J B Bury's History of Greece - Ch. 05 The Growth Of Athens

a history of Greece to the death of a history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander the Great vol 1 by John Bagnall burry chapter 5 vol 1 by John Bagnall burry chapter 5 vol 1 by John Bagnall burry chapter 5 growth of Athens in the 6th century part growth of Athens in the 6th century part growth of Athens in the 6th century part 1 the conquest of Salamis and Nicaea in 1 the conquest of Salamis and Nicaea in 1 the conquest of Salamis and Nicaea in the midst of these domestic troubles and the midst of these domestic troubles and the midst of these domestic troubles and parties struggles there were a few parties struggles there were a few parties struggles there were a few statesmen who found time to attend to statesmen who found time to attend to statesmen who found time to attend to Foreign Affairs and saw that the time Foreign Affairs and saw that the time Foreign Affairs and saw that the time had come for Athens to take a new step had come for Athens to take a new step had come for Athens to take a new step in her political career under her in her political career under her in her political career under her aristocracy Athens had enjoyed a long aristocracy Athens had enjoyed a long aristocracy Athens had enjoyed a long period of development which may be period of development which may be period of development which may be called peaceful if we compare the growth called peaceful if we compare the growth called peaceful if we compare the growth of some other states and this prepared of some other states and this prepared of some other states and this prepared her to take her place in the general her to take her place in the general her to take her place in the general scene of Greek history though Attica was scene of Greek history though Attica was scene of Greek history though Attica was a poor country scantily watered and with a poor country scantily watered and with a poor country scantily watered and with light soil her prosperity in the oil light soil her prosperity in the oil light soil her prosperity in the oil trade might encourage her to look trade might encourage her to look trade might encourage her to look forward to becoming rich but if she was forward to becoming rich but if she was forward to becoming rich but if she was ever to become a political power there ever to become a political power there ever to become a political power there was one thing to be achieved at All was one thing to be achieved at All was one thing to be achieved at All Hazards every Athenian who stood on his Hazards every Athenian who stood on his Hazards every Athenian who stood on his strong Hill and looked southwestward strong Hill and looked southwestward strong Hill and looked southwestward could see what this was could see what this was could see what this was he destroyed lying close to his own he destroyed lying close to his own he destroyed lying close to his own Shore an island which was not his own Shore an island which was not his own Shore an island which was not his own and if he warped a cross mount agalya's and if he warped a cross mount agalya's and if he warped a cross mount agalya's he saw how this foreign island blocked he saw how this foreign island blocked he saw how this foreign island blocked up the bay of what was now his own

up the bay of what was now his own up the bay of what was now his own elusive almost equally distant from elusive almost equally distant from elusive almost equally distant from Athens and Megara parted by a narrow Athens and Megara parted by a narrow Athens and Megara parted by a narrow water from both Salamis in the hands of water from both Salamis in the hands of water from both Salamis in the hands of either must be a constant menace to the either must be a constant menace to the either must be a constant menace to the other the possession of Salamis must other the possession of Salamis must other the possession of Salamis must decide the future history of both Megara decide the future history of both Megara decide the future history of both Megara and Athens at this period Megara with and Athens at this period Megara with and Athens at this period Megara with her growing colonial connections was a her growing colonial connections was a her growing colonial connections was a strong state and a formidable neighbor strong state and a formidable neighbor strong state and a formidable neighbor and her expanding trade must have been and her expanding trade must have been and her expanding trade must have been viewed with alarm and jealousy by viewed with alarm and jealousy by viewed with alarm and jealousy by Athenian statesmen Athenian statesmen Athenian statesmen struggle with Megara sooner or later was struggle with Megara sooner or later was struggle with Megara sooner or later was inevitable and the solonian conspiracy inevitable and the solonian conspiracy inevitable and the solonian conspiracy as we saw furnished an occasion of war as we saw furnished an occasion of war as we saw furnished an occasion of war the a journeys could not easily Brook the a journeys could not easily Brook the a journeys could not easily Brook the slaughter of his men in violation of the slaughter of his men in violation of the slaughter of his men in violation of the promise which had been given to them the promise which had been given to them the promise which had been given to them and he sent his ships to Harry the Attic and he sent his ships to Harry the Attic and he sent his ships to Harry the Attic ghosts ghosts ghosts the Athenians sought to occupy Salamis the Athenians sought to occupy Salamis the Athenians sought to occupy Salamis but all their efforts to gain a but all their efforts to gain a but all their efforts to gain a permanent footing failed and they permanent footing failed and they permanent footing failed and they abandoned the attempt in despair years abandoned the attempt in despair years abandoned the attempt in despair years passed away at length Solon saw that the passed away at length Solon saw that the passed away at length Solon saw that the favourable hour had come it was perhaps favourable hour had come it was perhaps favourable hour had come it was perhaps a quarter of a century after the year of a quarter of a century after the year of a quarter of a century after the year of his law giving he had returned from his his law giving he had returned from his his law giving he had returned from his travels and was living at Athens one of travels and was living at Athens one of travels and was living at Athens one of the Council of the Areopagus Megara was

the Council of the Areopagus Megara was the Council of the Areopagus Megara was now weaker than in the days of the now weaker than in the days of the now weaker than in the days of the Agony's and whether she had given any Agony's and whether she had given any Agony's and whether she had given any new cause of offense to athens or not new cause of offense to athens or not new cause of offense to athens or not Solon and his friends decided that it Solon and his friends decided that it Solon and his friends decided that it was time to strike was time to strike was time to strike the great legislator came forward now the great legislator came forward now the great legislator came forward now not as before to assuage strife but to not as before to assuage strife but to not as before to assuage strife but to stir up to conquest he composed a stir up to conquest he composed a stir up to conquest he composed a stirring poem which began I came myself stirring poem which began I came myself stirring poem which began I came myself as a herald from lovely Salamis as a herald from lovely Salamis as a herald from lovely Salamis but with song on my lips instead of but with song on my lips instead of but with song on my lips instead of common speech he blamed the peace policy common speech he blamed the peace policy common speech he blamed the peace policy of the men who let slip Salamis as of the men who let slip Salamis as of the men who let slip Salamis as dishonorable and cried arise and come to dishonorable and cried arise and come to dishonorable and cried arise and come to Salamis to win that fair island and undo Salamis to win that fair island and undo Salamis to win that fair island and undo our shame the poem of Solon was intended our shame the poem of Solon was intended our shame the poem of Solon was intended to have the effect which in later times to have the effect which in later times to have the effect which in later times when common speech had been perfected to when common speech had been perfected to when common speech had been perfected to a fine art would have been wrought by a fine art would have been wrought by a fine art would have been wrought by the eloquence of an orator in the the eloquence of an orator in the the eloquence of an orator in the assembly his appeal moved the hearts of assembly his appeal moved the hearts of assembly his appeal moved the hearts of his countrymen to a national effort and his countrymen to a national effort and his countrymen to a national effort and an Athenian army went forth to lay the an Athenian army went forth to lay the an Athenian army went forth to lay the first stone of their country's greatness first stone of their country's greatness first stone of their country's greatness an intimate friend of an intimate friend of an intimate friend of and took part in the enterprise by Z and took part in the enterprise by Z and took part in the enterprise by Z Stratos son of hippocrates whose home Stratos son of hippocrates whose home Stratos son of hippocrates whose home and his states were near bran it has

and his states were near bran it has and his states were near bran it has been thought that my Z status was the been thought that my Z status was the been thought that my Z status was the poly mark of the year but it is more poly mark of the year but it is more poly mark of the year but it is more probable that he was only a general probable that he was only a general probable that he was only a general subordinate to the poly mark he helped subordinate to the poly mark he helped subordinate to the poly mark he helped the expedition to a successful issue not the expedition to a successful issue not the expedition to a successful issue not only was the disputed island rested from only was the disputed island rested from only was the disputed island rested from Megara but he captured the port of Megara but he captured the port of Megara but he captured the port of Nicaea over against the island we may Nicaea over against the island we may Nicaea over against the island we may conjecture that Nicaea was surprised conjecture that Nicaea was surprised conjecture that Nicaea was surprised first and that its capture enabled the first and that its capture enabled the first and that its capture enabled the Athenians to occupy Salamis thus though Athenians to occupy Salamis thus though Athenians to occupy Salamis thus though pi Z Stratos was associated with the pi Z Stratos was associated with the pi Z Stratos was associated with the conquest of Nicaea not with the conquest conquest of Nicaea not with the conquest conquest of Nicaea not with the conquest of Salamis it was to him along with his of Salamis it was to him along with his of Salamis it was to him along with his friend Solon who inspired the enterprise friend Solon who inspired the enterprise friend Solon who inspired the enterprise that the great achievement was really that the great achievement was really that the great achievement was really due the seizure of her port was a great due the seizure of her port was a great due the seizure of her port was a great shock to the trade of Megara it was shock to the trade of Megara it was shock to the trade of Megara it was indeed afterwards restored when peace indeed afterwards restored when peace indeed afterwards restored when peace was made through the mediation of Sparta was made through the mediation of Sparta was made through the mediation of Sparta but the hopes of Athenian policy which but the hopes of Athenian policy which but the hopes of Athenian policy which its possession aroused are reflected in its possession aroused are reflected in its possession aroused are reflected in the legend created at this time but the legend created at this time but the legend created at this time but nicest the Megerian hero was a son of nicest the Megerian hero was a son of nicest the Megerian hero was a son of Pandiyan an early athenian king shortly Pandiyan an early athenian king shortly Pandiyan an early athenian king shortly afterwards the text of the Iliad which afterwards the text of the Iliad which afterwards the text of the Iliad which assumed as we shall see its final shape assumed as we shall see its final shape assumed as we shall see its final shape at Athens at Athens at Athens was tempered with the Athenians entered was tempered with the Athenians entered was tempered with the Athenians entered in that venerable record the political in that venerable record the political in that venerable record the political geography which they desired in the

geography which they desired in the geography which they desired in the catalog of the ships where Megara has no catalog of the ships where Megara has no catalog of the ships where Megara has no independent place she has counted as a independent place she has counted as a independent place she has counted as a city of Bioshock two verses were city of Bioshock two verses were city of Bioshock two verses were inserted implying that Salamis belonged inserted implying that Salamis belonged inserted implying that Salamis belonged to Athens in the time of the Trojan War to Athens in the time of the Trojan War to Athens in the time of the Trojan War there is no reason to suppose that there there is no reason to suppose that there there is no reason to suppose that there was any truth in this prehistoric claim was any truth in this prehistoric claim was any truth in this prehistoric claim but Salamis now became permanently but Salamis now became permanently but Salamis now became permanently annexed to Attica the island was annexed to Attica the island was annexed to Attica the island was afterwards divided in lots among afterwards divided in lots among afterwards divided in lots among Athenian citizens who were called Athenian citizens who were called Athenian citizens who were called clerics clerics clerics all lot holders Salamis unlike elusive all lot holders Salamis unlike elusive all lot holders Salamis unlike elusive was not incorporated in Attica though it was not incorporated in Attica though it was not incorporated in Attica though it was nearer Athens there have been found was nearer Athens there have been found was nearer Athens there have been found fragments of a document inscribed on the fragments of a document inscribed on the fragments of a document inscribed on the stone pillar perhaps but it is difficult stone pillar perhaps but it is difficult stone pillar perhaps but it is difficult to judge the dates of early attic to judge the dates of early attic to judge the dates of early attic writings not many years later than the writings not many years later than the writings not many years later than the conquest a decree of the people which conquest a decree of the people which conquest a decree of the people which concerns the settlement of Salamis one concerns the settlement of Salamis one concerns the settlement of Salamis one of the earliest scriptures stones of of the earliest scriptures stones of of the earliest scriptures stones of Athenian history and the earliest Athenian history and the earliest Athenian history and the earliest example we possess of a decree of the example we possess of a decree of the example we possess of a decree of the Athenian people the old inhabitants of Athenian people the old inhabitants of Athenian people the old inhabitants of the island were to pay the same taxes as the island were to pay the same taxes as the island were to pay the same taxes as the Athenians and to serve in the army the Athenians and to serve in the army the Athenians and to serve in the army but they were to dwell on their farms in but they were to dwell on their farms in but they were to dwell on their farms in the island and were not to let their the island and were not to let their the island and were not to let their Lots to others under pain of a fine the Lots to others under pain of a fine the Lots to others under pain of a fine the conquest of Salamis was a decisive event conquest of Salamis was a decisive event conquest of Salamis was a decisive event for Athens her territory was now rounded

for Athens her territory was now rounded for Athens her territory was now rounded off she had complete command of the off she had complete command of the off she had complete command of the landlocked Eleusinian Bay it was she who landlocked Eleusinian Bay it was she who landlocked Eleusinian Bay it was she who now threatened Megara end of chapter 5 now threatened Megara end of chapter 5 now threatened Megara end of chapter 5 part 1 chapter 5 part 2 Athens under part 1 chapter 5 part 2 Athens under part 1 chapter 5 part 2 Athens under paese status the conqueror of Nicaea was paese status the conqueror of Nicaea was paese status the conqueror of Nicaea was the hero of the day by professing the hero of the day by professing the hero of the day by professing democratic doctrines and practicing democratic doctrines and practicing democratic doctrines and practicing popular arts he ingratiated himself with popular arts he ingratiated himself with popular arts he ingratiated himself with those extreme Democrats who being those extreme Democrats who being those extreme Democrats who being bitterly opposed to the nobles and not bitterly opposed to the nobles and not bitterly opposed to the nobles and not satisfied by the solonian compromise satisfied by the solonian compromise satisfied by the solonian compromise were outside both the plane and the were outside both the plane and the were outside both the plane and the coast by sea status thus organized a new coast by sea status thus organized a new coast by sea status thus organized a new party which was called the hill as it party which was called the hill as it party which was called the hill as it largely consisted of the poor Hillsman largely consisted of the poor Hillsman largely consisted of the poor Hillsman of the highlands of Attica but it also of the highlands of Attica but it also of the highlands of Attica but it also included the Hecht emos for whom Solon included the Hecht emos for whom Solon included the Hecht emos for whom Solon had done little and many discontented had done little and many discontented had done little and many discontented men who formerly rich had been men who formerly rich had been men who formerly rich had been impoverished by Solon's measure of impoverished by Solon's measure of impoverished by Solon's measure of canceling old debts canceling old debts canceling old debts with this party at his back by Z Stratos with this party at his back by Z Stratos with this party at his back by Z Stratos aimed at no lesser thing than grasping aimed at no lesser thing than grasping aimed at no lesser thing than grasping the supreme power for himself one day he the supreme power for himself one day he the supreme power for himself one day he appeared in the agora wounded he said by appeared in the agora wounded he said by appeared in the agora wounded he said by a foul attack of his political foes his a foul attack of his political foes his a foul attack of his political foes his foes because he was a friend of the

foes because he was a friend of the foes because he was a friend of the people and he showed wounds which he people and he showed wounds which he people and he showed wounds which he bore in the assembly packed by the bore in the assembly packed by the bore in the assembly packed by the Hillsman a bodyguard of 50 clubs Minh Hillsman a bodyguard of 50 clubs Minh Hillsman a bodyguard of 50 clubs Minh was voted to him on the proposal of a was voted to him on the proposal of a was voted to him on the proposal of a risky own we have a monument which we risky own we have a monument which we risky own we have a monument which we may associate with the author of this may associate with the author of this may associate with the author of this memorable act in a sepulchral slab memorable act in a sepulchral slab memorable act in a sepulchral slab discovered near broaden on which is discovered near broaden on which is discovered near broaden on which is finely wrought in very low relief the finely wrought in very low relief the finely wrought in very low relief the portrait of a risky own standing armed portrait of a risky own standing armed portrait of a risky own standing armed by his tombstone and it is hardly to by his tombstone and it is hardly to by his tombstone and it is hardly to bold to recognize in this contemporary bold to recognize in this contemporary bold to recognize in this contemporary sculpture the friend of Pi Z Stratos sculpture the friend of Pi Z Stratos sculpture the friend of Pi Z Stratos when we remember that the home of the when we remember that the home of the when we remember that the home of the PI's this rooted family was at Brougham PI's this rooted family was at Brougham PI's this rooted family was at Brougham having secured his bodyguard the first having secured his bodyguard the first having secured his bodyguard the first step in the tyrants progress by Z step in the tyrants progress by Z step in the tyrants progress by Z Stratos seized to the Acropolis and made Stratos seized to the Acropolis and made Stratos seized to the Acropolis and made himself master of the state it was the himself master of the state it was the himself master of the state it was the fate of Solon to live long enough to see fate of Solon to live long enough to see fate of Solon to live long enough to see the establishment of the tyranny which the establishment of the tyranny which the establishment of the tyranny which he dreaded we know not what part he had he dreaded we know not what part he had he dreaded we know not what part he had taken in the troubled world of politics taken in the troubled world of politics taken in the troubled world of politics since his return to Athens the story was since his return to Athens the story was since his return to Athens the story was invented that he called upon the invented that he called upon the invented that he called upon the citizens to arm themselves against the citizens to arm themselves against the citizens to arm themselves against the tyrant but called in vain and that then tyrant but called in vain and that then tyrant but called in vain and that then laying his arms outside the threshold of laying his arms outside the threshold of laying his arms outside the threshold of his house he cried his house he cried his house he cried I have aided so far as I could my I have aided so far as I could my I have aided so far as I could my country and the Constitution and I

country and the Constitution and I country and the Constitution and I appeal to others to do likewise nor has appeal to others to do likewise nor has appeal to others to do likewise nor has the story that he refused to live under the story that he refused to live under the story that he refused to live under a tyranny and sought refuge with his a tyranny and sought refuge with his a tyranny and sought refuge with his Cyprian friends the king of soul I any Cyprian friends the king of soul I any Cyprian friends the king of soul I any good foundation we know only that in his good foundation we know only that in his good foundation we know only that in his later years he enjoyed the pleasures of later years he enjoyed the pleasures of later years he enjoyed the pleasures of wine and love and that he survived but a wine and love and that he survived but a wine and love and that he survived but a short time the seizure of the tyranny by short time the seizure of the tyranny by short time the seizure of the tyranny by paese Stratos who at least treated the paese Stratos who at least treated the paese Stratos who at least treated the old man with respect the discord of old man with respect the discord of old man with respect the discord of parties had smoothed the way for the parties had smoothed the way for the parties had smoothed the way for the schemes of by Z Stratos but his success schemes of by Z Stratos but his success schemes of by Z Stratos but his success led in turn to the union of the two led in turn to the union of the two led in turn to the union of the two other parties the plane and the coast other parties the plane and the coast other parties the plane and the coast against him and at the end of about five against him and at the end of about five against him and at the end of about five years they succeeded in driving him out years they succeeded in driving him out years they succeeded in driving him out but new disunion followed and mega but new disunion followed and mega but new disunion followed and mega cleese the leader of the coast seems to cleese the leader of the coast seems to cleese the leader of the coast seems to have quarreled not only with the plane have quarreled not only with the plane have quarreled not only with the plane but with his own party at all events he but with his own party at all events he but with his own party at all events he sought a reconciliation with by Z sought a reconciliation with by Z sought a reconciliation with by Z Stratos and undertook to help him back Stratos and undertook to help him back Stratos and undertook to help him back to the tyranny on condition that the to the tyranny on condition that the to the tyranny on condition that the tyrant wetted his daughter the legend is tyrant wetted his daughter the legend is tyrant wetted his daughter the legend is that the partisans of pi Z Stratos found that the partisans of pi Z Stratos found that the partisans of pi Z Stratos found in PA Nia an antic village a woman of in PA Nia an antic village a woman of in PA Nia an antic village a woman of loftier than common stature whom they loftier than common stature whom they loftier than common stature whom they arrayed in the guise of the goddess arrayed in the guise of the goddess arrayed in the guise of the goddess Athena Athena Athena her name was Phi E then heralds on a her name was Phi E then heralds on a her name was Phi E then heralds on a certain day entered Athens crying that

certain day entered Athens crying that certain day entered Athens crying that Palace herself was leading back by Z Palace herself was leading back by Z Palace herself was leading back by Z Stratos presently a car arrived bearing Stratos presently a car arrived bearing Stratos presently a car arrived bearing the tyrant and fy'y the tyrant and fy'y the tyrant and fy'y and the trick deceived all the common and the trick deceived all the common and the trick deceived all the common folk but the coalition of peisistratus folk but the coalition of peisistratus folk but the coalition of peisistratus with mega cleese was not more abiding with mega cleese was not more abiding with mega cleese was not more abiding than that of mega cleese with Lycurgus than that of mega cleese with Lycurgus than that of mega cleese with Lycurgus by a former wife footnote her name is by a former wife footnote her name is by a former wife footnote her name is unknown by Z Stratos had also married unknown by Z Stratos had also married unknown by Z Stratos had also married Tim an esse an archive woman whom being Tim an esse an archive woman whom being Tim an esse an archive woman whom being a foreigner etic law did not recognize a foreigner etic law did not recognize a foreigner etic law did not recognize as a legal wife the sons of Tim and essa as a legal wife the sons of Tim and essa as a legal wife the sons of Tim and essa aya fond and Egizi status were therefore aya fond and Egizi status were therefore aya fond and Egizi status were therefore technically illegitimate but socially technically illegitimate but socially technically illegitimate but socially doubtless no stain was attached to them doubtless no stain was attached to them doubtless no stain was attached to them Pegasus Trotter seems to have been Pegasus Trotter seems to have been Pegasus Trotter seems to have been afterwards legitimized and made a afterwards legitimized and made a afterwards legitimized and made a citizen perhaps it was on this occasion citizen perhaps it was on this occasion citizen perhaps it was on this occasion that he received his other name these'll that he received his other name these'll that he received his other name these'll as' end of footnote as' end of footnote as' end of footnote by Zeus Titus had two sons hippie ass by Zeus Titus had two sons hippie ass by Zeus Titus had two sons hippie ass and Hipparchus and as he desired to and Hipparchus and as he desired to and Hipparchus and as he desired to create a dynasty he feared that if he create a dynasty he feared that if he create a dynasty he feared that if he had offspring by a second wife the had offspring by a second wife the had offspring by a second wife the interests of his elder sons might be interests of his elder sons might be interests of his elder sons might be injured and family dissensions ensue so injured and family dissensions ensue so injured and family dissensions ensue so though he went through the form of though he went through the form of though he went through the form of marriage with the daughter of megacles marriage with the daughter of megacles marriage with the daughter of megacles as he had promised he did not treat her as he had promised he did not treat her as he had promised he did not treat her as his wife megha Cleese was enraged

as his wife megha Cleese was enraged as his wife megha Cleese was enraged when the tyrants neglect reached his when the tyrants neglect reached his when the tyrants neglect reached his ears he made common cause with the ears he made common cause with the ears he made common cause with the enemies of paese status and succeeded in enemies of paese status and succeeded in enemies of paese status and succeeded in driving him out for the second time driving him out for the second time driving him out for the second time perhaps in the same year in which he had perhaps in the same year in which he had perhaps in the same year in which he had been restored the second exile lasted been restored the second exile lasted been restored the second exile lasted for about ten years and by Z status for about ten years and by Z status for about ten years and by Z status spent it in forming new connections in spent it in forming new connections in spent it in forming new connections in Macedonia on the thermic gulf he Macedonia on the thermic gulf he Macedonia on the thermic gulf he organized the inhabitants of the organized the inhabitants of the organized the inhabitants of the neighborhood of restless into some sort neighborhood of restless into some sort neighborhood of restless into some sort of a city-state he exploited the gold of a city-state he exploited the gold of a city-state he exploited the gold mines of Mount pangaea's near the mines of Mount pangaea's near the mines of Mount pangaea's near the Strymon and formed a force of mercenary Strymon and formed a force of mercenary Strymon and formed a force of mercenary soldiers thus providing himself with soldiers thus providing himself with soldiers thus providing himself with money and men to recover his position at money and men to recover his position at money and men to recover his position at Athens he was supported by lignum ease Athens he was supported by lignum ease Athens he was supported by lignum ease the tyrant of Naxos and by the the tyrant of Naxos and by the the tyrant of Naxos and by the friendship of other Greek States such as friendship of other Greek States such as friendship of other Greek States such as Thessaly which he had cultivated in the Thessaly which he had cultivated in the Thessaly which he had cultivated in the days of his power the aristocracy of days of his power the aristocracy of days of his power the aristocracy of Eritrean horsemen were well disposed to Eritrean horsemen were well disposed to Eritrean horsemen were well disposed to him and their City was an admirable him and their City was an admirable him and their City was an admirable basis for an attack upon F ins when he basis for an attack upon F ins when he basis for an attack upon F ins when he landed at Marathon his adherents flocked landed at Marathon his adherents flocked landed at Marathon his adherents flocked to his standard the citizens who were to his standard the citizens who were to his standard the citizens who were loyal to the constitutional government loyal to the constitutional government loyal to the constitutional government marched forth and were defeated in marched forth and were defeated in marched forth and were defeated in battle at Pellini battle at Pellini battle at Pellini resistance was at an end resistance was at an end resistance was at an end and once more paese status had the power and once more paese status had the power and once more paese status had the power in his hands this time he kept it the

in his hands this time he kept it the in his hands this time he kept it the rule of my status may be described as a rule of my status may be described as a rule of my status may be described as a constitutional tyranny he did not stop constitutional tyranny he did not stop constitutional tyranny he did not stop the wheels of the doom the wheels of the doom the wheels of the doom krisi but he guided the machine entirely krisi but he guided the machine entirely krisi but he guided the machine entirely at his own will the constitution of at his own will the constitution of at his own will the constitution of Solon seems to have been preserved in Solon seems to have been preserved in Solon seems to have been preserved in its essential features though in some its essential features though in some its essential features though in some details the lapse of time may have details the lapse of time may have details the lapse of time may have brought modifications thus it is brought modifications thus it is brought modifications thus it is possible that even before the first possible that even before the first possible that even before the first success of paese status the assessment success of paese status the assessment success of paese status the assessment according to measures of corn and oil according to measures of corn and oil according to measures of corn and oil had been converted into an assessment in had been converted into an assessment in had been converted into an assessment in money and as money became cheaper the money and as money became cheaper the money and as money became cheaper the earlier standards for the division of earlier standards for the division of earlier standards for the division of classes ceased to have the old classes ceased to have the old classes ceased to have the old significance a man who at the beginning significance a man who at the beginning significance a man who at the beginning of the sixth century just reached the of the sixth century just reached the of the sixth century just reached the standard of the first class was passing standard of the first class was passing standard of the first class was passing rich fifty years later he would be rich fifty years later he would be rich fifty years later he would be comparatively poor but it was not to the comparatively poor but it was not to the comparatively poor but it was not to the interest of the tyrant to raise the interest of the tyrant to raise the interest of the tyrant to raise the census for political office various census for political office various census for political office various measures of policy were adopted by him measures of policy were adopted by him measures of policy were adopted by him to protect his position while he to protect his position while he to protect his position while he preserved the old forms of government he preserved the old forms of government he preserved the old forms of government he managed to exert an influence on the managed to exert an influence on the managed to exert an influence on the appointment of the archons so as to appointment of the archons so as to appointment of the archons so as to secure personal adherence and one of his secure personal adherence and one of his secure personal adherence and one of his own family generally held some office own family generally held some office own family generally held some office this involved the suspension or this involved the suspension or this involved the suspension or modification of the system of lot modification of the system of lot modification of the system of lot introduced by Solon the tyrant kept up a

introduced by Solon the tyrant kept up a introduced by Solon the tyrant kept up a standing force of paid soldiers among standing force of paid soldiers among standing force of paid soldiers among them perhaps Scythian archers whom we them perhaps Scythian archers whom we them perhaps Scythian archers whom we see portrayed on antique houses of the see portrayed on antique houses of the see portrayed on antique houses of the time and he kept in his power as time and he kept in his power as time and he kept in his power as hostages the children of some noble hostages the children of some noble hostages the children of some noble families which he is suspected most families which he is suspected most families which he is suspected most indeed of his more prominent opponents indeed of his more prominent opponents indeed of his more prominent opponents including the out marinids had left including the out marinids had left including the out marinids had left Attica and the large estates which they Attica and the large estates which they Attica and the large estates which they abandoned were at his disposal these abandoned were at his disposal these abandoned were at his disposal these estates gave him the means of solving a estates gave him the means of solving a estates gave him the means of solving a problem which Solon had left unsolved problem which Solon had left unsolved problem which Solon had left unsolved and of satisfying the expectations of a and of satisfying the expectations of a and of satisfying the expectations of a large number of his supporters he large number of his supporters he large number of his supporters he divided the vacant lands into Lots and divided the vacant lands into Lots and divided the vacant lands into Lots and gave them to the laborers who had worked gave them to the laborers who had worked gave them to the laborers who had worked on these and are on these and are on these and are Estates thus the way was prepared for Estates thus the way was prepared for Estates thus the way was prepared for the total abolition of the Hecht emos the total abolition of the Hecht emos the total abolition of the Hecht emos they became practically peasant they became practically peasant they became practically peasant proprietors and they had to pay only the proprietors and they had to pay only the proprietors and they had to pay only the land tax amounting to one tenth of the land tax amounting to one tenth of the land tax amounting to one tenth of the produce land was also given to many produce land was also given to many produce land was also given to many needy people who idled in the city and needy people who idled in the city and needy people who idled in the city and loans of money to start them the tax of loans of money to start them the tax of loans of money to start them the tax of 1/10 imposed on all estates formed an 1/10 imposed on all estates formed an 1/10 imposed on all estates formed an important source of the tyrants revenue important source of the tyrants revenue important source of the tyrants revenue and it is generally supposed that he and it is generally supposed that he and it is generally supposed that he introduced it but this is not probable introduced it but this is not probable introduced it but this is not probable we may take it that this land tax was an we may take it that this land tax was an we may take it that this land tax was an older institution which continued under

older institution which continued under older institution which continued under Preiser status until either he or his Preiser status until either he or his Preiser status until either he or his sons were able through an increase of sons were able through an increase of sons were able through an increase of revenue from other sources to reduce it revenue from other sources to reduce it revenue from other sources to reduce it to 120th it has been plausibly suggested to 120th it has been plausibly suggested to 120th it has been plausibly suggested that this increase of revenue came from that this increase of revenue came from that this increase of revenue came from the silver mines of Laurium which now the silver mines of Laurium which now the silver mines of Laurium which now perhaps began to be more effectively perhaps began to be more effectively perhaps began to be more effectively worked his possessions on the Strymon worked his possessions on the Strymon worked his possessions on the Strymon were another mainstay of the finance of were another mainstay of the finance of were another mainstay of the finance of by this treatise he exerted himself to by this treatise he exerted himself to by this treatise he exerted himself to improve agriculture and under his improve agriculture and under his improve agriculture and under his influence the olive which had long ago influence the olive which had long ago influence the olive which had long ago found a home in Attica was planted all found a home in Attica was planted all found a home in Attica was planted all over the land under Peisistratus Athens over the land under Peisistratus Athens over the land under Peisistratus Athens rested from the distractions of parties rested from the distractions of parties rested from the distractions of parties strife and the old parties gradually strife and the old parties gradually strife and the old parties gradually disappeared the mass of discontented disappeared the mass of discontented disappeared the mass of discontented Hector Maas was absorbed in the class of Hector Maas was absorbed in the class of Hector Maas was absorbed in the class of peasant proprietors thus the people peasant proprietors thus the people peasant proprietors thus the people enjoyed a tranquil period of economical enjoyed a tranquil period of economical enjoyed a tranquil period of economical and political development and as the and political development and as the and political development and as the free forms of the constitution were free forms of the constitution were free forms of the constitution were preserved the masses in the assembly and preserved the masses in the assembly and preserved the masses in the assembly and in the law courts received a training in in the law courts received a training in in the law courts received a training in the routine at least of public affairs the routine at least of public affairs the routine at least of public affairs which rendered them fit for the which rendered them fit for the which rendered them fit for the democracy which was to ensue when the democracy which was to ensue when the democracy which was to ensue when the tyranny was overthrown abroad it was the tyranny was overthrown abroad it was the tyranny was overthrown abroad it was the consistent policy of peisistratus to consistent policy of peisistratus to consistent policy of peisistratus to preserve peaceful relations with other preserve peaceful relations with other preserve peaceful relations with other states it states it states it indeed was openly the rival of Athens

indeed was openly the rival of Athens indeed was openly the rival of Athens and humbled Megara could hardly be aught and humbled Megara could hardly be aught and humbled Megara could hardly be aught save sullen but Athens was on friendly save sullen but Athens was on friendly save sullen but Athens was on friendly terms with both the rival powers of the terms with both the rival powers of the terms with both the rival powers of the Peloponnesus Sparta and Argos and Thebes Peloponnesus Sparta and Argos and Thebes Peloponnesus Sparta and Argos and Thebes and Thessaly and the Eritrea Knights had and Thessaly and the Eritrea Knights had and Thessaly and the Eritrea Knights had helped the tyrant in the days of his helped the tyrant in the days of his helped the tyrant in the days of his adversity his influence extended to the adversity his influence extended to the adversity his influence extended to the banks of the Strymon and the coasts of banks of the Strymon and the coasts of banks of the Strymon and the coasts of Macedonia as we have already seen and he Macedonia as we have already seen and he Macedonia as we have already seen and he had a subservient friend in Ligue de had a subservient friend in Ligue de had a subservient friend in Ligue de miss of Nexus whom he had installed as miss of Nexus whom he had installed as miss of Nexus whom he had installed as tyrant over the next one out list with tyrant over the next one out list with tyrant over the next one out list with the object of injuring the Megerian the object of injuring the Megerian the object of injuring the Megerian trade in Pontic corn and gaining some trade in Pontic corn and gaining some trade in Pontic corn and gaining some counterpoise to megarian power in the counterpoise to megarian power in the counterpoise to megarian power in the region of the Propontis that athens made region of the Propontis that athens made region of the Propontis that athens made her first venture in distant seas it was her first venture in distant seas it was her first venture in distant seas it was about 40 years before Peisistratus about 40 years before Peisistratus about 40 years before Peisistratus became tyrant that Athens seized the became tyrant that Athens seized the became tyrant that Athens seized the lesbian Fortress of C Geum on the shore lesbian Fortress of C Geum on the shore lesbian Fortress of C Geum on the shore of the TRO ad at the entrance to the of the TRO ad at the entrance to the of the TRO ad at the entrance to the Hellespont the friendship of Meletis Hellespont the friendship of Meletis Hellespont the friendship of Meletis mother of many Pontic colonies favoured mother of many Pontic colonies favoured mother of many Pontic colonies favoured this enterprise which however involved this enterprise which however involved this enterprise which however involved Athens in a conflict with Mitylene II Athens in a conflict with Mitylene II Athens in a conflict with Mitylene II whose power and settlements extended whose power and settlements extended whose power and settlements extended along the shores of the Straits along the shores of the Straits along the shores of the Straits miscellany failing to recover the miscellany failing to recover the miscellany failing to recover the fortress built another the achillion fortress built another the achillion fortress built another the achillion close by which cut off the Athenians close by which cut off the Athenians close by which cut off the Athenians from the sea it has been already told

from the sea it has been already told from the sea it has been already told how the Statesman Pittacus was engaged how the Statesman Pittacus was engaged how the Statesman Pittacus was engaged in this war and slew an Athenian in this war and slew an Athenian in this war and slew an Athenian commander in single combat and how the commander in single combat and how the commander in single combat and how the poet Al seus threw away his shield it poet Al seus threw away his shield it poet Al seus threw away his shield it would seem that while Athens was would seem that while Athens was would seem that while Athens was absorbed in her party conflicts at home absorbed in her party conflicts at home absorbed in her party conflicts at home CGM slipped from her hands and that the CGM slipped from her hands and that the CGM slipped from her hands and that the recapture of it was one of the recapture of it was one of the recapture of it was one of the achievements of peisistratus the tyrant achievements of peisistratus the tyrant achievements of peisistratus the tyrant showed the importance he attached to it showed the importance he attached to it showed the importance he attached to it by installing one of his sons as by installing one of his sons as by installing one of his sons as governor the Statesman who first sent a governor the Statesman who first sent a governor the Statesman who first sent a Fenian soldiers to the shores of the Fenian soldiers to the shores of the Fenian soldiers to the shores of the Hellespont Hellespont Hellespont in truth opened up a new path for in truth opened up a new path for in truth opened up a new path for Athenian policy and paese Stratos Athenian policy and paese Stratos Athenian policy and paese Stratos pursued that path it was not long before pursued that path it was not long before pursued that path it was not long before a much greater acquisition than sodium a much greater acquisition than sodium a much greater acquisition than sodium was made in the same region but this was made in the same region but this was made in the same region but this acquisition though made with the good acquisition though made with the good acquisition though made with the good will and even under the auspices of by Z will and even under the auspices of by Z will and even under the auspices of by Z Stratos was made by one who was his Stratos was made by one who was his Stratos was made by one who was his political rival and opponent political rival and opponent political rival and opponent notoya d's son at cypselus belonged to notoya d's son at cypselus belonged to notoya d's son at cypselus belonged to the noble family of the philly aides and the noble family of the philly aides and the noble family of the philly aides and was one of the leaders of the plane it was one of the leaders of the plane it was one of the leaders of the plane it was after the usurpation of Bai Zi was after the usurpation of Bai Zi was after the usurpation of Bai Zi status that as he sat one day in the status that as he sat one day in the status that as he sat one day in the porch of his country house Atlas IOD on porch of his country house Atlas IOD on porch of his country house Atlas IOD on the road from Athens to allusive he saw the road from Athens to allusive he saw the road from Athens to allusive he saw a company of men in Thracian dress and a company of men in Thracian dress and a company of men in Thracian dress and armed with spears passing along the road

armed with spears passing along the road armed with spears passing along the road he called out to them invited them into he called out to them invited them into he called out to them invited them into his house and proffered them hospitality his house and proffered them hospitality his house and proffered them hospitality they were DeLonge shy natives of the they were DeLonge shy natives of the they were DeLonge shy natives of the Thracian Cassini's and they had come to Thracian Cassini's and they had come to Thracian Cassini's and they had come to Greece in search of a helper who should Greece in search of a helper who should Greece in search of a helper who should have the strength and skill to defend have the strength and skill to defend have the strength and skill to defend them against their northern neighbors them against their northern neighbors them against their northern neighbors who were pressing them hard in war they who were pressing them hard in war they who were pressing them hard in war they had gone to Delphi and the Oracle had had gone to Delphi and the Oracle had had gone to Delphi and the Oracle had bidden them invite the man who first bidden them invite the man who first bidden them invite the man who first offered them entertainment after they offered them entertainment after they offered them entertainment after they left the shrine no tired is thus left the shrine no tired is thus left the shrine no tired is thus designated by the God obeyed the call of designated by the God obeyed the call of designated by the God obeyed the call of the Thracians not reluctant to leave his the Thracians not reluctant to leave his the Thracians not reluctant to leave his country fallen under a tyrants rule the country fallen under a tyrants rule the country fallen under a tyrants rule the circumstances of the foundation of circumstances of the foundation of circumstances of the foundation of Athenian power in the curstyn ease with Athenian power in the curstyn ease with Athenian power in the curstyn ease with us wrought by the story shaping instinct us wrought by the story shaping instinct us wrought by the story shaping instinct of the Greeks into a picturesque tale of the Greeks into a picturesque tale of the Greeks into a picturesque tale the simple fact seems to have been that the simple fact seems to have been that the simple fact seems to have been that the Dolans I applied directly to Athens the Dolans I applied directly to Athens the Dolans I applied directly to Athens inviting the settlement of an Athenian inviting the settlement of an Athenian inviting the settlement of an Athenian colony in their midst paese status was colony in their midst paese status was colony in their midst paese status was well pleased to promote Athenian well pleased to promote Athenian well pleased to promote Athenian influence on the Hellespont on shores influence on the Hellespont on shores influence on the Hellespont on shores and the selection of mill tidies was not and the selection of mill tidies was not and the selection of mill tidies was not unwelcome to him since it removed a unwelcome to him since it removed a unwelcome to him since it removed a dangerous son dangerous son dangerous son we may feel no doubt that it was as an we may feel no doubt that it was as an we may feel no doubt that it was as an assist duly chosen by the Athenian assist duly chosen by the Athenian assist duly chosen by the Athenian people that Milty ADIZ went forth people that Milty ADIZ went forth people that Milty ADIZ went forth blessed by the Delphic Oracle to the

blessed by the Delphic Oracle to the blessed by the Delphic Oracle to the land of his Thracian guests but the land of his Thracian guests but the land of his Thracian guests but the easiest who went forth as it was said to easiest who went forth as it was said to easiest who went forth as it was said to escape tyranny became absolute ruler in escape tyranny became absolute ruler in escape tyranny became absolute ruler in his new country he ruled as a Thracian his new country he ruled as a Thracian his new country he ruled as a Thracian Prince over the day long sigh he ruled Prince over the day long sigh he ruled Prince over the day long sigh he ruled as a tyrant over his Athenian fellow as a tyrant over his Athenian fellow as a tyrant over his Athenian fellow settlers he protected the peninsula settlers he protected the peninsula settlers he protected the peninsula against invasions from the north by a against invasions from the north by a against invasions from the north by a wall which he built across the neck from wall which he built across the neck from wall which he built across the neck from cardia to pak te we hear of his war with cardia to pak te we hear of his war with cardia to pak te we hear of his war with lamb circus and his friendship with the lamb circus and his friendship with the lamb circus and his friendship with the king of lydia it is not too much to say king of lydia it is not too much to say king of lydia it is not too much to say that by status took the first steps on that by status took the first steps on that by status took the first steps on the path which led Evans to Empire that the path which led Evans to Empire that the path which led Evans to Empire that path had indeed been pointed out to him path had indeed been pointed out to him path had indeed been pointed out to him by nameless predecessors but his sword by nameless predecessors but his sword by nameless predecessors but his sword conquered Salamis under his auspices conquered Salamis under his auspices conquered Salamis under his auspices Athens won a footing on both shores of Athens won a footing on both shores of Athens won a footing on both shores of the Hellespont we cannot estimate two the Hellespont we cannot estimate two the Hellespont we cannot estimate two highly the statesmanship which sought a highly the statesmanship which sought a highly the statesmanship which sought a field for Athenian enterprise in the field for Athenian enterprise in the field for Athenian enterprise in the regions of the Propontis the Ionian regions of the Propontis the Ionian regions of the Propontis the Ionian cities had forced old Athens in cities had forced old Athens in cities had forced old Athens in venturing into the vast spaces of the venturing into the vast spaces of the venturing into the vast spaces of the east and sea and winning the products of east and sea and winning the products of east and sea and winning the products of its shores but though she entered into its shores but though she entered into its shores but though she entered into the contest late she was destined to the contest late she was destined to the contest late she was destined to outstrip both her friend my Letus and outstrip both her friend my Letus and outstrip both her friend my Letus and Megara her foe many years indeed was

Megara her foe many years indeed was Megara her foe many years indeed was still to run before her ships dominated still to run before her ships dominated still to run before her ships dominated the iewk scene but it was much that she the iewk scene but it was much that she the iewk scene but it was much that she now set her posts as a watcher on either now set her posts as a watcher on either now set her posts as a watcher on either side of the narrow gate where the see side of the narrow gate where the see side of the narrow gate where the see rage of Haley hangs heavier and east rage of Haley hangs heavier and east rage of Haley hangs heavier and east upon west waters break paese Stratos upon west waters break paese Stratos upon west waters break paese Stratos strongly asserted the claim of Athens to strongly asserted the claim of Athens to strongly asserted the claim of Athens to be the mother and leader of the Ionian be the mother and leader of the Ionian be the mother and leader of the Ionian branch of the Greek race branch of the Greek race branch of the Greek race the Temple of Apollo in Delos the island the Temple of Apollo in Delos the island the Temple of Apollo in Delos the island of his mythical birth had been long a of his mythical birth had been long a of his mythical birth had been long a religious center of the Ionians on both religious center of the Ionians on both religious center of the Ionians on both sides of the Aegean there has in ancient sides of the Aegean there has in ancient sides of the Aegean there has in ancient him sang the long-robed Ionians gather him sang the long-robed Ionians gather him sang the long-robed Ionians gather with their children and to their wives with their children and to their wives with their children and to their wives to honor Apollo with dance and song and to honor Apollo with dance and song and to honor Apollo with dance and song and games a stranger who came upon the games a stranger who came upon the games a stranger who came upon the Ionians in their throng seeing the men Ionians in their throng seeing the men Ionians in their throng seeing the men and the fair girdled women and the Swift and the fair girdled women and the Swift and the fair girdled women and the Swift ships and all their wealth would say ships and all their wealth would say ships and all their wealth would say that they were beings free forever from that they were beings free forever from that they were beings free forever from death and elde by Z Stratos purified the death and elde by Z Stratos purified the death and elde by Z Stratos purified the sacred spot by digging up all the tombs sacred spot by digging up all the tombs sacred spot by digging up all the tombs that were within sight of the sanctuary that were within sight of the sanctuary that were within sight of the sanctuary and removing the bones of the dead to and removing the bones of the dead to and removing the bones of the dead to another part of the island and Athens another part of the island and Athens another part of the island and Athens took not only the Ionian Festival under took not only the Ionian Festival under took not only the Ionian Festival under her special care but also the great her special care but also the great her special care but also the great Ionian epics it was probably towards the

Ionian epics it was probably towards the Ionian epics it was probably towards the end of his reign that by Z Stratos and end of his reign that by Z Stratos and end of his reign that by Z Stratos and his son Hipparchus took in hand the work his son Hipparchus took in hand the work his son Hipparchus took in hand the work of arranging and writing down the of arranging and writing down the of arranging and writing down the Homeric poems since the poet of Chios Homeric poems since the poet of Chios Homeric poems since the poet of Chios had composed the Iliad since another had composed the Iliad since another had composed the Iliad since another Ionian poet had framed the Odyssey new Ionian poet had framed the Odyssey new Ionian poet had framed the Odyssey new parts had been added by their successors parts had been added by their successors parts had been added by their successors such as the catalogue of the ships and such as the catalogue of the ships and such as the catalogue of the ships and the poem of Dolan the minstrels who the poem of Dolan the minstrels who the poem of Dolan the minstrels who recited Homer at the Delian Festival for recited Homer at the Delian Festival for recited Homer at the Delian Festival for example adhered to no very strict order example adhered to no very strict order example adhered to no very strict order of parts in their recitations and of parts in their recitations and of parts in their recitations and discrepancies were inevitable both in discrepancies were inevitable both in discrepancies were inevitable both in the order and in the text at the the order and in the text at the the order and in the text at the instance of by Z Stratos some men of instance of by Z Stratos some men of instance of by Z Stratos some men of letters undertook the task of fixing letters undertook the task of fixing letters undertook the task of fixing definitely the text of both poems and definitely the text of both poems and definitely the text of both poems and wrote them down in the old attic wrote them down in the old attic wrote them down in the old attic alphabet alphabet alphabet thus Athens became one of the birth thus Athens became one of the birth thus Athens became one of the birth cities of Homer The Iliad and Odyssey cities of Homer The Iliad and Odyssey cities of Homer The Iliad and Odyssey assumed their final shape there but what assumed their final shape there but what assumed their final shape there but what the Athenians did for her the Athenians did for her the Athenians did for her was entirely an achievement in literary was entirely an achievement in literary was entirely an achievement in literary criticism it was in no way a work of criticism it was in no way a work of criticism it was in no way a work of original composition we may say that the original composition we may say that the original composition we may say that the PI's astrati and revision of Homer was PI's astrati and revision of Homer was PI's astrati and revision of Homer was the beginning of literary criticism in the beginning of literary criticism in the beginning of literary criticism in Europe some liberties indeed were taken Europe some liberties indeed were taken Europe some liberties indeed were taken with the text a line or two were added a with the text a line or two were added a with the text a line or two were added a line or two may have been omitted for

line or two may have been omitted for line or two may have been omitted for the sake of the political interest or the sake of the political interest or the sake of the political interest or the vanity of Athens the vanity of Athens the vanity of Athens we have met an instance in regard to we have met an instance in regard to we have met an instance in regard to Salamis the Homeric enterprise at paese Salamis the Homeric enterprise at paese Salamis the Homeric enterprise at paese status was thoroughly successful Athens status was thoroughly successful Athens status was thoroughly successful Athens grew to be the center of the Greek book grew to be the center of the Greek book grew to be the center of the Greek book trade and the Athenian text was trade and the Athenian text was trade and the Athenian text was circulated through the whole Greek world circulated through the whole Greek world circulated through the whole Greek world but before this circulation began it had but before this circulation began it had but before this circulation began it had been copied out in a new shape about been copied out in a new shape about been copied out in a new shape about half a century later Athenian poets half a century later Athenian poets half a century later Athenian poets began to give up the old attic alphabet began to give up the old attic alphabet began to give up the old attic alphabet and use the more convenient ionic and use the more convenient ionic and use the more convenient ionic alphabet instead homer was then copied alphabet instead homer was then copied alphabet instead homer was then copied out of the attic letters into the ionic out of the attic letters into the ionic out of the attic letters into the ionic and our texts are still disfigured by and our texts are still disfigured by and our texts are still disfigured by some errors which arose in the process some errors which arose in the process some errors which arose in the process the immediate purpose of the revision of the immediate purpose of the revision of the immediate purpose of the revision of Pi Z Stratos was to regulate the Homeric Pi Z Stratos was to regulate the Homeric Pi Z Stratos was to regulate the Homeric recitations which he had made a feature recitations which he had made a feature recitations which he had made a feature of the great Panathenaic Festival this of the great Panathenaic Festival this of the great Panathenaic Festival this feast had been remodeled if not founded feast had been remodeled if not founded feast had been remodeled if not founded shortly before he seized the tyranny and shortly before he seized the tyranny and shortly before he seized the tyranny and on the pattern of the national on the pattern of the national on the pattern of the national gatherings at Olympia and Delphi was gatherings at Olympia and Delphi was gatherings at Olympia and Delphi was held every fourth year it was celebrated held every fourth year it was celebrated held every fourth year it was celebrated with athletic and musical contests but with athletic and musical contests but with athletic and musical contests but the center and motive of the feast was the center and motive of the feast was the center and motive of the feast was the great procession which went up to the great procession which went up to the great procession which went up to the house of Athena on her hill to offer

the house of Athena on her hill to offer the house of Athena on her hill to offer her a robe woven by the hands of her a robe woven by the hands of her a robe woven by the hands of Athenian maidens Athenian maidens Athenian maidens the rich vein of Athena wherein she the rich vein of Athena wherein she the rich vein of Athena wherein she accorded a recluse a place had the accorded a recluse a place had the accorded a recluse a place had the distinction of passing into the Homeric distinction of passing into the Homeric distinction of passing into the Homeric poems it was situated near the northern poems it was situated near the northern poems it was situated near the northern cliff cliff cliff and to the south of it a new house had and to the south of it a new house had and to the south of it a new house had been reared for the goddess of the city been reared for the goddess of the city been reared for the goddess of the city to inhabit close to the ruins of the to inhabit close to the ruins of the to inhabit close to the ruins of the palace of the ancient kings it had been palace of the ancient kings it had been palace of the ancient kings it had been built before the days of paese status built before the days of paese status built before the days of paese status but it was probably he who encompassed but it was probably he who encompassed but it was probably he who encompassed it with the Doric colonnade from its it with the Doric colonnade from its it with the Doric colonnade from its length this temple was known as the length this temple was known as the length this temple was known as the house of the hundred feet and many of house of the hundred feet and many of house of the hundred feet and many of the lowest stones of the walls still the lowest stones of the walls still the lowest stones of the walls still lying in their places show us its site lying in their places show us its site lying in their places show us its site and shape the triangular gables and shape the triangular gables and shape the triangular gables displayed what etic sculptors of the day displayed what etic sculptors of the day displayed what etic sculptors of the day could achieve hitherto the favorite could achieve hitherto the favorite could achieve hitherto the favorite material of these sculptors had been the material of these sculptors had been the material of these sculptors had been the soft Mali limestone of the Piraeus and soft Mali limestone of the Piraeus and soft Mali limestone of the Piraeus and by a curious stroke of luck some by a curious stroke of luck some by a curious stroke of luck some striking specimens of such work zeus striking specimens of such work zeus striking specimens of such work zeus encountering the three-headed Typhon encountering the three-headed Typhon encountering the three-headed Typhon Heracles destroying the Hydra have been Heracles destroying the Hydra have been Heracles destroying the Hydra have been partly preserved the early efforts of an partly preserved the early efforts of an partly preserved the early efforts of an art which a hundred and fifty years art which a hundred and fifty years art which a hundred and fifty years would bring to perfection but now in the would bring to perfection but now in the would bring to perfection but now in the second half of the sixth century Greek

second half of the sixth century Greek second half of the sixth century Greek sculptors have begun to work in a nobler sculptors have begun to work in a nobler sculptors have begun to work in a nobler and harder material and on one of the and harder material and on one of the and harder material and on one of the pediments of the renovated temple of pediments of the renovated temple of pediments of the renovated temple of Athena poly s the battle of the gods and Athena poly s the battle of the gods and Athena poly s the battle of the gods and Giants was wrought in Parian marble Giants was wrought in Parian marble Giants was wrought in Parian marble Athena herself in the center of the Athena herself in the center of the Athena herself in the center of the composition slaying Enceladus with her composition slaying Enceladus with her composition slaying Enceladus with her spear may still be seen and admired but spear may still be seen and admired but spear may still be seen and admired but the tyrant planned a greater work than the tyrant planned a greater work than the tyrant planned a greater work than the new sanctuary on the hill down below the new sanctuary on the hill down below the new sanctuary on the hill down below southeastward from the Citadel on the southeastward from the Citadel on the southeastward from the Citadel on the banks of the alesis he began the banks of the alesis he began the banks of the alesis he began the building of a great Doric temple for the building of a great Doric temple for the building of a great Doric temple for the Olympians use he began but never Olympians use he began but never Olympians use he began but never finished it nor his sons after him so finished it nor his sons after him so finished it nor his sons after him so immense was the scale of his plan that immense was the scale of his plan that immense was the scale of his plan that Athens even when she reached the height Athens even when she reached the height Athens even when she reached the height of her dominion and fulfilled many of of her dominion and fulfilled many of of her dominion and fulfilled many of the aspirations of paese Stratos never the aspirations of paese Stratos never the aspirations of paese Stratos never ventured to undertake the burden of ventured to undertake the burden of ventured to undertake the burden of completing it completing it completing it a full completion was indeed to come a full completion was indeed to come a full completion was indeed to come though in a shape far different from the though in a shape far different from the though in a shape far different from the old Athenians plan but not until Athens old Athenians plan but not until Athens old Athenians plan but not until Athens and Greece had been gathered under the and Greece had been gathered under the and Greece had been gathered under the wings of a power which had all Europe at wings of a power which had all Europe at wings of a power which had all Europe at its feet the richly ornamented capitals its feet the richly ornamented capitals its feet the richly ornamented capitals of the few lofty pillars which still of the few lofty pillars which still of the few lofty pillars which still stand belong to the work of the Roman stand belong to the work of the Roman stand belong to the work of the Roman Emperor but we must remember that the Emperor but we must remember that the Emperor but we must remember that the generations of Athenians with whom this

generations of Athenians with whom this generations of Athenians with whom this history has to do saw only plain Doric history has to do saw only plain Doric history has to do saw only plain Doric columns there the monument of the wealth columns there the monument of the wealth columns there the monument of the wealth and ambition of the tyrant who had done and ambition of the tyrant who had done and ambition of the tyrant who had done more for their city than they cared to more for their city than they cared to more for their city than they cared to think by Z Stratos was indeed scrupulous think by Z Stratos was indeed scrupulous think by Z Stratos was indeed scrupulous and zealous in all matters concerned and zealous in all matters concerned and zealous in all matters concerned with religion and his sons more than with religion and his sons more than with religion and his sons more than himself but no act of his was more himself but no act of his was more himself but no act of his was more fruitful in results than what he did for fruitful in results than what he did for fruitful in results than what he did for the worship of Dionysus in the marshes the worship of Dionysus in the marshes the worship of Dionysus in the marshes on the south side of the Areopagus the on the south side of the Areopagus the on the south side of the Areopagus the back ik God had an ancient sanctuary of back ik God had an ancient sanctuary of back ik God had an ancient sanctuary of which the foundations have been recently which the foundations have been recently which the foundations have been recently uncovered but PI Z Stratos built him a uncovered but PI Z Stratos built him a uncovered but PI Z Stratos built him a new house at the foot of the Acropolis new house at the foot of the Acropolis new house at the foot of the Acropolis and its ruins have not yet wholly and its ruins have not yet wholly and its ruins have not yet wholly disappeared in connection with this disappeared in connection with this disappeared in connection with this temple by Z Stratos instituted a new temple by Z Stratos instituted a new temple by Z Stratos instituted a new festival called the great Dian this year festival called the great Dian this year festival called the great Dian this year of the city and it completely of the city and it completely of the city and it completely overshadowed the older feast of the overshadowed the older feast of the overshadowed the older feast of the winepress Linea which still continued to winepress Linea which still continued to winepress Linea which still continued to be held in the first days of spring at be held in the first days of spring at be held in the first days of spring at the temple of the marshes the chief the temple of the marshes the chief the temple of the marshes the chief feature of the Dionysiac feasts was the feature of the Dionysiac feasts was the feature of the Dionysiac feasts was the choir of Cestius the God's attendants choir of Cestius the God's attendants choir of Cestius the God's attendants who danced around the altar clothed in who danced around the altar clothed in who danced around the altar clothed in goat skins and sang their goat song but goat skins and sang their goat song but goat skins and sang their goat song but it became usual for the leader of the it became usual for the leader of the it became usual for the leader of the dancers who was also the composer of the dancers who was also the composer of the dancers who was also the composer of the song to separate himself from his

song to separate himself from his song to separate himself from his fellows and hold speech with them fellows and hold speech with them fellows and hold speech with them assuming the character of some person assuming the character of some person assuming the character of some person connected with the events which the song connected with the events which the song connected with the events which the song celebrated and wearing an appropriate celebrated and wearing an appropriate celebrated and wearing an appropriate dress dress dress such performances which at the rural such performances which at the rural such performances which at the rural feasts had been arranged by private feasts had been arranged by private feasts had been arranged by private enterprise were made an official part of enterprise were made an official part of enterprise were made an official part of the great dionysia and thus taken under the great dionysia and thus taken under the great dionysia and thus taken under state protection in the form of a tragic state protection in the form of a tragic state protection in the form of a tragic contest two or more choruses competing contest two or more choruses competing contest two or more choruses competing for a prize it was the work of a for a prize it was the work of a for a prize it was the work of a generation to develop these simple generation to develop these simple generation to develop these simple representations into a true drama by representations into a true drama by representations into a true drama by differentiating the satiric element differentiating the satiric element differentiating the satiric element legends not connected with Dionysus were legends not connected with Dionysus were legends not connected with Dionysus were chosen for representation and the chosen for representation and the chosen for representation and the dancers appeared not in the back ik goat dancers appeared not in the back ik goat dancers appeared not in the back ik goat dress but in the costume suitable for dress but in the costume suitable for dress but in the costume suitable for their part in the story this performance their part in the story this performance their part in the story this performance was divided into three acts the dances was divided into three acts the dances was divided into three acts the dances changed their costumes for each act and changed their costumes for each act and changed their costumes for each act and only at the end did they come forward in only at the end did they come forward in only at the end did they come forward in their true goat guys and perform a piece their true goat guys and perform a piece their true goat guys and perform a piece which preserve the original satiric which preserve the original satiric which preserve the original satiric character of tragedy then their character of tragedy then their character of tragedy then their preponderance importance was by degrees preponderance importance was by degrees preponderance importance was by degrees diminished and a second actor was diminished and a second actor was diminished and a second actor was introduced and by a development of this introduced and by a development of this introduced and by a development of this kind hidden from us in its details the kind hidden from us in its details the kind hidden from us in its details the goat song of the days of Bai Zhi status

goat song of the days of Bai Zhi status goat song of the days of Bai Zhi status grew into the tragedy of Aeschylus the grew into the tragedy of Aeschylus the grew into the tragedy of Aeschylus the popularity of the worship of Dionysus at popularity of the worship of Dionysus at popularity of the worship of Dionysus at Athens in the days of Pisa status might Athens in the days of Pisa status might Athens in the days of Pisa status might be observed in the workshops of the be observed in the workshops of the be observed in the workshops of the Potters no subject was more favored than Potters no subject was more favored than Potters no subject was more favored than Dionysiac scenes by the artists exec ES Dionysiac scenes by the artists exec ES Dionysiac scenes by the artists exec ES and his fellows who painted the black and his fellows who painted the black and his fellows who painted the black figure jars of this period there is figure jars of this period there is figure jars of this period there is another thing which the student of another thing which the student of another thing which the student of history may learn among the graceful history may learn among the graceful history may learn among the graceful vessels of the Potters of Athens on the vessels of the Potters of Athens on the vessels of the Potters of Athens on the jars of the pies astrati an age the jars of the pies astrati an age the jars of the pies astrati an age the deeds of Heracles are a favorite theme deeds of Heracles are a favorite theme deeds of Heracles are a favorite theme while feasts use is little regarded but while feasts use is little regarded but while feasts use is little regarded but before the golden age of vows painting before the golden age of vows painting before the golden age of vows painting sets in about the time of the fall of sets in about the time of the fall of sets in about the time of the fall of the Byzantines Theseus has begun to the Byzantines Theseus has begun to the Byzantines Theseus has begun to seize the popular imagine seize the popular imagine seize the popular imagine nation as the great attic hero and this nation as the great attic hero and this nation as the great attic hero and this is reflected in paintings on the cups of is reflected in paintings on the cups of is reflected in paintings on the cups of you from Gnaeus at the other brilliant you from Gnaeus at the other brilliant you from Gnaeus at the other brilliant masters of the read figured style if we masters of the read figured style if we masters of the read figured style if we remember that this use was specially remember that this use was specially remember that this use was specially associated with the hill country of associated with the hill country of associated with the hill country of North Attica which was the stronghold at North Attica which was the stronghold at North Attica which was the stronghold at the pedestrian party we may be tempted the pedestrian party we may be tempted the pedestrian party we may be tempted to infer that the glorification of to infer that the glorification of to infer that the glorification of Theseus was partly due to the policy of Theseus was partly due to the policy of Theseus was partly due to the policy of by Z Stratos but besides caring for the by Z Stratos but besides caring for the by Z Stratos but besides caring for the due honors of the gods the tyrant visit due honors of the gods the tyrant visit due honors of the gods the tyrant visit himself with such humbler matters as the

himself with such humbler matters as the himself with such humbler matters as the improvement of the water supply of improvement of the water supply of improvement of the water supply of athens west and southwest of the athens west and southwest of the athens west and southwest of the acropolis in the rocky valley between acropolis in the rocky valley between acropolis in the rocky valley between the Areopagus and the Penix his the Areopagus and the Penix his the Areopagus and the Penix his waterworks have recently come to light a waterworks have recently come to light a waterworks have recently come to light a system they received the waters which an system they received the waters which an system they received the waters which an aqueduct conveyed from the upper stream aqueduct conveyed from the upper stream aqueduct conveyed from the upper stream of the alesis it is indeed on this side of the alesis it is indeed on this side of the alesis it is indeed on this side of athens south and west of the oldest of athens south and west of the oldest of athens south and west of the oldest Athens of all that the chief stone Athens of all that the chief stone Athens of all that the chief stone memorials of the age of Pi Stratos stood memorials of the age of Pi Stratos stood memorials of the age of Pi Stratos stood apart from what he may have built on the apart from what he may have built on the apart from what he may have built on the acropolis itself but he not only built acropolis itself but he not only built acropolis itself but he not only built he also demolished he pulled down the he also demolished he pulled down the he also demolished he pulled down the old city wall and for more than half a old city wall and for more than half a old city wall and for more than half a century ethanal malt town end of chapter century ethanal malt town end of chapter century ethanal malt town end of chapter 5 part 2 recording by Graham Redman Chapter five parts three four and five Chapter five parts three four and five of a history of Greece - the death of of a history of Greece - the death of of a history of Greece - the death of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander the Great vol 1 this is a librivox recording all vol 1 this is a librivox recording all vol 1 this is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to domain for more information or to domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org

recording by Graham Redman a history of recording by Graham Redman a history of Greece - the death of Alexander the Greece - the death of Alexander the Greece - the death of Alexander the Great volume 1 by John Bagnall Beauty Great volume 1 by John Bagnall Beauty Great volume 1 by John Bagnall Beauty chapter 5 part 3 growth of sparta and chapter 5 part 3 growth of sparta and chapter 5 part 3 growth of sparta and the Peloponnesian League file a tyrant the Peloponnesian League file a tyrant the Peloponnesian League file a tyrant was molding the destinies of Athens the was molding the destinies of Athens the was molding the destinies of Athens the growth of the Spartan power had changed growth of the Spartan power had changed growth of the Spartan power had changed the political aspect of the Peloponnesus the political aspect of the Peloponnesus the political aspect of the Peloponnesus about the middle of the 6th century about the middle of the 6th century about the middle of the 6th century smarter one successes against her smarter one successes against her smarter one successes against her northern neighbors - gia and argos and northern neighbors - gia and argos and northern neighbors - gia and argos and in consequence of these successes she in consequence of these successes she in consequence of these successes she became the predominant power in the became the predominant power in the became the predominant power in the peninsula eastern arcadia is marked by a peninsula eastern arcadia is marked by a peninsula eastern arcadia is marked by a large plain high above the sea level the large plain high above the sea level the large plain high above the sea level the villages in the north of this plain had villages in the north of this plain had villages in the north of this plain had coalesced into the town of Mantinea coalesced into the town of Mantinea coalesced into the town of Mantinea those in the South had been united into those in the South had been united into those in the South had been united into gia Sparta had gradually pressed up to gia Sparta had gradually pressed up to gia Sparta had gradually pressed up to the borders of the Didion territory and the borders of the Didion territory and the borders of the Didion territory and a long war was the result a long war was the result a long war was the result this war is associated with an this war is associated with an this war is associated with an interesting legend based on the interesting legend based on the interesting legend based on the tradition that the laconian hero tradition that the laconian hero tradition that the laconian hero arrestees was buried into gia when the arrestees was buried into gia when the arrestees was buried into gia when the Spartans asked the Delphic Oracle Spartans asked the Delphic Oracle Spartans asked the Delphic Oracle whether they might hope to achieve the whether they might hope to achieve the whether they might hope to achieve the conquest of Arcadia they received a conquest of Arcadia they received a conquest of Arcadia they received a promise that the God would give them to promise that the God would give them to promise that the God would give them to Gia Gia Gia then on account of this answer they went then on account of this answer they went then on account of this answer they went forth against - gia with fetters but forth against - gia with fetters but forth against - gia with fetters but were defeated and bound in the fetters were defeated and bound in the fetters were defeated and bound in the fetters which they had brought to bind the Teji

which they had brought to bind the Teji which they had brought to bind the Teji eights were compelled to till the - Gian eights were compelled to till the - Gian eights were compelled to till the - Gian plain Herodotus professed that in his plain Herodotus professed that in his plain Herodotus professed that in his day the very fetters hung in the temple day the very fetters hung in the temple day the very fetters hung in the temple of Athena Aliya the protectress of Tegea of Athena Aliya the protectress of Tegea of Athena Aliya the protectress of Tegea war went on and the spartans invariably war went on and the spartans invariably war went on and the spartans invariably defeated defeated defeated at last consulted the Oracle again the at last consulted the Oracle again the at last consulted the Oracle again the god bad them bring back the bones of god bad them bring back the bones of god bad them bring back the bones of arrestees but they could find no trace arrestees but they could find no trace arrestees but they could find no trace of the hero's burying-place but they of the hero's burying-place but they of the hero's burying-place but they asked the God once more this time they asked the God once more this time they asked the God once more this time they received an Oracle couched in obscure received an Oracle couched in obscure received an Oracle couched in obscure enigmatic words among Arcadian Hills a enigmatic words among Arcadian Hills a enigmatic words among Arcadian Hills a level space holds two Gaea where blow level space holds two Gaea where blow level space holds two Gaea where blow two blasts perforce and woe is laid on two blasts perforce and woe is laid on two blasts perforce and woe is laid on whoa and face to face striker and whoa and face to face striker and whoa and face to face striker and counter striker there the course thou counter striker there the course thou counter striker there the course thou seekest lies even Agamemnon son convey seekest lies even Agamemnon son convey seekest lies even Agamemnon son convey him home and victory is won this did not him home and victory is won this did not him home and victory is won this did not help them much but it befell that during help them much but it befell that during help them much but it befell that during a truce with the tg8 so certainly casts a truce with the tg8 so certainly casts a truce with the tg8 so certainly casts a Spartan man was into Gaea and entering a Spartan man was into Gaea and entering a Spartan man was into Gaea and entering a Smith's shop saw the process of a Smith's shop saw the process of a Smith's shop saw the process of beating out iron the Smith in beating out iron the Smith in beating out iron the Smith in conversation told him that wishing to conversation told him that wishing to conversation told him that wishing to dig a well in his courtyard he had found dig a well in his courtyard he had found dig a well in his courtyard he had found a coffin seven cubits long and within it a coffin seven cubits long and within it a coffin seven cubits long and within it a corpse of the same length which he a corpse of the same length which he a corpse of the same length which he replaced Lacasse guessed at once that he replaced Lacasse guessed at once that he replaced Lacasse guessed at once that he had won the solution of the irregular

had won the solution of the irregular had won the solution of the irregular enigma and returning to Sparta enigma and returning to Sparta enigma and returning to Sparta communicated his discovery the courtyard communicated his discovery the courtyard communicated his discovery the courtyard was hired from the reluctant Smith the was hired from the reluctant Smith the was hired from the reluctant Smith the coffin was found and the bones brought coffin was found and the bones brought coffin was found and the bones brought home to Laconia then to gia was home to Laconia then to gia was home to Laconia then to gia was conquered and here we returned from conquered and here we returned from conquered and here we returned from fable to fact the territory of the fable to fact the territory of the fable to fact the territory of the Arcadian City was not treated like Arcadian City was not treated like Arcadian City was not treated like messenia it was not incorporated in the messenia it was not incorporated in the messenia it was not incorporated in the territory of lesser demon it became a territory of lesser demon it became a territory of lesser demon it became a dependent state contributing a military dependent state contributing a military dependent state contributing a military contingent to the army of its Conqueror contingent to the army of its Conqueror contingent to the army of its Conqueror and it found itself to harbor no and it found itself to harbor no and it found itself to harbor no Messenians within its borders at this Messenians within its borders at this Messenians within its borders at this period the councils of Sparta seem to period the councils of Sparta seem to period the councils of Sparta seem to have been guided by Kyle on whose name have been guided by Kyle on whose name have been guided by Kyle on whose name became proverbial for wisdom became proverbial for wisdom became proverbial for wisdom it was much about the same time perhaps it was much about the same time perhaps it was much about the same time perhaps shortly after the victory over to gia shortly after the victory over to gia shortly after the victory over to gia the Sparta at length succeeded in the Sparta at length succeeded in the Sparta at length succeeded in rounding off the frontier of Laconia on rounding off the frontier of Laconia on rounding off the frontier of Laconia on the northeastern side by resting the the northeastern side by resting the the northeastern side by resting the disputed territory of thyreus from argos disputed territory of thyreus from argos disputed territory of thyreus from argos the armies of the two states met in the the armies of the two states met in the the armies of the two states met in the marshland but the Spartan Kings and the marshland but the Spartan Kings and the marshland but the Spartan Kings and the archived Chiefs agreed to decide the archived Chiefs agreed to decide the archived Chiefs agreed to decide the dispute by a combat between 300 chosen dispute by a combat between 300 chosen dispute by a combat between 300 chosen champions on either side the story is champions on either side the story is champions on either side the story is that all the 600 were slain except three that all the 600 were slain except three that all the 600 were slain except three one Spartan and two archives and that one Spartan and two archives and that one Spartan and two archives and that while the archives hurried home to while the archives hurried home to while the archives hurried home to announce their victory the Spartan announce their victory the Spartan announce their victory the Spartan a--the Rio DS was his name remained on a--the Rio DS was his name remained on a--the Rio DS was his name remained on the field and directed a trophy in any

the field and directed a trophy in any the field and directed a trophy in any case the trial was futile for both case the trial was futile for both case the trial was futile for both parties claimed the victory and the parties claimed the victory and the parties claimed the victory and the battle was fought in which the archives battle was fought in which the archives battle was fought in which the archives were utterly defeated Fairey ATIS was were utterly defeated Fairey ATIS was were utterly defeated Fairey ATIS was the last territorial acquisition of the last territorial acquisition of the last territorial acquisition of Sparta she changed her policy and Sparta she changed her policy and Sparta she changed her policy and instead of aiming at gaining new instead of aiming at gaining new instead of aiming at gaining new territory she endeavoured to make the territory she endeavoured to make the territory she endeavoured to make the whole Peloponnesus a sphere of lessened whole Peloponnesus a sphere of lessened whole Peloponnesus a sphere of lessened ammonia influence this change of policy ammonia influence this change of policy ammonia influence this change of policy was exhibited in her dealing with Tegea was exhibited in her dealing with Tegea was exhibited in her dealing with Tegea the defeat of Argos placed Sparta at the the defeat of Argos placed Sparta at the the defeat of Argos placed Sparta at the head of the peninsula all the head of the peninsula all the head of the peninsula all the Peloponnesian states except Argos and Peloponnesian states except Argos and Peloponnesian states except Argos and akia were enrolled in the loose akia were enrolled in the loose akia were enrolled in the loose Confederacy engaging themselves to Confederacy engaging themselves to Confederacy engaging themselves to supply military contingents in the supply military contingents in the supply military contingents in the common interest lesser demon being the common interest lesser demon being the common interest lesser demon being the leader the meetings of the Confederacy leader the meetings of the Confederacy leader the meetings of the Confederacy were held at Sparta and each member sent were held at Sparta and each member sent were held at Sparta and each member sent representatives Corinth readily joined representatives Corinth readily joined representatives Corinth readily joined for Corinth was naturally ranged against for Corinth was naturally ranged against for Corinth was naturally ranged against Argos while her commercial rival the Argos while her commercial rival the Argos while her commercial rival the island state of Aegina was a friend of island state of Aegina was a friend of island state of Aegina was a friend of Argos periander had already inflicted a Argos periander had already inflicted a Argos periander had already inflicted a blow upon the archives by seizing blow upon the archives by seizing blow upon the archives by seizing Epidaurus and thus cutting off their Epidaurus and thus cutting off their Epidaurus and thus cutting off their nearest communications with Aegina the nearest communications with Aegina the nearest communications with Aegina the other it's men state Megara in which the other it's men state Megara in which the other it's men state Megara in which the rule of the nobles had been restored was rule of the nobles had been restored was rule of the nobles had been restored was also enrolled everywhere Sparta exerted also enrolled everywhere Sparta exerted also enrolled everywhere Sparta exerted her influence to maintain oligarchy her influence to maintain oligarchy her influence to maintain oligarchy everywhere she discountenance democracy everywhere she discountenance democracy everywhere she discountenance democracy so that her supremacy had important

so that her supremacy had important so that her supremacy had important consequences for the Constitutional consequences for the Constitutional consequences for the Constitutional development of the Peloponnesian states development of the Peloponnesian states development of the Peloponnesian states in northern Greece the power of the in northern Greece the power of the in northern Greece the power of the facili ins was declining and facili ins was declining and facili ins was declining and Sparta became the strongest state in Sparta became the strongest state in Sparta became the strongest state in Greece in the second half of the sixth Greece in the second half of the sixth Greece in the second half of the sixth century she was on the most friendly century she was on the most friendly century she was on the most friendly terms with Athens throughout the reign terms with Athens throughout the reign terms with Athens throughout the reign of Peisistratus but the tyrant was of Peisistratus but the tyrant was of Peisistratus but the tyrant was careful to maintain good relations with careful to maintain good relations with careful to maintain good relations with argos also with argos herself indeed argos also with argos herself indeed argos also with argos herself indeed athens had no cause for collision but athens had no cause for collision but athens had no cause for collision but the rivalry which existed between Athens the rivalry which existed between Athens the rivalry which existed between Athens and vagina naturally ranged Athens and and vagina naturally ranged Athens and and vagina naturally ranged Athens and Argos in opposite camps it was perhaps Argos in opposite camps it was perhaps Argos in opposite camps it was perhaps not long before the accession of my not long before the accession of my not long before the accession of my sister Otis that the Athenians had sister Otis that the Athenians had sister Otis that the Athenians had landed forces in Aegina and had been landed forces in Aegina and had been landed forces in Aegina and had been repulsed with our gyv help the policy of repulsed with our gyv help the policy of repulsed with our gyv help the policy of Peisistratus avoided a conflict with his Peisistratus avoided a conflict with his Peisistratus avoided a conflict with his island neighbor and courted the island neighbor and courted the island neighbor and courted the friendship of Argos but the deeper friendship of Argos but the deeper friendship of Argos but the deeper antagonism is shown by the embargo which antagonism is shown by the embargo which antagonism is shown by the embargo which Argos and Aegina placed upon the Argos and Aegina placed upon the Argos and Aegina placed upon the importation of attic pottery the importation of attic pottery the importation of attic pottery the excavations of the temple of the archive excavations of the temple of the archive excavations of the temple of the archive hera have illustrated this hostile hera have illustrated this hostile hera have illustrated this hostile measure hardly any fragments of attic measure hardly any fragments of attic measure hardly any fragments of attic pottery dating from the period of my pottery dating from the period of my pottery dating from the period of my sister Otis or fifty years after his sister Otis or fifty years after his sister Otis or fifty years after his death have been found in the precinct death have been found in the precinct death have been found in the precinct end of chapter 5 part 3 chapter 5 part 4 end of chapter 5 part 3 chapter 5 part 4 end of chapter 5 part 3 chapter 5 part 4 fall of the place strategies and

fall of the place strategies and fall of the place strategies and intervention of Sparta intervention of Sparta intervention of Sparta when paese Stratis died his eldest son when paese Stratis died his eldest son when paese Stratis died his eldest son Hippias took his place Hippias took his place Hippias took his place Hipparchus helped him in the government Hipparchus helped him in the government Hipparchus helped him in the government while thistle install or no share in while thistle install or no share in while thistle install or no share in politics the general policy of paese politics the general policy of paese politics the general policy of paese status both in home and foreign affairs status both in home and foreign affairs status both in home and foreign affairs was continued but the court of athens was continued but the court of athens was continued but the court of athens seems to have acquired a more seems to have acquired a more seems to have acquired a more distinctive literary flavor hippie ass distinctive literary flavor hippie ass distinctive literary flavor hippie ass who was a learned student of Oracle's who was a learned student of Oracle's who was a learned student of Oracle's and Hipparchus were abreast of the most and Hipparchus were abreast of the most and Hipparchus were abreast of the most Morton culture the eminent poets of the Morton culture the eminent poets of the Morton culture the eminent poets of the day came to their Court day came to their Court day came to their Court Simon ADIZ of CIO's famous for his Simon ADIZ of CIO's famous for his Simon ADIZ of CIO's famous for his choral ODEs Anna Creon of teos boon choral ODEs Anna Creon of teos boon choral ODEs Anna Creon of teos boon companions singer of wine and love basis companions singer of wine and love basis companions singer of wine and love basis of harmony who made his mark by of harmony who made his mark by of harmony who made his mark by novelties in the treatment of the novelties in the treatment of the novelties in the treatment of the theorem and amused his leisure hours by theorem and amused his leisure hours by theorem and amused his leisure hours by composing his less hymns in which the composing his less hymns in which the composing his less hymns in which the sound s did not occur all these were sound s did not occur all these were sound s did not occur all these were invited or welcomed by Hipparchus one of invited or welcomed by Hipparchus one of invited or welcomed by Hipparchus one of the most prominent figures in this the most prominent figures in this the most prominent figures in this society was on a metro dose a religious society was on a metro dose a religious society was on a metro dose a religious teacher who took part in preparing the teacher who took part in preparing the teacher who took part in preparing the new edition of Homer the first serious new edition of Homer the first serious new edition of Homer the first serious blow aimed at the power of the tyrants blow aimed at the power of the tyrants blow aimed at the power of the tyrants was due to a personal grudge not to any was due to a personal grudge not to any was due to a personal grudge not to any widespread dissatisfaction but widespread dissatisfaction but widespread dissatisfaction but nevertheless it produced a series of nevertheless it produced a series of nevertheless it produced a series of effects which resulted in the fall of effects which resulted in the fall of effects which resulted in the fall of the tyranny it would seem but

the tyranny it would seem but the tyranny it would seem but conflicting accounts of the affair were conflicting accounts of the affair were conflicting accounts of the affair were in circulation that Hipparchus or in circulation that Hipparchus or in circulation that Hipparchus or according to another story Thessaly according to another story Thessaly according to another story Thessaly gave offence to a comely young man named gave offence to a comely young man named gave offence to a comely young man named harmonious and his lover harmonious and his lover harmonious and his lover Arastoo Jatin it is said that Hipparchus Arastoo Jatin it is said that Hipparchus Arastoo Jatin it is said that Hipparchus was in love with harmonious and when his was in love with harmonious and when his was in love with harmonious and when his wooing was rejected avenged himself by wooing was rejected avenged himself by wooing was rejected avenged himself by putting a slight on the youths sister putting a slight on the youths sister putting a slight on the youths sister refusing to allow her to bear a basket refusing to allow her to bear a basket refusing to allow her to bear a basket in the Panathenaic procession harmonious in the Panathenaic procession harmonious in the Panathenaic procession harmonious and heiress to Jatin then formed the and heiress to Jatin then formed the and heiress to Jatin then formed the plan of slaying the tyrants and chose plan of slaying the tyrants and chose plan of slaying the tyrants and chose the day of that procession because they the day of that procession because they the day of that procession because they could then without raising suspicion could then without raising suspicion could then without raising suspicion appear publicly with arms very few were appear publicly with arms very few were appear publicly with arms very few were initiated in the plot as it was expected initiated in the plot as it was expected initiated in the plot as it was expected that when the first blow was struck the that when the first blow was struck the that when the first blow was struck the citizens would declare themselves for citizens would declare themselves for citizens would declare themselves for freedom but as they are approached it freedom but as they are approached it freedom but as they are approached it was observed that one of the was observed that one of the was observed that one of the conspirators was engaged in speech with conspirators was engaged in speech with conspirators was engaged in speech with Hippias in the outer Sarah Micah's his Hippias in the outer Sarah Micah's his Hippias in the outer Sarah Micah's his fellows left hastily to the conclusion fellows left hastily to the conclusion fellows left hastily to the conclusion that their plot was betrayed and giving that their plot was betrayed and giving that their plot was betrayed and giving up the idea of attacking Hippias rushed up the idea of attacking Hippias rushed up the idea of attacking Hippias rushed to the marketplace and slew Hipparchus to the marketplace and slew Hipparchus to the marketplace and slew Hipparchus near the Lea Corian harmonious was cut near the Lea Corian harmonious was cut near the Lea Corian harmonious was cut down by The Mercenaries down by The Mercenaries down by The Mercenaries and heiress to Jatin escaping for the and heiress to Jatin escaping for the and heiress to Jatin escaping for the moment was afterwards captured tortured moment was afterwards captured tortured moment was afterwards captured tortured and put to death at the time no sympathy and put to death at the time no sympathy and put to death at the time no sympathy was manifested perhaps little felt for

was manifested perhaps little felt for was manifested perhaps little felt for the conspirators the conspirators the conspirators but their act led to a complete change but their act led to a complete change but their act led to a complete change in the government of hippie s not in the government of hippie s not in the government of hippie s not knowing what ramifications the plot knowing what ramifications the plot knowing what ramifications the plot might have or what dangers might still might have or what dangers might still might have or what dangers might still lurk about his feet he became a hard and lurk about his feet he became a hard and lurk about his feet he became a hard and suspicious despot he fortified mini Kea suspicious despot he fortified mini Kea suspicious despot he fortified mini Kea to have a post on the shore from which to have a post on the shore from which to have a post on the shore from which he might at any hour flee overseas and he might at any hour flee overseas and he might at any hour flee overseas and he began to turn his eyes towards Persia he began to turn his eyes towards Persia he began to turn his eyes towards Persia where a new Power had begun to cast its where a new Power had begun to cast its where a new Power had begun to cast its shadow over the Hellenic world then many shadow over the Hellenic world then many shadow over the Hellenic world then many Athenians came to hate him and longed to Athenians came to hate him and longed to Athenians came to hate him and longed to shake off the reigns of tyranny and they shake off the reigns of tyranny and they shake off the reigns of tyranny and they began to cherish the memory of harm began to cherish the memory of harm began to cherish the memory of harm odious and eros to Jatin as tyrants odious and eros to Jatin as tyrants odious and eros to Jatin as tyrants lairs the overthrow of the tyranny was lairs the overthrow of the tyranny was lairs the overthrow of the tyranny was chiefly brought about by the chiefly brought about by the chiefly brought about by the alcmaeonidae who desired to return to alcmaeonidae who desired to return to alcmaeonidae who desired to return to Athens and could not win their desire so Athens and could not win their desire so Athens and could not win their desire so long as the pedestrians were in power long as the pedestrians were in power long as the pedestrians were in power they had taken care to cultivate an they had taken care to cultivate an they had taken care to cultivate an intimacy with the priesthood of Delphi intimacy with the priesthood of Delphi intimacy with the priesthood of Delphi which they now turned to account the old which they now turned to account the old which they now turned to account the old sanctuary of Apollo had been burned down sanctuary of Apollo had been burned down sanctuary of Apollo had been burned down by a mischance and it was resolved to by a mischance and it was resolved to by a mischance and it was resolved to build a new temple at an enormous cost build a new temple at an enormous cost build a new temple at an enormous cost footnote 300 talents perhaps 100,000 footnote 300 talents perhaps 100,000 footnote 300 talents perhaps 100,000 pounds which in those days when money pounds which in those days when money pounds which in those days when money was scarce and the fortunes of the was scarce and the fortunes of the was scarce and the fortunes of the richest were small would correspond to richest were small would correspond to richest were small would correspond to six or seven times as much nowadays end six or seven times as much nowadays end six or seven times as much nowadays end of footnote a Panhellenic subscription

of footnote a Panhellenic subscription of footnote a Panhellenic subscription was organized and by this means about a was organized and by this means about a was organized and by this means about a quarter of the needed money was raised quarter of the needed money was raised quarter of the needed money was raised the rest was defrayed from the resources the rest was defrayed from the resources the rest was defrayed from the resources of Delphi the alchemy our needs of Delphi the alchemy our needs of Delphi the alchemy our needs undertook the contract for the work and undertook the contract for the work and undertook the contract for the work and the story went that a frontage of Parian the story went that a frontage of Parian the story went that a frontage of Parian marble was added at their own expense marble was added at their own expense marble was added at their own expense porous stone having been specified in porous stone having been specified in porous stone having been specified in the agreement the temple was not the agreement the temple was not the agreement the temple was not unworthy of the greatest shrine of unworthy of the greatest shrine of unworthy of the greatest shrine of Hellas an Athenian poet has sung of the Hellas an Athenian poet has sung of the Hellas an Athenian poet has sung of the glancing light of the two fair faces of glancing light of the two fair faces of glancing light of the two fair faces of the pillared House of noxious and has the pillared House of noxious and has the pillared House of noxious and has vividly described sculptured met appease vividly described sculptured met appease vividly described sculptured met appease with heroes destroying monsters and a with heroes destroying monsters and a with heroes destroying monsters and a pediment pediment pediment with the gods quelling the Giants with the gods quelling the Giants with the gods quelling the Giants footnote Euripides in the iron 9 185 footnote Euripides in the iron 9 185 footnote Euripides in the iron 9 185 it's sick when T's end of footnote it it's sick when T's end of footnote it it's sick when T's end of footnote it must have been about the time when the must have been about the time when the must have been about the time when the new temple was approaching its new temple was approaching its new temple was approaching its completion or soon after that to the completion or soon after that to the completion or soon after that to the holy buildings of Delphi was added one holy buildings of Delphi was added one holy buildings of Delphi was added one of the richest of all the Islanders of of the richest of all the Islanders of of the richest of all the Islanders of SIF nas spent some of the wealth which SIF nas spent some of the wealth which SIF nas spent some of the wealth which they dug out of their gold mines in they dug out of their gold mines in they dug out of their gold mines in making themselves a Treasury at the mid making themselves a Treasury at the mid making themselves a Treasury at the mid center of the earth and its remains center of the earth and its remains center of the earth and its remains recently recovered show us the richness recently recovered show us the richness recently recovered show us the richness of its decoration perhaps this building of its decoration perhaps this building of its decoration perhaps this building marks the height of Siffin Ian marks the height of Siffin Ian marks the height of Siffin Ian prosperity before a hundred years have prosperity before a hundred years have prosperity before a hundred years have passed their supply of precious metal passed their supply of precious metal passed their supply of precious metal was withdrawn their miners had got below

was withdrawn their miners had got below was withdrawn their miners had got below the sea level and the water filtering in the sea level and the water filtering in the sea level and the water filtering in cut them off from the sources of their cut them off from the sources of their cut them off from the sources of their wealth large sums of money passed wealth large sums of money passed wealth large sums of money passed through the hands of the alcmaeonidae through the hands of the alcmaeonidae through the hands of the alcmaeonidae during the building of the temple and during the building of the temple and during the building of the temple and their enemies said that this enabled their enemies said that this enabled their enemies said that this enabled them to hire mercenaries for their them to hire mercenaries for their them to hire mercenaries for their design on Attica their first attempt was design on Attica their first attempt was design on Attica their first attempt was a failure they and other exiled seas a failure they and other exiled seas a failure they and other exiled seas like Sid rien a strong position on a like Sid rien a strong position on a like Sid rien a strong position on a spur of mount panels spur of mount panels spur of mount panels looking down on p.a needy and akane but looking down on p.a needy and akane but looking down on p.a needy and akane but they were too few to take the field by they were too few to take the field by they were too few to take the field by themselves and the people had no desire themselves and the people had no desire themselves and the people had no desire to drive out the tyrant for the sake of to drive out the tyrant for the sake of to drive out the tyrant for the sake of setting up an oligarchy of nobles they setting up an oligarchy of nobles they setting up an oligarchy of nobles they were soon forced to abandon their were soon forced to abandon their were soon forced to abandon their fortress and leave Attica convinced that fortress and leave Attica convinced that fortress and leave Attica convinced that they could only accomplish their schemes they could only accomplish their schemes they could only accomplish their schemes by foreign help they used their by foreign help they used their by foreign help they used their influence with the Delphic Oracle to put influence with the Delphic Oracle to put influence with the Delphic Oracle to put pressure on Sparta accordingly whenever pressure on Sparta accordingly whenever pressure on Sparta accordingly whenever the Spartans sent to consult the god the the Spartans sent to consult the god the the Spartans sent to consult the god the response always was first free Athens it response always was first free Athens it response always was first free Athens it has already been said that the has already been said that the has already been said that the Byzantines cultivated the friendship of Byzantines cultivated the friendship of Byzantines cultivated the friendship of Sparta and after his brother's murder Sparta and after his brother's murder Sparta and after his brother's murder Hippias was more anxious than ever not Hippias was more anxious than ever not Hippias was more anxious than ever not to break with her but the diplomacy of to break with her but the diplomacy of to break with her but the diplomacy of the out marinids of whose clan the out marinids of whose clan the out marinids of whose clan Cleisthenes son of mega Cleese was at Cleisthenes son of mega Cleese was at Cleisthenes son of mega Cleese was at this time head supported as it was this time head supported as it was this time head supported as it was by the influence of Delphi finally by the influence of Delphi finally by the influence of Delphi finally prevailed and the Spartans consented to prevailed and the Spartans consented to prevailed and the Spartans consented to force freedom upon Athens perhaps they

force freedom upon Athens perhaps they force freedom upon Athens perhaps they thought the dealings of Hippias with thought the dealings of Hippias with thought the dealings of Hippias with Persia suspicious he had married his Persia suspicious he had married his Persia suspicious he had married his daughter ARCA dicey to a son of the daughter ARCA dicey to a son of the daughter ARCA dicey to a son of the tyrant of LAM circus who was known to tyrant of LAM circus who was known to tyrant of LAM circus who was known to have influence at the Persian court a have influence at the Persian court a have influence at the Persian court a first expedition of the Spartans under first expedition of the Spartans under first expedition of the Spartans under and camellias was utterly routed with and camellias was utterly routed with and camellias was utterly routed with the help of a body of this alien cavalry the help of a body of this alien cavalry the help of a body of this alien cavalry but a second led by King Cleomenes but a second led by King Cleomenes but a second led by King Cleomenes defeated the thessalians and Hippias was defeated the thessalians and Hippias was defeated the thessalians and Hippias was blockaded in the acropolis when his blockaded in the acropolis when his blockaded in the acropolis when his children whom he was sending secretly children whom he was sending secretly children whom he was sending secretly into safety abroad fell into the hands into safety abroad fell into the hands into safety abroad fell into the hands of his enemies he capitulated and on of his enemies he capitulated and on of his enemies he capitulated and on condition that they were given back condition that they were given back condition that they were given back undertook to leave Attica within five undertook to leave Attica within five undertook to leave Attica within five days he and all his house departed to days he and all his house departed to days he and all his house departed to see Geum and a pillar was set up on the see Geum and a pillar was set up on the see Geum and a pillar was set up on the Acropolis recording the sentence which Acropolis recording the sentence which Acropolis recording the sentence which condemned the prostitutes to perpetual condemned the prostitutes to perpetual condemned the prostitutes to perpetual disfranchisement at tamiya thus the disfranchisement at tamiya thus the disfranchisement at tamiya thus the tyrants had fallen and with the aid of tyrants had fallen and with the aid of tyrants had fallen and with the aid of Sparta Athens was free it was not Sparta Athens was free it was not Sparta Athens was free it was not surprising that when she came to value surprising that when she came to value surprising that when she came to value her Liberty she loved to turn away from her Liberty she loved to turn away from her Liberty she loved to turn away from the circumstances in which it was the circumstances in which it was the circumstances in which it was actually won and linger over the actually won and linger over the actually won and linger over the romantic attempt of harmonious and romantic attempt of harmonious and romantic attempt of harmonious and arrastra jatin which might be considered arrastra jatin which might be considered arrastra jatin which might be considered at least the prelude to the fall of at least the prelude to the fall of at least the prelude to the fall of Hippias a drinking song breathing the Hippias a drinking song breathing the Hippias a drinking song breathing the spirit of liberty celebrated the two spirit of liberty celebrated the two spirit of liberty celebrated the two friends who slew the tyrant harmonious friends who slew the tyrant harmonious friends who slew the tyrant harmonious and heiress to Jatin became household

and heiress to Jatin became household and heiress to Jatin became household words a skillful sculptor and Tina wrote words a skillful sculptor and Tina wrote words a skillful sculptor and Tina wrote a commemorative group of the to tyrant a commemorative group of the to tyrant a commemorative group of the to tyrant Slayers and it was set up not very many Slayers and it was set up not very many Slayers and it was set up not very many years later above the marketplace the years later above the marketplace the years later above the marketplace the Athenian Republic had to pay indeed Athenian Republic had to pay indeed Athenian Republic had to pay indeed something for its deliverance it was something for its deliverance it was something for its deliverance it was obliged to enter into the Peloponnesian obliged to enter into the Peloponnesian obliged to enter into the Peloponnesian League of which Sparta was the head and League of which Sparta was the head and League of which Sparta was the head and thus Sparta acquired a certain right of thus Sparta acquired a certain right of thus Sparta acquired a certain right of interference in the affairs of Athens interference in the affairs of Athens interference in the affairs of Athens this new obligation was disc this new obligation was disc this new obligation was disc to lead soon to another struggle end of to lead soon to another struggle end of to lead soon to another struggle end of chapter 5 part 4 chapter 5 part 5 King chapter 5 part 4 chapter 5 part 5 King chapter 5 part 4 chapter 5 part 5 King Cleomenes and the second Spartan Cleomenes and the second Spartan Cleomenes and the second Spartan intervention it is necessary here to intervention it is necessary here to intervention it is necessary here to digress for a moment to tell it the digress for a moment to tell it the digress for a moment to tell it the strange manner of the birth of King strange manner of the birth of King strange manner of the birth of King Cleomenes who liberated Athens his Cleomenes who liberated Athens his Cleomenes who liberated Athens his father King and ex andrew des was wedded father King and ex andrew des was wedded father King and ex andrew des was wedded to his niece but she had no children to his niece but she had no children to his niece but she had no children the ephes heedful that the royal family the ephes heedful that the royal family the ephes heedful that the royal family of the ages should not die out urged him of the ages should not die out urged him of the ages should not die out urged him to put her away and when he gained said to put her away and when he gained said to put her away and when he gained said they insisted that he should take a they insisted that he should take a they insisted that he should take a second wife into his house this he did second wife into his house this he did second wife into his house this he did and Cleomenes was born but soon and Cleomenes was born but soon and Cleomenes was born but soon afterwards his first wife hitherto afterwards his first wife hitherto afterwards his first wife hitherto childless bore a son who was named childless bore a son who was named childless bore a son who was named dodi's when the old king died it was dodi's when the old king died it was dodi's when the old king died it was ruled that Cleomenes as the eldest

ruled that Cleomenes as the eldest ruled that Cleomenes as the eldest should succeed and Darius who had looked should succeed and Darius who had looked should succeed and Darius who had looked forward to the kingship was forced to forward to the kingship was forced to forward to the kingship was forced to leave Sparta he went forth to seek his leave Sparta he went forth to seek his leave Sparta he went forth to seek his fortune in lands beyond the sea having fortune in lands beyond the sea having fortune in lands beyond the sea having attempted to plant a settlement in Libya attempted to plant a settlement in Libya attempted to plant a settlement in Libya he led an expedition of adventure to the he led an expedition of adventure to the he led an expedition of adventure to the west he took part in a war of Croton west he took part in a war of Croton west he took part in a war of Croton with Sybaris and then fared to Sicily with Sybaris and then fared to Sicily with Sybaris and then fared to Sicily with the design of founding a new city with the design of founding a new city with the design of founding a new city in the southwest country yet he did not in the southwest country yet he did not in the southwest country yet he did not bring his purpose to pass for he fell in bring his purpose to pass for he fell in bring his purpose to pass for he fell in a battle against the Carthaginians and a battle against the Carthaginians and a battle against the Carthaginians and their elimin allies it must also be told their elimin allies it must also be told their elimin allies it must also be told that after the birth of daughter use his that after the birth of daughter use his that after the birth of daughter use his mother brought an axe and s two other mother brought an axe and s two other mother brought an axe and s two other sons Leonidas and cleombrotus both of sons Leonidas and cleombrotus both of sons Leonidas and cleombrotus both of whom we shall meet Hereafter after the whom we shall meet Hereafter after the whom we shall meet Hereafter after the expulsion of the tyrant the Athenians expulsion of the tyrant the Athenians expulsion of the tyrant the Athenians had to deal with the political problems had to deal with the political problems had to deal with the political problems whose solution fifty years before had whose solution fifty years before had whose solution fifty years before had been postponed by the tyranny the main been postponed by the tyranny the main been postponed by the tyranny the main problem was to modify the Constitution problem was to modify the Constitution problem was to modify the Constitution of Solon in such a way as to render it of Solon in such a way as to render it of Solon in such a way as to render it practicable the old evils which had practicable the old evils which had practicable the old evils which had hindered the realization of Solon's hindered the realization of Solon's hindered the realization of Solon's democracy reared their heads democracy reared their heads democracy reared their heads as soon as Hippias have been driven out as soon as Hippias have been driven out as soon as Hippias have been driven out and the spartans had departed the strife and the spartans had departed the strife and the spartans had departed the strife of factions led by noble and influential of factions led by noble and influential of factions led by noble and influential families broke out and the coast and families broke out and the coast and families broke out and the coast and plains seemed to have risen again in the plains seemed to have risen again in the plains seemed to have risen again in the parties of the alcmaeonidae Cleisthenes parties of the alcmaeonidae Cleisthenes parties of the alcmaeonidae Cleisthenes and his rival i sagar s as twice the

and his rival i sagar s as twice the and his rival i sagar s as twice the knees had been the most active promoter knees had been the most active promoter knees had been the most active promoter of the revolution my sagar s was of the revolution my sagar s was of the revolution my sagar s was naturally supported by the secret naturally supported by the secret naturally supported by the secret adherents of the tyrants house the adherents of the tyrants house the adherents of the tyrants house the struggle at first turned in favor of i struggle at first turned in favor of i struggle at first turned in favor of i sagar s who was elected to the chief sagar s who was elected to the chief sagar s who was elected to the chief magistrate ii but it was only for a magistrate ii but it was only for a magistrate ii but it was only for a moment moment moment Cleisthenes won the upper hand by Cleisthenes won the upper hand by Cleisthenes won the upper hand by enlisting on his side superior numbers enlisting on his side superior numbers enlisting on his side superior numbers he rallied to his cause a host of poor he rallied to his cause a host of poor he rallied to his cause a host of poor men who were outside the pail of men who were outside the pail of men who were outside the pail of citizenship by promising to make them citizenship by promising to make them citizenship by promising to make them citizens citizens citizens thus the victory of Cleisthenes and the thus the victory of Cleisthenes and the thus the victory of Cleisthenes and the victory of Cleisthenes was the victory victory of Cleisthenes was the victory victory of Cleisthenes was the victory of reform was won by the threat of of reform was won by the threat of of reform was won by the threat of physical force and in the year of his physical force and in the year of his physical force and in the year of his rivals are concha p-- he introduced new rivals are concha p-- he introduced new rivals are concha p-- he introduced new democratic measures of law I say grass democratic measures of law I say grass democratic measures of law I say grass was so far outnumbered that he had no was so far outnumbered that he had no was so far outnumbered that he had no recourse but appealed to Sparta at his recourse but appealed to Sparta at his recourse but appealed to Sparta at his instance the lesser demony UNS who instance the lesser demony UNS who instance the lesser demony UNS who looked with disfavor on democracy looked with disfavor on democracy looked with disfavor on democracy demanded that the alcmaeonidae as a clan demanded that the alcmaeonidae as a clan demanded that the alcmaeonidae as a clan under a curse should be expelled from under a curse should be expelled from under a curse should be expelled from Attica and Cleisthenes without Attica and Cleisthenes without Attica and Cleisthenes without attempting resistance left the country attempting resistance left the country attempting resistance left the country but this was not enough King Cleomenes but this was not enough King Cleomenes but this was not enough King Cleomenes entered Attica for the second time he entered Attica for the second time he entered Attica for the second time he expelled 700 families pointed out by icy expelled 700 families pointed out by icy expelled 700 families pointed out by icy giris and attempted to dissolve the new giris and attempted to dissolve the new giris and attempted to dissolve the new constitution and to set up an oligarchy constitution and to set up an oligarchy constitution and to set up an oligarchy but the whole people rose in arms

but the whole people rose in arms but the whole people rose in arms Cleomenes who had only a small band of Cleomenes who had only a small band of Cleomenes who had only a small band of soldiers with him was blockaded with ice soldiers with him was blockaded with ice soldiers with him was blockaded with ice a grass in the acropolis and was forced a grass in the acropolis and was forced a grass in the acropolis and was forced to capitulate on the third day in spite to capitulate on the third day in spite to capitulate on the third day in spite of his Spartan spirit footnote homers of his Spartan spirit footnote homers of his Spartan spirit footnote homers lacunae company-owned Aristophanes my lacunae company-owned Aristophanes my lacunae company-owned Aristophanes my sister sister sister 276 end of footnote Cleisthenes could 276 end of footnote Cleisthenes could 276 end of footnote Cleisthenes could now return with all the other exiles and now return with all the other exiles and now return with all the other exiles and complete his work the event was a check complete his work the event was a check complete his work the event was a check for lesser demon it was the first but it for lesser demon it was the first but it for lesser demon it was the first but it was not the last time that Athenian was not the last time that Athenian was not the last time that Athenian oligarchs sought Spartan intervention oligarchs sought Spartan intervention oligarchs sought Spartan intervention and Spartan men-at-arms held the hill of and Spartan men-at-arms held the hill of and Spartan men-at-arms held the hill of Athena end of chapter 5 part 5 recording Athena end of chapter 5 part 5 recording Athena end of chapter 5 part 5 recording by Graham Redman chapter 5 part 6 of a history of Greece chapter 5 part 6 of a history of Greece - the death of Alexander the Great vol 1 - the death of Alexander the Great vol 1 - the death of Alexander the Great vol 1 this is a librivox recording all this is a librivox recording all this is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to domain for more information or to domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by kulinda a history of Greece recording by kulinda a history of Greece recording by kulinda a history of Greece - the death of Alexander the Great - the death of Alexander the Great - the death of Alexander the Great volume 1 by John bag Millbury chapter 5

volume 1 by John bag Millbury chapter 5 volume 1 by John bag Millbury chapter 5 part 6 a reform of clay atthenes Solon part 6 a reform of clay atthenes Solon part 6 a reform of clay atthenes Solon created the institutions and constructed created the institutions and constructed created the institutions and constructed the machinery of the athenian democracy the machinery of the athenian democracy the machinery of the athenian democracy we've seen why this machinery would not we've seen why this machinery would not we've seen why this machinery would not work the fatal obstacle to its success work the fatal obstacle to its success work the fatal obstacle to its success was the political strength of the clans was the political strength of the clans was the political strength of the clans and Solon by retaining the old ionic and Solon by retaining the old ionic and Solon by retaining the old ionic tribes had therewith retained the clan tribes had therewith retained the clan tribes had therewith retained the clan organization as a base of its organization as a base of its organization as a base of its constitution in order therefore to make constitution in order therefore to make constitution in order therefore to make a democracy a reality it was a democracy a reality it was a democracy a reality it was indispensable to deprive the clans of indispensable to deprive the clans of indispensable to deprive the clans of political significance and substitute a political significance and substitute a political significance and substitute a new organization another grave evil new organization another grave evil new organization another grave evil during the past century had been the during the past century had been the during the past century had been the growth of local parties Attica had been growth of local parties Attica had been growth of local parties Attica had been split up into political sections the split up into political sections the split up into political sections the memorable achievement of clay is Deniz memorable achievement of clay is Deniz memorable achievement of clay is Deniz was the invention of a totally new was the invention of a totally new was the invention of a totally new organization of truly brilliant and as organization of truly brilliant and as organization of truly brilliant and as the event proves practical scheme which the event proves practical scheme which the event proves practical scheme which did away with the ionic tribes abolish did away with the ionic tribes abolish did away with the ionic tribes abolish the political influence of the Freddie's the political influence of the Freddie's the political influence of the Freddie's and clans and superseded the system of and clans and superseded the system of and clans and superseded the system of the knocker aries thus removing the the knocker aries thus removing the the knocker aries thus removing the danger of the undue preponderance of danger of the undue preponderance of danger of the undue preponderance of social influence or local parties and social influence or local parties and social influence or local parties and securing to the whole body of citizens a securing to the whole body of citizens a securing to the whole body of citizens a decisive and permanent part in the decisive and permanent part in the decisive and permanent part in the conduct of public affairs taking the map conduct of public affairs taking the map conduct of public affairs taking the map of Attica as he found it of Attica as he found it of Attica as he found it consisting of between 1 and 200 days or consisting of between 1 and 200 days or consisting of between 1 and 200 days or small districts clay is the NEAs small districts clay is the NEAs small districts clay is the NEAs distinguished three regions the region distinguished three regions the region distinguished three regions the region of the city the region of the coast and of the city the region of the coast and of the city the region of the coast and the inland in each of these regions he the inland in each of these regions he the inland in each of these regions he divided the Demi's into ten groups divided the Demi's into ten groups divided the Demi's into ten groups called trittyes so that there were 30 called trittyes so that there were 30 called trittyes so that there were 30 such trittyes in all and each triticeae such trittyes in all and each triticeae such trittyes in all and each triticeae was named after the chief dem a which

was named after the chief dem a which was named after the chief dem a which was included in it out of the 32 days he was included in it out of the 32 days he was included in it out of the 32 days he then formed ten groups of three in such then formed ten groups of three in such then formed ten groups of three in such a way that no group contained two a way that no group contained two a way that no group contained two treaties from the same region each of treaties from the same region each of treaties from the same region each of these groups constituted a tribe and the these groups constituted a tribe and the these groups constituted a tribe and the citizens of all the Demi's contained in citizens of all the Demi's contained in citizens of all the Demi's contained in its three today's were fellow tribesmen its three today's were fellow tribesmen its three today's were fellow tribesmen thus Quaeda Thani on a triggers of the thus Quaeda Thani on a triggers of the thus Quaeda Thani on a triggers of the city region was combined with pania a city region was combined with pania a city region was combined with pania a treatise of the inland and Marina's at treatise of the inland and Marina's at treatise of the inland and Marina's at reduce of the coasts to form the tribe reduce of the coasts to form the tribe reduce of the coasts to form the tribe of Pandi onus the ten new tribes thus of Pandi onus the ten new tribes thus of Pandi onus the ten new tribes thus obtained were called after eponymous obtained were called after eponymous obtained were called after eponymous heroes chosen by the Delphic priestess heroes chosen by the Delphic priestess heroes chosen by the Delphic priestess footnote names of the ten tribes erect footnote names of the ten tribes erect footnote names of the ten tribes erect theas Egeus pandey onus Leontes akka theas Egeus pandey onus Leontes akka theas Egeus pandey onus Leontes akka mantis Aeneas sacrifice mantis Aeneas sacrifice mantis Aeneas sacrifice Pathan TISS antis Antiochus and a Pathan TISS antis Antiochus and a Pathan TISS antis Antiochus and a footnote the heroes had their priests footnote the heroes had their priests footnote the heroes had their priests and sanctuaries and their statues stood and sanctuaries and their statues stood and sanctuaries and their statues stood in front of the Senate houses in the in front of the Senate houses in the in front of the Senate houses in the Agora both the tribes in the demos were Agora both the tribes in the demos were Agora both the tribes in the demos were corporations with officers assemblies corporations with officers assemblies corporations with officers assemblies and corporate property the Denmark or and corporate property the Denmark or and corporate property the Denmark or President of the dem a kept the Burgess President of the dem a kept the Burgess President of the dem a kept the Burgess lists of the place in which was solemnly lists of the place in which was solemnly lists of the place in which was solemnly entered the name of each citizen when he entered the name of each citizen when he entered the name of each citizen when he reached the age of 17 the organisation reached the age of 17 the organisation reached the age of 17 the organisation of the army depended on the tribes each of the army depended on the tribes each of the army depended on the tribes each of which contributed a regimen of of which contributed a regimen of of which contributed a regimen of hoplites and a squadron of horse the hoplites and a squadron of horse the hoplites and a squadron of horse the triticeae had no independent triticeae had no independent triticeae had no independent Constitution of this kind no corporated Constitution of this kind no corporated Constitution of this kind no corporated existence and consequently it appears

existence and consequently it appears existence and consequently it appears little in official documents but it was little in official documents but it was little in official documents but it was the scarce visible pivot on which the the scarce visible pivot on which the the scarce visible pivot on which the clay is Linux system revolved the link clay is Linux system revolved the link clay is Linux system revolved the link between the DES and the tribes by its between the DES and the tribes by its between the DES and the tribes by its means a number of groups of people in means a number of groups of people in means a number of groups of people in various parts of Attica without various parts of Attica without various parts of Attica without community of local interests were community of local interests were community of local interests were brought together at Athens and had to brought together at Athens and had to brought together at Athens and had to act in common the old parties of plain act in common the old parties of plain act in common the old parties of plain Hill and coast were thus done away with Hill and coast were thus done away with Hill and coast were thus done away with there was no longer a means of local there was no longer a means of local there was no longer a means of local political action thus an organization political action thus an organization political action thus an organization created for a purely political purpose created for a purely political purpose created for a purely political purpose was substituted for an organization was substituted for an organization was substituted for an organization which was originally social and had been which was originally social and had been which was originally social and had been adapted to political needs the ten new adapted to political needs the ten new adapted to political needs the ten new tribes based on artificial geography tribes based on artificial geography tribes based on artificial geography took the place of the four old tribes took the place of the four old tribes took the place of the four old tribes based on birth the incorporate triticeae based on birth the incorporate triticeae based on birth the incorporate triticeae which had no independent existence but which had no independent existence but which had no independent existence but merely represented the relation between merely represented the relation between merely represented the relation between the tribe and the dem a took the place the tribe and the dem a took the place the tribe and the dem a took the place of the independent and active phratry of the independent and active phratry of the independent and active phratry and the dem a a local unit replaced the and the dem a a local unit replaced the and the dem a a local unit replaced the social unit of the clan this scheme of social unit of the clan this scheme of social unit of the clan this scheme of clay atthenes with the artificial clay atthenes with the artificial clay atthenes with the artificial trittyes and the artificially formed trittyes and the artificially formed trittyes and the artificially formed tribe might seem almost too artificial tribe might seem almost too artificial tribe might seem almost too artificial to last secret to last secret to last secret it's permanence lay in the fact that the it's permanence lay in the fact that the it's permanence lay in the fact that the Demi's the units on which it was built Demi's the units on which it was built Demi's the units on which it was built up were natural divisions but she did up were natural divisions but she did up were natural divisions but she did not attempt to reduce to a round number not attempt to reduce to a round number not attempt to reduce to a round number it must have taken some time to bring it must have taken some time to bring it must have taken some time to bring this reform into full working order this reform into full working order this reform into full working order the first list of Demi's men on the new the first list of Demi's men on the new the first list of Demi's men on the new system decided the dem a of all their system decided the dem a of all their system decided the dem a of all their descendants a man might change his home descendants a man might change his home descendants a man might change his home and reside in another demi but he still and reside in another demi but he still and reside in another demi but he still remained a member of the domain to which remained a member of the domain to which remained a member of the domain to which he originally belonged he originally belonged he originally belonged henceforward in official documents men henceforward in official documents men henceforward in official documents men were distinguished by their Demi's were distinguished by their Demi's were distinguished by their Demi's instead of as heretofore by their instead of as heretofore by their instead of as heretofore by their fathers names footnote at a later period

fathers names footnote at a later period fathers names footnote at a later period it became customary to give the father's it became customary to give the father's it became customary to give the father's name as well as the deme and footnote name as well as the deme and footnote name as well as the deme and footnote all Attica was included in this system all Attica was included in this system all Attica was included in this system except Eleuthera and Ora Poisson the except Eleuthera and Ora Poisson the except Eleuthera and Ora Poisson the frontier which were treated as subject frontier which were treated as subject frontier which were treated as subject districts and belongs to no tribe the districts and belongs to no tribe the districts and belongs to no tribe the political purpose and significance of political purpose and significance of political purpose and significance of this reorganization which entitles its this reorganization which entitles its this reorganization which entitles its author to be called the second founder author to be called the second founder author to be called the second founder of the democracy lay in its connection of the democracy lay in its connection of the democracy lay in its connection with a reformed Council as the existing with a reformed Council as the existing with a reformed Council as the existing Council of 400 had been based on the for Council of 400 had been based on the for Council of 400 had been based on the for ionic tribes clay atthenes devised a ionic tribes clay atthenes devised a ionic tribes clay atthenes devised a Council of 500 based on his 10 new Council of 500 based on his 10 new Council of 500 based on his 10 new tribes each tribe contributed 50 members tribes each tribe contributed 50 members tribes each tribe contributed 50 members of which each dem a returned a fixed of which each dem a returned a fixed of which each dem a returned a fixed number according to its size they were number according to its size they were number according to its size they were probably appointed by a lot from a probably appointed by a lot from a probably appointed by a lot from a number of candidates chosen by each dem number of candidates chosen by each dem number of candidates chosen by each dem a but the preliminary election was a but the preliminary election was a but the preliminary election was afterwards abolished and 40 years later afterwards abolished and 40 years later afterwards abolished and 40 years later they were appointed entirely by lot all they were appointed entirely by lot all they were appointed entirely by lot all those on whom the lot fell were proved those on whom the lot fell were proved those on whom the lot fell were proved as to the integrity of their private and as to the integrity of their private and as to the integrity of their private and public life by the outgoing Council public life by the outgoing Council public life by the outgoing Council which had the right of rejecting the which had the right of rejecting the which had the right of rejecting the unfit they took an oath when they unfit they took an oath when they unfit they took an oath when they entered upon office that they would entered upon office that they would entered upon office that they would advise what is best for the city and advise what is best for the city and advise what is best for the city and they were responsible for their acts they were responsible for their acts they were responsible for their acts when they laid it down this canceled in when they laid it down this canceled in when they laid it down this canceled in which every part of Attica was which every part of Attica was which every part of Attica was represented with the supreme represented with the supreme represented with the supreme administrative authority in the state in administrative authority in the state in administrative authority in the state in conjunction with the various magistrates conjunction with the various magistrates conjunction with the various magistrates it managed most of the public affairs an it managed most of the public affairs an it managed most of the public affairs an effective control was exerted on the effective control was exerted on the effective control was exerted on the archons and the other magistrates who archons and the other magistrates who archons and the other magistrates who were obliged to present reports to the were obliged to present reports to the were obliged to present reports to the council and receive the council's orders council and receive the council's orders council and receive the council's orders all the finances of the state were all the finances of the state were all the finances of the state were practically in its hands and ten new

practically in its hands and ten new practically in its hands and ten new finance officers called a paddock ty one finance officers called a paddock ty one finance officers called a paddock ty one from each tribe acted under its from each tribe acted under its from each tribe acted under its direction direction direction it seems moreover from the very first to it seems moreover from the very first to it seems moreover from the very first to have been invested with judicial powers have been invested with judicial powers have been invested with judicial powers in in in concerning the public finance and with concerning the public finance and with concerning the public finance and with the right of fining officials further the right of fining officials further the right of fining officials further the council acted as a Ministry of the council acted as a Ministry of the council acted as a Ministry of Public Works and even as a Ministry of Public Works and even as a Ministry of Public Works and even as a Ministry of War it may also be regarded as the War it may also be regarded as the War it may also be regarded as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for it Ministry of Foreign Affairs for it Ministry of Foreign Affairs for it conducted negotiations with foreign conducted negotiations with foreign conducted negotiations with foreign States and received their invoice it had States and received their invoice it had States and received their invoice it had no powers of declaring war or concluding no powers of declaring war or concluding no powers of declaring war or concluding a treaty these powers resided solely in a treaty these powers resided solely in a treaty these powers resided solely in the sovereign assembly but the council the sovereign assembly but the council the sovereign assembly but the council was not only an administrative body was not only an administrative body was not only an administrative body it was deliberative assembly and had the it was deliberative assembly and had the it was deliberative assembly and had the initiative in all lawmaking no proposal initiative in all lawmaking no proposal initiative in all lawmaking no proposal could come before the ecclesia unless it could come before the ecclesia unless it could come before the ecclesia unless it had already been proposed and considered had already been proposed and considered had already been proposed and considered in the council every law passed in the in the council every law passed in the in the council every law passed in the ecclesia was first sent down from the ecclesia was first sent down from the ecclesia was first sent down from the council in the form of a probe uluma and council in the form of a probe uluma and council in the form of a probe uluma and on receiving a majority of votes in the on receiving a majority of votes in the on receiving a majority of votes in the ecclesia became a chef is m'a again the ecclesia became a chef is m'a again the ecclesia became a chef is m'a again the council had some general as well as some council had some general as well as some council had some general as well as some special judicial functions it formed a special judicial functions it formed a special judicial functions it formed a Court before which impeachments could be Court before which impeachments could be Court before which impeachments could be brought as well as before the assembly brought as well as before the assembly brought as well as before the assembly and in these cases it could either pass and in these cases it could either pass and in these cases it could either pass sentence itself or hand them over to sentence itself or hand them over to sentence itself or hand them over to another court is obvious that the another court is obvious that the another court is obvious that the administrative duties could not administrative duties could not administrative duties could not conveniently be conducted by a body of conveniently be conducted by a body of conveniently be conducted by a body of 500 constantly sitting accordingly the 500 constantly sitting accordingly the 500 constantly sitting accordingly the Year 360 days was divided into ten parts Year 360 days was divided into ten parts Year 360 days was divided into ten parts and the councillors of each tribe took and the councillors of each tribe took and the councillors of each tribe took it in turn to act as committee for it in turn to act as committee for it in turn to act as committee for carrying on public business during a carrying on public business during a carrying on public business during a tenth of the year in this capacity as tenth of the year in this capacity as tenth of the year in this capacity as members of the acting committee of 50

members of the acting committee of 50 members of the acting committee of 50 the councillors were called proteinase the councillors were called proteinase the councillors were called proteinase or presidents the tribe to which they or presidents the tribe to which they or presidents the tribe to which they belong was said to be the presiding and belong was said to be the presiding and belong was said to be the presiding and the divisions of this artificial year the divisions of this artificial year the divisions of this artificial year were called pretties it was incumbent on were called pretties it was incumbent on were called pretties it was incumbent on the chairmen along with one triticeae of the chairmen along with one triticeae of the chairmen along with one triticeae of the committee to live permanently during the committee to live permanently during the committee to live permanently during his printing in the tholos a round his printing in the tholos a round his printing in the tholos a round building where the presidents met and building where the presidents met and building where the presidents met and dined at the public expense the tholos dined at the public expense the tholos dined at the public expense the tholos or ski s was on the south side of the or ski s was on the south side of the or ski s was on the south side of the Agora close to the council hall the old Agora close to the council hall the old Agora close to the council hall the old Prytania and still remained in use as Prytania and still remained in use as Prytania and still remained in use as the office of the Archon and the hearth the office of the Archon and the hearth the office of the Archon and the hearth of the city Clea Sinise invented an of the city Clea Sinise invented an of the city Clea Sinise invented an ingenious arrangement for bringing his ingenious arrangement for bringing his ingenious arrangement for bringing his official year into general harmony with official year into general harmony with official year into general harmony with the civil year so that the beginning of the civil year so that the beginning of the civil year so that the beginning of the one should not diverge too far from the one should not diverge too far from the one should not diverge too far from the beginning of the other the civil the beginning of the other the civil the beginning of the other the civil year was supposed to begin as nearly as year was supposed to begin as nearly as year was supposed to begin as nearly as possible to the first new moon after the possible to the first new moon after the possible to the first new moon after the summer solstice and the difference summer solstice and the difference summer solstice and the difference between the lunar 12-month year and the between the lunar 12-month year and the between the lunar 12-month year and the soul soul soul revolution was provided for by a cycle revolution was provided for by a cycle revolution was provided for by a cycle of eight years in the first third and of eight years in the first third and of eight years in the first third and sixth of which additional months were sixth of which additional months were sixth of which additional months were intercalated the ordinary year consisted intercalated the ordinary year consisted intercalated the ordinary year consisted of 354 the intercalated of 384 days of 354 the intercalated of 384 days of 354 the intercalated of 384 days class the needs taking 360 as the number class the needs taking 360 as the number class the needs taking 360 as the number of days in his official year was also of days in his official year was also of days in his official year was also obliged to intercalate but not so often obliged to intercalate but not so often obliged to intercalate but not so often he adopted a cycle of five years and he adopted a cycle of five years and he adopted a cycle of five years and once in each cycle an inter calorie once in each cycle an inter calorie once in each cycle an inter calorie month of 30 days was introduced but this month of 30 days was introduced but this month of 30 days was introduced but this month was not always inserted in the month was not always inserted in the month was not always inserted in the same year of the cycle it was here that same year of the cycle it was here that same year of the cycle it was here that Cleisthenes brought his Quinn Quinn eel Cleisthenes brought his Quinn Quinn eel Cleisthenes brought his Quinn Quinn eel into line with the octane eel system the into line with the octane eel system the into line with the octane eel system the extraordinary official month was

extraordinary official month was extraordinary official month was intercalated in the first year of the intercalated in the first year of the intercalated in the first year of the official cycle that coincided with an official cycle that coincided with an official cycle that coincided with an inter calorie year of the Sibyl cycle inter calorie year of the Sibyl cycle inter calorie year of the Sibyl cycle the new institution of clay is Deniz the new institution of clay is Deniz the new institution of clay is Deniz began to work in 503 2 2 BC the first began to work in 503 2 2 BC the first began to work in 503 2 2 BC the first year of an OP teneal cycle the first year of an OP teneal cycle the first year of an OP teneal cycle the first clay aesthetic year began on the first clay aesthetic year began on the first clay aesthetic year began on the first of hecatomb beyond the first month of of hecatomb beyond the first month of of hecatomb beyond the first month of the civil calendar it would not begin on the civil calendar it would not begin on the civil calendar it would not begin on that day again until 40 years hence that day again until 40 years hence that day again until 40 years hence footnote it is convenient to observe footnote it is convenient to observe footnote it is convenient to observe that the first year of a clay is fennec that the first year of a clay is fennec that the first year of a clay is fennec Quinn quinium begins always in a year BC Quinn quinium begins always in a year BC Quinn quinium begins always in a year BC ending in 3 or 8 503 498 493 BC etc in ending in 3 or 8 503 498 493 BC etc in ending in 3 or 8 503 498 493 BC etc in opening the citizenship to a large opening the citizenship to a large opening the citizenship to a large number of people who had hitherto been number of people who had hitherto been number of people who had hitherto been excluded clay atthenes was only excluded clay atthenes was only excluded clay atthenes was only progressing along the path of Solon he progressing along the path of Solon he progressing along the path of Solon he seems to have retained the solonian seems to have retained the solonian seems to have retained the solonian restrictions on eligibility for the restrictions on eligibility for the restrictions on eligibility for the higher Offices of state it is just higher Offices of state it is just higher Offices of state it is just possible that he may have set the possible that he may have set the possible that he may have set the Knights in this respect on a level with Knights in this respect on a level with Knights in this respect on a level with the Penta cozia med nominee but the two the Penta cozia med nominee but the two the Penta cozia med nominee but the two lower classes were still excluded from lower classes were still excluded from lower classes were still excluded from the Archon ship the third class remained the Archon ship the third class remained the Archon ship the third class remained ineligible for another half century ineligible for another half century ineligible for another half century footnote in the appointment of archons footnote in the appointment of archons footnote in the appointment of archons the solonian method had been the solonian method had been the solonian method had been discontinued above page 195 and clasp discontinued above page 195 and clasp discontinued above page 195 and clasp Aeneas does not seem to have Aeneas does not seem to have Aeneas does not seem to have reintroduced it and footnote but this reintroduced it and footnote but this reintroduced it and footnote but this conservatism of clay estonia's might be conservatism of clay estonia's might be conservatism of clay estonia's might be easily misjudged we must remember that easily misjudged we must remember that easily misjudged we must remember that since the days of Solon time itself had since the days of Solon time itself had since the days of Solon time itself had been doing the work of a democratic been doing the work of a democratic been doing the work of a democratic reformer the money value of five hundred reformer the money value of five hundred reformer the money value of five hundred madam nee was a much lower rating at the

madam nee was a much lower rating at the madam nee was a much lower rating at the end than it had been at the beginning of end than it had been at the beginning of end than it had been at the beginning of the sixth century trade the sixth century trade the sixth century trade increased and people had grown richer increased and people had grown richer increased and people had grown richer the new tribes of clay atthenes led to a the new tribes of clay atthenes led to a the new tribes of clay atthenes led to a change in the military organization each change in the military organization each change in the military organization each of the ten tribes was required to supply of the ten tribes was required to supply of the ten tribes was required to supply a regimen of hoplites and a squadron of a regimen of hoplites and a squadron of a regimen of hoplites and a squadron of horsemen and the hoplites were commanded horsemen and the hoplites were commanded horsemen and the hoplites were commanded by ten generals whom the people elected by ten generals whom the people elected by ten generals whom the people elected from each tribe footnote the office of from each tribe footnote the office of from each tribe footnote the office of Strategos as commander of a toxie's was Strategos as commander of a toxie's was Strategos as commander of a toxie's was much older but the institution of the much older but the institution of the much older but the institution of the ten Stratego 501 bc was a consequence of ten Stratego 501 bc was a consequence of ten Stratego 501 bc was a consequence of the reforms of class denis and footnote the reforms of class denis and footnote the reforms of class denis and footnote the office of general was destined the office of general was destined the office of general was destined hereafter to become the most important hereafter to become the most important hereafter to become the most important in the state but at first he was merely in the state but at first he was merely in the state but at first he was merely the commander of the tribal regiment the the commander of the tribal regiment the the commander of the tribal regiment the athenian council instituted by athenian council instituted by athenian council instituted by Cleisthenes shows that so that greek Cleisthenes shows that so that greek Cleisthenes shows that so that greek statesmen understood the principle of statesmen understood the principle of statesmen understood the principle of representative government that council representative government that council representative government that council is an excellent example of is an excellent example of is an excellent example of representation with a careful representation with a careful representation with a careful distribution of seats according to the distribution of seats according to the distribution of seats according to the size of the electorate's and it was size of the electorate's and it was size of the electorate's and it was practically the governing body of the practically the governing body of the practically the governing body of the state but though Greek statesmen state but though Greek statesmen state but though Greek statesmen understood the principle they always understood the principle they always understood the principle they always hesitated to entrust to a representative hesitated to entrust to a representative hesitated to entrust to a representative assembly sovereign powers of legislation assembly sovereign powers of legislation assembly sovereign powers of legislation the reason mainly lay in the fact that the reason mainly lay in the fact that the reason mainly lay in the fact that owing to the small size of the owing to the small size of the owing to the small size of the city-state an assembly which every city-state an assembly which every city-state an assembly which every citizen who chose could attend was a citizen who chose could attend was a citizen who chose could attend was a practicable institution and the practicable institution and the practicable institution and the fundamental principle that supreme fundamental principle that supreme fundamental principle that supreme legislative power is exercised by the legislative power is exercised by the legislative power is exercised by the people itself could be literally applied people itself could be literally applied people itself could be literally applied but while we remember that the council but while we remember that the council but while we remember that the council could not legislate although its could not legislate although its could not legislate although its cooperation was indispensable to the cooperation was indispensable to the cooperation was indispensable to the making of laws we may say that its

making of laws we may say that its making of laws we may say that its function will be misunderstood if it be function will be misunderstood if it be function will be misunderstood if it be either conceived as a sort of second either conceived as a sort of second either conceived as a sort of second chamber or compared to a body like the chamber or compared to a body like the chamber or compared to a body like the Roman Senate it was a popular Roman Senate it was a popular Roman Senate it was a popular representative assembly and from it were representative assembly and from it were representative assembly and from it were taken though on totally different taken though on totally different taken though on totally different principle committees which performed in principle committees which performed in principle committees which performed in part the administrative functions of our part the administrative functions of our part the administrative functions of our government it had a decisive influence government it had a decisive influence government it had a decisive influence on legislation and here the influence of on legislation and here the influence of on legislation and here the influence of the council on the ecclesia must be the council on the ecclesia must be the council on the ecclesia must be rather compared to the influence of the rather compared to the influence of the rather compared to the influence of the government on her House of Commons but government on her House of Commons but government on her House of Commons but the ratification given by the assembly the ratification given by the assembly the ratification given by the assembly to the proposals sent down by the to the proposals sent down by the to the proposals sent down by the council was often as purely formal as council was often as purely formal as council was often as purely formal as the ratification by the crown of bills the ratification by the crown of bills the ratification by the crown of bills passed in Parliament section 7 first passed in Parliament section 7 first passed in Parliament section 7 first victories of the democracy the Athenian victories of the democracy the Athenian victories of the democracy the Athenian Republic had now become a democracy in Republic had now become a democracy in Republic had now become a democracy in the fullest sense and the new government the fullest sense and the new government the fullest sense and the new government was hardly established before it was was hardly established before it was was hardly established before it was called upon to prove its capacity King called upon to prove its capacity King called upon to prove its capacity King Cleomenes who was the greatest man in Cleomenes who was the greatest man in Cleomenes who was the greatest man in Greece at the time could not rest Greece at the time could not rest Greece at the time could not rest without attempting to avenge the without attempting to avenge the without attempting to avenge the humiliation which he had recently humiliation which he had recently humiliation which he had recently endured at the hands of the Athenian endured at the hands of the Athenian endured at the hands of the Athenian people the manual pulled down one tyrant people the manual pulled down one tyrant people the manual pulled down one tyrant now proposed to set up another is now proposed to set up another is now proposed to set up another is agura's who had hitherto aimed at agura's who had hitherto aimed at agura's who had hitherto aimed at establishing an oligarchy now it would establishing an oligarchy now it would establishing an oligarchy now it would seem came forward as an aspirant to the seem came forward as an aspirant to the seem came forward as an aspirant to the Taranis Cleomenes arranged with the Taranis Cleomenes arranged with the Taranis Cleomenes arranged with the Boeotians and the Chell Citians a joint Boeotians and the Chell Citians a joint Boeotians and the Chell Citians a joint attack upon Attica while the lack of attack upon Attica while the lack of attack upon Attica while the lack of demony ins and their allies invaded from demony ins and their allies invaded from demony ins and their allies invaded from the south the Boeotians were to come the south the Boeotians were to come the south the Boeotians were to come down from the mount cithaeron and the down from the mount cithaeron and the down from the mount cithaeron and the men of Chalcis were to cross the men of Chalcis were to cross the men of Chalcis were to cross the europeís and the land was to be assailed europeís and the land was to be assailed europeís and the land was to be assailed on three sides at the same moment the on three sides at the same moment the on three sides at the same moment the Peloponnesian hosts under the two Kings

Peloponnesian hosts under the two Kings Peloponnesian hosts under the two Kings claim in ease and emeritus passed the claim in ease and emeritus passed the claim in ease and emeritus passed the Isthmus and occupied a Lucis and the Isthmus and occupied a Lucis and the Isthmus and occupied a Lucis and the Athenians marched to the aleutian Ian Athenians marched to the aleutian Ian Athenians marched to the aleutian Ian plane but the peril on this side passed plane but the peril on this side passed plane but the peril on this side passed away without a blow the Corinthians on away without a blow the Corinthians on away without a blow the Corinthians on second thoughts disapproved of the second thoughts disapproved of the second thoughts disapproved of the expedition as unjust and returned to expedition as unjust and returned to expedition as unjust and returned to Corinth at this time Aegina was the most Corinth at this time Aegina was the most Corinth at this time Aegina was the most formidable commercial rival of Corinth formidable commercial rival of Corinth formidable commercial rival of Corinth and that therefore suited Corinthian and that therefore suited Corinthian and that therefore suited Corinthian interests to encourage the rising power interests to encourage the rising power interests to encourage the rising power of a Gena's enemy this action of the of a Gena's enemy this action of the of a Gena's enemy this action of the corinthians disconcerted the whole army corinthians disconcerted the whole army corinthians disconcerted the whole army and the situation was aggravated by the and the situation was aggravated by the and the situation was aggravated by the discord between the spartan leaders clay discord between the spartan leaders clay discord between the spartan leaders clay ammonia's and emeritus in the end the ammonia's and emeritus in the end the ammonia's and emeritus in the end the army broke up and there was nothing left army broke up and there was nothing left army broke up and there was nothing left for clay ominous but to return home his for clay ominous but to return home his for clay ominous but to return home his attempt to thrust a tyranny had been as attempt to thrust a tyranny had been as attempt to thrust a tyranny had been as unsuccessful as his previous attempt to unsuccessful as his previous attempt to unsuccessful as his previous attempt to thrust an oligarchy upon Athens for the thrust an oligarchy upon Athens for the thrust an oligarchy upon Athens for the second time the Athenian democracy had second time the Athenian democracy had second time the Athenian democracy had been saved from Spartan coercion a been saved from Spartan coercion a been saved from Spartan coercion a hundred years hence indeed that coercion hundred years hence indeed that coercion hundred years hence indeed that coercion was to befall her Cleo Minnie's is the was to befall her Cleo Minnie's is the was to befall her Cleo Minnie's is the forerunner of Lysander who will emply forerunner of Lysander who will emply forerunner of Lysander who will emply avenge him the feebly der's of Borgia avenge him the feebly der's of Borgia avenge him the feebly der's of Borgia had readily concurred in the spartan had readily concurred in the spartan had readily concurred in the spartan plan where they had a recent cause of plan where they had a recent cause of plan where they had a recent cause of offense against athens the town of offense against athens the town of offense against athens the town of Plataea on the Boeotian slope of mount Plataea on the Boeotian slope of mount Plataea on the Boeotian slope of mount cithaeron was determined to retain her cithaeron was determined to retain her cithaeron was determined to retain her independence and hold a loop from the independence and hold a loop from the independence and hold a loop from the Boeotian league which was under the Boeotian league which was under the Boeotian league which was under the supremacy of thebes supremacy of thebes supremacy of thebes the pollutants applied in the first the pollutants applied in the first the pollutants applied in the first instance of Sparta but as Sparta was instance of Sparta but as Sparta was instance of Sparta but as Sparta was unwilling to interfere they sought and unwilling to interfere they sought and unwilling to interfere they sought and obtained the help of Athens this was the obtained the help of Athens this was the obtained the help of Athens this was the beginning of a long friendship between beginning of a long friendship between beginning of a long friendship between Athens and Plataea based on mutual Athens and Plataea based on mutual Athens and Plataea based on mutual interest interest interest plet a dependent on the support of

plet a dependent on the support of plet a dependent on the support of athens to maintain her independence in athens to maintain her independence in athens to maintain her independence in Boeotia while it suited Athens to have a Boeotia while it suited Athens to have a Boeotia while it suited Athens to have a small friendly power on the other side small friendly power on the other side small friendly power on the other side of cythera a sort of watchtower against of cythera a sort of watchtower against of cythera a sort of watchtower against Thebes the Athenians went to the Thebes the Athenians went to the Thebes the Athenians went to the protection of Plataea but the threatened protection of Plataea but the threatened protection of Plataea but the threatened conflict was averted by the intervention conflict was averted by the intervention conflict was averted by the intervention of Corinth the Corinthian arbitration of Corinth the Corinthian arbitration of Corinth the Corinthian arbitration ruled that Boeotian cities which did not ruled that Boeotian cities which did not ruled that Boeotian cities which did not wish to join the league must not be wish to join the league must not be wish to join the league must not be coerced but as they were departing the coerced but as they were departing the coerced but as they were departing the Athenians were treacherously attacked by Athenians were treacherously attacked by Athenians were treacherously attacked by the Thebans and winning a victory they the Thebans and winning a victory they the Thebans and winning a victory they fixed the river asopus as the southern fixed the river asopus as the southern fixed the river asopus as the southern boundary of the territory of Thebes the boundary of the territory of Thebes the boundary of the territory of Thebes the Athenians acquired by this expedition a Athenians acquired by this expedition a Athenians acquired by this expedition a post in Boeotia herself the town of his post in Boeotia herself the town of his post in Boeotia herself the town of his ei on the northern slope of Cythera on ei on the northern slope of Cythera on ei on the northern slope of Cythera on the approach of the Peloponnesian Army the approach of the Peloponnesian Army the approach of the Peloponnesian Army the Boeotians had seized his AAA and the Boeotians had seized his AAA and the Boeotians had seized his AAA and crossing the path of sit on above it had crossing the path of sit on above it had crossing the path of sit on above it had taken Ono on the upper to attic slopes taken Ono on the upper to attic slopes taken Ono on the upper to attic slopes when Clemente's and the Peloponnesians when Clemente's and the Peloponnesians when Clemente's and the Peloponnesians retreated the Athenian army marched retreated the Athenian army marched retreated the Athenian army marched northward to check the nights of Chalcis northward to check the nights of Chalcis northward to check the nights of Chalcis who were ravaging the northern Demi's of who were ravaging the northern Demi's of who were ravaging the northern Demi's of Attica the Boeotian forces then withdrew Attica the Boeotian forces then withdrew Attica the Boeotian forces then withdrew into their own land and moved northwards into their own land and moved northwards into their own land and moved northwards to in order to join the chalcidian x' to in order to join the chalcidian x' to in order to join the chalcidian x' but the athenians who must have been but the athenians who must have been but the athenians who must have been general by a naval pull march succeeded general by a naval pull march succeeded general by a naval pull march succeeded in encountering their two foes singly in encountering their two foes singly in encountering their two foes singly they intercepted the Boeotians near the they intercepted the Boeotians near the they intercepted the Boeotians near the straits and won a complete victory then straits and won a complete victory then straits and won a complete victory then they cross the Straits where the they cross the Straits where the they cross the Straits where the chalcidian had retired to their island chalcidian had retired to their island chalcidian had retired to their island and fought another battle no less and fought another battle no less and fought another battle no less decisive with the horseman of Chalcis decisive with the horseman of Chalcis decisive with the horseman of Chalcis the defeat of the chalcidian x' was so the defeat of the chalcidian x' was so the defeat of the chalcidian x' was so crushing that they were forced to cede crushing that they were forced to cede crushing that they were forced to cede athens a large part of that rich

athens a large part of that rich athens a large part of that rich Levantine plane whose possession in old Levantine plane whose possession in old Levantine plane whose possession in old days they had disputed so hotly with days they had disputed so hotly with days they had disputed so hotly with Eritrea but this was not all a multitude Eritrea but this was not all a multitude Eritrea but this was not all a multitude of chell Citians and by oceans have been of chell Citians and by oceans have been of chell Citians and by oceans have been made prisoners they were kept fettered made prisoners they were kept fettered made prisoners they were kept fettered in bitter bondage until their countrymen in bitter bondage until their countrymen in bitter bondage until their countrymen ransomed them at to meanness a man we ransomed them at to meanness a man we ransomed them at to meanness a man we cannot withhold our sympathy from the cannot withhold our sympathy from the cannot withhold our sympathy from the Athenian people if they dealt out hard Athenian people if they dealt out hard Athenian people if they dealt out hard measure to those whom the Spartan King measure to those whom the Spartan King measure to those whom the Spartan King had so unjustly stirred up against them had so unjustly stirred up against them had so unjustly stirred up against them the gloomy iron chains in which they the gloomy iron chains in which they the gloomy iron chains in which they quenched the insolence of their foes quenched the insolence of their foes quenched the insolence of their foes were proudly preserved on the Acropolis were proudly preserved on the Acropolis were proudly preserved on the Acropolis and with a tithe of the ransom they and with a tithe of the ransom they and with a tithe of the ransom they dedicated to Athena a bronze chariot a dedicated to Athena a bronze chariot a dedicated to Athena a bronze chariot a portico commemorative of this victory portico commemorative of this victory portico commemorative of this victory was set up within the sanctuary of Delfy was set up within the sanctuary of Delfy was set up within the sanctuary of Delfy the Athenians dedicated the portico with the Athenians dedicated the portico with the Athenians dedicated the portico with the arms and figureheads which they took the arms and figureheads which they took the arms and figureheads which they took from their foes so runs the dedicatory from their foes so runs the dedicatory from their foes so runs the dedicatory inscription found in recent years on a inscription found in recent years on a inscription found in recent years on a step of the ruined building it would step of the ruined building it would step of the ruined building it would appear from this that the Athenians appear from this that the Athenians appear from this that the Athenians captured and destroyed the ships of captured and destroyed the ships of captured and destroyed the ships of chalices if the victory had been some chalices if the victory had been some chalices if the victory had been some twenty years later twenty years later twenty years later Athens would have added them to her own Athens would have added them to her own Athens would have added them to her own fleet but she had not yet come to fleet but she had not yet come to fleet but she had not yet come to discern that her true element was the discern that her true element was the discern that her true element was the sea the democracy had not only sea the democracy had not only sea the democracy had not only brilliantly defended itself but had won brilliantly defended itself but had won brilliantly defended itself but had won a new territory the richest part of the a new territory the richest part of the a new territory the richest part of the chalcidian plain was divided into lots chalcidian plain was divided into lots chalcidian plain was divided into lots among two thousand Athenian citizens who among two thousand Athenian citizens who among two thousand Athenian citizens who transported their homes to the fertile transported their homes to the fertile transported their homes to the fertile region beyond the Straits probably under region beyond the Straits probably under region beyond the Straits probably under the same conditions as the clerics of the same conditions as the clerics of the same conditions as the clerics of Salamis these out settlers retained all Salamis these out settlers retained all Salamis these out settlers retained all their rights as citizens they remained their rights as citizens they remained their rights as citizens they remained members of their Demi's and tribes the members of their Demi's and tribes the members of their Demi's and tribes the salah' minions were so near Athens that salah' minions were so near Athens that salah' minions were so near Athens that it was easier for them than for most of

it was easier for them than for most of it was easier for them than for most of the inhabitants of Attica to attend a the inhabitants of Attica to attend a the inhabitants of Attica to attend a meeting of the ecclesia and the plane of meeting of the ecclesia and the plane of meeting of the ecclesia and the plane of Chalcis was not farther than soon iam Chalcis was not farther than soon iam Chalcis was not farther than soon iam from Athens and not only beyond the sea from Athens and not only beyond the sea from Athens and not only beyond the sea was new territory acquired but on the was new territory acquired but on the was new territory acquired but on the borders of Attica itself this at least borders of Attica itself this at least borders of Attica itself this at least is the only occasion to which we can is the only occasion to which we can is the only occasion to which we can well assign the annexation of the March well assign the annexation of the March well assign the annexation of the March district of orifice the land of the district of orifice the land of the district of orifice the land of the people who gave to the Hellenic race its people who gave to the Hellenic race its people who gave to the Hellenic race its European name it had come under the sway European name it had come under the sway European name it had come under the sway of Eritrea had adopted the Eritrean of Eritrea had adopted the Eritrean of Eritrea had adopted the Eritrean dialect which it was to retain dialect which it was to retain dialect which it was to retain throughout all future vicissitudes and throughout all future vicissitudes and throughout all future vicissitudes and was the last particle OSHA to be annexed was the last particle OSHA to be annexed was the last particle OSHA to be annexed by the Boeotian power of Thebes this by the Boeotian power of Thebes this by the Boeotian power of Thebes this fertile little plain was destined to be fertile little plain was destined to be fertile little plain was destined to be a constant subject of discord between a constant subject of discord between a constant subject of discord between Boeotia and Athens as it had before been Boeotia and Athens as it had before been Boeotia and Athens as it had before been a source of strife between Eritrea and a source of strife between Eritrea and a source of strife between Eritrea and Boeotia but it was now to remain subject Boeotia but it was now to remain subject Boeotia but it was now to remain subject to Athens for nearly a hundred years to Athens for nearly a hundred years to Athens for nearly a hundred years subject to Athens not athenian the men subject to Athens not athenian the men subject to Athens not athenian the men of orifice like the men of eleuthera of orifice like the men of eleuthera of orifice like the men of eleuthera never became Athenian citizens end of never became Athenian citizens end of never became Athenian citizens end of chapter 5 part 7 recording by Kalinda in chapter 5 part 7 recording by Kalinda in chapter 5 part 7 recording by Kalinda in Raymond New Hampshire on November 14 Raymond New Hampshire on November 14 Raymond New Hampshire on November 14 2007