the multitude together and told them that he was going from and told them that he was going from and told them that he was going from them unto Mount Si to converse with God them unto Mount Si to converse with God them unto Mount Si to converse with God to receive from him and to bring back to receive from him and to bring back to receive from him and to bring back with him a certain oracle. But he with him a certain oracle. But he with him a certain oracle. But he enjoined them to pitch their tents near enjoined them to pitch their tents near enjoined them to pitch their tents near the mountain and prefer the habitation the mountain and prefer the habitation the mountain and prefer the habitation that was nearest to God before one more that was nearest to God before one more that was nearest to God before one more remote. When he had said this, he remote. When he had said this, he remote. When he had said this, he ascended up to Mount Si, which is the ascended up to Mount Si, which is the ascended up to Mount Si, which is the highest of all the mountains that are in highest of all the mountains that are in highest of all the mountains that are in that country, and is not only very that country, and is not only very that country, and is not only very difficult to be ascended by men on difficult to be ascended by men on difficult to be ascended by men on account of its vast altitude, but account of its vast altitude, but account of its vast altitude, but because of the sharpness of its because of the sharpness of its because of the sharpness of its precipaces also. Nay, indeed, it cannot precipaces also. Nay, indeed, it cannot precipaces also. Nay, indeed, it cannot be looked at without pain of the eyes. be looked at without pain of the eyes. be looked at without pain of the eyes. And besides this, it was terrible and And besides this, it was terrible and And besides this, it was terrible and inaccessible on account of the rumor inaccessible on account of the rumor inaccessible on account of the rumor that passed about, that God dwelt there.

that passed about, that God dwelt there. that passed about, that God dwelt there. But the Hebrews removed their tents as But the Hebrews removed their tents as But the Hebrews removed their tents as Moses had bidden them and took Moses had bidden them and took Moses had bidden them and took possession of the lowest parts of the possession of the lowest parts of the possession of the lowest parts of the mountain and were elevated in their mountain and were elevated in their mountain and were elevated in their minds in expectation that Moses would minds in expectation that Moses would minds in expectation that Moses would return from God with promises of the return from God with promises of the return from God with promises of the good things he had proposed to them. So good things he had proposed to them. So good things he had proposed to them. So they feasted and waited for their they feasted and waited for their they feasted and waited for their conductor and kept themselves pure as in conductor and kept themselves pure as in conductor and kept themselves pure as in other respects and not accompanying with other respects and not accompanying with other respects and not accompanying with their wives for three days as he had their wives for three days as he had their wives for three days as he had before ordered them to do. And they before ordered them to do. And they before ordered them to do. And they prayed to God that he would favorably prayed to God that he would favorably prayed to God that he would favorably receive Moses in his conversing with receive Moses in his conversing with receive Moses in his conversing with him. and bestow some such gift upon them him. and bestow some such gift upon them him. and bestow some such gift upon them by which they might live well. They also by which they might live well. They also by which they might live well. They also lived more plentifully as to their diet, lived more plentifully as to their diet, lived more plentifully as to their diet, and put on their wives and children more and put on their wives and children more and put on their wives and children more ornamental and decent clothing than they ornamental and decent clothing than they ornamental and decent clothing than they usually wore. So they passed two days in usually wore. So they passed two days in usually wore. So they passed two days in this way of feasting. But on the third this way of feasting. But on the third this way of feasting. But on the third day, before the sun was up, a cloud day, before the sun was up, a cloud day, before the sun was up, a cloud spread itself over the whole camp of the spread itself over the whole camp of the spread itself over the whole camp of the Hebrews, such a one as none had before Hebrews, such a one as none had before Hebrews, such a one as none had before seen, and encompassed the place where seen, and encompassed the place where seen, and encompassed the place where they had pitched their tents. And while they had pitched their tents. And while they had pitched their tents. And while all the rest of the air was clear, there all the rest of the air was clear, there all the rest of the air was clear, there came strong winds that raised up large came strong winds that raised up large came strong winds that raised up large showers of rain, which became a mighty showers of rain, which became a mighty showers of rain, which became a mighty tempest, there was also such lightning, tempest, there was also such lightning, tempest, there was also such lightning, as was terrible to those that saw it, as was terrible to those that saw it, as was terrible to those that saw it, and thunder with its thunderbolts were and thunder with its thunderbolts were and thunder with its thunderbolts were sent down, and declared God to be there sent down, and declared God to be there sent down, and declared God to be there present in a gracious way, to such as present in a gracious way, to such as present in a gracious way, to such as Moses desired he should be gracious.

Moses desired he should be gracious. Moses desired he should be gracious. Now, as to these matters, every one of Now, as to these matters, every one of Now, as to these matters, every one of my readers may think as he pleases, but my readers may think as he pleases, but my readers may think as he pleases, but I am under a necessity of relating this I am under a necessity of relating this I am under a necessity of relating this history as it is described in the sacred history as it is described in the sacred history as it is described in the sacred books. This site and the amazing sound books. This site and the amazing sound books. This site and the amazing sound that came to their ears disturbed the that came to their ears disturbed the that came to their ears disturbed the Hebrews to a prodigious degree, for they Hebrews to a prodigious degree, for they Hebrews to a prodigious degree, for they were not such as they were accustomed were not such as they were accustomed were not such as they were accustomed to. And then the rumor that was spread to. And then the rumor that was spread to. And then the rumor that was spread abroad, how God frequented that abroad, how God frequented that abroad, how God frequented that mountain, greatly astonished their mountain, greatly astonished their mountain, greatly astonished their minds. So they sorrowfully contained minds. So they sorrowfully contained minds. So they sorrowfully contained themselves within their tents as both themselves within their tents as both themselves within their tents as both supposing Moses to be destroyed by the supposing Moses to be destroyed by the supposing Moses to be destroyed by the divine wrath and expecting the like divine wrath and expecting the like divine wrath and expecting the like destruction for destruction for destruction for themselves. When they were under these themselves. When they were under these themselves. When they were under these apprehensions, Moses appeared as joyful apprehensions, Moses appeared as joyful apprehensions, Moses appeared as joyful and greatly exalted. When they saw him, and greatly exalted. When they saw him, and greatly exalted. When they saw him, they were freed from their fear and they were freed from their fear and they were freed from their fear and admitted of more comfortable hopes as to admitted of more comfortable hopes as to admitted of more comfortable hopes as to what was to come. The air also was what was to come. The air also was what was to come. The air also was become clear and pure of its former become clear and pure of its former become clear and pure of its former disorders upon the appearance of Moses. disorders upon the appearance of Moses. disorders upon the appearance of Moses. Whereupon he called together the people Whereupon he called together the people Whereupon he called together the people to a congregation in order to their to a congregation in order to their to a congregation in order to their hearing what God would say to them. And hearing what God would say to them. And hearing what God would say to them. And when they were gathered together, he when they were gathered together, he when they were gathered together, he stood on an eminence whence they might stood on an eminence whence they might stood on an eminence whence they might all hear him and said, "God has received all hear him and said, "God has received all hear him and said, "God has received me graciously, O Hebrews, as he has me graciously, O Hebrews, as he has me graciously, O Hebrews, as he has formerly done, and has suggested a happy formerly done, and has suggested a happy formerly done, and has suggested a happy method of living for you and an order of method of living for you and an order of method of living for you and an order of political government, and is now present political government, and is now present political government, and is now present in the camp. I therefore charge you for in the camp. I therefore charge you for in the camp. I therefore charge you for his sake and the sake of his works and his sake and the sake of his works and his sake and the sake of his works and what we have done by his means that you what we have done by his means that you what we have done by his means that you do not put a low value on what I'm going do not put a low value on what I'm going do not put a low value on what I'm going to say because the commands have been to say because the commands have been to say because the commands have been given to me that now deliver them to you given to me that now deliver them to you given to me that now deliver them to you nor because it is the tongue of a man

nor because it is the tongue of a man nor because it is the tongue of a man that delivers them to you. But if you that delivers them to you. But if you that delivers them to you. But if you have a due regard to the great have a due regard to the great have a due regard to the great importance of the things themselves, you importance of the things themselves, you importance of the things themselves, you will understand the greatness of him will understand the greatness of him will understand the greatness of him whose institutions they are, and who has whose institutions they are, and who has whose institutions they are, and who has not disdained to communicate them to me not disdained to communicate them to me not disdained to communicate them to me for our common advantage. For it is not for our common advantage. For it is not for our common advantage. For it is not to be supposed that the author of these to be supposed that the author of these to be supposed that the author of these institutions is barely Moses, the son of institutions is barely Moses, the son of institutions is barely Moses, the son of Amram and Yakov, but he who obliged the Amram and Yakov, but he who obliged the Amram and Yakov, but he who obliged the Nile to run bloody for your sakes, and Nile to run bloody for your sakes, and Nile to run bloody for your sakes, and tamed the hoiness of the Egyptians by tamed the hoiness of the Egyptians by tamed the hoiness of the Egyptians by various sorts of judgments. He who various sorts of judgments. He who various sorts of judgments. He who provided a way through the sea for us. provided a way through the sea for us. provided a way through the sea for us. He who contrived a method of sending us He who contrived a method of sending us He who contrived a method of sending us food from heaven when we were distressed food from heaven when we were distressed food from heaven when we were distressed for want of it. He who made the water to for want of it. He who made the water to for want of it. He who made the water to issue out of a rock when we had very issue out of a rock when we had very issue out of a rock when we had very little of it before. He by whose means little of it before. He by whose means little of it before. He by whose means Adam was made to partake of the fruits Adam was made to partake of the fruits Adam was made to partake of the fruits both of the land and of the sea. He by both of the land and of the sea. He by both of the land and of the sea. He by whose means Noah escaped the deluge. He whose means Noah escaped the deluge. He whose means Noah escaped the deluge. He by whose means our forefather Abraham of by whose means our forefather Abraham of by whose means our forefather Abraham of a wandering pilgrim was made the heir of a wandering pilgrim was made the heir of a wandering pilgrim was made the heir of the land of Canaan. He by whose means the land of Canaan. He by whose means the land of Canaan. He by whose means Isaac was born of parents that were very Isaac was born of parents that were very Isaac was born of parents that were very old. He by whose means Jacob was adorned old. He by whose means Jacob was adorned old. He by whose means Jacob was adorned with 12 virtuous sons. He by whose means with 12 virtuous sons. He by whose means with 12 virtuous sons. He by whose means Joseph became a potent lord over the Joseph became a potent lord over the Joseph became a potent lord over the Egyptians. He it is who conveys these Egyptians. He it is who conveys these Egyptians. He it is who conveys these instructions to you by me as his instructions to you by me as his instructions to you by me as his interpreter. And let them be to you interpreter. And let them be to you interpreter. And let them be to you venerable and contended for more venerable and contended for more venerable and contended for more earnestly by you than your own children earnestly by you than your own children earnestly by you than your own children and your own wives. For if you will and your own wives. For if you will and your own wives. For if you will follow them, you will lead a happy life.

follow them, you will lead a happy life. follow them, you will lead a happy life. You will enjoy the land fruitful, the You will enjoy the land fruitful, the You will enjoy the land fruitful, the sea calm, and the fruit of the womb born sea calm, and the fruit of the womb born sea calm, and the fruit of the womb born complete as nature requires. You will be complete as nature requires. You will be complete as nature requires. You will be also terrible to your enemies, for I also terrible to your enemies, for I also terrible to your enemies, for I have been admitted into the presence of have been admitted into the presence of have been admitted into the presence of God, and been made a hearer of his God, and been made a hearer of his God, and been made a hearer of his incorruptible voice. So great is his incorruptible voice. So great is his incorruptible voice. So great is his concern for your nation and its concern for your nation and its concern for your nation and its duration." When he had said this, he duration." When he had said this, he duration." When he had said this, he brought the people with their wives and brought the people with their wives and brought the people with their wives and children so near the mountain, that they children so near the mountain, that they children so near the mountain, that they might hear God himself speaking to them might hear God himself speaking to them might hear God himself speaking to them about the precepts which they were to about the precepts which they were to about the precepts which they were to practice, that the energy of what should practice, that the energy of what should practice, that the energy of what should be spoken might not be heard by its be spoken might not be heard by its be spoken might not be heard by its utterance by that tongue of a man, which utterance by that tongue of a man, which utterance by that tongue of a man, which could but imperfectly deliver it to could but imperfectly deliver it to could but imperfectly deliver it to their understanding. And they all heard their understanding. And they all heard their understanding. And they all heard a voice that came to all of them from a voice that came to all of them from a voice that came to all of them from above, in so much that no one of these above, in so much that no one of these above, in so much that no one of these words escaped them, which Moses wrote on words escaped them, which Moses wrote on words escaped them, which Moses wrote on two tables, which it is not lawful for two tables, which it is not lawful for two tables, which it is not lawful for us to set down directly, but their us to set down directly, but their us to set down directly, but their import will import will import will declare. The first commandment teaches declare. The first commandment teaches declare. The first commandment teaches us that there is but one God, and that us that there is but one God, and that us that there is but one God, and that we ought to worship him only. The second we ought to worship him only. The second we ought to worship him only. The second commands us not to make the image of any commands us not to make the image of any commands us not to make the image of any living creature to worship it. The living creature to worship it. The living creature to worship it. The third, that we must not swear by God in third, that we must not swear by God in third, that we must not swear by God in a false manner. The fourth, that we must a false manner. The fourth, that we must a false manner. The fourth, that we must keep the seventh day by resting from all keep the seventh day by resting from all keep the seventh day by resting from all sorts of work. The fifth, that we must sorts of work. The fifth, that we must sorts of work. The fifth, that we must honor our parents. The sixth, that we honor our parents. The sixth, that we honor our parents. The sixth, that we must abstain from murder. The seventh, must abstain from murder. The seventh, must abstain from murder. The seventh, that we must not commit adultery. The that we must not commit adultery. The that we must not commit adultery. The eighth, that we must not be guilty of eighth, that we must not be guilty of eighth, that we must not be guilty of theft. The ninth, that we must not bear theft. The ninth, that we must not bear theft. The ninth, that we must not bear false witness. The 10th, that we must

false witness. The 10th, that we must false witness. The 10th, that we must not admit of the desire of anything that not admit of the desire of anything that not admit of the desire of anything that is in others. Now when the multitude had is in others. Now when the multitude had is in others. Now when the multitude had heard God himself giving these precepts heard God himself giving these precepts heard God himself giving these precepts which Moses had discoursed of, they which Moses had discoursed of, they which Moses had discoursed of, they rejoiced at what was said, and the rejoiced at what was said, and the rejoiced at what was said, and the congregation was dissolved. But on the congregation was dissolved. But on the congregation was dissolved. But on the following days they came to his tent and following days they came to his tent and following days they came to his tent and desired him to bring them besides other desired him to bring them besides other desired him to bring them besides other laws from God. Accordingly he appointed laws from God. Accordingly he appointed laws from God. Accordingly he appointed such laws, and afterwards informed them such laws, and afterwards informed them such laws, and afterwards informed them in what manner they should act in all in what manner they should act in all in what manner they should act in all cases, which laws I shall make mention cases, which laws I shall make mention cases, which laws I shall make mention of in their proper time. But I shall of in their proper time. But I shall of in their proper time. But I shall reserve most of those laws for another reserve most of those laws for another reserve most of those laws for another work and make there a distinct work and make there a distinct work and make there a distinct explication of them. When matters were explication of them. When matters were explication of them. When matters were brought to this state, Moses went up brought to this state, Moses went up brought to this state, Moses went up again to Mount Si, of which he had told again to Mount Si, of which he had told again to Mount Si, of which he had told them beforehand. He made his ascent in them beforehand. He made his ascent in them beforehand. He made his ascent in their sight, and while he stayed there their sight, and while he stayed there their sight, and while he stayed there so long a time, for he was absent from so long a time, for he was absent from so long a time, for he was absent from them 40 days, fear seized upon the them 40 days, fear seized upon the them 40 days, fear seized upon the Hebrews, lest Moses should have come to Hebrews, lest Moses should have come to Hebrews, lest Moses should have come to any harm. nor was there anything else so any harm. nor was there anything else so any harm. nor was there anything else so sad and that so much troubled them as sad and that so much troubled them as sad and that so much troubled them as the supposal that Moses was perished. the supposal that Moses was perished. the supposal that Moses was perished. Now there was a variety in their Now there was a variety in their Now there was a variety in their sentiments about it. Some saying that he sentiments about it. Some saying that he sentiments about it. Some saying that he was fallen among wild beasts, and those was fallen among wild beasts, and those was fallen among wild beasts, and those that were of this opinion were chiefly that were of this opinion were chiefly that were of this opinion were chiefly such as were illisposed to him. But such as were illisposed to him. But such as were illisposed to him. But others said that he was departed and others said that he was departed and others said that he was departed and gone to God. But the wiser sort were led gone to God. But the wiser sort were led gone to God. But the wiser sort were led by their reason to embrace neither of by their reason to embrace neither of by their reason to embrace neither of those opinions with any satisfaction, those opinions with any satisfaction, those opinions with any satisfaction, thinking that as it was a thing that thinking that as it was a thing that thinking that as it was a thing that sometimes happens to men to fall among sometimes happens to men to fall among sometimes happens to men to fall among wild beasts and perish that way, so it wild beasts and perish that way, so it wild beasts and perish that way, so it was probable enough that he might depart was probable enough that he might depart was probable enough that he might depart and go to God on account of his virtue.

and go to God on account of his virtue. and go to God on account of his virtue. They therefore were quiet and expected They therefore were quiet and expected They therefore were quiet and expected the event. Yet were they exceeding sorry the event. Yet were they exceeding sorry the event. Yet were they exceeding sorry upon the supposed that they were upon the supposed that they were upon the supposed that they were deprived of a governor and a protector, deprived of a governor and a protector, deprived of a governor and a protector, such a one indeed, as they could never such a one indeed, as they could never such a one indeed, as they could never recover again. Nor would this suspicion recover again. Nor would this suspicion recover again. Nor would this suspicion give them leave to expect any give them leave to expect any give them leave to expect any comfortable event about this man, nor comfortable event about this man, nor comfortable event about this man, nor could they prevent their trouble and could they prevent their trouble and could they prevent their trouble and melancholy upon this occasion. However, melancholy upon this occasion. However, melancholy upon this occasion. However, the camp dur not remove all this while the camp dur not remove all this while the camp dur not remove all this while because Moses had bidden them afford to because Moses had bidden them afford to because Moses had bidden them afford to stay there. But when the 40 days and as stay there. But when the 40 days and as stay there. But when the 40 days and as many nights were over, Moses came down, many nights were over, Moses came down, many nights were over, Moses came down, having tasted nothing of food usually having tasted nothing of food usually having tasted nothing of food usually appointed for the nourishment of men, appointed for the nourishment of men, appointed for the nourishment of men, his appearance filled the army with his appearance filled the army with his appearance filled the army with gladness, and he declared to them what gladness, and he declared to them what gladness, and he declared to them what care God had of them, and by what manner care God had of them, and by what manner care God had of them, and by what manner of conduct of their lives they might of conduct of their lives they might of conduct of their lives they might live happily, telling them that during live happily, telling them that during live happily, telling them that during these days of his absence, he had these days of his absence, he had these days of his absence, he had suggested to him also that he would have suggested to him also that he would have suggested to him also that he would have a tabernacle built for him, into which a tabernacle built for him, into which a tabernacle built for him, into which he would descend when he came to them, he would descend when he came to them, he would descend when he came to them, and how we should carry it about with us and how we should carry it about with us and how we should carry it about with us when we were moved. move from this when we were moved. move from this when we were moved. move from this place, and that there would be no longer place, and that there would be no longer place, and that there would be no longer any occasion for going up to Mount Si, any occasion for going up to Mount Si, any occasion for going up to Mount Si, but that he would himself come and pitch but that he would himself come and pitch but that he would himself come and pitch his tabernacle amongst us, and be his tabernacle amongst us, and be his tabernacle amongst us, and be present at our prayers, as also that the present at our prayers, as also that the present at our prayers, as also that the tabernacle should be of such measures tabernacle should be of such measures tabernacle should be of such measures and construction as he had shown him, and construction as he had shown him, and construction as he had shown him, and that you are to fall to the work and and that you are to fall to the work and and that you are to fall to the work and prosecute it diligently." When he had prosecute it diligently." When he had prosecute it diligently." When he had said this, he showed them the two tables said this, he showed them the two tables said this, he showed them the two tables with the ten commandments engraven upon with the ten commandments engraven upon with the ten commandments engraven upon them, five upon each table, and the them, five upon each table, and the them, five upon each table, and the writing was by the hand of God. Chapter writing was by the hand of God. Chapter writing was by the hand of God. Chapter 6. Concerning the tabernacle which Moses

6. Concerning the tabernacle which Moses 6. Concerning the tabernacle which Moses built in the wilderness for the honor of built in the wilderness for the honor of built in the wilderness for the honor of God, and which seemed to be a temple. God, and which seemed to be a temple. God, and which seemed to be a temple. Here upon the Israelites rejoiced at Here upon the Israelites rejoiced at Here upon the Israelites rejoiced at what they had seen and heard of their what they had seen and heard of their what they had seen and heard of their conductor, and were not wanting in conductor, and were not wanting in conductor, and were not wanting in diligence according to their ability. diligence according to their ability. diligence according to their ability. For they brought silver and gold and For they brought silver and gold and For they brought silver and gold and brass, and of the best sorts of wood, brass, and of the best sorts of wood, brass, and of the best sorts of wood, and such as would not at all decay by a and such as would not at all decay by a and such as would not at all decay by a putriaction. camel<unk>s hair also and putriaction. camel<unk>s hair also and putriaction. camel<unk>s hair also and sheep skkins. Some of them dyed of a sheep skkins. Some of them dyed of a sheep skkins. Some of them dyed of a blue color and some of a scarlet. Some blue color and some of a scarlet. Some blue color and some of a scarlet. Some brought the flower for the purple color brought the flower for the purple color brought the flower for the purple color and others for white with wool dyed by and others for white with wool dyed by and others for white with wool dyed by the flowers affformentioned and fine the flowers affformentioned and fine the flowers affformentioned and fine linen and precious stones which those linen and precious stones which those linen and precious stones which those that use costly ornaments set in ouches that use costly ornaments set in ouches that use costly ornaments set in ouches of gold. They brought also a great of gold. They brought also a great of gold. They brought also a great quantity of spices for of these quantity of spices for of these quantity of spices for of these materials did Moses build the tabernacle materials did Moses build the tabernacle materials did Moses build the tabernacle which did not at all differ from a which did not at all differ from a which did not at all differ from a movable and ambulatory temple. Now when movable and ambulatory temple. Now when movable and ambulatory temple. Now when these things were brought together with these things were brought together with these things were brought together with great diligence, for everyone was great diligence, for everyone was great diligence, for everyone was ambitious to further the work even ambitious to further the work even ambitious to further the work even beyond their ability, he set architects beyond their ability, he set architects beyond their ability, he set architects over the works, and this by the command over the works, and this by the command over the works, and this by the command of God, and indeed the very same which of God, and indeed the very same which of God, and indeed the very same which the people themselves would have chosen, the people themselves would have chosen, the people themselves would have chosen, had the election been allowed to them.

had the election been allowed to them. had the election been allowed to them. Now their names are set down in writing Now their names are set down in writing Now their names are set down in writing in the sacred books and they were these in the sacred books and they were these in the sacred books and they were these Bessel the son of Yuri of the tribe of Bessel the son of Yuri of the tribe of Bessel the son of Yuri of the tribe of Judah the grandson of Miriam the sister Judah the grandson of Miriam the sister Judah the grandson of Miriam the sister of their conductor and ohab file son of of their conductor and ohab file son of of their conductor and ohab file son of Ahismok of the tribe of Dan. Now the Ahismok of the tribe of Dan. Now the Ahismok of the tribe of Dan. Now the people went on with what they had people went on with what they had people went on with what they had undertaken with so great elocrity that undertaken with so great elocrity that undertaken with so great elocrity that Moses was obliged to restrain them by Moses was obliged to restrain them by Moses was obliged to restrain them by making proclamation that what he had making proclamation that what he had making proclamation that what he had brought was sufficient as the artificers brought was sufficient as the artificers brought was sufficient as the artificers had informed him. So they fell to work had informed him. So they fell to work had informed him. So they fell to work upon the building of the tabernacle. upon the building of the tabernacle. upon the building of the tabernacle. Moses also informed them according to Moses also informed them according to Moses also informed them according to the direction of God both what the the direction of God both what the the direction of God both what the measures were to be and its largeness measures were to be and its largeness measures were to be and its largeness and how many vessels it ought to contain and how many vessels it ought to contain and how many vessels it ought to contain for the use of the sacrifices. The women for the use of the sacrifices. The women for the use of the sacrifices. The women also were ambitious to do their parts also were ambitious to do their parts also were ambitious to do their parts about the garments of the priests and about the garments of the priests and about the garments of the priests and about other things that would be wanted about other things that would be wanted about other things that would be wanted in his work, both for ornament and for in his work, both for ornament and for in his work, both for ornament and for the divine service itself. Now when all the divine service itself. Now when all the divine service itself. Now when all things were prepared, the gold and the things were prepared, the gold and the things were prepared, the gold and the silver and the brass and what was woven, silver and the brass and what was woven, silver and the brass and what was woven, Moses, when he had appointed beforehand Moses, when he had appointed beforehand Moses, when he had appointed beforehand that there should be a festival, and that there should be a festival, and that there should be a festival, and that sacrifices should be offered that sacrifices should be offered that sacrifices should be offered according to everyone's ability, reared according to everyone's ability, reared according to everyone's ability, reared up the tabernacle. And when he had up the tabernacle. And when he had up the tabernacle. And when he had measured the open court, 50 cubits broad measured the open court, 50 cubits broad measured the open court, 50 cubits broad and 100 long, he set up brazen pillars 5 and 100 long, he set up brazen pillars 5 and 100 long, he set up brazen pillars 5 cubits high, 20 on each of the longer cubits high, 20 on each of the longer cubits high, 20 on each of the longer sides, and 10 pillars for the breath sides, and 10 pillars for the breath sides, and 10 pillars for the breath behind. Every one of the pillars also behind. Every one of the pillars also behind. Every one of the pillars also had a ring. Their chapters were of had a ring. Their chapters were of had a ring. Their chapters were of silver, but their bases were of brass.

silver, but their bases were of brass. silver, but their bases were of brass. They resembled the sharp ends of spears They resembled the sharp ends of spears They resembled the sharp ends of spears and were of brass fixed into the ground. and were of brass fixed into the ground. and were of brass fixed into the ground. Cords were also put through the rings Cords were also put through the rings Cords were also put through the rings and were tied at their farther ends to and were tied at their farther ends to and were tied at their farther ends to brass nails of a cubit long, which at brass nails of a cubit long, which at brass nails of a cubit long, which at every pillar were driven into the floor, every pillar were driven into the floor, every pillar were driven into the floor, and would keep the tabernacle from being and would keep the tabernacle from being and would keep the tabernacle from being shaken by the violence of winds. But a shaken by the violence of winds. But a shaken by the violence of winds. But a curtain of fine soft linen went round curtain of fine soft linen went round curtain of fine soft linen went round all the pillars and hung down in a all the pillars and hung down in a all the pillars and hung down in a flowing and loose manner from their flowing and loose manner from their flowing and loose manner from their chapters and enclosed the whole space chapters and enclosed the whole space chapters and enclosed the whole space and seemed not at all unlike to a wall and seemed not at all unlike to a wall and seemed not at all unlike to a wall about it. And this was the structure of about it. And this was the structure of about it. And this was the structure of three of the sides of this enclosure. three of the sides of this enclosure. three of the sides of this enclosure. But as for the fourth side, which was 50 But as for the fourth side, which was 50 But as for the fourth side, which was 50 cubits in extent, and was the front of cubits in extent, and was the front of cubits in extent, and was the front of the hole, 20 cubits of it were for the the hole, 20 cubits of it were for the the hole, 20 cubits of it were for the opening of the gates, wherein stood two opening of the gates, wherein stood two opening of the gates, wherein stood two pillars on each side after the pillars on each side after the pillars on each side after the resemblance of open gates. These were resemblance of open gates. These were resemblance of open gates. These were made holy of silver and polished and made holy of silver and polished and made holy of silver and polished and that all over excepting the bases which that all over excepting the bases which that all over excepting the bases which were of brass. Now on each side of the were of brass. Now on each side of the were of brass. Now on each side of the gates there stood three pillars which gates there stood three pillars which gates there stood three pillars which were inserted into the concave bases of were inserted into the concave bases of were inserted into the concave bases of the gates and were suited to them. And the gates and were suited to them. And the gates and were suited to them. And round them was drawn a curtain of fine round them was drawn a curtain of fine round them was drawn a curtain of fine linen. But to the gates themselves which linen. But to the gates themselves which linen. But to the gates themselves which were 20 cubits in extent and five in were 20 cubits in extent and five in were 20 cubits in extent and five in height. The curtain was composed of height. The curtain was composed of height. The curtain was composed of purple and scarlet and blue and fine purple and scarlet and blue and fine purple and scarlet and blue and fine linen and embroidered with many and linen and embroidered with many and linen and embroidered with many and diverse sorts of figures accepting the diverse sorts of figures accepting the diverse sorts of figures accepting the figures of animals. Within these gates figures of animals. Within these gates figures of animals. Within these gates was the brazen labor for purification was the brazen labor for purification was the brazen labor for purification having a basin beneath of the like having a basin beneath of the like having a basin beneath of the like matter whence the priests might wash matter whence the priests might wash matter whence the priests might wash their hands and sprinkle their feet. And their hands and sprinkle their feet. And their hands and sprinkle their feet. And this was the ornamental construction of

this was the ornamental construction of this was the ornamental construction of the enclosure about the court of the the enclosure about the court of the the enclosure about the court of the tabernacle which was exposed to the open tabernacle which was exposed to the open tabernacle which was exposed to the open air. As to the tabernacle itself, Moses air. As to the tabernacle itself, Moses air. As to the tabernacle itself, Moses placed it in the middle of that court placed it in the middle of that court placed it in the middle of that court with its front to the east, that when with its front to the east, that when with its front to the east, that when the sun arose, it might send its first the sun arose, it might send its first the sun arose, it might send its first rays upon it. Its length, when it was rays upon it. Its length, when it was rays upon it. Its length, when it was set up, was 30 cubits, and its breath set up, was 30 cubits, and its breath set up, was 30 cubits, and its breath was 12 10 cubits. The one of its walls was 12 10 cubits. The one of its walls was 12 10 cubits. The one of its walls was on the south, and the other was was on the south, and the other was was on the south, and the other was exposed to the north, and on the back exposed to the north, and on the back exposed to the north, and on the back part of it remained the west. It was part of it remained the west. It was part of it remained the west. It was necessary that its height should be necessary that its height should be necessary that its height should be equal to its breath, 10 cubits. There equal to its breath, 10 cubits. There equal to its breath, 10 cubits. There were also pillars made of wood, 20 on were also pillars made of wood, 20 on were also pillars made of wood, 20 on each side. They were wrought into a each side. They were wrought into a each side. They were wrought into a quadrangular figure in breath a cubit quadrangular figure in breath a cubit quadrangular figure in breath a cubit and a half, but the thickness was four and a half, but the thickness was four and a half, but the thickness was four fingers. They had thin plates of gold fingers. They had thin plates of gold fingers. They had thin plates of gold affixed to them on both sides, inwardly affixed to them on both sides, inwardly affixed to them on both sides, inwardly and outwardly. They had each of them two and outwardly. They had each of them two and outwardly. They had each of them two tenins belonging to them, inserted into tenins belonging to them, inserted into tenins belonging to them, inserted into their bases, and these were of silver. their bases, and these were of silver. their bases, and these were of silver. In each of which bases there was a In each of which bases there was a In each of which bases there was a socket to receive the tenon, but the socket to receive the tenon, but the socket to receive the tenon, but the pillars on the west wall were six. Now pillars on the west wall were six. Now pillars on the west wall were six. Now all these tenants and sockets accurately all these tenants and sockets accurately all these tenants and sockets accurately fitted one another in so much that the fitted one another in so much that the fitted one another in so much that the joints were invisible and both seemed to joints were invisible and both seemed to joints were invisible and both seemed to be one entire and united wall. It was be one entire and united wall. It was be one entire and united wall. It was also covered with gold both within and also covered with gold both within and also covered with gold both within and without. The number of pillars was equal without. The number of pillars was equal without. The number of pillars was equal on the opposite sides and there were on on the opposite sides and there were on on the opposite sides and there were on each part 20 and every one of them had each part 20 and every one of them had each part 20 and every one of them had the third part of a span in thickness so the third part of a span in thickness so the third part of a span in thickness so that the number of 30 cubits were fully that the number of 30 cubits were fully that the number of 30 cubits were fully made up between them. But as to the wall made up between them. But as to the wall made up between them. But as to the wall behind, where the six pillars made up behind, where the six pillars made up behind, where the six pillars made up together only nine cubits, they made two together only nine cubits, they made two together only nine cubits, they made two other pillars, and cut them out of one

other pillars, and cut them out of one other pillars, and cut them out of one cubit, which they placed in the corners, cubit, which they placed in the corners, cubit, which they placed in the corners, and made them equally fine with the and made them equally fine with the and made them equally fine with the other. Now every one of the pillars had other. Now every one of the pillars had other. Now every one of the pillars had rings of gold affixed to their fronts rings of gold affixed to their fronts rings of gold affixed to their fronts outward as if they had taken root in the outward as if they had taken root in the outward as if they had taken root in the pillars and stood one road over against pillars and stood one road over against pillars and stood one road over against another roundabout, though which were another roundabout, though which were another roundabout, though which were inserted bars guilt over with gold, each inserted bars guilt over with gold, each inserted bars guilt over with gold, each of them five cubits long, and these of them five cubits long, and these of them five cubits long, and these bound together the pillars, the head of bound together the pillars, the head of bound together the pillars, the head of one bar running into another, after the one bar running into another, after the one bar running into another, after the nature of one tenon inserted into nature of one tenon inserted into nature of one tenon inserted into another. But for the wall behind, there another. But for the wall behind, there another. But for the wall behind, there was but one row of bars that went was but one row of bars that went was but one row of bars that went through all the pillars, into which row through all the pillars, into which row through all the pillars, into which row ran the ends of the bars on each side of ran the ends of the bars on each side of ran the ends of the bars on each side of the longer walls, the male with its the longer walls, the male with its the longer walls, the male with its female being so fastened in their female being so fastened in their female being so fastened in their joints, that they held the whole firmly joints, that they held the whole firmly joints, that they held the whole firmly together. And for this reason was all together. And for this reason was all together. And for this reason was all this joined so fast together that the this joined so fast together that the this joined so fast together that the tabernacle might not be shaken either by tabernacle might not be shaken either by tabernacle might not be shaken either by the winds or by any other means, but the winds or by any other means, but the winds or by any other means, but that it might preserve itself quiet and that it might preserve itself quiet and that it might preserve itself quiet and immovable continually. As for the immovable continually. As for the immovable continually. As for the inside, Moses parted its length into inside, Moses parted its length into inside, Moses parted its length into three partitions, at the distance of 10 three partitions, at the distance of 10 three partitions, at the distance of 10 cubits from the most secret end. Moses cubits from the most secret end. Moses cubits from the most secret end. Moses placed four pillars, the workmanship of placed four pillars, the workmanship of placed four pillars, the workmanship of which was the very same with that of the which was the very same with that of the which was the very same with that of the rest. And they stood upon the like bases rest. And they stood upon the like bases rest. And they stood upon the like bases with them, each a small matter distant with them, each a small matter distant with them, each a small matter distant from his fellow. Now the room within from his fellow. Now the room within from his fellow. Now the room within those pillars was the most holy place.

those pillars was the most holy place. those pillars was the most holy place. But the rest of the room was the But the rest of the room was the But the rest of the room was the tabernacle, which was open for the tabernacle, which was open for the tabernacle, which was open for the priests. However, this proportion of the priests. However, this proportion of the priests. However, this proportion of the measures of the tabernacle proved to be measures of the tabernacle proved to be measures of the tabernacle proved to be an imitation of the system of the world. an imitation of the system of the world. an imitation of the system of the world. For that third part thereof, which was For that third part thereof, which was For that third part thereof, which was within the four pillars to which the within the four pillars to which the within the four pillars to which the priests were not admitted, is as it were priests were not admitted, is as it were priests were not admitted, is as it were a heaven peculiar to God. But the space a heaven peculiar to God. But the space a heaven peculiar to God. But the space of the 20 cubits is, as it were, sea and of the 20 cubits is, as it were, sea and of the 20 cubits is, as it were, sea and land on which men live, and so this part land on which men live, and so this part land on which men live, and so this part is peculiar to the priests only. But at is peculiar to the priests only. But at is peculiar to the priests only. But at the front where the entrance was made, the front where the entrance was made, the front where the entrance was made, they placed pillars of gold that stood they placed pillars of gold that stood they placed pillars of gold that stood on bases of brass in number seven. But on bases of brass in number seven. But on bases of brass in number seven. But then they spread over the tabernacle then they spread over the tabernacle then they spread over the tabernacle veils of fine linen and purple and blue veils of fine linen and purple and blue veils of fine linen and purple and blue and scarlet colors embroidered. The and scarlet colors embroidered. The and scarlet colors embroidered. The first veil was 10 cupids every way. And first veil was 10 cupids every way. And first veil was 10 cupids every way. And this they spread over the pillars which this they spread over the pillars which this they spread over the pillars which parted the temple and kept the most holy parted the temple and kept the most holy parted the temple and kept the most holy place concealed within. And this veil place concealed within. And this veil place concealed within. And this veil was that which made this part not was that which made this part not was that which made this part not visible to any. Now the whole temple was visible to any. Now the whole temple was visible to any. Now the whole temple was called the holy place. But that part called the holy place. But that part called the holy place. But that part which was within the four pillars and to which was within the four pillars and to which was within the four pillars and to which none were admitted was called the which none were admitted was called the which none were admitted was called the holy of holies. This veil was very holy of holies. This veil was very holy of holies. This veil was very ornamental and embroidered with all ornamental and embroidered with all ornamental and embroidered with all sorts of flowers which the earth sorts of flowers which the earth sorts of flowers which the earth produces. And there were interwoven into produces. And there were interwoven into produces. And there were interwoven into it all sorts of variety that might be an it all sorts of variety that might be an it all sorts of variety that might be an ornament accepting the forms of animals.

ornament accepting the forms of animals. ornament accepting the forms of animals. Another veil was which covered the five Another veil was which covered the five Another veil was which covered the five pillars that were at the entrance. It pillars that were at the entrance. It pillars that were at the entrance. It was like the former in its magnitude and was like the former in its magnitude and was like the former in its magnitude and texture and color. And at the corner of texture and color. And at the corner of texture and color. And at the corner of every pillar, a ring retained it from every pillar, a ring retained it from every pillar, a ring retained it from the top downwards, half the depth of the the top downwards, half the depth of the the top downwards, half the depth of the pillars, the other half affording an pillars, the other half affording an pillars, the other half affording an entrance for the priests who crept under entrance for the priests who crept under entrance for the priests who crept under it. Over this there was a veil of linen it. Over this there was a veil of linen it. Over this there was a veil of linen of the same largess with the former. It of the same largess with the former. It of the same largess with the former. It was to be drawn this way or that way by was to be drawn this way or that way by was to be drawn this way or that way by cords, the rings of which, fixed to the cords, the rings of which, fixed to the cords, the rings of which, fixed to the texture of the veil, and to the cords texture of the veil, and to the cords texture of the veil, and to the cords also, were subservient to the drawing also, were subservient to the drawing also, were subservient to the drawing and undrawing of the veil, and to the and undrawing of the veil, and to the and undrawing of the veil, and to the fastening it at the corner, that then it fastening it at the corner, that then it fastening it at the corner, that then it might be no hindrance to the view of the might be no hindrance to the view of the might be no hindrance to the view of the sanctuary, especially on solemn days, sanctuary, especially on solemn days, sanctuary, especially on solemn days, but that on other days, and especially but that on other days, and especially but that on other days, and especially when the weather was inclined to snow, when the weather was inclined to snow, when the weather was inclined to snow, it might be expanded, and afford a it might be expanded, and afford a it might be expanded, and afford a covering to the veil of diverse colors. covering to the veil of diverse colors. covering to the veil of diverse colors. Once that custom of ours is derived of Once that custom of ours is derived of Once that custom of ours is derived of having a fine linen veil after the having a fine linen veil after the having a fine linen veil after the temple has been built to be drawn over temple has been built to be drawn over temple has been built to be drawn over the entrances, but the 10 other curtains the entrances, but the 10 other curtains the entrances, but the 10 other curtains were four cubits in breath and 28 in were four cubits in breath and 28 in were four cubits in breath and 28 in length and had golden clasps in order to length and had golden clasps in order to length and had golden clasps in order to join the one curtain to the other, which join the one curtain to the other, which join the one curtain to the other, which was done so exactly that they seemed to was done so exactly that they seemed to was done so exactly that they seemed to be one entire curtain. These were spread be one entire curtain. These were spread be one entire curtain. These were spread over the temple and covered all the top over the temple and covered all the top over the temple and covered all the top and parts of the walls on the sides and and parts of the walls on the sides and and parts of the walls on the sides and behind so far as within one cubit of the behind so far as within one cubit of the behind so far as within one cubit of the ground. There were other curtains of the ground. There were other curtains of the ground. There were other curtains of the same breath with these, but one more in same breath with these, but one more in same breath with these, but one more in number and longer, for they were 30 number and longer, for they were 30 number and longer, for they were 30 cubits long. But these were woven of cubits long. But these were woven of cubits long. But these were woven of hair, with the like subtlety of those of hair, with the like subtlety of those of hair, with the like subtlety of those of wool were made, and were extended

wool were made, and were extended wool were made, and were extended loosely down to the ground, appearing loosely down to the ground, appearing loosely down to the ground, appearing like a triangular front and elevation at like a triangular front and elevation at like a triangular front and elevation at the gates, the 11th curtain being used the gates, the 11th curtain being used the gates, the 11th curtain being used for this very purpose. There were also for this very purpose. There were also for this very purpose. There were also other curtains made of skins above other curtains made of skins above other curtains made of skins above these, which afforded covering and these, which afforded covering and these, which afforded covering and protection to those that were woven both protection to those that were woven both protection to those that were woven both in hot weather and when it rained. And in hot weather and when it rained. And in hot weather and when it rained. And great was the surprise of those who great was the surprise of those who great was the surprise of those who viewed these curtains at a distance, for viewed these curtains at a distance, for viewed these curtains at a distance, for they seemed not at all to differ from they seemed not at all to differ from they seemed not at all to differ from the color of the sky. But those that the color of the sky. But those that the color of the sky. But those that were made of hair and of skins reached were made of hair and of skins reached were made of hair and of skins reached down in the same manner as did the veil down in the same manner as did the veil down in the same manner as did the veil at the gates, and kept off the heat of at the gates, and kept off the heat of at the gates, and kept off the heat of the sun, and what injury the rains might the sun, and what injury the rains might the sun, and what injury the rains might do. And after this manner was the do. And after this manner was the do. And after this manner was the tabernacle reared. There was also an ark tabernacle reared. There was also an ark tabernacle reared. There was also an ark made sacred to God of wood that was made sacred to God of wood that was made sacred to God of wood that was naturally strong and could not be naturally strong and could not be naturally strong and could not be corrupted. This was called Aeron in our corrupted. This was called Aeron in our corrupted. This was called Aeron in our own language. Its construction was thus. own language. Its construction was thus. own language. Its construction was thus. Its length was five spans, but its Its length was five spans, but its Its length was five spans, but its breath and height was each of them three breath and height was each of them three breath and height was each of them three spans. It was covered all over with spans. It was covered all over with spans. It was covered all over with gold, both within and without, so that gold, both within and without, so that gold, both within and without, so that the wooden part was not seen. It had the wooden part was not seen. It had the wooden part was not seen. It had also a cover united to it by golden also a cover united to it by golden also a cover united to it by golden hinges. after a wonderful manner which hinges. after a wonderful manner which hinges. after a wonderful manner which cover was every way evenly fitted to it cover was every way evenly fitted to it cover was every way evenly fitted to it and had no eminences to hinder its exact and had no eminences to hinder its exact and had no eminences to hinder its exact conjunction. There were also two golden conjunction. There were also two golden conjunction. There were also two golden rings belonging to each of the longer rings belonging to each of the longer rings belonging to each of the longer boards and passing through the entire boards and passing through the entire boards and passing through the entire wood and through them guilt bars passed wood and through them guilt bars passed wood and through them guilt bars passed along each board that it might thereby along each board that it might thereby along each board that it might thereby be moved and carried about as occasion be moved and carried about as occasion be moved and carried about as occasion should require for it was not drawn in a should require for it was not drawn in a should require for it was not drawn in a cart by beasts of burden but borne on cart by beasts of burden but borne on cart by beasts of burden but borne on the shoulders of the priests. Upon this

the shoulders of the priests. Upon this the shoulders of the priests. Upon this its cover were two images, which the its cover were two images, which the its cover were two images, which the Hebrews called cherubims. They are Hebrews called cherubims. They are Hebrews called cherubims. They are flying creatures, but their form is not flying creatures, but their form is not flying creatures, but their form is not like to that of any of the creatures like to that of any of the creatures like to that of any of the creatures which men have seen, though Moses said which men have seen, though Moses said which men have seen, though Moses said he had seen such beings near the throne he had seen such beings near the throne he had seen such beings near the throne of God. In this ark, he put the two of God. In this ark, he put the two of God. In this ark, he put the two tables whereon the ten commandments were tables whereon the ten commandments were tables whereon the ten commandments were written, five upon each table, and two written, five upon each table, and two written, five upon each table, and two and a half upon each side of them. And and a half upon each side of them. And and a half upon each side of them. And this ark he placed in the most holy this ark he placed in the most holy this ark he placed in the most holy place. But in the holy place he placed a place. But in the holy place he placed a place. But in the holy place he placed a table like those at Deli. Its length was table like those at Deli. Its length was table like those at Deli. Its length was two cubits and its breath one cubit and two cubits and its breath one cubit and two cubits and its breath one cubit and its height three spans. It had feet its height three spans. It had feet its height three spans. It had feet also, the lower half of which were also, the lower half of which were also, the lower half of which were complete feet, resembling those which complete feet, resembling those which complete feet, resembling those which the Dorian put to their bedsteads, but the Dorian put to their bedsteads, but the Dorian put to their bedsteads, but the upper parts toward the table were the upper parts toward the table were the upper parts toward the table were wrought into a square form. The table wrought into a square form. The table wrought into a square form. The table had a hollow towards every side, having had a hollow towards every side, having had a hollow towards every side, having a ledge of four fingers depth, that went a ledge of four fingers depth, that went a ledge of four fingers depth, that went round about like a spiral, both on the round about like a spiral, both on the round about like a spiral, both on the upper and lower part of the body of the upper and lower part of the body of the upper and lower part of the body of the work. Upon every one of the feet was work. Upon every one of the feet was work. Upon every one of the feet was there also inserted a ring, not far from there also inserted a ring, not far from there also inserted a ring, not far from the cover, through which went bars of the cover, through which went bars of the cover, through which went bars of wood beneath, but gilded to be taken out wood beneath, but gilded to be taken out wood beneath, but gilded to be taken out upon occasion, there being a cavity upon occasion, there being a cavity upon occasion, there being a cavity where it was joined to the rings, for where it was joined to the rings, for where it was joined to the rings, for they were not entire rings, but before they were not entire rings, but before they were not entire rings, but before they came quite round, they ended in a they came quite round, they ended in a they came quite round, they ended in a points, the one of which was inserted points, the one of which was inserted points, the one of which was inserted into the prominent part of the table, into the prominent part of the table, into the prominent part of the table, and the other into the foot. And by and the other into the foot. And by and the other into the foot. And by these it was carried when they these it was carried when they these it was carried when they journeyed. Upon this table which was journeyed. Upon this table which was journeyed. Upon this table which was placed on the north side of the temple, placed on the north side of the temple, placed on the north side of the temple, not far from the most holy place, were not far from the most holy place, were not far from the most holy place, were laid 12 unleavened loaves of bread, six

laid 12 unleavened loaves of bread, six laid 12 unleavened loaves of bread, six upon each heap, one above another. They upon each heap, one above another. They upon each heap, one above another. They were made of two/10enth deals of the were made of two/10enth deals of the were made of two/10enth deals of the purest flour, which tenth deal in omr is purest flour, which tenth deal in omr is purest flour, which tenth deal in omr is a measure of the Hebrews, containing a measure of the Hebrews, containing a measure of the Hebrews, containing seven Athenian codelo. And above those seven Athenian codelo. And above those seven Athenian codelo. And above those loaves were put two vials full of loaves were put two vials full of loaves were put two vials full of frankincense. Now after seven days other frankincense. Now after seven days other frankincense. Now after seven days other loaves were brought in theirstead on the loaves were brought in theirstead on the loaves were brought in theirstead on the day which is by us called the Sabbath. day which is by us called the Sabbath. day which is by us called the Sabbath. For we call the seventh day the Sabbath. For we call the seventh day the Sabbath. For we call the seventh day the Sabbath. But for the occasion of this intention But for the occasion of this intention But for the occasion of this intention of placing loaves here, we will speak to of placing loaves here, we will speak to of placing loaves here, we will speak to it in another place. Over against this it in another place. Over against this it in another place. Over against this table near the southern wall was set a table near the southern wall was set a table near the southern wall was set a candlestick of cast gold hollow within candlestick of cast gold hollow within candlestick of cast gold hollow within being of the weight of 100b which the being of the weight of 100b which the being of the weight of 100b which the Hebrews call chineras. If it be turned Hebrews call chineras. If it be turned Hebrews call chineras. If it be turned into the Greek language it denotes a into the Greek language it denotes a into the Greek language it denotes a talent. It was made with its knops and talent. It was made with its knops and talent. It was made with its knops and liies and pomegranates and bowls, which liies and pomegranates and bowls, which liies and pomegranates and bowls, which ornaments amounted to 70 in all, by ornaments amounted to 70 in all, by ornaments amounted to 70 in all, by which means the shaft elevated itself on which means the shaft elevated itself on which means the shaft elevated itself on high from a single base, and spread high from a single base, and spread high from a single base, and spread itself into as many branches as there itself into as many branches as there itself into as many branches as there are planets, including the sun among are planets, including the sun among are planets, including the sun among them. It terminated in seven heads in them. It terminated in seven heads in them. It terminated in seven heads in one row, all standing parallel to one one row, all standing parallel to one one row, all standing parallel to one another. And these branches carried another. And these branches carried another. And these branches carried seven lamps, one by one, in imitation of seven lamps, one by one, in imitation of seven lamps, one by one, in imitation of the number of the planets. These lamps the number of the planets. These lamps the number of the planets. These lamps looked to the east and to the south, the looked to the east and to the south, the looked to the east and to the south, the candlestick being situate obliquely. Now candlestick being situate obliquely. Now candlestick being situate obliquely. Now between this candlestick and the table, between this candlestick and the table, between this candlestick and the table, which as we said were within the which as we said were within the which as we said were within the sanctuary, was the altar of incense made sanctuary, was the altar of incense made sanctuary, was the altar of incense made of wood indeed, but of the same wood of of wood indeed, but of the same wood of of wood indeed, but of the same wood of which the foregoing vessels were made,

which the foregoing vessels were made, which the foregoing vessels were made, such as was not liable to corruption. It such as was not liable to corruption. It such as was not liable to corruption. It was entirely crusted over with a golden was entirely crusted over with a golden was entirely crusted over with a golden plate. Its breath on each side was a plate. Its breath on each side was a plate. Its breath on each side was a cubit, but the altitude double. Upon it cubit, but the altitude double. Upon it cubit, but the altitude double. Upon it was a grade of gold that was extant was a grade of gold that was extant was a grade of gold that was extant above the altar, which had a golden above the altar, which had a golden above the altar, which had a golden crown encompassing it roundabout, crown encompassing it roundabout, crown encompassing it roundabout, whereto belonged rings and bars, by whereto belonged rings and bars, by whereto belonged rings and bars, by which the priest carried it when they which the priest carried it when they which the priest carried it when they journeyed. Before this tabernacle there journeyed. Before this tabernacle there journeyed. Before this tabernacle there was reared a brazen altar, but it was was reared a brazen altar, but it was was reared a brazen altar, but it was within made of wood, five cubits by within made of wood, five cubits by within made of wood, five cubits by measure on each side, but its height was measure on each side, but its height was measure on each side, but its height was but three, in like manner adored with but three, in like manner adored with but three, in like manner adored with brass plates as bright as gold. It had brass plates as bright as gold. It had brass plates as bright as gold. It had also a brazen hearth of network, for the also a brazen hearth of network, for the also a brazen hearth of network, for the ground underneath received the fire from ground underneath received the fire from ground underneath received the fire from the hearth, because it had no basis to the hearth, because it had no basis to the hearth, because it had no basis to receive it. Hard by this altar lay the receive it. Hard by this altar lay the receive it. Hard by this altar lay the basins and the vials and the sensors and basins and the vials and the sensors and basins and the vials and the sensors and the cauldrons made of gold. But the the cauldrons made of gold. But the the cauldrons made of gold. But the other vessels made for the use of the other vessels made for the use of the other vessels made for the use of the sacrifices were all of brass. And such sacrifices were all of brass. And such sacrifices were all of brass. And such was the construction of the tabernacle, was the construction of the tabernacle, was the construction of the tabernacle, and these were the vessels thereto and these were the vessels thereto and these were the vessels thereto belonging. End of book three, chapters 5 belonging. End of book three, chapters 5 belonging. End of book three, chapters 5 and six. Recording by Lynn Handler. Chapters seven and 8 of The Handler. Chapters seven and 8 of The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1. This Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1. This Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For recordings are in the public domain. For recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please more information or to volunteer, please more information or to volunteer, please visit librivox.org.

visit librivox.org. visit librivox.org. The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1, The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1, The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1, by Flavius Josephus, translated by by Flavius Josephus, translated by by Flavius Josephus, translated by William Wiston, Book Three, Chapters 7 William Wiston, Book Three, Chapters 7 William Wiston, Book Three, Chapters 7 and 8. Chapter 7, Concerning the and 8. Chapter 7, Concerning the and 8. Chapter 7, Concerning the garments of the priests and of the high garments of the priests and of the high garments of the priests and of the high priest. priest. priest. There were peculiar garments appointed There were peculiar garments appointed There were peculiar garments appointed for the priests and for all the rest for the priests and for all the rest for the priests and for all the rest which they call cohenoeo priestly which they call cohenoeo priestly which they call cohenoeo priestly garments as also for the high priests garments as also for the high priests garments as also for the high priests which they call cohenoa rabe and denote which they call cohenoa rabe and denote which they call cohenoa rabe and denote the high priest's garments. Such was the high priest's garments. Such was the high priest's garments. Such was therefore the habit of the rest. But therefore the habit of the rest. But therefore the habit of the rest. But when the priest approaches the when the priest approaches the when the priest approaches the sacrifices, he purifies himself with the sacrifices, he purifies himself with the sacrifices, he purifies himself with the purification which the law prescribes. purification which the law prescribes. purification which the law prescribes. And in the first place he puts on that And in the first place he puts on that And in the first place he puts on that which is called machines which means which is called machines which means which is called machines which means somewhat that it is fast tied. It is a somewhat that it is fast tied. It is a somewhat that it is fast tied. It is a girdle composed of fine twined linen and girdle composed of fine twined linen and girdle composed of fine twined linen and is put about the privy parts. The feet is put about the privy parts. The feet is put about the privy parts. The feet being to be inserted into them in the being to be inserted into them in the being to be inserted into them in the nature of breaches but above half of it nature of breaches but above half of it nature of breaches but above half of it is cut off and it ends at the thighs and is cut off and it ends at the thighs and is cut off and it ends at the thighs and is there tied fast. Over this he wore a is there tied fast. Over this he wore a is there tied fast. Over this he wore a linen vestment made of fine flax linen vestment made of fine flax linen vestment made of fine flax doubled. It is called chthone and doubled. It is called chthone and doubled. It is called chthone and denotes linen for we call linen by the denotes linen for we call linen by the denotes linen for we call linen by the name of name of name of chthonone. This vestment reaches down to chthonone. This vestment reaches down to chthonone. This vestment reaches down to the feet and sits close to the body and the feet and sits close to the body and the feet and sits close to the body and has sleeves that are tied fast to the has sleeves that are tied fast to the has sleeves that are tied fast to the arms. It is girded to the breast a arms. It is girded to the breast a arms. It is girded to the breast a little above the elbows by a girdle little above the elbows by a girdle little above the elbows by a girdle often going round four fingers broad but

often going round four fingers broad but often going round four fingers broad but so loosely woven that you would think it so loosely woven that you would think it so loosely woven that you would think it were the skin of a serpent. It is were the skin of a serpent. It is were the skin of a serpent. It is embroidered with flowers of scarlet and embroidered with flowers of scarlet and embroidered with flowers of scarlet and purple and blue and fine twined linen, purple and blue and fine twined linen, purple and blue and fine twined linen, but the warp was nothing but fine linen. but the warp was nothing but fine linen. but the warp was nothing but fine linen. The beginning of its circumvolution is The beginning of its circumvolution is The beginning of its circumvolution is at the breast, and when it has gone off at the breast, and when it has gone off at the breast, and when it has gone off and round, it is there tied and hangs and round, it is there tied and hangs and round, it is there tied and hangs loosely there down to the ankles. I mean loosely there down to the ankles. I mean loosely there down to the ankles. I mean this all the time the priest is not this all the time the priest is not this all the time the priest is not about any laborious service, for in this about any laborious service, for in this about any laborious service, for in this position it appears in the most position it appears in the most position it appears in the most agreeable manner to the spectators. But agreeable manner to the spectators. But agreeable manner to the spectators. But when he is obliged to assist at the when he is obliged to assist at the when he is obliged to assist at the offering sacrifices and to do the offering sacrifices and to do the offering sacrifices and to do the appointed service, that he may not be appointed service, that he may not be appointed service, that he may not be hindered in his operations by its hindered in his operations by its hindered in his operations by its motion, he throws it to the left and motion, he throws it to the left and motion, he throws it to the left and bears it on his shoulder. Moses indeed bears it on his shoulder. Moses indeed bears it on his shoulder. Moses indeed calls this belt Albanth, but we have calls this belt Albanth, but we have calls this belt Albanth, but we have learned from the Babylonians to call it learned from the Babylonians to call it learned from the Babylonians to call it Emia, for so it is by them called. This Emia, for so it is by them called. This Emia, for so it is by them called. This vestment has no loose or hollow parts vestment has no loose or hollow parts vestment has no loose or hollow parts anywhere in it, but only a narrow anywhere in it, but only a narrow anywhere in it, but only a narrow aperture about the neck, and it is tied aperture about the neck, and it is tied aperture about the neck, and it is tied with certain strings hanging down from with certain strings hanging down from with certain strings hanging down from the edge over the breast and back, and the edge over the breast and back, and the edge over the breast and back, and is fastened above each shoulder. It is is fastened above each shoulder. It is is fastened above each shoulder. It is called called called masaba. Upon his head, he wears a cap, masaba. Upon his head, he wears a cap, masaba. Upon his head, he wears a cap, not brought to a conic form, nor not brought to a conic form, nor not brought to a conic form, nor encircling the whole head, but still encircling the whole head, but still encircling the whole head, but still covering more than the half of it, which covering more than the half of it, which covering more than the half of it, which is called mass nathe. And its make is is called mass nathe. And its make is is called mass nathe. And its make is such that it seems to be a crown being such that it seems to be a crown being such that it seems to be a crown being made of thick swaz, but the contexture made of thick swaz, but the contexture made of thick swaz, but the contexture is of linen, and it is doubled round

is of linen, and it is doubled round is of linen, and it is doubled round many times and sewed together. Besides many times and sewed together. Besides many times and sewed together. Besides which, a piece of fine linen covers the which, a piece of fine linen covers the which, a piece of fine linen covers the whole cap from the upper part, and whole cap from the upper part, and whole cap from the upper part, and reaches down to the forehead, and hides reaches down to the forehead, and hides reaches down to the forehead, and hides the seams of the swaths, which would the seams of the swaths, which would the seams of the swaths, which would otherwise appear indeently. This adheres otherwise appear indeently. This adheres otherwise appear indeently. This adheres closely upon the solid part of the head closely upon the solid part of the head closely upon the solid part of the head and is hitherto so firmly fixed that it and is hitherto so firmly fixed that it and is hitherto so firmly fixed that it may not fall off during the sacred may not fall off during the sacred may not fall off during the sacred service about the service about the service about the sacrifices. So we have now shown you sacrifices. So we have now shown you sacrifices. So we have now shown you what is the habit of the generality of what is the habit of the generality of what is the habit of the generality of the priests. The high priest is indeed the priests. The high priest is indeed the priests. The high priest is indeed adorned with the same garments that we adorned with the same garments that we adorned with the same garments that we have described without abading one. Only have described without abading one. Only have described without abading one. Only over these he puts on a vestment of a over these he puts on a vestment of a over these he puts on a vestment of a blue color. This also is a long robe blue color. This also is a long robe blue color. This also is a long robe reaching to his feet. In our language, reaching to his feet. In our language, reaching to his feet. In our language, it is called Mayear and is tied round it is called Mayear and is tied round it is called Mayear and is tied round with a girdle embroidered with the same with a girdle embroidered with the same with a girdle embroidered with the same colors and flowers as the former with a colors and flowers as the former with a colors and flowers as the former with a mixture of gold interwoven. To the mixture of gold interwoven. To the mixture of gold interwoven. To the bottom of which garment are hung fringes bottom of which garment are hung fringes bottom of which garment are hung fringes in color like pomegranates, with golden in color like pomegranates, with golden in color like pomegranates, with golden bells by a curious and wonderful bells by a curious and wonderful bells by a curious and wonderful contrivance, so that between two bells contrivance, so that between two bells contrivance, so that between two bells hangs a pomegranate, and between two hangs a pomegranate, and between two hangs a pomegranate, and between two pomegranates a bell. Now this vesture pomegranates a bell. Now this vesture pomegranates a bell. Now this vesture was not composed of two pieces, nor was was not composed of two pieces, nor was was not composed of two pieces, nor was it sewed together upon the shoulders and it sewed together upon the shoulders and it sewed together upon the shoulders and the sides, but it was one long vestment the sides, but it was one long vestment the sides, but it was one long vestment so woven as to have an aperture for the so woven as to have an aperture for the so woven as to have an aperture for the neck, not an oblique one, but parted all neck, not an oblique one, but parted all neck, not an oblique one, but parted all along the breast and the back. A border along the breast and the back. A border along the breast and the back. A border also was sewed to it, lest the aperture also was sewed to it, lest the aperture also was sewed to it, lest the aperture should look too should look too should look too indeently. It was also parted where the

indeently. It was also parted where the indeently. It was also parted where the hands were to come out. Besides these, hands were to come out. Besides these, hands were to come out. Besides these, the high priest put on a third garment, the high priest put on a third garment, the high priest put on a third garment, which was called the ephod, which which was called the ephod, which which was called the ephod, which resembles the epomus of the Greeks. Its resembles the epomus of the Greeks. Its resembles the epomus of the Greeks. Its make was after this manner. It was woven make was after this manner. It was woven make was after this manner. It was woven to the depth of a cubit of several to the depth of a cubit of several to the depth of a cubit of several colors with gold intermixed and colors with gold intermixed and colors with gold intermixed and embroidered, but it left the middle of embroidered, but it left the middle of embroidered, but it left the middle of the breast uncovered. It was made with the breast uncovered. It was made with the breast uncovered. It was made with sleeves also, nor did it appear to be at sleeves also, nor did it appear to be at sleeves also, nor did it appear to be at all differently made from a short coat. all differently made from a short coat. all differently made from a short coat. But in the void place of this garment But in the void place of this garment But in the void place of this garment there was inserted a piece of the there was inserted a piece of the there was inserted a piece of the bigness of a span embroidered with gold bigness of a span embroidered with gold bigness of a span embroidered with gold and the other colors of the ephod and and the other colors of the ephod and and the other colors of the ephod and was called essen the breastplate which was called essen the breastplate which was called essen the breastplate which in the Greek language signifies the in the Greek language signifies the in the Greek language signifies the oracle. This piece exactly filled up the oracle. This piece exactly filled up the oracle. This piece exactly filled up the void space in the ephod. It was united void space in the ephod. It was united void space in the ephod. It was united to it by golden rings at every corner. to it by golden rings at every corner. to it by golden rings at every corner. The like rings being annexed to the The like rings being annexed to the The like rings being annexed to the ephod and a blue ribbon was made use of ephod and a blue ribbon was made use of ephod and a blue ribbon was made use of to tie them together by those rings. So to tie them together by those rings. So to tie them together by those rings. So that the space between the rings might that the space between the rings might that the space between the rings might not appear empty. They contrived to fill not appear empty. They contrived to fill not appear empty. They contrived to fill it up with stitches of blue ribbons.

it up with stitches of blue ribbons. it up with stitches of blue ribbons. There were also two sardonicses upon the There were also two sardonicses upon the There were also two sardonicses upon the ephod at the shoulders to fix it in the ephod at the shoulders to fix it in the ephod at the shoulders to fix it in the nature of buttons having each end nature of buttons having each end nature of buttons having each end running to the sardonixes of gold that running to the sardonixes of gold that running to the sardonixes of gold that they might be buttoned by them. On these they might be buttoned by them. On these they might be buttoned by them. On these were engraved the names of the sons of were engraved the names of the sons of were engraved the names of the sons of Jacob in our own country letters and in Jacob in our own country letters and in Jacob in our own country letters and in our own tongue six on each of the stones our own tongue six on each of the stones our own tongue six on each of the stones on either side. And the elder sons names on either side. And the elder sons names on either side. And the elder sons names were on the right shoulder. 12 stones were on the right shoulder. 12 stones were on the right shoulder. 12 stones also were there upon the breastplate also were there upon the breastplate also were there upon the breastplate extraordinary in largeness and beauty extraordinary in largeness and beauty extraordinary in largeness and beauty and they were an ornament not to be and they were an ornament not to be and they were an ornament not to be purchased by men because of their purchased by men because of their purchased by men because of their immense value. These stones, however, immense value. These stones, however, immense value. These stones, however, stood in three rows by four in a row and stood in three rows by four in a row and stood in three rows by four in a row and were inserted into the breastplate were inserted into the breastplate were inserted into the breastplate itself, and they were set in ouches of itself, and they were set in ouches of itself, and they were set in ouches of gold that were themselves inserted in gold that were themselves inserted in gold that were themselves inserted in the breastplate, and they were made so the breastplate, and they were made so the breastplate, and they were made so that they would not fall out. The first that they would not fall out. The first that they would not fall out. The first three stones were a sardonics, a topaz, three stones were a sardonics, a topaz, three stones were a sardonics, a topaz, and an emerald. The second row contained and an emerald. The second row contained and an emerald. The second row contained a carbuncle, a jasper, and a sapphire.

a carbuncle, a jasper, and a sapphire. a carbuncle, a jasper, and a sapphire. The first of the third row was a liigor, The first of the third row was a liigor, The first of the third row was a liigor, then an amethyst, and the third anot then an amethyst, and the third anot then an amethyst, and the third anot being the ninth of the whole number. The being the ninth of the whole number. The being the ninth of the whole number. The first of the fourth row was a first of the fourth row was a first of the fourth row was a chrysalite, the next was an onyx, and chrysalite, the next was an onyx, and chrysalite, the next was an onyx, and then a barrel, which is the last of all. then a barrel, which is the last of all. then a barrel, which is the last of all. Now, the names of all these sons of Now, the names of all these sons of Now, the names of all these sons of Jacob were engraven in these stones, Jacob were engraven in these stones, Jacob were engraven in these stones, whom we esteem the heads of our tribes, whom we esteem the heads of our tribes, whom we esteem the heads of our tribes, each stone having the honor of a name in each stone having the honor of a name in each stone having the honor of a name in the order according to which they were the order according to which they were the order according to which they were born. And whereas the rings were too born. And whereas the rings were too born. And whereas the rings were too weak of themselves to bear the weight of weak of themselves to bear the weight of weak of themselves to bear the weight of the stones, they made two other rings of the stones, they made two other rings of the stones, they made two other rings of a larger size at the edge of that part a larger size at the edge of that part a larger size at the edge of that part of the breastplate which reached to the of the breastplate which reached to the of the breastplate which reached to the neck and inserted into the very texture neck and inserted into the very texture neck and inserted into the very texture of the breastplate to receive chains of the breastplate to receive chains of the breastplate to receive chains finely rot which connected them with finely rot which connected them with finely rot which connected them with golden bands to the tops of the golden bands to the tops of the golden bands to the tops of the shoulders whose extremity turned shoulders whose extremity turned shoulders whose extremity turned backwards and went into the ring on the backwards and went into the ring on the backwards and went into the ring on the prominent back part of the ephod. and prominent back part of the ephod. and prominent back part of the ephod. and this was for the security of the this was for the security of the this was for the security of the breastplate that it might not fall out breastplate that it might not fall out breastplate that it might not fall out of its place. There was also a girdle of its place. There was also a girdle of its place. There was also a girdle sewed to the breastplate which was of sewed to the breastplate which was of sewed to the breastplate which was of the forementioned colors with gold the forementioned colors with gold the forementioned colors with gold intermixed which when it had gone once intermixed which when it had gone once intermixed which when it had gone once round was tied again upon the seam and round was tied again upon the seam and round was tied again upon the seam and hung down. There were also golden loops hung down. There were also golden loops hung down. There were also golden loops that admitted its fringes at each that admitted its fringes at each that admitted its fringes at each extremity of the girdle and included extremity of the girdle and included extremity of the girdle and included them entirely.

them entirely. them entirely. The high priest's miter was the same The high priest's miter was the same The high priest's miter was the same that we described before, and was rot that we described before, and was rot that we described before, and was rot like that of all the other priests. like that of all the other priests. like that of all the other priests. Above which there was another with swads Above which there was another with swads Above which there was another with swads of blue embroidered, and round it was a of blue embroidered, and round it was a of blue embroidered, and round it was a golden crown polished of three rows, one golden crown polished of three rows, one golden crown polished of three rows, one above another, out of which arose a cup above another, out of which arose a cup above another, out of which arose a cup of gold, which resembled the herb, which of gold, which resembled the herb, which of gold, which resembled the herb, which we call sacaras. But those Greeks that we call sacaras. But those Greeks that we call sacaras. But those Greeks that are skillful in botany call it are skillful in botany call it are skillful in botany call it hyiosamus. hyiosamus. hyiosamus. Now, lest anyone that has seen this Now, lest anyone that has seen this Now, lest anyone that has seen this herb, but has not been taught its name, herb, but has not been taught its name, herb, but has not been taught its name, and is unacquainted with its nature, or and is unacquainted with its nature, or and is unacquainted with its nature, or having known its name, knows not the having known its name, knows not the having known its name, knows not the herb when he sees it, I shall give such herb when he sees it, I shall give such herb when he sees it, I shall give such as these are a description of it. This as these are a description of it. This as these are a description of it. This herb is often times in tallness above herb is often times in tallness above herb is often times in tallness above three spans, but its root is like that three spans, but its root is like that three spans, but its root is like that of a turnip. For he that should compare of a turnip. For he that should compare of a turnip. For he that should compare it there, too, would not be mistaken. it there, too, would not be mistaken. it there, too, would not be mistaken. But its leaves are like the leaves of But its leaves are like the leaves of But its leaves are like the leaves of mint. out of its branches. It sends out mint. out of its branches. It sends out mint. out of its branches. It sends out a call cleaving to the branch, and a a call cleaving to the branch, and a a call cleaving to the branch, and a coat encompasses it, which it naturally coat encompasses it, which it naturally coat encompasses it, which it naturally puts off when it is changing in order to puts off when it is changing in order to puts off when it is changing in order to produce its fruit. This call is of the produce its fruit. This call is of the produce its fruit. This call is of the bigness of the bone of the little bigness of the bone of the little bigness of the bone of the little finger, but in the compass of its finger, but in the compass of its finger, but in the compass of its aperture is like a cup. This I will aperture is like a cup. This I will aperture is like a cup. This I will further describe for the use of those further describe for the use of those further describe for the use of those that are unacquainted with it. Suppose a that are unacquainted with it. Suppose a that are unacquainted with it. Suppose a sphere is divided into two parts round sphere is divided into two parts round sphere is divided into two parts round at the bottom but having another segment at the bottom but having another segment at the bottom but having another segment that grows up to a circumference from that grows up to a circumference from that grows up to a circumference from that bottom. Suppose it become narrower that bottom. Suppose it become narrower that bottom. Suppose it become narrower by degrees and that the cavity of that by degrees and that the cavity of that by degrees and that the cavity of that part grow decently smaller and then

part grow decently smaller and then part grow decently smaller and then gradually grow wider again at the brim gradually grow wider again at the brim gradually grow wider again at the brim such as we see in the navl of a such as we see in the navl of a such as we see in the navl of a pomegranate with its notches. And indeed pomegranate with its notches. And indeed pomegranate with its notches. And indeed such a coat grows over this plant as such a coat grows over this plant as such a coat grows over this plant as renders it a hemisphere and that as one renders it a hemisphere and that as one renders it a hemisphere and that as one may say turned accurately in a lathe and may say turned accurately in a lathe and may say turned accurately in a lathe and having its nudges extent above it which having its nudges extent above it which having its nudges extent above it which as I said grow like a pomegranate only as I said grow like a pomegranate only as I said grow like a pomegranate only that they are sharp and end in nothing that they are sharp and end in nothing that they are sharp and end in nothing but prickles. Now the fruit is preserved but prickles. Now the fruit is preserved but prickles. Now the fruit is preserved by this coat of the calics which fruit by this coat of the calics which fruit by this coat of the calics which fruit is like the seed of the herb cedaritus. is like the seed of the herb cedaritus. is like the seed of the herb cedaritus. It sends out a flower that may seem to It sends out a flower that may seem to It sends out a flower that may seem to resemble that of a poppy. of this was a resemble that of a poppy. of this was a resemble that of a poppy. of this was a crown made as far from the hinder part crown made as far from the hinder part crown made as far from the hinder part of the head to each of the temples. But of the head to each of the temples. But of the head to each of the temples. But this ephialis, for so this call may be this ephialis, for so this call may be this ephialis, for so this call may be called, did not cover the forehead, but called, did not cover the forehead, but called, did not cover the forehead, but was covered with a golden plate which was covered with a golden plate which was covered with a golden plate which had inscribed upon it the name of God in had inscribed upon it the name of God in had inscribed upon it the name of God in sacred characters. And such were the sacred characters. And such were the sacred characters. And such were the ornaments of the high priest. Now here ornaments of the high priest. Now here ornaments of the high priest. Now here one may wonder at the ill will which men one may wonder at the ill will which men one may wonder at the ill will which men bear to us and which they profess to bear to us and which they profess to bear to us and which they profess to bear on account of our despising that bear on account of our despising that bear on account of our despising that deity which they pretend to honor. For deity which they pretend to honor. For deity which they pretend to honor. For if anyone do not consider the fabric of if anyone do not consider the fabric of if anyone do not consider the fabric of the tabernacle and take a view of the the tabernacle and take a view of the the tabernacle and take a view of the garments of the high priest and of those garments of the high priest and of those garments of the high priest and of those vessels which we make use of in our vessels which we make use of in our vessels which we make use of in our sacred ministration, he will find that sacred ministration, he will find that sacred ministration, he will find that our legislator was a divine man and that our legislator was a divine man and that our legislator was a divine man and that we are unjustly reproached by others.

we are unjustly reproached by others. we are unjustly reproached by others. For if anyone do without prejudice and For if anyone do without prejudice and For if anyone do without prejudice and with judgment look upon these things, he with judgment look upon these things, he with judgment look upon these things, he will find they are every one made in way will find they are every one made in way will find they are every one made in way of imitation and representation of the of imitation and representation of the of imitation and representation of the universe. When Moses distinguished the universe. When Moses distinguished the universe. When Moses distinguished the tabernacle into three parts, and allowed tabernacle into three parts, and allowed tabernacle into three parts, and allowed two of them to the priests as a place two of them to the priests as a place two of them to the priests as a place accessible and common, he denoted the accessible and common, he denoted the accessible and common, he denoted the land and the sea, these being of general land and the sea, these being of general land and the sea, these being of general access to all. But he set apart the access to all. But he set apart the access to all. But he set apart the third division for God because heaven is third division for God because heaven is third division for God because heaven is inaccessible to men. And when he ordered inaccessible to men. And when he ordered inaccessible to men. And when he ordered 12 loaves to be set on the table, he 12 loaves to be set on the table, he 12 loaves to be set on the table, he denoted the year as distinguished into denoted the year as distinguished into denoted the year as distinguished into so many months. By branching out the so many months. By branching out the so many months. By branching out the candlestick into 70 parts, he secretly candlestick into 70 parts, he secretly candlestick into 70 parts, he secretly imitated the deconi or 70 divisions of imitated the deconi or 70 divisions of imitated the deconi or 70 divisions of the planets. And as to the seven lamps the planets. And as to the seven lamps the planets. And as to the seven lamps upon the candlesticks, they referred to upon the candlesticks, they referred to upon the candlesticks, they referred to the course of the planets of which that the course of the planets of which that the course of the planets of which that is the number. The veils too, which were is the number. The veils too, which were is the number. The veils too, which were composed of four things, they declared composed of four things, they declared composed of four things, they declared the four elements. For the fine linen the four elements. For the fine linen the four elements. For the fine linen was proper to signify the earth, because was proper to signify the earth, because was proper to signify the earth, because the flax grows out of the earth. The the flax grows out of the earth. The the flax grows out of the earth. The purple signified the sea, because that purple signified the sea, because that purple signified the sea, because that color is dyed by the blood of a sea color is dyed by the blood of a sea color is dyed by the blood of a sea shellfish. The blue is fit to signify shellfish. The blue is fit to signify shellfish. The blue is fit to signify the air and the scarlet will naturally the air and the scarlet will naturally the air and the scarlet will naturally be an indication of fire. Now the be an indication of fire. Now the be an indication of fire. Now the vestment of the high priest being made vestment of the high priest being made vestment of the high priest being made of linen signified the earth. The blue of linen signified the earth. The blue of linen signified the earth. The blue denoted the sky being like lightning in denoted the sky being like lightning in denoted the sky being like lightning in its pomegranates and in the noise of the its pomegranates and in the noise of the its pomegranates and in the noise of the bells resembling thunder. And for the

bells resembling thunder. And for the bells resembling thunder. And for the ephod, it showed that God had made the ephod, it showed that God had made the ephod, it showed that God had made the universe of four elements. And as for universe of four elements. And as for universe of four elements. And as for the gold interwoven, I suppose it the gold interwoven, I suppose it the gold interwoven, I suppose it related to the splendor by which all related to the splendor by which all related to the splendor by which all things are enlightened, he also things are enlightened, he also things are enlightened, he also appointed the breastplate to be placed appointed the breastplate to be placed appointed the breastplate to be placed in the middle of the ephod to resemble in the middle of the ephod to resemble in the middle of the ephod to resemble the earth, for that has the very middle the earth, for that has the very middle the earth, for that has the very middle place of the world. And the girdle which place of the world. And the girdle which place of the world. And the girdle which encompassed the high priest round encompassed the high priest round encompassed the high priest round signified the ocean, for that goes round signified the ocean, for that goes round signified the ocean, for that goes round and includes the universe. Each of the and includes the universe. Each of the and includes the universe. Each of the sardonicses declares to us the sun and sardonicses declares to us the sun and sardonicses declares to us the sun and the moon. Those I mean that were in the the moon. Those I mean that were in the the moon. Those I mean that were in the nature of buttons on the high priest's nature of buttons on the high priest's nature of buttons on the high priest's shoulders. And for the 12 stones, shoulders. And for the 12 stones, shoulders. And for the 12 stones, whether we understand by them the whether we understand by them the whether we understand by them the months, or whether we understand the months, or whether we understand the months, or whether we understand the like number of the signs of that circle, like number of the signs of that circle, like number of the signs of that circle, which the Greeks call the zodiac, we which the Greeks call the zodiac, we which the Greeks call the zodiac, we shall not be mistaken in their meaning. shall not be mistaken in their meaning. shall not be mistaken in their meaning. And for the miter, which was of a blue And for the miter, which was of a blue And for the miter, which was of a blue color, it seems to me to mean heaven. color, it seems to me to mean heaven. color, it seems to me to mean heaven. For how otherwise could the name of God For how otherwise could the name of God For how otherwise could the name of God be inscribed upon it? that it was also be inscribed upon it? that it was also be inscribed upon it? that it was also illustrated with a crown in that of gold illustrated with a crown in that of gold illustrated with a crown in that of gold also is because of that splendor with also is because of that splendor with also is because of that splendor with which God is pleased. Let this which God is pleased. Let this which God is pleased. Let this explication suffice at present since the explication suffice at present since the explication suffice at present since the course of my narration will often and on course of my narration will often and on course of my narration will often and on many occasions afford me the opportunity many occasions afford me the opportunity many occasions afford me the opportunity of enlarging upon the virtue of our of enlarging upon the virtue of our of enlarging upon the virtue of our legislator. Chapter 8 of the priesthood legislator. Chapter 8 of the priesthood legislator. Chapter 8 of the priesthood of Aaron.

of Aaron. of Aaron. When what has been described was brought When what has been described was brought When what has been described was brought to a conclusion, gifts not being yet to a conclusion, gifts not being yet to a conclusion, gifts not being yet presented, God appeared to Moses and presented, God appeared to Moses and presented, God appeared to Moses and enjoined him to bestow the high enjoined him to bestow the high enjoined him to bestow the high priesthood upon Aaron his brother, as priesthood upon Aaron his brother, as priesthood upon Aaron his brother, as upon him that best of them all deserved upon him that best of them all deserved upon him that best of them all deserved to obtain that honor on account of his to obtain that honor on account of his to obtain that honor on account of his virtue. And when he had gathered the virtue. And when he had gathered the virtue. And when he had gathered the multitude together, he gave them an multitude together, he gave them an multitude together, he gave them an account of Aaron's virtue and of his account of Aaron's virtue and of his account of Aaron's virtue and of his goodwill to them, and of the dangers he goodwill to them, and of the dangers he goodwill to them, and of the dangers he had undergone for their sakes, upon had undergone for their sakes, upon had undergone for their sakes, upon which, when they had given testimony to which, when they had given testimony to which, when they had given testimony to him on all respects, and showed their him on all respects, and showed their him on all respects, and showed their readiness to receive him, Moses said to readiness to receive him, Moses said to readiness to receive him, Moses said to them, "Oh you Israelites, this work is them, "Oh you Israelites, this work is them, "Oh you Israelites, this work is already brought to a conclusion in a already brought to a conclusion in a already brought to a conclusion in a manner most acceptable to God and manner most acceptable to God and manner most acceptable to God and according to our abilities. And now, according to our abilities. And now, according to our abilities. And now, since you see that he has received into since you see that he has received into since you see that he has received into this tabernacle, we shall first of all this tabernacle, we shall first of all this tabernacle, we shall first of all stand in need of one that may officiate stand in need of one that may officiate stand in need of one that may officiate for us and may minister to the for us and may minister to the for us and may minister to the sacrifices and to the prayers that are sacrifices and to the prayers that are sacrifices and to the prayers that are to be put up for us. And indeed, had the to be put up for us. And indeed, had the to be put up for us. And indeed, had the inquiry after such a person been left to inquiry after such a person been left to inquiry after such a person been left to me, I should have thought myself worthy me, I should have thought myself worthy me, I should have thought myself worthy of this honor, both because all men are of this honor, both because all men are of this honor, both because all men are naturally fond of themselves, and naturally fond of themselves, and naturally fond of themselves, and because I am conscious to myself that I because I am conscious to myself that I because I am conscious to myself that I have taken a great deal of pains for have taken a great deal of pains for have taken a great deal of pains for your deliverance. But now God himself your deliverance. But now God himself your deliverance. But now God himself has determined that Aaron is worthy of has determined that Aaron is worthy of has determined that Aaron is worthy of this honor and has chosen him for his this honor and has chosen him for his this honor and has chosen him for his priest as knowing him to be the most priest as knowing him to be the most priest as knowing him to be the most righteous person among you. So that he righteous person among you. So that he righteous person among you. So that he is to put on the vestments which are is to put on the vestments which are is to put on the vestments which are consecrated to God. He is to have the

consecrated to God. He is to have the consecrated to God. He is to have the care of the altars and to make provision care of the altars and to make provision care of the altars and to make provision for the for the for the sacrifices. And he it is that must put sacrifices. And he it is that must put sacrifices. And he it is that must put up prayers for you to God who will up prayers for you to God who will up prayers for you to God who will readily hear them, not only because he readily hear them, not only because he readily hear them, not only because he is himself solicitus for your nation, is himself solicitus for your nation, is himself solicitus for your nation, but also because he will receive them as but also because he will receive them as but also because he will receive them as offered by one that he hath himself offered by one that he hath himself offered by one that he hath himself chosen to this chosen to this chosen to this office. The Hebrews were pleased with office. The Hebrews were pleased with office. The Hebrews were pleased with what was said, and they gave their what was said, and they gave their what was said, and they gave their appribation to him whom God had appribation to him whom God had appribation to him whom God had ordained. For Aaron was of them all the ordained. For Aaron was of them all the ordained. For Aaron was of them all the most deserving of this honor on account most deserving of this honor on account most deserving of this honor on account of his own stock and gift of prophecy of his own stock and gift of prophecy of his own stock and gift of prophecy and his brother's virtue. He had at that and his brother's virtue. He had at that and his brother's virtue. He had at that time four sons, Naab, Abihu, Eleazar, time four sons, Naab, Abihu, Eleazar, time four sons, Naab, Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. and Ithamar. and Ithamar. Now Moses commanded them to make use of Now Moses commanded them to make use of Now Moses commanded them to make use of all the utensils which were more than all the utensils which were more than all the utensils which were more than were necessary to the structure of the were necessary to the structure of the were necessary to the structure of the tabernacle for covering the tabernacle tabernacle for covering the tabernacle tabernacle for covering the tabernacle itself, the candlestick and the altar of itself, the candlestick and the altar of itself, the candlestick and the altar of incense and the other vessels, that they incense and the other vessels, that they incense and the other vessels, that they might not be at all hurt when they might not be at all hurt when they might not be at all hurt when they journeyed either by rain or by the journeyed either by rain or by the journeyed either by rain or by the rising of the dust. And when he had rising of the dust. And when he had rising of the dust. And when he had gathered the multitude together again, gathered the multitude together again, gathered the multitude together again, he ordered that they should offer half a he ordered that they should offer half a he ordered that they should offer half a shekele for every man as an oblation to shekele for every man as an oblation to shekele for every man as an oblation to God. which shekel is a piece among the God. which shekel is a piece among the God. which shekel is a piece among the Hebrews and is equal to four Athenian Hebrews and is equal to four Athenian Hebrews and is equal to four Athenian drame whereupon they readily obeyed what drame whereupon they readily obeyed what drame whereupon they readily obeyed what Moses had commanded and the number of Moses had commanded and the number of Moses had commanded and the number of the offerers was 605,550. Now this money that was brought 605,550. Now this money that was brought by the men that were free was given by

by the men that were free was given by by the men that were free was given by such as were about 20 years old but such as were about 20 years old but such as were about 20 years old but under 50 and what was collected was under 50 and what was collected was under 50 and what was collected was spent in the uses of the tabernacle. spent in the uses of the tabernacle. spent in the uses of the tabernacle. Moses now purified the tabernacle and Moses now purified the tabernacle and Moses now purified the tabernacle and the priests which purification was the priests which purification was the priests which purification was performed after the following manner. He performed after the following manner. He performed after the following manner. He commanded them to take 500 shekels of commanded them to take 500 shekels of commanded them to take 500 shekels of choice myrr an equal quantity of cassia choice myrr an equal quantity of cassia choice myrr an equal quantity of cassia and half the foregoing weight of and half the foregoing weight of and half the foregoing weight of cinnamon and calamus. This last is a cinnamon and calamus. This last is a cinnamon and calamus. This last is a sort of sweet spice to beat them small sort of sweet spice to beat them small sort of sweet spice to beat them small and wet them with a hinn of oil of and wet them with a hinn of oil of and wet them with a hinn of oil of olives. A hinn is our own country olives. A hinn is our own country olives. A hinn is our own country measure and contains two Athenian kas or measure and contains two Athenian kas or measure and contains two Athenian kas or congreases. Then mix them together and congreases. Then mix them together and congreases. Then mix them together and boil them and prepare them after the art boil them and prepare them after the art boil them and prepare them after the art of the apothecary and make them into a of the apothecary and make them into a of the apothecary and make them into a very sweet ointment and afterward to very sweet ointment and afterward to very sweet ointment and afterward to take it to anoint and purify the priests take it to anoint and purify the priests take it to anoint and purify the priests themselves and all the tabernacle as themselves and all the tabernacle as themselves and all the tabernacle as also the sacrifices. also the sacrifices. also the sacrifices. There were also many, and those of There were also many, and those of There were also many, and those of various kinds of sweet spices that various kinds of sweet spices that various kinds of sweet spices that belonged to the tabernacle, and such as belonged to the tabernacle, and such as belonged to the tabernacle, and such as were of very great price, and were were of very great price, and were were of very great price, and were brought to the golden altar of incense, brought to the golden altar of incense, brought to the golden altar of incense, the nature of which I do not now the nature of which I do not now the nature of which I do not now describe, lest it should be troublesome describe, lest it should be troublesome describe, lest it should be troublesome to my readers. But incense was to be to my readers. But incense was to be to my readers. But incense was to be offered twice a day, both before offered twice a day, both before offered twice a day, both before sunrising and at sun setting. They were sunrising and at sun setting. They were sunrising and at sun setting. They were also to keep oil ready purified for the also to keep oil ready purified for the also to keep oil ready purified for the lamps, three of which were to give light lamps, three of which were to give light lamps, three of which were to give light all day long upon the sacred candlestick all day long upon the sacred candlestick all day long upon the sacred candlestick before God, and the rest were to be

before God, and the rest were to be before God, and the rest were to be lighted at the lighted at the lighted at the evening. Now all was finished. Bessel evening. Now all was finished. Bessel evening. Now all was finished. Bessel and Aholab appeared to be the most and Aholab appeared to be the most and Aholab appeared to be the most skillful of the workmen, for they skillful of the workmen, for they skillful of the workmen, for they invented finer works than what others invented finer works than what others invented finer works than what others had done before them, and were of great had done before them, and were of great had done before them, and were of great abilities to join notions of what they abilities to join notions of what they abilities to join notions of what they were formerly ignorant of. And of these, were formerly ignorant of. And of these, were formerly ignorant of. And of these, Bessel was judged to be the best. Now Bessel was judged to be the best. Now Bessel was judged to be the best. Now the whole time they were about this work the whole time they were about this work the whole time they were about this work was the interval of 7 months. And after was the interval of 7 months. And after was the interval of 7 months. And after this it was that was ended the first this it was that was ended the first this it was that was ended the first year since their departure out of Egypt. year since their departure out of Egypt. year since their departure out of Egypt. But at the beginning of the second year But at the beginning of the second year But at the beginning of the second year on the month Zanthicus, as the on the month Zanthicus, as the on the month Zanthicus, as the Macedonians call it, but on the month Macedonians call it, but on the month Macedonians call it, but on the month Nissan, as the Hebrews call it, on the Nissan, as the Hebrews call it, on the Nissan, as the Hebrews call it, on the new moon, they consecrated the new moon, they consecrated the new moon, they consecrated the tabernacle and all its vessels which I tabernacle and all its vessels which I tabernacle and all its vessels which I have already described. have already described. have already described. Now God showed himself pleased with the Now God showed himself pleased with the Now God showed himself pleased with the work of the Hebrews and did not permit work of the Hebrews and did not permit work of the Hebrews and did not permit their labors to be in vain. Nor did he their labors to be in vain. Nor did he their labors to be in vain. Nor did he disdain to make use of what they had disdain to make use of what they had disdain to make use of what they had made. But he came and sojourned with made. But he came and sojourned with made. But he came and sojourned with them and pitched his tabernacle in the them and pitched his tabernacle in the them and pitched his tabernacle in the holy house. And in the following manner holy house. And in the following manner holy house. And in the following manner did he come to it. The sky was clear, did he come to it. The sky was clear, did he come to it. The sky was clear, but there was a mist over the tabernacle but there was a mist over the tabernacle but there was a mist over the tabernacle only encompassing it, but not with such only encompassing it, but not with such only encompassing it, but not with such a very deep and thick cloud as is seen a very deep and thick cloud as is seen a very deep and thick cloud as is seen in the winter season. nor yet in so thin in the winter season. nor yet in so thin in the winter season. nor yet in so thin a one as men might be able to discern a one as men might be able to discern a one as men might be able to discern anything through it. But from it there anything through it. But from it there anything through it. But from it there dropped a sweet dew, and such a one is dropped a sweet dew, and such a one is dropped a sweet dew, and such a one is showed the presence of God to those that showed the presence of God to those that showed the presence of God to those that desired and believed it. Now when Moses

desired and believed it. Now when Moses desired and believed it. Now when Moses had bestowed such honorary presence on had bestowed such honorary presence on had bestowed such honorary presence on the workmen as it was fit they should the workmen as it was fit they should the workmen as it was fit they should receive who had wrought so well, he receive who had wrought so well, he receive who had wrought so well, he offered sacrifices in the open court of offered sacrifices in the open court of offered sacrifices in the open court of the tabernacle as God commanded him, a the tabernacle as God commanded him, a the tabernacle as God commanded him, a bull, a ram, and a kid of the goats for bull, a ram, and a kid of the goats for bull, a ram, and a kid of the goats for a sin offering. Now I shall speak of a sin offering. Now I shall speak of a sin offering. Now I shall speak of what we do in our sacred offices in my what we do in our sacred offices in my what we do in our sacred offices in my discourse about sacrifices and therein I discourse about sacrifices and therein I discourse about sacrifices and therein I shall inform men in what cases Moses bid shall inform men in what cases Moses bid shall inform men in what cases Moses bid us offer a whole burnt offering and in us offer a whole burnt offering and in us offer a whole burnt offering and in what cases the law permits us to partake what cases the law permits us to partake what cases the law permits us to partake of them as of food. And when Moses had of them as of food. And when Moses had of them as of food. And when Moses had sprinkled Aaron<unk>s vestments himself sprinkled Aaron<unk>s vestments himself sprinkled Aaron<unk>s vestments himself and his sons with the blood of the and his sons with the blood of the and his sons with the blood of the beasts that were slain and had purified beasts that were slain and had purified beasts that were slain and had purified them with springwaters and ointment, them with springwaters and ointment, them with springwaters and ointment, they became God's priests. After this they became God's priests. After this they became God's priests. After this manner did he consecrate them and their manner did he consecrate them and their manner did he consecrate them and their garments for seven days together. The garments for seven days together. The garments for seven days together. The same he did to the tabernacle and the same he did to the tabernacle and the same he did to the tabernacle and the vessels thereto belonging both with oil vessels thereto belonging both with oil vessels thereto belonging both with oil first incensed as I said and with the first incensed as I said and with the first incensed as I said and with the blood of bulls and of rams slain day by blood of bulls and of rams slain day by blood of bulls and of rams slain day by day one according to its kind. But on day one according to its kind. But on day one according to its kind. But on the eighth day he appointed a feast for the eighth day he appointed a feast for the eighth day he appointed a feast for the people and commanded them to offer the people and commanded them to offer the people and commanded them to offer sacrifice according to their ability.

sacrifice according to their ability. sacrifice according to their ability. Accordingly, they contended one with Accordingly, they contended one with Accordingly, they contended one with another, and were ambitious to exceed another, and were ambitious to exceed another, and were ambitious to exceed one another in the sacrifices which they one another in the sacrifices which they one another in the sacrifices which they brought, and so fulfilled Moses's brought, and so fulfilled Moses's brought, and so fulfilled Moses's injunctions. But as the sacrifices lay injunctions. But as the sacrifices lay injunctions. But as the sacrifices lay upon the altar, a sudden fire was upon the altar, a sudden fire was upon the altar, a sudden fire was kindled from among them of its own kindled from among them of its own kindled from among them of its own accord, and appeared to the sight like accord, and appeared to the sight like accord, and appeared to the sight like fire from a flash of lightning, and fire from a flash of lightning, and fire from a flash of lightning, and consumed whatever was upon the altar. consumed whatever was upon the altar. consumed whatever was upon the altar. Here upon an affliction befell Aaron, Here upon an affliction befell Aaron, Here upon an affliction befell Aaron, considered as a man and a father, but considered as a man and a father, but considered as a man and a father, but was undergone by him with true was undergone by him with true was undergone by him with true fortitude. For he had indeed a firmness fortitude. For he had indeed a firmness fortitude. For he had indeed a firmness of soul in such accidents, and he of soul in such accidents, and he of soul in such accidents, and he thought this calamity came upon him thought this calamity came upon him thought this calamity came upon him according to God's will. For whereas he according to God's will. For whereas he according to God's will. For whereas he had four sons, as I said before, the had four sons, as I said before, the had four sons, as I said before, the elder two of them, Nadab and Ahu, did elder two of them, Nadab and Ahu, did elder two of them, Nadab and Ahu, did not bring those sacrifices which Moses not bring those sacrifices which Moses not bring those sacrifices which Moses bade them bring, but which they used to bade them bring, but which they used to bade them bring, but which they used to offer formerly and were burnt to death. offer formerly and were burnt to death. offer formerly and were burnt to death. Now when the fire rushed upon them, and Now when the fire rushed upon them, and Now when the fire rushed upon them, and began to burn them, nobody could quench began to burn them, nobody could quench began to burn them, nobody could quench it. Accordingly, they died in this it. Accordingly, they died in this it. Accordingly, they died in this manner. And Moses bid their father and manner. And Moses bid their father and manner. And Moses bid their father and their brethren to take up their bodies their brethren to take up their bodies their brethren to take up their bodies to carry them out of the camp and to to carry them out of the camp and to to carry them out of the camp and to bury them bury them bury them magnificently. Now the multitude magnificently. Now the multitude magnificently. Now the multitude lamented them and were deeply affected lamented them and were deeply affected lamented them and were deeply affected at this their death which so at this their death which so at this their death which so unexpectedly befell them. But Moses unexpectedly befell them. But Moses unexpectedly befell them. But Moses entreated their brethren and their entreated their brethren and their entreated their brethren and their father not to be troubled for them and father not to be troubled for them and father not to be troubled for them and to prefer the honor of God before their to prefer the honor of God before their to prefer the honor of God before their grief about them. For Aaron had already grief about them. For Aaron had already grief about them. For Aaron had already put on his sacred garments.

put on his sacred garments. put on his sacred garments. But Moses refused all that honor which But Moses refused all that honor which But Moses refused all that honor which he saw the multitude ready to bestow he saw the multitude ready to bestow he saw the multitude ready to bestow upon him and attended to nothing else upon him and attended to nothing else upon him and attended to nothing else but the service of God. He went no more but the service of God. He went no more but the service of God. He went no more up to Mount Sani, but he went into the up to Mount Sani, but he went into the up to Mount Sani, but he went into the tabernacle and brought back answers from tabernacle and brought back answers from tabernacle and brought back answers from God for what he prayed for. His habit God for what he prayed for. His habit God for what he prayed for. His habit was also that of a private man. and in was also that of a private man. and in was also that of a private man. and in all other circumstances he behaved all other circumstances he behaved all other circumstances he behaved himself like one of the common people himself like one of the common people himself like one of the common people and was desirous to appear without and was desirous to appear without and was desirous to appear without distinguishing himself from the distinguishing himself from the distinguishing himself from the multitude, but would have it known that multitude, but would have it known that multitude, but would have it known that he did nothing else but take care of he did nothing else but take care of he did nothing else but take care of them. He also set down in writing the them. He also set down in writing the them. He also set down in writing the form of their government and those laws form of their government and those laws form of their government and those laws by obedience whereto they would lead by obedience whereto they would lead by obedience whereto they would lead their lives so as to please God and so their lives so as to please God and so their lives so as to please God and so as to have no quarrels one among as to have no quarrels one among as to have no quarrels one among another. However, the laws he ordained another. However, the laws he ordained another. However, the laws he ordained were such as God suggested to him. So I were such as God suggested to him. So I were such as God suggested to him. So I shall now discourse concerning that form shall now discourse concerning that form shall now discourse concerning that form of government and those laws. I will now of government and those laws. I will now of government and those laws. I will now treat of what I before omitted the treat of what I before omitted the treat of what I before omitted the garment of the high priest. For he Moses garment of the high priest. For he Moses garment of the high priest. For he Moses left no room for the evil practices of left no room for the evil practices of left no room for the evil practices of false prophets. But if some of that sort false prophets. But if some of that sort false prophets. But if some of that sort should attempt to abuse the divine should attempt to abuse the divine should attempt to abuse the divine authority, he left it to God to be authority, he left it to God to be authority, he left it to God to be present at his sacrifices when he present at his sacrifices when he present at his sacrifices when he pleased, and when he pleased to be pleased, and when he pleased to be pleased, and when he pleased to be absent. And he was willing this should absent. And he was willing this should absent. And he was willing this should be known, not to the Hebrews only, but be known, not to the Hebrews only, but be known, not to the Hebrews only, but to those foreigners also who were there.

to those foreigners also who were there. to those foreigners also who were there. For as to those stones which we told you For as to those stones which we told you For as to those stones which we told you before, the high priest bear on his before, the high priest bear on his before, the high priest bear on his shoulders which were sardonicses, and I shoulders which were sardonicses, and I shoulders which were sardonicses, and I think it needless to describe their think it needless to describe their think it needless to describe their nature, they being known to everybody, nature, they being known to everybody, nature, they being known to everybody, the one of them shined out when God was the one of them shined out when God was the one of them shined out when God was present at their sacrifices. I mean that present at their sacrifices. I mean that present at their sacrifices. I mean that which was in the nature of a button on which was in the nature of a button on which was in the nature of a button on his right shoulder, bright rays darting his right shoulder, bright rays darting his right shoulder, bright rays darting out then being seen even by those that out then being seen even by those that out then being seen even by those that were most remote, which splendor yet was were most remote, which splendor yet was were most remote, which splendor yet was not before natural to the stone. This not before natural to the stone. This not before natural to the stone. This has appeared a wonderful thing to such has appeared a wonderful thing to such has appeared a wonderful thing to such as have not so far indulged themselves as have not so far indulged themselves as have not so far indulged themselves in philosophy as to despise divine in philosophy as to despise divine in philosophy as to despise divine revelation. Yet I will mention what is revelation. Yet I will mention what is revelation. Yet I will mention what is still more wonderful than this. For God still more wonderful than this. For God still more wonderful than this. For God declared beforehand by those 12 stones declared beforehand by those 12 stones declared beforehand by those 12 stones which the high priest bear on his breast which the high priest bear on his breast which the high priest bear on his breast and which were inserted into his and which were inserted into his and which were inserted into his breastplate when they should be breastplate when they should be breastplate when they should be victorious in battle. for so great a victorious in battle. for so great a victorious in battle. for so great a splendor shone forth from them before splendor shone forth from them before splendor shone forth from them before the army began to march that all the the army began to march that all the the army began to march that all the people were sensible of God's being people were sensible of God's being people were sensible of God's being present for their assistance. Whence it present for their assistance. Whence it present for their assistance. Whence it came to pass that those Greeks who had a came to pass that those Greeks who had a came to pass that those Greeks who had a veneration for our laws because they veneration for our laws because they veneration for our laws because they could not possibly contradict this could not possibly contradict this could not possibly contradict this called that breastplate the oracle. Now called that breastplate the oracle. Now called that breastplate the oracle. Now this breastplate and this sardonics left this breastplate and this sardonics left this breastplate and this sardonics left off shining 200 years before I composed off shining 200 years before I composed off shining 200 years before I composed this book. God, having been displeased this book. God, having been displeased this book. God, having been displeased at the transgressions of his laws, of at the transgressions of his laws, of at the transgressions of his laws, of which things we shall further discourse which things we shall further discourse which things we shall further discourse on a fitter opportunity. But I will now on a fitter opportunity. But I will now on a fitter opportunity. But I will now go on with my proposed narration.

go on with my proposed narration. go on with my proposed narration. The tabernacle being now consecrated, The tabernacle being now consecrated, The tabernacle being now consecrated, and a regular order being settled for and a regular order being settled for and a regular order being settled for the priests, the multitude judged that the priests, the multitude judged that the priests, the multitude judged that God now dwelt among them, and betook God now dwelt among them, and betook God now dwelt among them, and betook themselves to sacrifices and praises to themselves to sacrifices and praises to themselves to sacrifices and praises to God, as being now delivered from all God, as being now delivered from all God, as being now delivered from all expectation of evils, and as expectation of evils, and as expectation of evils, and as entertaining a hopeful prospect of entertaining a hopeful prospect of entertaining a hopeful prospect of better times hereafter. better times hereafter. better times hereafter. They offered also gifts to God, some as They offered also gifts to God, some as They offered also gifts to God, some as common to the whole nation, and others common to the whole nation, and others common to the whole nation, and others as peculiar to themselves, and these as peculiar to themselves, and these as peculiar to themselves, and these tribe by tribe. For the heads of the tribe by tribe. For the heads of the tribe by tribe. For the heads of the tribes combined together two by two, and tribes combined together two by two, and tribes combined together two by two, and brought a wagon and a yolk of oxen. brought a wagon and a yolk of oxen. brought a wagon and a yolk of oxen. These amounted to six, and they carried These amounted to six, and they carried These amounted to six, and they carried the tabernacle when they journeyied. the tabernacle when they journeyied. the tabernacle when they journeyied. Besides which, each head of a tribe Besides which, each head of a tribe Besides which, each head of a tribe brought a bowl and a charger and a spoon brought a bowl and a charger and a spoon brought a bowl and a charger and a spoon of 10 derks full of incense. Now the of 10 derks full of incense. Now the of 10 derks full of incense. Now the charger and the bull were of silver, and charger and the bull were of silver, and charger and the bull were of silver, and together they weighed 200 shekels, but together they weighed 200 shekels, but together they weighed 200 shekels, but the bowl cost no more than 70 shekels. the bowl cost no more than 70 shekels. the bowl cost no more than 70 shekels. And these were full of fine flour mixed And these were full of fine flour mixed And these were full of fine flour mixed with oil, such as they used on the altar with oil, such as they used on the altar with oil, such as they used on the altar about the about the about the sacrifices. They brought also a young sacrifices. They brought also a young sacrifices. They brought also a young bullock and a ram with a lamb of a year bullock and a ram with a lamb of a year bullock and a ram with a lamb of a year old for a whole burnt offering, as also old for a whole burnt offering, as also old for a whole burnt offering, as also a goat for the forgiveness of sins.

a goat for the forgiveness of sins. a goat for the forgiveness of sins. Every one of the heads of the tribes Every one of the heads of the tribes Every one of the heads of the tribes brought also other sacrifices called brought also other sacrifices called brought also other sacrifices called peace offerings. For every day two bulls peace offerings. For every day two bulls peace offerings. For every day two bulls and five rams with lambs of a year old and five rams with lambs of a year old and five rams with lambs of a year old and kids of the goats. These heads of and kids of the goats. These heads of and kids of the goats. These heads of tribes were 12 days in sacrificing, one tribes were 12 days in sacrificing, one tribes were 12 days in sacrificing, one sacrificing every day. Now Moses went no sacrificing every day. Now Moses went no sacrificing every day. Now Moses went no longer up to Mount Si, but went into the longer up to Mount Si, but went into the longer up to Mount Si, but went into the tabernacle and learned of God what we tabernacle and learned of God what we tabernacle and learned of God what we were to do and what laws should be made, were to do and what laws should be made, were to do and what laws should be made, which laws were preferable to what have which laws were preferable to what have which laws were preferable to what have been devised by human understanding, and been devised by human understanding, and been devised by human understanding, and proved to be firmly observed for all proved to be firmly observed for all proved to be firmly observed for all time to come, as being believed to be time to come, as being believed to be time to come, as being believed to be the gift of God, in so much that the the gift of God, in so much that the the gift of God, in so much that the Hebrews did not transgress any of those Hebrews did not transgress any of those Hebrews did not transgress any of those laws, either as tempted in times of laws, either as tempted in times of laws, either as tempted in times of peace by luxury, or in times of war by peace by luxury, or in times of war by peace by luxury, or in times of war by distress of affairs. s but I say no more distress of affairs. s but I say no more distress of affairs. s but I say no more here concerning them because I have here concerning them because I have here concerning them because I have resolved to compose another work resolved to compose another work resolved to compose another work concerning our concerning our concerning our laws. End of book three chapters 7 and 8 chapters 9- 11 of the antiquities of 8 chapters 9- 11 of the antiquities of the Jews volume 1. This is a LibriVox the Jews volume 1. This is a LibriVox the Jews volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are recording. All LibriVox recordings are recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more in the public domain. For more in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please information or to volunteer, please information or to volunteer, please visit visit visit librivox.org. The Antiquities of the librivox.org. The Antiquities of the librivox.org. The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1, by Fabius Jews, Volume 1, by Fabius Jews, Volume 1, by Fabius Josephus, translated by William Wiston,

Josephus, translated by William Wiston, Josephus, translated by William Wiston, book 3, chapters 9- book 3, chapters 9- book 3, chapters 9- 11. Chapter 9, the manner of our 11. Chapter 9, the manner of our 11. Chapter 9, the manner of our offering sacrifices. offering sacrifices. offering sacrifices. I will now however make mention of a few I will now however make mention of a few I will now however make mention of a few of our laws which belong to of our laws which belong to of our laws which belong to purifications and the like sacred purifications and the like sacred purifications and the like sacred offices since I am accidentally come to offices since I am accidentally come to offices since I am accidentally come to this matter of this matter of this matter of sacrifices. These sacrifices were of two sacrifices. These sacrifices were of two sacrifices. These sacrifices were of two sorts. Of those sorts one was offered sorts. Of those sorts one was offered sorts. Of those sorts one was offered for private persons and the other for for private persons and the other for for private persons and the other for the people in general and they are done the people in general and they are done the people in general and they are done in two different ways. In the one case, in two different ways. In the one case, in two different ways. In the one case, what is slain is burnt as a whole burnt what is slain is burnt as a whole burnt what is slain is burnt as a whole burnt offering whence that name is given to offering whence that name is given to offering whence that name is given to it. But the other is a thank offering it. But the other is a thank offering it. But the other is a thank offering and is designed for feasting those that and is designed for feasting those that and is designed for feasting those that sacrifice. I will speak of the former. sacrifice. I will speak of the former. sacrifice. I will speak of the former. Suppose a private man offer a burnt Suppose a private man offer a burnt Suppose a private man offer a burnt offering. He must slay either a bull, a offering. He must slay either a bull, a offering. He must slay either a bull, a lamb, or a kid of the goats in the two lamb, or a kid of the goats in the two lamb, or a kid of the goats in the two latter of the first year. Though of latter of the first year. Though of latter of the first year. Though of bulls, he is permitted to sacrifice bulls, he is permitted to sacrifice bulls, he is permitted to sacrifice those of a greater age. But all burnt those of a greater age. But all burnt those of a greater age. But all burnt offerings are to be of males. When they offerings are to be of males. When they offerings are to be of males. When they are slain, the priests sprinkle the are slain, the priests sprinkle the are slain, the priests sprinkle the blood round about the altar. They then blood round about the altar. They then blood round about the altar. They then cleanse the bodies and divide them into cleanse the bodies and divide them into cleanse the bodies and divide them into parts and salt them with salt and lay parts and salt them with salt and lay parts and salt them with salt and lay them upon the altar. While the pieces of them upon the altar. While the pieces of them upon the altar. While the pieces of wood are piled one upon another and the wood are piled one upon another and the wood are piled one upon another and the fire is burning, they next cleanse the fire is burning, they next cleanse the fire is burning, they next cleanse the feet of the sacrifices and the inwards feet of the sacrifices and the inwards feet of the sacrifices and the inwards in an accurate manner and so lay them to

in an accurate manner and so lay them to in an accurate manner and so lay them to the rest to be purged by the fire while the rest to be purged by the fire while the rest to be purged by the fire while the priests receive the hides. This is the priests receive the hides. This is the priests receive the hides. This is the way of offering a burnt offering. the way of offering a burnt offering. the way of offering a burnt offering. But those that offer think offerings do But those that offer think offerings do But those that offer think offerings do indeed sacrifice the same creatures, but indeed sacrifice the same creatures, but indeed sacrifice the same creatures, but such as are unblenmished and above a such as are unblenmished and above a such as are unblenmished and above a year old. However, they may take either year old. However, they may take either year old. However, they may take either males or females. They also sprinkle the males or females. They also sprinkle the males or females. They also sprinkle the altar with their blood, but they lay altar with their blood, but they lay altar with their blood, but they lay upon the altar the kidneys and the call upon the altar the kidneys and the call upon the altar the kidneys and the call and all the fat and the lobe of the and all the fat and the lobe of the and all the fat and the lobe of the liver together with the ramp of the liver together with the ramp of the liver together with the ramp of the lamb. Then giving the breast and the lamb. Then giving the breast and the lamb. Then giving the breast and the right shoulder to the priests, the right shoulder to the priests, the right shoulder to the priests, the offerers feast upon the remainder of the offerers feast upon the remainder of the offerers feast upon the remainder of the flesh for two days, and what remains flesh for two days, and what remains flesh for two days, and what remains they burn. The sacrifices for sins are they burn. The sacrifices for sins are they burn. The sacrifices for sins are offered in the same manner as is the offered in the same manner as is the offered in the same manner as is the stank offering. But those who are unable stank offering. But those who are unable stank offering. But those who are unable to purchase complete sacrifices offer to purchase complete sacrifices offer to purchase complete sacrifices offer two pigeons or turtle doves, the one of two pigeons or turtle doves, the one of two pigeons or turtle doves, the one of which is made a burnt offering to God, which is made a burnt offering to God, which is made a burnt offering to God, the other they give as food to the the other they give as food to the the other they give as food to the priests. But we shall treat more priests. But we shall treat more priests. But we shall treat more accurately about the oblation of these accurately about the oblation of these accurately about the oblation of these creatures in our discourse concerning creatures in our discourse concerning creatures in our discourse concerning sacrifices. But if a person fall into sacrifices. But if a person fall into sacrifices. But if a person fall into sin by ignorance, he offers a u lamb or sin by ignorance, he offers a u lamb or sin by ignorance, he offers a u lamb or a female kid of the goats of the same a female kid of the goats of the same a female kid of the goats of the same age. And the priests sprinkle the blood age. And the priests sprinkle the blood age. And the priests sprinkle the blood at the altar, not after the former at the altar, not after the former at the altar, not after the former manner, but at the corners of it. They manner, but at the corners of it. They manner, but at the corners of it. They also bring the kidneys and the rest of also bring the kidneys and the rest of also bring the kidneys and the rest of the fat together with the lobe of the the fat together with the lobe of the the fat together with the lobe of the liver to the altar. while the priests

liver to the altar. while the priests liver to the altar. while the priests bear away the hides and the flesh and bear away the hides and the flesh and bear away the hides and the flesh and spend it in the holy place on the same spend it in the holy place on the same spend it in the holy place on the same day. For the law does not permit them to day. For the law does not permit them to day. For the law does not permit them to leave of it until the morning. But if leave of it until the morning. But if leave of it until the morning. But if anyone sin and is conscious of it anyone sin and is conscious of it anyone sin and is conscious of it himself, but hath nobody that can prove himself, but hath nobody that can prove himself, but hath nobody that can prove it upon him, he offers a ram, the law it upon him, he offers a ram, the law it upon him, he offers a ram, the law enjoying him so to do, the flesh of enjoying him so to do, the flesh of enjoying him so to do, the flesh of which the priests eat as before in the which the priests eat as before in the which the priests eat as before in the holy place on the same day. And if the holy place on the same day. And if the holy place on the same day. And if the rulers offer sacrifices for their sins, rulers offer sacrifices for their sins, rulers offer sacrifices for their sins, they bring the same oblations that they bring the same oblations that they bring the same oblations that private men do, only they so far differ private men do, only they so far differ private men do, only they so far differ that they are to bring for sacrifices, a that they are to bring for sacrifices, a that they are to bring for sacrifices, a bull or a kid of the goats, both bull or a kid of the goats, both bull or a kid of the goats, both males. Now the law requires both in males. Now the law requires both in males. Now the law requires both in private and public sacrifices that the private and public sacrifices that the private and public sacrifices that the finest flour be also brought. For a lamb finest flour be also brought. For a lamb finest flour be also brought. For a lamb in the measure of one/tenth a deal, for in the measure of one/tenth a deal, for in the measure of one/tenth a deal, for a ram two, and for a bull three. These a ram two, and for a bull three. These a ram two, and for a bull three. These they consecrate upon the altar when it they consecrate upon the altar when it they consecrate upon the altar when it is mingled with oil. For oil is also is mingled with oil. For oil is also is mingled with oil. For oil is also brought by those that sacrifice for a brought by those that sacrifice for a brought by those that sacrifice for a bull the half of a hinn and for a ram bull the half of a hinn and for a ram bull the half of a hinn and for a ram the third part of the same measure and the third part of the same measure and the third part of the same measure and one quarter of it for a lamb. This hinn one quarter of it for a lamb. This hinn one quarter of it for a lamb. This hinn is an ancient Hebrew measure and is is an ancient Hebrew measure and is is an ancient Hebrew measure and is equivalent to two Athenian kas or equivalent to two Athenian kas or equivalent to two Athenian kas or conjuces. They bring the same quantity conjuces. They bring the same quantity conjuces. They bring the same quantity of oil which they do of wine and they of oil which they do of wine and they of oil which they do of wine and they pour the wine about the altar. But if pour the wine about the altar. But if pour the wine about the altar. But if anyone does not offer a complete anyone does not offer a complete anyone does not offer a complete sacrifice of animals, but brings fine

sacrifice of animals, but brings fine sacrifice of animals, but brings fine flour only for a vow, he throws a flour only for a vow, he throws a flour only for a vow, he throws a handful upon the altar as its first handful upon the altar as its first handful upon the altar as its first fruits. while the priests take to rest fruits. while the priests take to rest fruits. while the priests take to rest for their food, either boiled or mingled for their food, either boiled or mingled for their food, either boiled or mingled with oil, but made into cakes of bread. with oil, but made into cakes of bread. with oil, but made into cakes of bread. But whatsoever it be that the priest But whatsoever it be that the priest But whatsoever it be that the priest himself offers, it must of necessity be himself offers, it must of necessity be himself offers, it must of necessity be all burnt. Now the law forbids us to all burnt. Now the law forbids us to all burnt. Now the law forbids us to sacrifice any animal at the same time sacrifice any animal at the same time sacrifice any animal at the same time with its dam, and in other cases not with its dam, and in other cases not with its dam, and in other cases not till the eighth day after its birth. till the eighth day after its birth. till the eighth day after its birth. Other sacrifices there are also Other sacrifices there are also Other sacrifices there are also appointed for escaping disters or for appointed for escaping disters or for appointed for escaping disters or for other occasions in which meat offerings other occasions in which meat offerings other occasions in which meat offerings are consumed together with the animals are consumed together with the animals are consumed together with the animals that are sacrificed of which it is not that are sacrificed of which it is not that are sacrificed of which it is not lawful to leave any part till the next lawful to leave any part till the next lawful to leave any part till the next day only the priests are to take their day only the priests are to take their day only the priests are to take their own own own share. Chapter 10 concerning the share. Chapter 10 concerning the share. Chapter 10 concerning the festivals and how each day of such festivals and how each day of such festivals and how each day of such festival is to be festival is to be festival is to be observed. The law requires that out of observed. The law requires that out of observed. The law requires that out of the public expenses, a lamb of the first the public expenses, a lamb of the first the public expenses, a lamb of the first year be killed every day at the year be killed every day at the year be killed every day at the beginning and at the ending of the day.

beginning and at the ending of the day. beginning and at the ending of the day. But on the seventh day, which is called But on the seventh day, which is called But on the seventh day, which is called the Sabbath, they kill two and sacrifice the Sabbath, they kill two and sacrifice the Sabbath, they kill two and sacrifice them in the same manner. At the new moon them in the same manner. At the new moon them in the same manner. At the new moon they both performed the daily sacrifices they both performed the daily sacrifices they both performed the daily sacrifices and slay two bulls with seven lambs of and slay two bulls with seven lambs of and slay two bulls with seven lambs of the first year and the kid of the goats the first year and the kid of the goats the first year and the kid of the goats also for the experience of sins that is also for the experience of sins that is also for the experience of sins that is if they have sinned through ignorance. if they have sinned through ignorance. if they have sinned through ignorance. But on the seventh month, which the But on the seventh month, which the But on the seventh month, which the Macedonians call Macedonians call Macedonians call hypereteus, they make an addition to hypereteus, they make an addition to hypereteus, they make an addition to those already mentioned and sacrifice a those already mentioned and sacrifice a those already mentioned and sacrifice a bull, a ram, and seven lambs, and a kid bull, a ram, and seven lambs, and a kid bull, a ram, and seven lambs, and a kid of the goats for of the goats for of the goats for sins. On the 10th day of the same lunar sins. On the 10th day of the same lunar sins. On the 10th day of the same lunar month, they fast till the evening. And month, they fast till the evening. And month, they fast till the evening. And this day, they sacrifice a bull and two this day, they sacrifice a bull and two this day, they sacrifice a bull and two rams and seven lambs and a kid of the rams and seven lambs and a kid of the rams and seven lambs and a kid of the goats for sins. And besides this, they goats for sins. And besides this, they goats for sins. And besides this, they bring two kids of the goats, the one of bring two kids of the goats, the one of bring two kids of the goats, the one of which is sent alive out of the limits of which is sent alive out of the limits of which is sent alive out of the limits of the camp into the wilderness for the the camp into the wilderness for the the camp into the wilderness for the scapegoat and to be an expeation for the scapegoat and to be an expeation for the scapegoat and to be an expeation for the sins of the whole multitude. But the sins of the whole multitude. But the sins of the whole multitude. But the other is brought into a place of great other is brought into a place of great other is brought into a place of great cleanness within the limits of the camp cleanness within the limits of the camp cleanness within the limits of the camp and is there burnt with its skin without and is there burnt with its skin without and is there burnt with its skin without any sort of cleansing. With this goat any sort of cleansing. With this goat any sort of cleansing. With this goat was burnt a bull, not brought by the was burnt a bull, not brought by the was burnt a bull, not brought by the people, but by the high priest at his people, but by the high priest at his people, but by the high priest at his own charges, which when it was slain, he own charges, which when it was slain, he own charges, which when it was slain, he brought of the blood into the holy brought of the blood into the holy brought of the blood into the holy place, together with the blood of the place, together with the blood of the place, together with the blood of the kid of the goats, and sprinkled the

kid of the goats, and sprinkled the kid of the goats, and sprinkled the ceiling with his finger seven times. as ceiling with his finger seven times. as ceiling with his finger seven times. as also its pavement. And again, as often also its pavement. And again, as often also its pavement. And again, as often toward the most holy place, and about toward the most holy place, and about toward the most holy place, and about the golden altar, he also at last brings the golden altar, he also at last brings the golden altar, he also at last brings it into the open court, and sprinkles it it into the open court, and sprinkles it it into the open court, and sprinkles it about the great altar. Besides this, about the great altar. Besides this, about the great altar. Besides this, they set the extremities and the kidneys they set the extremities and the kidneys they set the extremities and the kidneys and the fat with the lobe of the liver and the fat with the lobe of the liver and the fat with the lobe of the liver upon the altar. The high priest likewise upon the altar. The high priest likewise upon the altar. The high priest likewise presents a ram to God as a burnt presents a ram to God as a burnt presents a ram to God as a burnt offering. Upon the 15th day of the same offering. Upon the 15th day of the same offering. Upon the 15th day of the same month, when the season of the year is month, when the season of the year is month, when the season of the year is changing for winter, the law enjoins us changing for winter, the law enjoins us changing for winter, the law enjoins us to pitch tabernacles in every one of our to pitch tabernacles in every one of our to pitch tabernacles in every one of our houses, so that we preserve ourselves houses, so that we preserve ourselves houses, so that we preserve ourselves from the cold of that time of the year, from the cold of that time of the year, from the cold of that time of the year, as also that when we should arrive at as also that when we should arrive at as also that when we should arrive at our own country, and come to that city, our own country, and come to that city, our own country, and come to that city, which we should have then for our which we should have then for our which we should have then for our metropolis, because of the temple metropolis, because of the temple metropolis, because of the temple therein to be built, and keep a festival therein to be built, and keep a festival therein to be built, and keep a festival for 8 days, and offer burnt offerings, for 8 days, and offer burnt offerings, for 8 days, and offer burnt offerings, and sacrifice think offerings that we and sacrifice think offerings that we and sacrifice think offerings that we should then carry in our hands a branch should then carry in our hands a branch should then carry in our hands a branch of myrtle and willow and a bow of the of myrtle and willow and a bow of the of myrtle and willow and a bow of the palm tree with the addition of the palm palm tree with the addition of the palm palm tree with the addition of the palm citroen. That the burnt offering on the citroen. That the burnt offering on the citroen. That the burnt offering on the first of those days was to be a first of those days was to be a first of those days was to be a sacrifice of 13 bulls and 14 lambs and sacrifice of 13 bulls and 14 lambs and sacrifice of 13 bulls and 14 lambs and 15 rams with the addition of a kid of 15 rams with the addition of a kid of 15 rams with the addition of a kid of the goats as an expeation for sins. And the goats as an expeation for sins. And the goats as an expeation for sins. And on the following days the same number of on the following days the same number of on the following days the same number of lambs and of rams with the kids of the lambs and of rams with the kids of the lambs and of rams with the kids of the goats, but abating one of the bulls

goats, but abating one of the bulls goats, but abating one of the bulls every day till they amounted to seven every day till they amounted to seven every day till they amounted to seven only. On the eighth day, all work was only. On the eighth day, all work was only. On the eighth day, all work was laid aside. And then, as we said before, laid aside. And then, as we said before, laid aside. And then, as we said before, they sacrificed to God a bullock, a ram, they sacrificed to God a bullock, a ram, they sacrificed to God a bullock, a ram, and seven lambs with a kid of the goats and seven lambs with a kid of the goats and seven lambs with a kid of the goats for an expeation of sins. And this is for an expeation of sins. And this is for an expeation of sins. And this is the accustomed somnity of the Hebrews the accustomed somnity of the Hebrews the accustomed somnity of the Hebrews when they pitch their when they pitch their when they pitch their tabernacles in the month of Sanicus tabernacles in the month of Sanicus tabernacles in the month of Sanicus which is by us called Nissan and is the which is by us called Nissan and is the which is by us called Nissan and is the beginning of our year on the 14th day of beginning of our year on the 14th day of beginning of our year on the 14th day of the lunar month when the sun is in the lunar month when the sun is in the lunar month when the sun is in Aries. For in this month it was that we Aries. For in this month it was that we Aries. For in this month it was that we were delivered from bondage under the were delivered from bondage under the were delivered from bondage under the Egyptians. The law ordained that we Egyptians. The law ordained that we Egyptians. The law ordained that we should every year slay that sacrifice should every year slay that sacrifice should every year slay that sacrifice which I before told you we slew when we which I before told you we slew when we which I before told you we slew when we came out of Egypt and which was called came out of Egypt and which was called came out of Egypt and which was called the Passover. And so we do celebrate the Passover. And so we do celebrate the Passover. And so we do celebrate this Passover in companies leaving this Passover in companies leaving this Passover in companies leaving nothing of what we sacrifice till the nothing of what we sacrifice till the nothing of what we sacrifice till the day following. The feast of unleavened day following. The feast of unleavened day following. The feast of unleavened bread succeeds that of the Passover and bread succeeds that of the Passover and bread succeeds that of the Passover and falls on the 15th day of the month and falls on the 15th day of the month and falls on the 15th day of the month and continues seven days wherein they feed continues seven days wherein they feed continues seven days wherein they feed on unleavened bread. On every one of on unleavened bread. On every one of on unleavened bread. On every one of which days, two bulls are killed and one which days, two bulls are killed and one which days, two bulls are killed and one ram and seven lambs. Now these lambs are ram and seven lambs. Now these lambs are ram and seven lambs. Now these lambs are entirely burnt besides the kid of the entirely burnt besides the kid of the entirely burnt besides the kid of the goats which is added to all the rest for goats which is added to all the rest for goats which is added to all the rest for sins. For it is intended as a feast for sins. For it is intended as a feast for sins. For it is intended as a feast for the priests on every one of those days.

the priests on every one of those days. the priests on every one of those days. But on the second day of unleavened But on the second day of unleavened But on the second day of unleavened bread, which is the 16th day of the bread, which is the 16th day of the bread, which is the 16th day of the month, they first partake of the fruits month, they first partake of the fruits month, they first partake of the fruits of the earth. For before that day they of the earth. For before that day they of the earth. For before that day they do not touch them. And while they do not touch them. And while they do not touch them. And while they suppose it proper to honor God from whom suppose it proper to honor God from whom suppose it proper to honor God from whom they obtain this plentiful provision in they obtain this plentiful provision in they obtain this plentiful provision in the first place, they offer the first the first place, they offer the first the first place, they offer the first fruits of their barley and that in the fruits of their barley and that in the fruits of their barley and that in the manner following. They take a handful of manner following. They take a handful of manner following. They take a handful of the ears and dry them, then beat them the ears and dry them, then beat them the ears and dry them, then beat them small and purge the barley from the small and purge the barley from the small and purge the barley from the bran. They then bring one/10enth deal to bran. They then bring one/10enth deal to bran. They then bring one/10enth deal to the altar to God. And casting one the altar to God. And casting one the altar to God. And casting one handful of it upon the fire, they leave handful of it upon the fire, they leave handful of it upon the fire, they leave the rest for the use of the priest. And the rest for the use of the priest. And the rest for the use of the priest. And after this it is that they may publicly after this it is that they may publicly after this it is that they may publicly or privately reap their harvest. They or privately reap their harvest. They or privately reap their harvest. They also at this participation of the first also at this participation of the first also at this participation of the first fruits of the earth sacrifice a lamb as fruits of the earth sacrifice a lamb as fruits of the earth sacrifice a lamb as a burnt offering to God. When a week of a burnt offering to God. When a week of a burnt offering to God. When a week of weeks has passed over after this weeks has passed over after this weeks has passed over after this sacrifice which weeks contain 40 and 9 sacrifice which weeks contain 40 and 9 sacrifice which weeks contain 40 and 9 days. On the 50th day which is Pentecost days. On the 50th day which is Pentecost days. On the 50th day which is Pentecost but is called by the Hebrews Aartha but is called by the Hebrews Aartha but is called by the Hebrews Aartha which signifies Pentecost. They bring to which signifies Pentecost. They bring to which signifies Pentecost. They bring to God a loaf made of wheat flour of two God a loaf made of wheat flour of two God a loaf made of wheat flour of two tenth deals with leaven. And for tenth deals with leaven. And for tenth deals with leaven. And for sacrifices they bring two lambs. And sacrifices they bring two lambs. And sacrifices they bring two lambs. And when they have only presented them to when they have only presented them to when they have only presented them to God, they are made ready for supper for God, they are made ready for supper for God, they are made ready for supper for the priests. Nor is it permitted to the priests. Nor is it permitted to the priests. Nor is it permitted to leave anything of them till the day leave anything of them till the day leave anything of them till the day following. They also slay three bollocks following. They also slay three bollocks following. They also slay three bollocks for a burnt offering and two rams and 14

for a burnt offering and two rams and 14 for a burnt offering and two rams and 14 lambs with two kids of the goats for lambs with two kids of the goats for lambs with two kids of the goats for sins. Nor is there anyone of the sins. Nor is there anyone of the sins. Nor is there anyone of the festivals, but init they offer burnt festivals, but init they offer burnt festivals, but init they offer burnt offerings. They also allowed themselves offerings. They also allowed themselves offerings. They also allowed themselves to rest on every one of them. to rest on every one of them. to rest on every one of them. Accordingly, the law prescribes in them Accordingly, the law prescribes in them Accordingly, the law prescribes in them all what kinds they are to sacrifice and all what kinds they are to sacrifice and all what kinds they are to sacrifice and how they are to rest entirely and must how they are to rest entirely and must how they are to rest entirely and must slay sacrifices in order to feast upon slay sacrifices in order to feast upon slay sacrifices in order to feast upon them. However, out of the common them. However, out of the common them. However, out of the common charges, baked bread was set on the charges, baked bread was set on the charges, baked bread was set on the table of show bread without leaven of table of show bread without leaven of table of show bread without leaven of 24/10 deals of flour. For so much is 24/10 deals of flour. For so much is 24/10 deals of flour. For so much is spent upon this bread. Two heaps of spent upon this bread. Two heaps of spent upon this bread. Two heaps of these were baked. They were baked the these were baked. They were baked the these were baked. They were baked the day before the Sabbath, but were brought day before the Sabbath, but were brought day before the Sabbath, but were brought into the holy place on the morning of into the holy place on the morning of into the holy place on the morning of the Sabbath and set upon the holy table. the Sabbath and set upon the holy table. the Sabbath and set upon the holy table. six on a heap, one loaf still standing six on a heap, one loaf still standing six on a heap, one loaf still standing over against another, where two golden over against another, where two golden over against another, where two golden cups full of frankincense were also set cups full of frankincense were also set cups full of frankincense were also set upon them. And there they remained till upon them. And there they remained till upon them. And there they remained till another Sabbath. And then other loaves another Sabbath. And then other loaves another Sabbath. And then other loaves were brought in theirstead, while the were brought in theirstead, while the were brought in theirstead, while the loaves were given to the priests for loaves were given to the priests for loaves were given to the priests for their food. And the frankincense was their food. And the frankincense was their food. And the frankincense was burnt in that sacred fire, wherein all burnt in that sacred fire, wherein all burnt in that sacred fire, wherein all their offerings were burnt also. And so their offerings were burnt also. And so their offerings were burnt also. And so other frankincense was set upon the other frankincense was set upon the other frankincense was set upon the loaves instead of what was there before.

loaves instead of what was there before. loaves instead of what was there before. The high priest also of his own charges The high priest also of his own charges The high priest also of his own charges offered a sacrifice and not twice every offered a sacrifice and not twice every offered a sacrifice and not twice every day. It was made of flour mingled with day. It was made of flour mingled with day. It was made of flour mingled with oil and gently baked by the fire. The oil and gently baked by the fire. The oil and gently baked by the fire. The quantity was one/tenth deal of flour. He quantity was one/tenth deal of flour. He quantity was one/tenth deal of flour. He brought the half of it to the fire in brought the half of it to the fire in brought the half of it to the fire in the morning and the other half at night. the morning and the other half at night. the morning and the other half at night. The account of these sacrifices I shall The account of these sacrifices I shall The account of these sacrifices I shall give more accurately hereafter. But I give more accurately hereafter. But I give more accurately hereafter. But I think I have premised what for the think I have premised what for the think I have premised what for the present may be sufficient concerning present may be sufficient concerning present may be sufficient concerning them. Chapter 11 of the them. Chapter 11 of the them. Chapter 11 of the purifications. Moses took out the tribe purifications. Moses took out the tribe purifications. Moses took out the tribe of Levi from communicating with the rest of Levi from communicating with the rest of Levi from communicating with the rest of the people and set them apart to be a of the people and set them apart to be a of the people and set them apart to be a holy tribe and purified them by water holy tribe and purified them by water holy tribe and purified them by water taken from perpetual springs. And with taken from perpetual springs. And with taken from perpetual springs. And with such sacrifices as were usually offered such sacrifices as were usually offered such sacrifices as were usually offered to God on the like occasions, he to God on the like occasions, he to God on the like occasions, he delivered to them also the tabernacle delivered to them also the tabernacle delivered to them also the tabernacle and the sacred vessels and the other and the sacred vessels and the other and the sacred vessels and the other curtains which were made for covering curtains which were made for covering curtains which were made for covering the tabernacle that they might minister the tabernacle that they might minister the tabernacle that they might minister under the conduct of the priests who had under the conduct of the priests who had under the conduct of the priests who had been already consecrated to God.

been already consecrated to God. been already consecrated to God. He also determined concerning animals He also determined concerning animals He also determined concerning animals which of them might be used for food and which of them might be used for food and which of them might be used for food and which they were obliged to abstain from which they were obliged to abstain from which they were obliged to abstain from which matters when this work shall give which matters when this work shall give which matters when this work shall give me occasion shall be further explained. me occasion shall be further explained. me occasion shall be further explained. And the causes shall be added by which And the causes shall be added by which And the causes shall be added by which he was moved to allot some of them to be he was moved to allot some of them to be he was moved to allot some of them to be our food and enjoined us to abstain from our food and enjoined us to abstain from our food and enjoined us to abstain from others. However, he entirely forbade us others. However, he entirely forbade us others. However, he entirely forbade us the use of blood for food and esteemed the use of blood for food and esteemed the use of blood for food and esteemed it to contain the soul and spirit. He it to contain the soul and spirit. He it to contain the soul and spirit. He also forbade us to eat the flesh of an also forbade us to eat the flesh of an also forbade us to eat the flesh of an animal that died of itself as also the animal that died of itself as also the animal that died of itself as also the cow and the fat of goats and sheep and cow and the fat of goats and sheep and cow and the fat of goats and sheep and bulls. He also ordered that those whose bulls. He also ordered that those whose bulls. He also ordered that those whose bodies were afflicted with leprosy and bodies were afflicted with leprosy and bodies were afflicted with leprosy and that had a gonora should not come into that had a gonora should not come into that had a gonora should not come into the city. Nay, he removed the women when the city. Nay, he removed the women when the city. Nay, he removed the women when they had their natural pgations till the they had their natural pgations till the they had their natural pgations till the seventh day, after which he looked on seventh day, after which he looked on seventh day, after which he looked on them as pure and permitted them to come them as pure and permitted them to come them as pure and permitted them to come in again. The law permits those also who in again. The law permits those also who in again. The law permits those also who have taken care of funerals to come in have taken care of funerals to come in have taken care of funerals to come in after the same manner when this number after the same manner when this number after the same manner when this number of days is over. But if any continued of days is over. But if any continued of days is over. But if any continued longer than that number of days in a longer than that number of days in a longer than that number of days in a state of pollution, the law appointed state of pollution, the law appointed state of pollution, the law appointed the offering two lambs for a sacrifice, the offering two lambs for a sacrifice, the offering two lambs for a sacrifice, the one of which they are to purge by the one of which they are to purge by the one of which they are to purge by fire, and for the other, the priests fire, and for the other, the priests fire, and for the other, the priests take it for themselves. In the same take it for themselves. In the same take it for themselves. In the same manner do those sacrifice who have had a manner do those sacrifice who have had a manner do those sacrifice who have had a gonora. But he that sheds his seed in gonora. But he that sheds his seed in gonora. But he that sheds his seed in his sleep, if he go down into cold his sleep, if he go down into cold his sleep, if he go down into cold water, has the same privilege with those water, has the same privilege with those water, has the same privilege with those that have lawfully accompanied with

that have lawfully accompanied with that have lawfully accompanied with their wives. And for the lepers, he their wives. And for the lepers, he their wives. And for the lepers, he suffered them not to come into the city suffered them not to come into the city suffered them not to come into the city at all, nor to leave with any others, as at all, nor to leave with any others, as at all, nor to leave with any others, as if they were in effect dead persons. But if they were in effect dead persons. But if they were in effect dead persons. But if anyone had obtained by prayer to God if anyone had obtained by prayer to God if anyone had obtained by prayer to God the recovery from that distemper and had the recovery from that distemper and had the recovery from that distemper and had gained a healthful complexion again, gained a healthful complexion again, gained a healthful complexion again, such a one returned thanks to God with such a one returned thanks to God with such a one returned thanks to God with several sorts of sacrifices concerning several sorts of sacrifices concerning several sorts of sacrifices concerning which we will speak which we will speak which we will speak hereafter. when one cannot but smile at hereafter. when one cannot but smile at hereafter. when one cannot but smile at those who say that Moses was himself those who say that Moses was himself those who say that Moses was himself afflicted with the leprosy when he fled afflicted with the leprosy when he fled afflicted with the leprosy when he fled out of Egypt and that he became the out of Egypt and that he became the out of Egypt and that he became the conductor of those who on that account conductor of those who on that account conductor of those who on that account left that country and led them into the left that country and led them into the left that country and led them into the land of Canaan. For had this been true, land of Canaan. For had this been true, land of Canaan. For had this been true, Moses would not have made his laws to Moses would not have made his laws to Moses would not have made his laws to his own dishonor, which indeed it was his own dishonor, which indeed it was his own dishonor, which indeed it was more likely he would have opposed if more likely he would have opposed if more likely he would have opposed if others had endeavored to introduce them. others had endeavored to introduce them. others had endeavored to introduce them. And this the rather because there are And this the rather because there are And this the rather because there are lepers in many nations who yet are in lepers in many nations who yet are in lepers in many nations who yet are in honor and not only free from reproach honor and not only free from reproach honor and not only free from reproach and avoidance, but who have been great and avoidance, but who have been great and avoidance, but who have been great captains of armies and been entrusted captains of armies and been entrusted captains of armies and been entrusted with high offices in the commonwealth, with high offices in the commonwealth, with high offices in the commonwealth, and have had the privilege of entering and have had the privilege of entering and have had the privilege of entering into holy places and temples, so that into holy places and temples, so that into holy places and temples, so that nothing hindered. But if either Moses nothing hindered. But if either Moses nothing hindered. But if either Moses himself or the multitude that was with himself or the multitude that was with himself or the multitude that was with him had been liable to such a misfortune him had been liable to such a misfortune him had been liable to such a misfortune in the color of his skin, he might have in the color of his skin, he might have in the color of his skin, he might have made laws about them for their credit made laws about them for their credit made laws about them for their credit and advantage, and have laid no manner and advantage, and have laid no manner and advantage, and have laid no manner of difficulty upon them. Accordingly, it

of difficulty upon them. Accordingly, it of difficulty upon them. Accordingly, it is a plain case that it is out of is a plain case that it is out of is a plain case that it is out of violent prejudice only that they report violent prejudice only that they report violent prejudice only that they report these things about us. But Moses was these things about us. But Moses was these things about us. But Moses was pure from any such distemper, and lived pure from any such distemper, and lived pure from any such distemper, and lived with countrymen who were pure of it with countrymen who were pure of it with countrymen who were pure of it also, and then made the laws which also, and then made the laws which also, and then made the laws which concerned others that had the distemper. concerned others that had the distemper. concerned others that had the distemper. He did this for the honor of God. But as He did this for the honor of God. But as He did this for the honor of God. But as to these matters, let everyone consider to these matters, let everyone consider to these matters, let everyone consider them after what manner he pleases. As to them after what manner he pleases. As to them after what manner he pleases. As to the women, when they have borne a child, the women, when they have borne a child, the women, when they have borne a child, Moses forbade them to come into the Moses forbade them to come into the Moses forbade them to come into the temple or touch the sacrifices before 40 temple or touch the sacrifices before 40 temple or touch the sacrifices before 40 days were over, supposeding it to be a days were over, supposeding it to be a days were over, supposeding it to be a boy. But if she hath a girl, the law is boy. But if she hath a girl, the law is boy. But if she hath a girl, the law is that she cannot be admitted before twice that she cannot be admitted before twice that she cannot be admitted before twice that number of days be over. And when that number of days be over. And when that number of days be over. And when after the before mentioned time after the before mentioned time after the before mentioned time appointed for them, they perform their appointed for them, they perform their appointed for them, they perform their sacrifices, the priests distribute them sacrifices, the priests distribute them sacrifices, the priests distribute them before God. before God. before God. But if anyone suspect that his wife has But if anyone suspect that his wife has But if anyone suspect that his wife has been guilty of adultery, he was to bring been guilty of adultery, he was to bring been guilty of adultery, he was to bring a tenth deal of barley flour. They then a tenth deal of barley flour. They then a tenth deal of barley flour. They then cast one handful to God and gave the cast one handful to God and gave the cast one handful to God and gave the rest of it to the priests for food. One rest of it to the priests for food. One rest of it to the priests for food. One of the priests set the woman at the of the priests set the woman at the of the priests set the woman at the gates that are turned towards the temple gates that are turned towards the temple gates that are turned towards the temple and took the veil from her head and and took the veil from her head and and took the veil from her head and wrote the name of God on parchment and wrote the name of God on parchment and wrote the name of God on parchment and enjoined her to swear that she had not enjoined her to swear that she had not enjoined her to swear that she had not at all injured her husband and to wish at all injured her husband and to wish at all injured her husband and to wish that if she had violated her chastity, that if she had violated her chastity, that if she had violated her chastity, her right thigh might be put out of her right thigh might be put out of her right thigh might be put out of joint, that her belly might swell, and joint, that her belly might swell, and joint, that her belly might swell, and that she might die thus. but that if her

that she might die thus. but that if her that she might die thus. but that if her husband by the violence of his affection husband by the violence of his affection husband by the violence of his affection and of the jealousy which arose from it and of the jealousy which arose from it and of the jealousy which arose from it had been rashly moved to this suspicion had been rashly moved to this suspicion had been rashly moved to this suspicion that she might bear a male child in the that she might bear a male child in the that she might bear a male child in the 10th month. Now when these oaths were 10th month. Now when these oaths were 10th month. Now when these oaths were over, the priest wiped the name of God over, the priest wiped the name of God over, the priest wiped the name of God out of the parchment and rung the water out of the parchment and rung the water out of the parchment and rung the water into a vial. He also took some dust out into a vial. He also took some dust out into a vial. He also took some dust out of the temple if any happened to be of the temple if any happened to be of the temple if any happened to be there and put a little of it into the there and put a little of it into the there and put a little of it into the vial and gave it her to drink. Whereupon vial and gave it her to drink. Whereupon vial and gave it her to drink. Whereupon the woman, if she were unjustly accused, the woman, if she were unjustly accused, the woman, if she were unjustly accused, conceived with child, and brought it to conceived with child, and brought it to conceived with child, and brought it to perfection in her womb. But if she had perfection in her womb. But if she had perfection in her womb. But if she had broken her fate of wedlock to her broken her fate of wedlock to her broken her fate of wedlock to her husband, and had sworn falsely before husband, and had sworn falsely before husband, and had sworn falsely before God, she died in her reproachful manner, God, she died in her reproachful manner, God, she died in her reproachful manner, her thigh fell off from her, and her her thigh fell off from her, and her her thigh fell off from her, and her belly swelled with a drop sea. And these belly swelled with a drop sea. And these belly swelled with a drop sea. And these are the ceremonies about sacrifices, and are the ceremonies about sacrifices, and are the ceremonies about sacrifices, and about the purifications thereto about the purifications thereto about the purifications thereto belonging, which Moses provided for his belonging, which Moses provided for his belonging, which Moses provided for his countrymen. He also prescribed the countrymen. He also prescribed the countrymen. He also prescribed the following laws to them. End of book following laws to them. End of book following laws to them. End of book three, chapters 9- 11. Recording by three, chapters 9- 11. Recording by three, chapters 9- 11. Recording by Shenna Sir, Fresno, California. Book three, chapters 12 and California. Book three, chapters 12 and 13 of The Antiquities of the Jews, 13 of The Antiquities of the Jews, 13 of The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording.

Volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording. Volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the All LibriVox recordings are in the All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. public domain. public domain. For more information or to volunteer, For more information or to volunteer, For more information or to volunteer, please visit please visit please visit librivox.org. Recording by David librivox.org. Recording by David librivox.org. Recording by David Bersoe. The Antiquities of the Jews, Bersoe. The Antiquities of the Jews, Bersoe. The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1 by Flavius Josephus. Translated Volume 1 by Flavius Josephus. Translated Volume 1 by Flavius Josephus. Translated by William Wiston, book three, chapters by William Wiston, book three, chapters by William Wiston, book three, chapters 12 and 13. Chapter 12. Several 12 and 13. Chapter 12. Several 12 and 13. Chapter 12. Several laws. As for laws. As for laws. As for adultery, Moses forbaded adultery, Moses forbaded adultery, Moses forbaded entirely, as esteeming it a happy thing entirely, as esteeming it a happy thing entirely, as esteeming it a happy thing that men should be wise in the affairs that men should be wise in the affairs that men should be wise in the affairs of wedlock, and that it was profitable of wedlock, and that it was profitable of wedlock, and that it was profitable both to cities and families that both to cities and families that both to cities and families that children should be known to be genuine. children should be known to be genuine. children should be known to be genuine. He also abhored men's lying with their He also abhored men's lying with their He also abhored men's lying with their mothers as one of their greatest crimes, mothers as one of their greatest crimes, mothers as one of their greatest crimes, and the like for lying with the father's and the like for lying with the father's and the like for lying with the father's wife, and with aunts and sisters and wife, and with aunts and sisters and wife, and with aunts and sisters and sons wives, as all instances of sons wives, as all instances of sons wives, as all instances of abominable wickedness. abominable wickedness. abominable wickedness. He also forbad a man to lie with his He also forbad a man to lie with his He also forbad a man to lie with his wife when she was defiled by her natural wife when she was defiled by her natural wife when she was defiled by her natural purggation, and not to come near brute purggation, and not to come near brute purggation, and not to come near brute beasts, nor to approve of the lying with beasts, nor to approve of the lying with beasts, nor to approve of the lying with a male, which was to hunt after unlawful a male, which was to hunt after unlawful a male, which was to hunt after unlawful pleasures on account of beauty. To those pleasures on account of beauty. To those pleasures on account of beauty. To those who were guilty of such insolent who were guilty of such insolent who were guilty of such insolent behavior, he ordained death for their behavior, he ordained death for their behavior, he ordained death for their punishment.

punishment. punishment. As for the priests, he prescribed them a As for the priests, he prescribed them a As for the priests, he prescribed them a double degree of purity. For he double degree of purity. For he double degree of purity. For he restrained them in the instances above, restrained them in the instances above, restrained them in the instances above, and moreover forbad them to marry and moreover forbad them to marry and moreover forbad them to marry harlots. He also forbad them to marry a harlots. He also forbad them to marry a harlots. He also forbad them to marry a slave or a captive, and such as got slave or a captive, and such as got slave or a captive, and such as got their living by cheating trades, and by their living by cheating trades, and by their living by cheating trades, and by keeping keeping keeping ends, as also a woman pardoned from her ends, as also a woman pardoned from her ends, as also a woman pardoned from her husband on any account whatsoever. Now husband on any account whatsoever. Now husband on any account whatsoever. Now he did not think it proper for the high he did not think it proper for the high he did not think it proper for the high priest to marry even the widow of one priest to marry even the widow of one priest to marry even the widow of one that was dead, though he allowed that to that was dead, though he allowed that to that was dead, though he allowed that to the priest, but he permitted him only to the priest, but he permitted him only to the priest, but he permitted him only to marry a virgin and to retain her. Whence marry a virgin and to retain her. Whence marry a virgin and to retain her. Whence it is that the high priest is not to it is that the high priest is not to it is that the high priest is not to come near to one that is dead, although come near to one that is dead, although come near to one that is dead, although the rest are not prohibited from coming the rest are not prohibited from coming the rest are not prohibited from coming near to their brethren or parents or near to their brethren or parents or near to their brethren or parents or children when they are dead, but they children when they are dead, but they children when they are dead, but they are to be unblenmished in all respects. are to be unblenmished in all respects. are to be unblenmished in all respects. He ordered that the priest who had any He ordered that the priest who had any He ordered that the priest who had any blemish should have his portion indeed blemish should have his portion indeed blemish should have his portion indeed among the priests. But he forbade him to among the priests. But he forbade him to among the priests. But he forbade him to ascend the altar or to enter into the ascend the altar or to enter into the ascend the altar or to enter into the holy holy holy house. He also enjoined them not only to house. He also enjoined them not only to house. He also enjoined them not only to observe purity in their sacred observe purity in their sacred observe purity in their sacred ministrations but in their daily ministrations but in their daily ministrations but in their daily conversation that it might be conversation that it might be conversation that it might be unblameable also. And on this account it unblameable also. And on this account it unblameable also. And on this account it is that those who wear the sacradal is that those who wear the sacradal is that those who wear the sacradal garments are without spot and eminent garments are without spot and eminent garments are without spot and eminent for their purity and for their purity and for their purity and sobriety. Nor are they permitted to sobriety. Nor are they permitted to sobriety. Nor are they permitted to drink wine so long as they wear those

drink wine so long as they wear those drink wine so long as they wear those garments. Moreover, they offer garments. Moreover, they offer garments. Moreover, they offer sacrifices that are entire and have no sacrifices that are entire and have no sacrifices that are entire and have no defect defect defect whatsoever. And truly Moses gave them whatsoever. And truly Moses gave them whatsoever. And truly Moses gave them all these precepts being such as were all these precepts being such as were all these precepts being such as were observed during his own lifetime. observed during his own lifetime. observed during his own lifetime. But though he lived now in the But though he lived now in the But though he lived now in the wilderness, yet did he make provision wilderness, yet did he make provision wilderness, yet did he make provision how they might observe the same laws how they might observe the same laws how they might observe the same laws when they should have taken the land of when they should have taken the land of when they should have taken the land of Canaan, he gave them rest to the land Canaan, he gave them rest to the land Canaan, he gave them rest to the land from plowing and planting every seventh from plowing and planting every seventh from plowing and planting every seventh year, as he had prescribed to them to year, as he had prescribed to them to year, as he had prescribed to them to rest from working every seventh day, and rest from working every seventh day, and rest from working every seventh day, and ordered that then what grew of its own ordered that then what grew of its own ordered that then what grew of its own accord out of the earth should in common accord out of the earth should in common accord out of the earth should in common belong to all that pleased to use it, belong to all that pleased to use it, belong to all that pleased to use it, making no distinction in that respect, making no distinction in that respect, making no distinction in that respect, between their own countrymen and between their own countrymen and between their own countrymen and foreigners. And he ordained that they foreigners. And he ordained that they foreigners. And he ordained that they should do the same after seven times should do the same after seven times should do the same after seven times seven years, which in all are 50 years. seven years, which in all are 50 years. seven years, which in all are 50 years. And that 50th year is called by the And that 50th year is called by the And that 50th year is called by the Hebrews the Jubilee, wherein debtors are Hebrews the Jubilee, wherein debtors are Hebrews the Jubilee, wherein debtors are freed from their debts, and slaves are freed from their debts, and slaves are freed from their debts, and slaves are set at liberty. Which slaves became set at liberty. Which slaves became set at liberty. Which slaves became such, though they were of the same such, though they were of the same such, though they were of the same stock, by transgressing some of those stock, by transgressing some of those stock, by transgressing some of those laws, the punishment of which was not laws, the punishment of which was not laws, the punishment of which was not capital, but they were punished by this capital, but they were punished by this capital, but they were punished by this method of slavery. This year also method of slavery. This year also method of slavery. This year also restores the land to its former restores the land to its former restores the land to its former possessors in the manner following. When possessors in the manner following. When possessors in the manner following. When the Jubilee has come, which name denotes the Jubilee has come, which name denotes the Jubilee has come, which name denotes liberty, he that sold the land and he liberty, he that sold the land and he liberty, he that sold the land and he that bought it, meet together, and make

that bought it, meet together, and make that bought it, meet together, and make an estimate on one hand of the fruits an estimate on one hand of the fruits an estimate on one hand of the fruits gathered, and on the other hand of the gathered, and on the other hand of the gathered, and on the other hand of the expenses laid out upon it. If the fruits expenses laid out upon it. If the fruits expenses laid out upon it. If the fruits gathered come to more than the expenses gathered come to more than the expenses gathered come to more than the expenses laid out, he that sold it takes the land laid out, he that sold it takes the land laid out, he that sold it takes the land again. But if the expenses prove more again. But if the expenses prove more again. But if the expenses prove more than the fruits, the present possessor than the fruits, the present possessor than the fruits, the present possessor receives of the former owner the receives of the former owner the receives of the former owner the difference that was lacking and leaves difference that was lacking and leaves difference that was lacking and leaves the land to him. And if the fruits the land to him. And if the fruits the land to him. And if the fruits received and the expenses laid out prove received and the expenses laid out prove received and the expenses laid out prove equal to one another, the present equal to one another, the present equal to one another, the present possessor relinquishes it to the former possessor relinquishes it to the former possessor relinquishes it to the former owners. Moses would have the same law owners. Moses would have the same law owners. Moses would have the same law obtained as to those houses also which obtained as to those houses also which obtained as to those houses also which were sold in villages. But he made a were sold in villages. But he made a were sold in villages. But he made a different law for such as were sold in a different law for such as were sold in a different law for such as were sold in a city. For if he that sold it tendered city. For if he that sold it tendered city. For if he that sold it tendered the purchaser his money again within a the purchaser his money again within a the purchaser his money again within a year, he was forced to restore it. But year, he was forced to restore it. But year, he was forced to restore it. But in case a whole year had intervened, the in case a whole year had intervened, the in case a whole year had intervened, the purchaser was to enjoy what he had purchaser was to enjoy what he had purchaser was to enjoy what he had bought. This was the constitution of the bought. This was the constitution of the bought. This was the constitution of the laws which Moses learned of God when the laws which Moses learned of God when the laws which Moses learned of God when the camp lay under Mount Si. And this he camp lay under Mount Si. And this he camp lay under Mount Si. And this he delivered in writing to the Hebrews.

delivered in writing to the Hebrews. delivered in writing to the Hebrews. Now when this settlement of laws seemed Now when this settlement of laws seemed Now when this settlement of laws seemed to be well over, Moses thought fit at to be well over, Moses thought fit at to be well over, Moses thought fit at length to take a review of the host as length to take a review of the host as length to take a review of the host as thinking it proper to settle the affairs thinking it proper to settle the affairs thinking it proper to settle the affairs of war. So he charged the heads of the of war. So he charged the heads of the of war. So he charged the heads of the tribes accepting the tribe of Levi to tribes accepting the tribe of Levi to tribes accepting the tribe of Levi to take an exact account of the number of take an exact account of the number of take an exact account of the number of those who were able to go to war. For as those who were able to go to war. For as those who were able to go to war. For as to the Levites, they were holy and free to the Levites, they were holy and free to the Levites, they were holy and free from all such burdens. Now when the from all such burdens. Now when the from all such burdens. Now when the people had been numbered, there were people had been numbered, there were people had been numbered, there were found 600,000 who were able to go to war found 600,000 who were able to go to war found 600,000 who were able to go to war from 20 to 50 years of age besides 3,650. Instead of Levi, Moses took 3,650. Instead of Levi, Moses took Manasseh, the son of Joseph, among the Manasseh, the son of Joseph, among the Manasseh, the son of Joseph, among the heads of tribes, and Ephraim instead of heads of tribes, and Ephraim instead of heads of tribes, and Ephraim instead of Joseph. It was indeed the desire of Joseph. It was indeed the desire of Joseph. It was indeed the desire of Jacob himself to Joseph that he would Jacob himself to Joseph that he would Jacob himself to Joseph that he would give him his sons to be his own by give him his sons to be his own by give him his sons to be his own by adoption, as I have before adoption, as I have before adoption, as I have before related. When they set up the related. When they set up the related. When they set up the tabernacle, they received it into the tabernacle, they received it into the tabernacle, they received it into the midst of their camp, three of the tribes midst of their camp, three of the tribes midst of their camp, three of the tribes pitching their tents on each side of it, pitching their tents on each side of it, pitching their tents on each side of it, and roads were cut through the midst of and roads were cut through the midst of and roads were cut through the midst of these tents. It was like a these tents. It was like a these tents. It was like a well-appointed market, and everything well-appointed market, and everything well-appointed market, and everything was there ready for sale and deorder, was there ready for sale and deorder, was there ready for sale and deorder, and all sorts of artisifers were in the and all sorts of artisifers were in the and all sorts of artisifers were in the shops, and it resembled nothing so much shops, and it resembled nothing so much shops, and it resembled nothing so much as a city that sometimes was movable and as a city that sometimes was movable and as a city that sometimes was movable and sometimes fixed. The priests had the sometimes fixed. The priests had the sometimes fixed. The priests had the first places about the tabernacle. Then first places about the tabernacle. Then first places about the tabernacle. Then the Levites, who, because their whole the Levites, who, because their whole the Levites, who, because their whole multitude was reckoned from 30 days old,

multitude was reckoned from 30 days old, multitude was reckoned from 30 days old, were were were 23,880 males. And during the time that 23,880 males. And during the time that 23,880 males. And during the time that the cloud stood over the tabernacle, the cloud stood over the tabernacle, the cloud stood over the tabernacle, they thought proper to stay in the same they thought proper to stay in the same they thought proper to stay in the same place, as supposing that God there place, as supposing that God there place, as supposing that God there inhabited among them. But when it inhabited among them. But when it inhabited among them. But when it removed, they journeyed also. Moreover, removed, they journeyed also. Moreover, removed, they journeyed also. Moreover, Moses was the inventor of the form of Moses was the inventor of the form of Moses was the inventor of the form of their trumpet, which was made of silver. their trumpet, which was made of silver. their trumpet, which was made of silver. Its description is this. In length, it Its description is this. In length, it Its description is this. In length, it was a little less than a cubit. It was was a little less than a cubit. It was was a little less than a cubit. It was composed of a narrow tube somewhat composed of a narrow tube somewhat composed of a narrow tube somewhat thicker than a flute, but with so much thicker than a flute, but with so much thicker than a flute, but with so much breadth as was sufficient for admission breadth as was sufficient for admission breadth as was sufficient for admission of the breath of a man's mouth. It ended of the breath of a man's mouth. It ended of the breath of a man's mouth. It ended in the form of a bell, like common in the form of a bell, like common in the form of a bell, like common trumpets. Its sound was called in the trumpets. Its sound was called in the trumpets. Its sound was called in the Hebrew language a saucer. Two of these Hebrew language a saucer. Two of these Hebrew language a saucer. Two of these being made, one of them was sounded when being made, one of them was sounded when being made, one of them was sounded when they required the multitude to come they required the multitude to come they required the multitude to come together to congregations. together to congregations. together to congregations. When the first of them gave a signal, When the first of them gave a signal, When the first of them gave a signal, the heads of the tribes were to assemble the heads of the tribes were to assemble the heads of the tribes were to assemble and consult about the affairs to them and consult about the affairs to them and consult about the affairs to them properly properly properly belonging. But when they gave the signal belonging. But when they gave the signal belonging. But when they gave the signal by both of them, they called the by both of them, they called the by both of them, they called the multitude multitude multitude together. Whenever the tabernacle was together. Whenever the tabernacle was together. Whenever the tabernacle was removed, it was done in this solemn removed, it was done in this solemn removed, it was done in this solemn order. At the first alarm of the order. At the first alarm of the order. At the first alarm of the trumpet, those whose tents were on the trumpet, those whose tents were on the trumpet, those whose tents were on the east quarter prepared to remove. When east quarter prepared to remove. When east quarter prepared to remove. When the second signal was given, those who the second signal was given, those who the second signal was given, those who were on the south quarter did the like.

were on the south quarter did the like. were on the south quarter did the like. In the next place, the tabernacle was In the next place, the tabernacle was In the next place, the tabernacle was taken into pieces and was carried in the taken into pieces and was carried in the taken into pieces and was carried in the midst of six tribes that went before and midst of six tribes that went before and midst of six tribes that went before and of six that followed. All of the Levites of six that followed. All of the Levites of six that followed. All of the Levites assisting about the assisting about the assisting about the tabernacle. When the third signal was tabernacle. When the third signal was tabernacle. When the third signal was given, that part which had their tents given, that part which had their tents given, that part which had their tents towards the west put themselves in towards the west put themselves in towards the west put themselves in motion. And at the fourth signal, those motion. And at the fourth signal, those motion. And at the fourth signal, those on the north did so likewise. They also on the north did so likewise. They also on the north did so likewise. They also made use of these trumpets in their made use of these trumpets in their made use of these trumpets in their sacred ministrations when they were sacred ministrations when they were sacred ministrations when they were bringing their sacrifices to the altar bringing their sacrifices to the altar bringing their sacrifices to the altar as well as on the Sabbath as on the rest as well as on the Sabbath as on the rest as well as on the Sabbath as on the rest of the festival days. And now it was of the festival days. And now it was of the festival days. And now it was that Moses offered that sacrifice which that Moses offered that sacrifice which that Moses offered that sacrifice which was called the Passover in the was called the Passover in the was called the Passover in the wilderness as the first he had offered wilderness as the first he had offered wilderness as the first he had offered after the departure out of Egypt. after the departure out of Egypt. after the departure out of Egypt. Chapter 13. Moses removed from Mount Si Chapter 13. Moses removed from Mount Si Chapter 13. Moses removed from Mount Si and conducted the people to the borders and conducted the people to the borders and conducted the people to the borders of the of the of the Canaanites. A little while afterwards, Canaanites. A little while afterwards, Canaanites. A little while afterwards, he rose up and went from Mount Si. And he rose up and went from Mount Si. And he rose up and went from Mount Si. And having passed through several mansions, having passed through several mansions, having passed through several mansions, of which we will speak, he came to a of which we will speak, he came to a of which we will speak, he came to a place called Hazeroth, where the place called Hazeroth, where the place called Hazeroth, where the multitude began again to be mutinous, multitude began again to be mutinous, multitude began again to be mutinous, and to Moses for the misfortunes they and to Moses for the misfortunes they and to Moses for the misfortunes they had suffered their travels. and that had suffered their travels. and that had suffered their travels. and that when he had persuaded them to leave a when he had persuaded them to leave a when he had persuaded them to leave a good land, they at once had lost their good land, they at once had lost their good land, they at once had lost their land. And instead of that happy state in land. And instead of that happy state in land. And instead of that happy state in which he had found them, they were now which he had found them, they were now which he had found them, they were now still wandering in their miserable

still wandering in their miserable still wandering in their miserable condition, being already in need of condition, being already in need of condition, being already in need of water. And if the mana should happen to water. And if the mana should happen to water. And if the mana should happen to fail, they must then utterly perish. Yet fail, they must then utterly perish. Yet fail, they must then utterly perish. Yet while they spoke many and bitter things while they spoke many and bitter things while they spoke many and bitter things against Moses, there was one of them who against Moses, there was one of them who against Moses, there was one of them who exhorted them to be unmindful of Moses exhorted them to be unmindful of Moses exhorted them to be unmindful of Moses and of what great pains he had been at and of what great pains he had been at and of what great pains he had been at about their common safety, not to about their common safety, not to about their common safety, not to despair of assistance from God. The despair of assistance from God. The despair of assistance from God. The multitude thereupon became still more multitude thereupon became still more multitude thereupon became still more unruly and mutinous against Moses than unruly and mutinous against Moses than unruly and mutinous against Moses than before. Hereupon Moses, although he was before. Hereupon Moses, although he was before. Hereupon Moses, although he was so basely abused by them, encouraged so basely abused by them, encouraged so basely abused by them, encouraged them in their despairing condition, and them in their despairing condition, and them in their despairing condition, and promised that he would procure them a promised that he would procure them a promised that he would procure them a quantity of flesh meat, and that not quantity of flesh meat, and that not quantity of flesh meat, and that not only for a few days only, but for many only for a few days only, but for many only for a few days only, but for many days. This they were not ready to days. This they were not ready to days. This they were not ready to believe. And when one of them asked from believe. And when one of them asked from believe. And when one of them asked from where he could obtain such a vast plenty where he could obtain such a vast plenty where he could obtain such a vast plenty of what Moses had promised, Moses of what Moses had promised, Moses of what Moses had promised, Moses replied, "Neither God nor I who hear replied, "Neither God nor I who hear replied, "Neither God nor I who hear such shameful language will leave off such shameful language will leave off such shameful language will leave off our labors for our labors for our labors for you. And this soon shall appear you. And this soon shall appear you. And this soon shall appear also." As soon as ever he had said this, also." As soon as ever he had said this, also." As soon as ever he had said this, the whole camp was filled with quailes.

the whole camp was filled with quailes. the whole camp was filled with quailes. They stood round about them and gathered They stood round about them and gathered They stood round about them and gathered great numbers. great numbers. great numbers. However, it was not long before God However, it was not long before God However, it was not long before God punished the Hebrews for their insolence punished the Hebrews for their insolence punished the Hebrews for their insolence for making those reproaches they had for making those reproaches they had for making those reproaches they had used towards him. And no small number of used towards him. And no small number of used towards him. And no small number of them died. And still to this day, the them died. And still to this day, the them died. And still to this day, the place retains the memory of this place retains the memory of this place retains the memory of this destruction and is named destruction and is named destruction and is named Kibraatava, which is graves of Kibraatava, which is graves of Kibraatava, which is graves of lust. End of book three, chapters 12 and lust. End of book three, chapters 12 and lust. End of book three, chapters 12 and 13. Recording by David Bersoe. David 13. Recording by David Bersoe. David 13. Recording by David Bersoe. David bercott t.com three chapters 14 and 15 of the t.com three chapters 14 and 15 of the antiquities of the Jews volume 1. This antiquities of the Jews volume 1. This antiquities of the Jews volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For recordings are in the public domain. For recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please more information or to volunteer, please more information or to volunteer, please visit librivox.org. visit librivox.org. visit librivox.org. The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1, The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1, The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1, by Flavius Josephus, translated by by Flavius Josephus, translated by by Flavius Josephus, translated by William Wiston. Book three, chapters 14 William Wiston. Book three, chapters 14 William Wiston. Book three, chapters 14 and 15. Chapter 14. how Moses sent some and 15. Chapter 14. how Moses sent some and 15. Chapter 14. how Moses sent some persons to search out the land of the persons to search out the land of the persons to search out the land of the Canaanites and the largeness of their Canaanites and the largeness of their Canaanites and the largeness of their cities. And further that when those who cities. And further that when those who cities. And further that when those who were sent were returned after 40 days, were sent were returned after 40 days, were sent were returned after 40 days, and reported that they should not be a and reported that they should not be a and reported that they should not be a match for them, and extolled the match for them, and extolled the match for them, and extolled the strength of the Canaanites, the strength of the Canaanites, the strength of the Canaanites, the multitude were disturbed and fell into

multitude were disturbed and fell into multitude were disturbed and fell into despair, and were resolved to stone despair, and were resolved to stone despair, and were resolved to stone Moses, and to return back again into Moses, and to return back again into Moses, and to return back again into Egypt and serve the Egypt and serve the Egypt and serve the Egyptians. When Moses had led the Egyptians. When Moses had led the Egyptians. When Moses had led the Hebrews away from then to a place called Hebrews away from then to a place called Hebrews away from then to a place called Pan, which was near to the borders of Pan, which was near to the borders of Pan, which was near to the borders of the Canaanites and a place difficult to the Canaanites and a place difficult to the Canaanites and a place difficult to be continued in, he gathered the be continued in, he gathered the be continued in, he gathered the multitude together to a congregation. multitude together to a congregation. multitude together to a congregation. And standing in the midst of them, he And standing in the midst of them, he And standing in the midst of them, he said, "Of the two things that God said, "Of the two things that God said, "Of the two things that God determined to bestow upon us, liberty determined to bestow upon us, liberty determined to bestow upon us, liberty and the possession of a happy country, and the possession of a happy country, and the possession of a happy country, the one of them ye already are partakers the one of them ye already are partakers the one of them ye already are partakers of by the gift of God, and the other you of by the gift of God, and the other you of by the gift of God, and the other you will quickly obtain. For we now have our will quickly obtain. For we now have our will quickly obtain. For we now have our abode near the borders of the abode near the borders of the abode near the borders of the Canaanites, and nothing can hinder the Canaanites, and nothing can hinder the Canaanites, and nothing can hinder the acquisition of it, when we now at last acquisition of it, when we now at last acquisition of it, when we now at last are fallen upon it." I say, not only no are fallen upon it." I say, not only no are fallen upon it." I say, not only no king or city, but neither the whole race king or city, but neither the whole race king or city, but neither the whole race of mankind, if they were all gathered of mankind, if they were all gathered of mankind, if they were all gathered together, could do it. Let us therefore together, could do it. Let us therefore together, could do it. Let us therefore prepare ourselves for the work, for the prepare ourselves for the work, for the prepare ourselves for the work, for the Canaanites will not resign up their land Canaanites will not resign up their land Canaanites will not resign up their land to us without fighting. But it must be to us without fighting. But it must be to us without fighting. But it must be rested from them by great struggles in rested from them by great struggles in rested from them by great struggles in war. Let us then send spies who may take war. Let us then send spies who may take war. Let us then send spies who may take a view of the goodness of the land and a view of the goodness of the land and a view of the goodness of the land and what strength it is of. But above all what strength it is of. But above all what strength it is of. But above all things, let us be of one mind, and let things, let us be of one mind, and let things, let us be of one mind, and let us honor God, who above all is our us honor God, who above all is our us honor God, who above all is our helper and a sister.

helper and a sister. helper and a sister. When Moses had said thus, the multitude When Moses had said thus, the multitude When Moses had said thus, the multitude requited him with marks of respect, and requited him with marks of respect, and requited him with marks of respect, and chose 12 spies of the most eminent men, chose 12 spies of the most eminent men, chose 12 spies of the most eminent men, one out of each tribe, who passing over one out of each tribe, who passing over one out of each tribe, who passing over all the land of Canaan from the borders all the land of Canaan from the borders all the land of Canaan from the borders of Egypt, came to the city Hoth, and to of Egypt, came to the city Hoth, and to of Egypt, came to the city Hoth, and to Mount Lebanon. And having learned the Mount Lebanon. And having learned the Mount Lebanon. And having learned the nature of the land and of its nature of the land and of its nature of the land and of its inhabitants, they came home, having inhabitants, they came home, having inhabitants, they came home, having spent 40 days in the whole work. They spent 40 days in the whole work. They spent 40 days in the whole work. They also brought with them of the fruits also brought with them of the fruits also brought with them of the fruits which the land bare. And they also which the land bare. And they also which the land bare. And they also showed them the excellency of those showed them the excellency of those showed them the excellency of those fruits and gave an account of the great fruits and gave an account of the great fruits and gave an account of the great quantity of the good things that land quantity of the good things that land quantity of the good things that land afforded, which were motives to the afforded, which were motives to the afforded, which were motives to the multitude to go to war. But then they multitude to go to war. But then they multitude to go to war. But then they terrified them again with the great terrified them again with the great terrified them again with the great difficulty there was in obtaining it, difficulty there was in obtaining it, difficulty there was in obtaining it, that the rivers were so large and deep that the rivers were so large and deep that the rivers were so large and deep that they could not be passed over, and that they could not be passed over, and that they could not be passed over, and that the hills were so high that they that the hills were so high that they that the hills were so high that they could not travel along for them. that could not travel along for them. that could not travel along for them. that the cities were strong with walls and the cities were strong with walls and the cities were strong with walls and their firm fortifications round about their firm fortifications round about their firm fortifications round about them. They told them also that they them. They told them also that they them. They told them also that they found at Hebron the posterity of the found at Hebron the posterity of the found at Hebron the posterity of the giants. Accordingly, these spies, who giants. Accordingly, these spies, who giants. Accordingly, these spies, who had seen the land of Canaan, when they had seen the land of Canaan, when they had seen the land of Canaan, when they perceived that all these difficulties perceived that all these difficulties perceived that all these difficulties were greater there than they had met were greater there than they had met were greater there than they had met with since they came out of Egypt, they with since they came out of Egypt, they with since they came out of Egypt, they were afrighted at them themselves, and were afrighted at them themselves, and were afrighted at them themselves, and endeavored to afright the multitude endeavored to afright the multitude endeavored to afright the multitude also.

also. also. So they supposed from what they had So they supposed from what they had So they supposed from what they had heard that it was impossible to get the heard that it was impossible to get the heard that it was impossible to get the possession of the country. And when the possession of the country. And when the possession of the country. And when the congregation was dissolved, they their congregation was dissolved, they their congregation was dissolved, they their wives and children continued their wives and children continued their wives and children continued their lamentation as if God would not indeed lamentation as if God would not indeed lamentation as if God would not indeed assist them, but only promised them assist them, but only promised them assist them, but only promised them fair. They also again blamed Moses and fair. They also again blamed Moses and fair. They also again blamed Moses and made a clamor against him and his made a clamor against him and his made a clamor against him and his brother Aaron the high priest. brother Aaron the high priest. brother Aaron the high priest. Accordingly, they passed that night very Accordingly, they passed that night very Accordingly, they passed that night very ill and with contilious language against ill and with contilious language against ill and with contilious language against them. But in the morning they ran to a them. But in the morning they ran to a them. But in the morning they ran to a congregation, intending to stone Moses congregation, intending to stone Moses congregation, intending to stone Moses and Aaron, and so to return back into and Aaron, and so to return back into and Aaron, and so to return back into Egypt. Egypt. Egypt. But of the spies there were Joshua the But of the spies there were Joshua the But of the spies there were Joshua the son of Nun of the tribe of Ephraim and son of Nun of the tribe of Ephraim and son of Nun of the tribe of Ephraim and Caleb of the tribe of Judah that were Caleb of the tribe of Judah that were Caleb of the tribe of Judah that were afraid of the consequence and came into afraid of the consequence and came into afraid of the consequence and came into the midst of them and still the the midst of them and still the the midst of them and still the multitude and desired them to be of good multitude and desired them to be of good multitude and desired them to be of good courage and neither to condemn God as courage and neither to condemn God as courage and neither to condemn God as having told them lies nor to hearken to having told them lies nor to hearken to having told them lies nor to hearken to those who had afrighted them by telling those who had afrighted them by telling those who had afrighted them by telling them what was not true concerning the them what was not true concerning the them what was not true concerning the Canaanites but to those that encouraged Canaanites but to those that encouraged Canaanites but to those that encouraged them to hope for good success and that them to hope for good success and that them to hope for good success and that they should gain possession of the they should gain possession of the they should gain possession of the happiness promised them. Because neither happiness promised them. Because neither happiness promised them. Because neither the height of mountains nor the depth of the height of mountains nor the depth of the height of mountains nor the depth of rivers could hinder men of true courage rivers could hinder men of true courage rivers could hinder men of true courage from attempting them, especially while from attempting them, especially while from attempting them, especially while God would take care of them beforehand God would take care of them beforehand God would take care of them beforehand and be an assistant to them. Let us then and be an assistant to them. Let us then and be an assistant to them. Let us then go, said they, against our enemies, and go, said they, against our enemies, and go, said they, against our enemies, and have no suspicion of ill success,

have no suspicion of ill success, have no suspicion of ill success, trusting in God to conduct us, and trusting in God to conduct us, and trusting in God to conduct us, and following those that are to be our following those that are to be our following those that are to be our leaders. Thus did these two exhort them leaders. Thus did these two exhort them leaders. Thus did these two exhort them and endeavor to pacify the rage they and endeavor to pacify the rage they and endeavor to pacify the rage they were in. But Moses and Aaron fell on the were in. But Moses and Aaron fell on the were in. But Moses and Aaron fell on the ground and besought God, not for their ground and besought God, not for their ground and besought God, not for their own deliverance, but that he would put a own deliverance, but that he would put a own deliverance, but that he would put a stop to what the people were unwillingly stop to what the people were unwillingly stop to what the people were unwillingly doing and would bring their minds to a doing and would bring their minds to a doing and would bring their minds to a quiet temper, which were now disordered quiet temper, which were now disordered quiet temper, which were now disordered by their present passion. The cloud also by their present passion. The cloud also by their present passion. The cloud also did now appear and stood over the did now appear and stood over the did now appear and stood over the tabernacle and declared to them the tabernacle and declared to them the tabernacle and declared to them the presence of God to be there. presence of God to be there. presence of God to be there. Chapter 15. How Moses was displeased at Chapter 15. How Moses was displeased at Chapter 15. How Moses was displeased at this and foretold that God was angry and this and foretold that God was angry and this and foretold that God was angry and that they should continue in the that they should continue in the that they should continue in the wilderness for 40 years and not during wilderness for 40 years and not during wilderness for 40 years and not during that time either return into Egypt or that time either return into Egypt or that time either return into Egypt or take possession of take possession of take possession of Canaan. Moses came now boldly to the Canaan. Moses came now boldly to the Canaan. Moses came now boldly to the multitude and informed them that God was multitude and informed them that God was multitude and informed them that God was moved at their abuse of him and would moved at their abuse of him and would moved at their abuse of him and would inflict punishment upon them. not indeed inflict punishment upon them. not indeed inflict punishment upon them. not indeed such as they deserved for their sins, such as they deserved for their sins, such as they deserved for their sins, but such as parents inflict on their but such as parents inflict on their but such as parents inflict on their children in order to their correction.

children in order to their correction. children in order to their correction. For he said that when he was in the For he said that when he was in the For he said that when he was in the tabernacle and was bewailing with tears tabernacle and was bewailing with tears tabernacle and was bewailing with tears that destruction which was coming upon that destruction which was coming upon that destruction which was coming upon them, God put him in mind what things he them, God put him in mind what things he them, God put him in mind what things he had done for them, and what benefits had done for them, and what benefits had done for them, and what benefits they had received from him, and yet how they had received from him, and yet how they had received from him, and yet how ungrateful they had been to him, that ungrateful they had been to him, that ungrateful they had been to him, that just now they had been induced through just now they had been induced through just now they had been induced through the timorousness of the spies, to think the timorousness of the spies, to think the timorousness of the spies, to think that their words were truer than his own that their words were truer than his own that their words were truer than his own promise to them, and that on this promise to them, and that on this promise to them, and that on this account, though he would not indeed account, though he would not indeed account, though he would not indeed destroy them all, nor utterly external, destroy them all, nor utterly external, destroy them all, nor utterly external, terminate their nation, which he had terminate their nation, which he had terminate their nation, which he had honored more than any other part of honored more than any other part of honored more than any other part of mankind. Yet he would not permit them to mankind. Yet he would not permit them to mankind. Yet he would not permit them to take possession of the land of Canaan, take possession of the land of Canaan, take possession of the land of Canaan, nor enjoy its happiness, but would make nor enjoy its happiness, but would make nor enjoy its happiness, but would make them wander in the wilderness and live them wander in the wilderness and live them wander in the wilderness and live without a fixed habitation and without a without a fixed habitation and without a without a fixed habitation and without a city for 40 years together as a city for 40 years together as a city for 40 years together as a punishment for this their transgression. punishment for this their transgression. punishment for this their transgression. but that he had promised to give that but that he had promised to give that but that he had promised to give that land to our children, and that he would land to our children, and that he would land to our children, and that he would make them the possessors of those good make them the possessors of those good make them the possessors of those good things which by your ungoverned passions things which by your ungoverned passions things which by your ungoverned passions you have deprived yourselves you have deprived yourselves you have deprived yourselves of." When Moses had discoursed thus to of." When Moses had discoursed thus to of." When Moses had discoursed thus to them according to the direction of God, them according to the direction of God, them according to the direction of God, the multitude grieved and were in the multitude grieved and were in the multitude grieved and were in affliction, and intreated Moses to affliction, and intreated Moses to affliction, and intreated Moses to procure their reconciliation to God, and procure their reconciliation to God, and procure their reconciliation to God, and to permit them no longer to wander in to permit them no longer to wander in to permit them no longer to wander in the wilderness, but bestow cities upon the wilderness, but bestow cities upon the wilderness, but bestow cities upon them. But he replied that God would not them. But he replied that God would not them. But he replied that God would not admit of any such trial, for that God admit of any such trial, for that God admit of any such trial, for that God was not moved to this determination from was not moved to this determination from was not moved to this determination from any human levity or anger, but that he

any human levity or anger, but that he any human levity or anger, but that he had judicially condemned them to that had judicially condemned them to that had judicially condemned them to that punishment. Now we are not to disbelieve punishment. Now we are not to disbelieve punishment. Now we are not to disbelieve that Moses, who was but a single person, that Moses, who was but a single person, that Moses, who was but a single person, pacified so many 10,00ands when they pacified so many 10,00ands when they pacified so many 10,00ands when they were in anger and converted them to a were in anger and converted them to a were in anger and converted them to a mildness temper. For God was with him mildness temper. For God was with him mildness temper. For God was with him and prepared way to his persuasions of and prepared way to his persuasions of and prepared way to his persuasions of the multitude. And as they had often the multitude. And as they had often the multitude. And as they had often been disobedient, they were now sensible been disobedient, they were now sensible been disobedient, they were now sensible that such disobedience was that such disobedience was that such disobedience was disadvantageous to them, and that they disadvantageous to them, and that they disadvantageous to them, and that they had still thereby fallen into had still thereby fallen into had still thereby fallen into calamities. calamities. calamities. But this man was admirable for his But this man was admirable for his But this man was admirable for his virtue and powerful in making men give virtue and powerful in making men give virtue and powerful in making men give credit to what he delivered, not only credit to what he delivered, not only credit to what he delivered, not only during the time of his natural life, but during the time of his natural life, but during the time of his natural life, but even there is still no one of the even there is still no one of the even there is still no one of the Hebrews who does not act even now as if Hebrews who does not act even now as if Hebrews who does not act even now as if Moses were present and ready to punish Moses were present and ready to punish Moses were present and ready to punish him if he should do anything that is him if he should do anything that is him if he should do anything that is indecent. Nay, there is no one but is indecent. Nay, there is no one but is indecent. Nay, there is no one but is obedient to what laws he ordained, obedient to what laws he ordained, obedient to what laws he ordained, although they might be concealed in although they might be concealed in although they might be concealed in their transgressions.

their transgressions. their transgressions. There are also many other demonstrations There are also many other demonstrations There are also many other demonstrations that his power was more than human. For that his power was more than human. For that his power was more than human. For still some there have been who have come still some there have been who have come still some there have been who have come from the parts beyond Euphrates a from the parts beyond Euphrates a from the parts beyond Euphrates a journey of four months through many journey of four months through many journey of four months through many dangers and at great expenses in honor dangers and at great expenses in honor dangers and at great expenses in honor of our temple. and yet when they had of our temple. and yet when they had of our temple. and yet when they had offered their oblations could not offered their oblations could not offered their oblations could not partake of their own sacrifices because partake of their own sacrifices because partake of their own sacrifices because Moses had forbidden it by somewhat in Moses had forbidden it by somewhat in Moses had forbidden it by somewhat in the law that did not permit them or the law that did not permit them or the law that did not permit them or somewhat that had befallen them which somewhat that had befallen them which somewhat that had befallen them which are ancient customs made inconsistent are ancient customs made inconsistent are ancient customs made inconsistent therewith. Some of these did not therewith. Some of these did not therewith. Some of these did not sacrifice at all and others left their sacrifice at all and others left their sacrifice at all and others left their sacrifices in an imperfect condition. sacrifices in an imperfect condition. sacrifices in an imperfect condition. Many were not able even at first so much Many were not able even at first so much Many were not able even at first so much as to enter the temple, but went their as to enter the temple, but went their as to enter the temple, but went their ways in this as preferring a submission ways in this as preferring a submission ways in this as preferring a submission to the laws of Moses before the to the laws of Moses before the to the laws of Moses before the fulfilling of their own inclinations. fulfilling of their own inclinations. fulfilling of their own inclinations. They had no fear upon them that anybody They had no fear upon them that anybody They had no fear upon them that anybody could convict them, but only out of a could convict them, but only out of a could convict them, but only out of a reverence to their own conscience. Thus reverence to their own conscience. Thus reverence to their own conscience. Thus this legislation, which appeared to be this legislation, which appeared to be this legislation, which appeared to be divine, made this man to be esteemed as divine, made this man to be esteemed as divine, made this man to be esteemed as one superior to his own nature. Nay one superior to his own nature. Nay one superior to his own nature. Nay further, a little before the beginning further, a little before the beginning further, a little before the beginning of this war, when Claudius was emperor of this war, when Claudius was emperor of this war, when Claudius was emperor of the Romans, and Ismael was our high of the Romans, and Ismael was our high of the Romans, and Ismael was our high priest, and when so great a famine was priest, and when so great a famine was priest, and when so great a famine was come upon us, that one/tenth deal of come upon us, that one/tenth deal of come upon us, that one/tenth deal of wheat was sold for four drame, and when wheat was sold for four drame, and when wheat was sold for four drame, and when no less than 70 kori of flour were no less than 70 kori of flour were no less than 70 kori of flour were brought into the temple at the feast of brought into the temple at the feast of brought into the temple at the feast of unleavened bread. These Kori are 31

unleavened bread. These Kori are 31 unleavened bread. These Kori are 31 Sicilian, but 41 Athenian Medimni. Not Sicilian, but 41 Athenian Medimni. Not Sicilian, but 41 Athenian Medimni. Not one of the priests was so hearty as to one of the priests was so hearty as to one of the priests was so hearty as to eat one crumb of it, even while so great eat one crumb of it, even while so great eat one crumb of it, even while so great a distress was upon the land. And this a distress was upon the land. And this a distress was upon the land. And this out of a dread of the law, and of that out of a dread of the law, and of that out of a dread of the law, and of that wrath which God retains against acts of wrath which God retains against acts of wrath which God retains against acts of wickedness, even when no one can accuse wickedness, even when no one can accuse wickedness, even when no one can accuse the actors. Whence we are not to wonder the actors. Whence we are not to wonder the actors. Whence we are not to wonder at what was then done. While to this at what was then done. While to this at what was then done. While to this very day the writings left by Moses have very day the writings left by Moses have very day the writings left by Moses have so great a force that even those that so great a force that even those that so great a force that even those that hate us do confess that he who hate us do confess that he who hate us do confess that he who established this settlement was God and established this settlement was God and established this settlement was God and that it was by the means of Moses and of that it was by the means of Moses and of that it was by the means of Moses and of his virtue. But as to these matters, let his virtue. But as to these matters, let his virtue. But as to these matters, let everyone take them as he sees everyone take them as he sees everyone take them as he sees fit. End of book three, chapters 14 and fit. End of book three, chapters 14 and fit. End of book three, chapters 14 and 15. End of book three.