Josephus Book 23 From Vespasian's coming to Subdue the Jews to the Taking of Gamala

the wars of the Jews by Josephus the wars of the Jews by Josephus translated by William Wiston book 3 translated by William Wiston book 3 translated by William Wiston book 3 chapters 1- chapters 1- chapters 1- 3 book three containing the interval of 3 book three containing the interval of 3 book three containing the interval of about 1 year from Vespasian coming to about 1 year from Vespasian coming to about 1 year from Vespasian coming to subdue the Jews to The Taking of subdue the Jews to The Taking of subdue the Jews to The Taking of gamala chapter 1 Vespasian is sent into gamala chapter 1 Vespasian is sent into gamala chapter 1 Vespasian is sent into Syria by Nero in order to make war with Syria by Nero in order to make war with Syria by Nero in order to make war with the the the Jews when Nero was informed of the Jews when Nero was informed of the Jews when Nero was informed of the Romans ill success in Judea a concealed Romans ill success in Judea a concealed Romans ill success in Judea a concealed consternation and Terror as is usual in consternation and Terror as is usual in consternation and Terror as is usual in such cases fell upon him although he such cases fell upon him although he such cases fell upon him although he openly looked very big and was very openly looked very big and was very openly looked very big and was very angry and said that what had happened angry and said that what had happened angry and said that what had happened was rather owing to the negligence of was rather owing to the negligence of was rather owing to the negligence of the commander than to any Valor of the the commander than to any Valor of the the commander than to any Valor of the enemy and as he thought it fit for him enemy and as he thought it fit for him enemy and as he thought it fit for him who bear the burden of the whole empire who bear the burden of the whole empire who bear the burden of the whole empire to despise such misfortunes he now to despise such misfortunes he now to despise such misfortunes he now pretended to do so and to have a soul pretended to do so and to have a soul pretended to do so and to have a soul Superior to all such sad accidents Superior to all such sad accidents Superior to all such sad accidents whatsoever yet did the disturbance that whatsoever yet did the disturbance that whatsoever yet did the disturbance that was was in his soul plainly appear by was was in his soul plainly appear by was was in his soul plainly appear by the solicitude he was in how to recover the solicitude he was in how to recover the solicitude he was in how to recover his Affairs again and as he was his Affairs again and as he was his Affairs again and as he was deliberating to whom he should commit deliberating to whom he should commit deliberating to whom he should commit the care of the East now it was in so the care of the East now it was in so the care of the East now it was in so great a commotion and who might be best great a commotion and who might be best great a commotion and who might be best able to punish the Jews for their able to punish the Jews for their able to punish the Jews for their rebellion and might prevent the same rebellion and might prevent the same rebellion and might prevent the same distemper from seizing upon the distemper from seizing upon the distemper from seizing upon the neighboring Nations also he found no one neighboring Nations also he found no one neighboring Nations also he found no one but Vespasian equal to the task and able but Vespasian equal to the task and able but Vespasian equal to the task and able to undergo the great burden of so mighty to undergo the great burden of so mighty to undergo the great burden of so mighty a war seeing he was was growing an old a war seeing he was was growing an old a war seeing he was was growing an old man already in the camp and from his man already in the camp and from his man already in the camp and from his youth had been exercised in warlike

youth had been exercised in warlike youth had been exercised in warlike exploits he was also a man that had long exploits he was also a man that had long exploits he was also a man that had long ago pacified the west and made it ago pacified the west and made it ago pacified the west and made it subject to the Romans when it had been subject to the Romans when it had been subject to the Romans when it had been put into disorder by the Germans he had put into disorder by the Germans he had put into disorder by the Germans he had also recovered to them Britain by his also recovered to them Britain by his also recovered to them Britain by his arms which had been so little known arms which had been so little known arms which had been so little known before whereby he procured to his father before whereby he procured to his father before whereby he procured to his father Claudius to have a Triumph bestowed upon Claudius to have a Triumph bestowed upon Claudius to have a Triumph bestowed upon him without any sweat or labor of his him without any sweat or labor of his him without any sweat or labor of his own footnote take the confirmation of own footnote take the confirmation of own footnote take the confirmation of this in the words of suetonius here this in the words of suetonius here this in the words of suetonius here produced by Dr Hudson in the reign of produced by Dr Hudson in the reign of produced by Dr Hudson in the reign of Claudius says he Vespasian for the sake Claudius says he Vespasian for the sake Claudius says he Vespasian for the sake of narcissus was sent as a lieutenant of of narcissus was sent as a lieutenant of of narcissus was sent as a lieutenant of a legion into Germany then he removed a legion into Germany then he removed a legion into Germany then he removed into Britain battles with the Enemy we into Britain battles with the Enemy we into Britain battles with the Enemy we may also hear note from Josephus that may also hear note from Josephus that may also hear note from Josephus that Claudius the Emperor who triumphed for Claudius the Emperor who triumphed for Claudius the Emperor who triumphed for the conquest of Britain was enabled to the conquest of Britain was enabled to the conquest of Britain was enabled to do so solely by theasian conduct and do so solely by theasian conduct and do so solely by theasian conduct and bravery and that he is here styled the bravery and that he is here styled the bravery and that he is here styled the father of basian end footnote father of basian end footnote father of basian end footnote so Nero esteemed these circumstances as so Nero esteemed these circumstances as so Nero esteemed these circumstances as favorable Omens and saw that vespasian's favorable Omens and saw that vespasian's favorable Omens and saw that vespasian's age gave him sure experience and great age gave him sure experience and great age gave him sure experience and great skill and that he had his sons as skill and that he had his sons as skill and that he had his sons as hostages for his Fidelity to himself and hostages for his Fidelity to himself and hostages for his Fidelity to himself and that the flourishing age they were in that the flourishing age they were in that the flourishing age they were in would make them fit instruments under would make them fit instruments under would make them fit instruments under their father's their father's their father's Prudence perhaps also there was some Prudence perhaps also there was some Prudence perhaps also there was some interposition of Providence which was interposition of Providence which was interposition of Providence which was Paving the way for vespasian's being Paving the way for vespasian's being Paving the way for vespasian's being himself Emperor afterwards himself Emperor afterwards himself Emperor afterwards upon the whole he sent this man to take upon the whole he sent this man to take upon the whole he sent this man to take upon him the command of the armies that upon him the command of the armies that upon him the command of the armies that were in Syria but this not without great

were in Syria but this not without great were in Syria but this not without great encomium and flattering compilations encomium and flattering compilations encomium and flattering compilations such as necessity required and such as such as necessity required and such as such as necessity required and such as might mify him into might mify him into might mify him into complacence so Vespasian sent his son complacence so Vespasian sent his son complacence so Vespasian sent his son Titus from AA where he had been with Titus from AA where he had been with Titus from AA where he had been with Nero to Alexandria to bring back with Nero to Alexandria to bring back with Nero to Alexandria to bring back with him from then the fifth and the 10th him from then the fifth and the 10th him from then the fifth and the 10th Legions while he himself when he had Legions while he himself when he had Legions while he himself when he had passed over over the helis Pont came by passed over over the helis Pont came by passed over over the helis Pont came by land into Syria where he gathered land into Syria where he gathered land into Syria where he gathered together the Roman forces with a together the Roman forces with a together the Roman forces with a considerable number of auxiliaries from considerable number of auxiliaries from considerable number of auxiliaries from the kings in that the kings in that the kings in that neighborhood chapter 2 a great Slaughter neighborhood chapter 2 a great Slaughter neighborhood chapter 2 a great Slaughter about Escalon Vespasian comes to about Escalon Vespasian comes to about Escalon Vespasian comes to tus now the Jews after they had beaten tus now the Jews after they had beaten tus now the Jews after they had beaten cestius were so much elevated with their cestius were so much elevated with their cestius were so much elevated with their unexpected success they could not govern unexpected success they could not govern unexpected success they could not govern their Zeal but like people blown up into their Zeal but like people blown up into their Zeal but like people blown up into a flame by their Good Fortune carried a flame by their Good Fortune carried a flame by their Good Fortune carried the war to remoter places accordingly the war to remoter places accordingly the war to remoter places accordingly they presently got together a great they presently got together a great they presently got together a great multitude of all their most Hardy multitude of all their most Hardy multitude of all their most Hardy soldiers and marched away for ascalon soldiers and marched away for ascalon soldiers and marched away for ascalon this is an ancient city that is distant this is an ancient city that is distant this is an ancient city that is distant from Jerusalem 520 furlongs and was from Jerusalem 520 furlongs and was from Jerusalem 520 furlongs and was always an enemy to the Jews on which always an enemy to the Jews on which always an enemy to the Jews on which account they determined to make their account they determined to make their account they determined to make their first effort against it and to make first effort against it and to make first effort against it and to make their approaches to it as near as their approaches to it as near as their approaches to it as near as possible this excursion was led on by possible this excursion was led on by possible this excursion was led on by three men who were the chief of them all three men who were the chief of them all three men who were the chief of them all both for strategy and both for strategy and both for strategy and sagacity Niger called the perite Silas sagacity Niger called the perite Silas sagacity Niger called the perite Silas of Babylon and besides them John the

of Babylon and besides them John the of Babylon and besides them John the Essen now ascalon was strongly walled Essen now ascalon was strongly walled Essen now ascalon was strongly walled about but had almost no assistance to be about but had almost no assistance to be about but had almost no assistance to be relied upon near that for the Garrison relied upon near that for the Garrison relied upon near that for the Garrison consisted of one cohort of footmen and consisted of one cohort of footmen and consisted of one cohort of footmen and one troop of Horsemen whose Captain was one troop of Horsemen whose Captain was one troop of Horsemen whose Captain was Antonius these Jews therefore out of Antonius these Jews therefore out of Antonius these Jews therefore out of their anger marched faster than than their anger marched faster than than their anger marched faster than than ordinary and as if they had come but a ordinary and as if they had come but a ordinary and as if they had come but a little way approached very near the city little way approached very near the city little way approached very near the city and were come even to it but Antonius and were come even to it but Antonius and were come even to it but Antonius who was not unapproved of the attack who was not unapproved of the attack who was not unapproved of the attack they were going to make upon the city they were going to make upon the city they were going to make upon the city Drew out his Horsemen beforehand and Drew out his Horsemen beforehand and Drew out his Horsemen beforehand and being neither daunted at the multitude being neither daunted at the multitude being neither daunted at the multitude nor the courage of the enemy received nor the courage of the enemy received nor the courage of the enemy received their first attacks with great their first attacks with great their first attacks with great bravery and when they crowded to the bravery and when they crowded to the bravery and when they crowded to the very walls he beat them off now the Jews very walls he beat them off now the Jews very walls he beat them off now the Jews were unskillful in war but were to fight were unskillful in war but were to fight were unskillful in war but were to fight with those those who were skillful with those those who were skillful with those those who were skillful therein they were footmen to fight with therein they were footmen to fight with therein they were footmen to fight with Horsemen they were in disorder to fight Horsemen they were in disorder to fight Horsemen they were in disorder to fight those that were United together they those that were United together they those that were United together they were poorly armed to fight those that were poorly armed to fight those that were poorly armed to fight those that were completely so they were to fight were completely so they were to fight were completely so they were to fight more by their rage than by sober Council more by their rage than by sober Council more by their rage than by sober Council and were exposed to soldiers that were and were exposed to soldiers that were and were exposed to soldiers that were exactly obedient and did everything they exactly obedient and did everything they exactly obedient and did everything they were bidden upon the least intimation so were bidden upon the least intimation so were bidden upon the least intimation so they were easily beaten for as soon as they were easily beaten for as soon as they were easily beaten for as soon as ever their first ranks were once in ever their first ranks were once in ever their first ranks were once in disorder they were put to flight by the disorder they were put to flight by the disorder they were put to flight by the enemy's Cavalry and those of them that enemy's Cavalry and those of them that enemy's Cavalry and those of them that came behind such as crowded to the wall came behind such as crowded to the wall came behind such as crowded to the wall fell upon their own party's weapons and fell upon their own party's weapons and fell upon their own party's weapons and became one another's enemies and this

became one another's enemies and this became one another's enemies and this was so long until they were all forced was so long until they were all forced was so long until they were all forced to give way to the attacks of the to give way to the attacks of the to give way to the attacks of the horsemen and were dispersed all the horsemen and were dispersed all the horsemen and were dispersed all the plane over which plane was wide and all plane over which plane was wide and all plane over which plane was wide and all fit for the horsemen which circumstance fit for the horsemen which circumstance fit for the horsemen which circumstance was very commodious for the Romans and was very commodious for the Romans and was very commodious for the Romans and occasioned the slaughter of the greatest occasioned the slaughter of the greatest occasioned the slaughter of the greatest number of the Jews for such as ran away number of the Jews for such as ran away number of the Jews for such as ran away they could overrun them and make them they could overrun them and make them they could overrun them and make them turn back and when they had brought them turn back and when they had brought them turn back and when they had brought them back after their flight and driven them back after their flight and driven them back after their flight and driven them together they ran them through and slew together they ran them through and slew together they ran them through and slew a vast number of them in so much that a vast number of them in so much that a vast number of them in so much that others encompassed others of them and others encompassed others of them and others encompassed others of them and drove them before them withs soever they drove them before them withs soever they drove them before them withs soever they turned themselves and slew them easily turned themselves and slew them easily turned themselves and slew them easily with their with their with their arrows and the great number there were arrows and the great number there were arrows and the great number there were of the Jews seemed a Solitude to of the Jews seemed a Solitude to of the Jews seemed a Solitude to themselves by reason of the distress themselves by reason of the distress themselves by reason of the distress they were in while the Romans had had they were in while the Romans had had they were in while the Romans had had such good success with their small such good success with their small such good success with their small number that they seemed to themselves to number that they seemed to themselves to number that they seemed to themselves to be the greater be the greater be the greater multitude and as the former strove multitude and as the former strove multitude and as the former strove zealously under their misfortunes out of zealously under their misfortunes out of zealously under their misfortunes out of the shame of a sudden flight and hopes the shame of a sudden flight and hopes the shame of a sudden flight and hopes of the change in their success so did of the change in their success so did of the change in their success so did the latter feel no weariness by reason the latter feel no weariness by reason the latter feel no weariness by reason of their good fortune in so much that of their good fortune in so much that of their good fortune in so much that the fight lasted till the evening till the fight lasted till the evening till the fight lasted till the evening till 10,000 men of the Jews side lay Dead 10,000 men of the Jews side lay Dead 10,000 men of the Jews side lay Dead with two of their generals John and with two of their generals John and with two of their generals John and Silas and the great part of the Silas and the great part of the Silas and the great part of the remainder were wounded with Niger the remainder were wounded with Niger the remainder were wounded with Niger the remaining General who fled away to the remaining General who fled away to the remaining General who fled away to the small town of idima called Salis some small town of idima called Salis some small town of idima called Salis some few also of the Romans were wounded in

few also of the Romans were wounded in few also of the Romans were wounded in this battle yet were not the spirits of this battle yet were not the spirits of this battle yet were not the spirits of the Jews broken by so great a Calamity the Jews broken by so great a Calamity the Jews broken by so great a Calamity but the losses they had sustained rather but the losses they had sustained rather but the losses they had sustained rather quickened their resolution for other quickened their resolution for other quickened their resolution for other attempts for overlooking the dead bodies attempts for overlooking the dead bodies attempts for overlooking the dead bodies which lay at their feet they were which lay at their feet they were which lay at their feet they were enticed by their former glorious actions enticed by their former glorious actions enticed by their former glorious actions to venture on a second destruction so to venture on a second destruction so to venture on a second destruction so when they had Lain still so little a when they had Lain still so little a when they had Lain still so little a while that their wounds were not yet while that their wounds were not yet while that their wounds were not yet thoroughly cured they got together all thoroughly cured they got together all thoroughly cured they got together all their forces and came with greater Fury their forces and came with greater Fury their forces and came with greater Fury and with greater numbers to ascalon but and with greater numbers to ascalon but and with greater numbers to ascalon but their former ill Fortune followed them their former ill Fortune followed them their former ill Fortune followed them as the consequence of their as the consequence of their as the consequence of their unskillfulness and other deficiencies in unskillfulness and other deficiencies in unskillfulness and other deficiencies in war for Antonius laid ambushes for them war for Antonius laid ambushes for them war for Antonius laid ambushes for them in the passages they were to go through in the passages they were to go through in the passages they were to go through where they fell upon snares unexpectedly where they fell upon snares unexpectedly where they fell upon snares unexpectedly and where they were encompassed about and where they were encompassed about and where they were encompassed about with horse with horse with horse before they could form themselves into a before they could form themselves into a before they could form themselves into a regular body for fighting and were above regular body for fighting and were above regular body for fighting and were above 8,000 of them 8,000 of them 8,000 of them slain so all the rest of them ran away slain so all the rest of them ran away slain so all the rest of them ran away and with them Niger who still did a and with them Niger who still did a and with them Niger who still did a great many bold exploits in this great many bold exploits in this great many bold exploits in this flight however they were driven along flight however they were driven along flight however they were driven along together by the enemy who pressed hard together by the enemy who pressed hard together by the enemy who pressed hard upon them into a certain Strong Tower upon them into a certain Strong Tower upon them into a certain Strong Tower belonging to a village called belonging to a village called belonging to a village called beida however Antonius and his party beida however Antonius and his party beida however Antonius and his party that they might might neither spend any that they might might neither spend any that they might might neither spend any considerable time about this Tower which considerable time about this Tower which considerable time about this Tower which was hard to be taken nor suffer their was hard to be taken nor suffer their was hard to be taken nor suffer their commander and the most courageous man of commander and the most courageous man of commander and the most courageous man of them all to escape from them they set them all to escape from them they set them all to escape from them they set the wall on fire and as the tower was

the wall on fire and as the tower was the wall on fire and as the tower was burning the Romans went away rejoicing burning the Romans went away rejoicing burning the Romans went away rejoicing as taking it for granted that Niger was as taking it for granted that Niger was as taking it for granted that Niger was destroyed but he leaped out of the tower destroyed but he leaped out of the tower destroyed but he leaped out of the tower into a subterraneous cave into the into a subterraneous cave into the into a subterraneous cave into the innermost part of it and was preserved innermost part of it and was preserved innermost part of it and was preserved and on the third day afterward he spake and on the third day afterward he spake and on the third day afterward he spake out of the ground to the those that with out of the ground to the those that with out of the ground to the those that with great lamentation were searching for him great lamentation were searching for him great lamentation were searching for him in order to give him a decent funeral in order to give him a decent funeral in order to give him a decent funeral and when he was come out he filled all and when he was come out he filled all and when he was come out he filled all the Jews with an unexpected joy as the Jews with an unexpected joy as the Jews with an unexpected joy as though he were preserved by God's though he were preserved by God's though he were preserved by God's Providence to be their Commander for Providence to be their Commander for Providence to be their Commander for their time to their time to their time to come and now Vespasian took along with come and now Vespasian took along with come and now Vespasian took along with him his army from Antioch which is the him his army from Antioch which is the him his army from Antioch which is the Metropolis of Syria and without dispute Metropolis of Syria and without dispute Metropolis of Syria and without dispute deserves a place of the third City in deserves a place of the third City in deserves a place of the third City in the habitable Earth that was under the the habitable Earth that was under the the habitable Earth that was under the Roman Empire Roman Empire Roman Empire both in magnitude and other marks of both in magnitude and other marks of both in magnitude and other marks of prosperity footnote spanheim and Reland prosperity footnote spanheim and Reland prosperity footnote spanheim and Reland both agree that the two cities here both agree that the two cities here both agree that the two cities here esteemed greater than Antioch the esteemed greater than Antioch the esteemed greater than Antioch the Metropolis of Syria were Rome and Metropolis of Syria were Rome and Metropolis of Syria were Rome and Alexandria nor is there any occasion for Alexandria nor is there any occasion for Alexandria nor is there any occasion for doubt in so plain a case end footnote doubt in so plain a case end footnote doubt in so plain a case end footnote where he found King Agrippa with all his where he found King Agrippa with all his where he found King Agrippa with all his forces waiting for his coming and forces waiting for his coming and forces waiting for his coming and marched to marched to marched to tus at this city also the inhabitants of tus at this city also the inhabitants of tus at this city also the inhabitants of sephus of Galilee met him who were for sephus of Galilee met him who were for sephus of Galilee met him who were for peace with the Romans these citizens had peace with the Romans these citizens had peace with the Romans these citizens had beforehand taken care of their own beforehand taken care of their own beforehand taken care of their own safety and being sensible of the power safety and being sensible of the power safety and being sensible of the power of the Romans they had been with cestius of the Romans they had been with cestius of the Romans they had been with cestius gallus before Vespasian came and had gallus before Vespasian came and had gallus before Vespasian came and had given their faith to him and received given their faith to him and received given their faith to him and received the security of his right hand and had

the security of his right hand and had the security of his right hand and had received a Roman received a Roman received a Roman Garrison and at this time with all they Garrison and at this time with all they Garrison and at this time with all they received Vespasian the Roman general received Vespasian the Roman general received Vespasian the Roman general very kindly and readily promised that very kindly and readily promised that very kindly and readily promised that they would assist him against their own they would assist him against their own they would assist him against their own countrymen now the general delivered countrymen now the general delivered countrymen now the general delivered delivered them at their desire as many delivered them at their desire as many delivered them at their desire as many Horsemen and footmen as he thought Horsemen and footmen as he thought Horsemen and footmen as he thought sufficient to oppose the incursions of sufficient to oppose the incursions of sufficient to oppose the incursions of the Jews if they should come against the Jews if they should come against the Jews if they should come against them and indeed the danger of losing them and indeed the danger of losing them and indeed the danger of losing sephus would be no small one in this war sephus would be no small one in this war sephus would be no small one in this war that was now beginning seeing it was the that was now beginning seeing it was the that was now beginning seeing it was the largest city of Galilee and built in a largest city of Galilee and built in a largest city of Galilee and built in a place by Nature very strong and might be place by Nature very strong and might be place by Nature very strong and might be a security of the whole nation's a security of the whole nation's a security of the whole nation's Fidelity to the Fidelity to the Fidelity to the Romans chapter 3 a description of Romans chapter 3 a description of Romans chapter 3 a description of Galilee Samaria and Judea now Phoenicia Galilee Samaria and Judea now Phoenicia Galilee Samaria and Judea now Phoenicia and Syria Encompass about the galile and Syria Encompass about the galile and Syria Encompass about the galile which are two and called the upper which are two and called the upper which are two and called the upper Galilee and the Galilee and the Galilee and the lower they are bounded toward the lower they are bounded toward the lower they are bounded toward the setting sun with the borders of the setting sun with the borders of the setting sun with the borders of the territory belonging to tus and by Carmel territory belonging to tus and by Carmel territory belonging to tus and by Carmel which mountain had formerly belonged to which mountain had formerly belonged to which mountain had formerly belonged to the galileans but now belonged to the the galileans but now belonged to the the galileans but now belonged to the tyrians to which mountain adjoins Gaba tyrians to which mountain adjoins Gaba tyrians to which mountain adjoins Gaba which is called the city of Horsemen which is called the city of Horsemen which is called the city of Horsemen because those Horsemen that were because those Horsemen that were because those Horsemen that were dismissed by Herod the king dwelt dismissed by Herod the king dwelt dismissed by Herod the king dwelt therein they are bounded on the south therein they are bounded on the south therein they are bounded on the south with Samaria and scythopolis as far as with Samaria and scythopolis as far as with Samaria and scythopolis as far as the River the River the River Jordan on the East with hippier and Jordan on the East with hippier and Jordan on the East with hippier and gadus and also with ganus and the gadus and also with ganus and the gadus and also with ganus and the borders of the kingdom of Agrippa its

borders of the kingdom of Agrippa its borders of the kingdom of Agrippa its Northern parts are bounded by Ty and the Northern parts are bounded by Ty and the Northern parts are bounded by Ty and the country of the tyrians as for that country of the tyrians as for that country of the tyrians as for that Galilee which is called the lower it Galilee which is called the lower it Galilee which is called the lower it extends in length from tiberias to extends in length from tiberias to extends in length from tiberias to zabulon and of the maritime places TUS zabulon and of the maritime places TUS zabulon and of the maritime places TUS is its is its is its neighbor its breadth is from the village neighbor its breadth is from the village neighbor its breadth is from the village called zth which lies in the Great Plain called zth which lies in the Great Plain called zth which lies in the Great Plain As far as bab from which beginning also As far as bab from which beginning also As far as bab from which beginning also is taken the breadth of upper Galilee as is taken the breadth of upper Galilee as is taken the breadth of upper Galilee as far as the village of baka which divides far as the village of baka which divides far as the village of baka which divides the land of the tyrians from it its the land of the tyrians from it its the land of the tyrians from it its length is also from meloth to thella a length is also from meloth to thella a length is also from meloth to thella a village near to village near to village near to Jordan these two gales of so great Jordan these two gales of so great Jordan these two gales of so great largess and encompassed with so many largess and encompassed with so many largess and encompassed with so many nations of foreigners nations of foreigners nations of foreigners have always been able to make a strong have always been able to make a strong have always been able to make a strong resistance on All Occasions of resistance on All Occasions of resistance on All Occasions of War for the galileans are inured to war War for the galileans are inured to war War for the galileans are inured to war from their infancy and have been always from their infancy and have been always from their infancy and have been always very numerous nor have the country been very numerous nor have the country been very numerous nor have the country been ever destitute of men of courage or ever destitute of men of courage or ever destitute of men of courage or wanted a numerous set of them for their wanted a numerous set of them for their wanted a numerous set of them for their soil is universally rich and fruitful soil is universally rich and fruitful soil is universally rich and fruitful and full of the plantations of trees of and full of the plantations of trees of and full of the plantations of trees of All Sorts in so much that it invites the All Sorts in so much that it invites the All Sorts in so much that it invites the most slothful to take pains in its most slothful to take pains in its most slothful to take pains in its cultivation by cultivation by cultivation by fruitfulness accordingly it is all fruitfulness accordingly it is all fruitfulness accordingly it is all cultivated by its inhabitants and no cultivated by its inhabitants and no cultivated by its inhabitants and no part of it lies idle moreover the cities part of it lies idle moreover the cities part of it lies idle moreover the cities lie here very thick and the very many lie here very thick and the very many lie here very thick and the very many villages there are here are everywhere villages there are here are everywhere villages there are here are everywhere so full of people by the richness of so full of people by the richness of so full of people by the richness of their soil that the very least of them

their soil that the very least of them their soil that the very least of them contain above 15,000 contain above 15,000 contain above 15,000 inhabitants in short if anyone will inhabitants in short if anyone will inhabitants in short if anyone will suppose that Galilee is inferior to suppose that Galilee is inferior to suppose that Galilee is inferior to peria in magnitude he will be obliged to peria in magnitude he will be obliged to peria in magnitude he will be obliged to prefer it it before it in its strength prefer it it before it in its strength prefer it it before it in its strength for this is all capable of cultivation for this is all capable of cultivation for this is all capable of cultivation and is everywhere fruitful but for peria and is everywhere fruitful but for peria and is everywhere fruitful but for peria which is indeed much larger in extent which is indeed much larger in extent which is indeed much larger in extent the greater part of it is Desert and the greater part of it is Desert and the greater part of it is Desert and rough and much less disposed for the rough and much less disposed for the rough and much less disposed for the production of the milder kinds of fruits production of the milder kinds of fruits production of the milder kinds of fruits yet hath it a moist soil in other parts yet hath it a moist soil in other parts yet hath it a moist soil in other parts and produces all kinds of fruits and its and produces all kinds of fruits and its and produces all kinds of fruits and its Plains are planted with trees of All Plains are planted with trees of All Plains are planted with trees of All Sorts while yet the Olive Tree the vine Sorts while yet the Olive Tree the vine Sorts while yet the Olive Tree the vine and the palm tree are chiefly cultivated and the palm tree are chiefly cultivated and the palm tree are chiefly cultivated there it is also sufficiently watered there it is also sufficiently watered there it is also sufficiently watered with torrents which issue out of the with torrents which issue out of the with torrents which issue out of the mountains and with springs that never mountains and with springs that never mountains and with springs that never fail to run even when the Toren fail fail to run even when the Toren fail fail to run even when the Toren fail them as they do in the dog days now the them as they do in the dog days now the them as they do in the dog days now the length of peria is from macus to Pella length of peria is from macus to Pella length of peria is from macus to Pella and its breath from Philadelphia to and its breath from Philadelphia to and its breath from Philadelphia to Jordan its Northern parts are bounded by Jordan its Northern parts are bounded by Jordan its Northern parts are bounded by Pella as we have already said as well as Pella as we have already said as well as Pella as we have already said as well as its Western with Jordan the land of Moab its Western with Jordan the land of Moab its Western with Jordan the land of Moab is its Southern border and its eastern is its Southern border and its eastern is its Southern border and its eastern limits reach to Arabia and Sil bonus and limits reach to Arabia and Sil bonus and limits reach to Arabia and Sil bonus and besides to Philadelphian and besides to Philadelphian and besides to Philadelphian and gasa now as to the country of Samaria it gasa now as to the country of Samaria it gasa now as to the country of Samaria it lies between Judea and lies between Judea and lies between Judea and Galilee it begins at a village that is Galilee it begins at a village that is Galilee it begins at a village that is in the Great Plain called guinia and in the Great Plain called guinia and in the Great Plain called guinia and ends at the acine toari and is entirely

ends at the acine toari and is entirely ends at the acine toari and is entirely of the same nature with Judea for both of the same nature with Judea for both of the same nature with Judea for both countries are made up of Hills and countries are made up of Hills and countries are made up of Hills and Valleys and are moist enough for Valleys and are moist enough for Valleys and are moist enough for agriculture and are very fruitful they agriculture and are very fruitful they agriculture and are very fruitful they have abundance of trees and are full of have abundance of trees and are full of have abundance of trees and are full of automnal fruit both that which grows automnal fruit both that which grows automnal fruit both that which grows wild and that which is the effect of wild and that which is the effect of wild and that which is the effect of cultivation they are not naturally cultivation they are not naturally cultivation they are not naturally watered by many rivers but derive their watered by many rivers but derive their watered by many rivers but derive their Chief moisture from rainwater of which Chief moisture from rainwater of which Chief moisture from rainwater of which they have no want and for those Rivers they have no want and for those Rivers they have no want and for those Rivers which they have all their waters are which they have all their waters are which they have all their waters are exceedingly sweet by reason also of the exceedingly sweet by reason also of the exceedingly sweet by reason also of the excellent grass they have their cattle excellent grass they have their cattle excellent grass they have their cattle yield more milk than do those in other yield more milk than do those in other yield more milk than do those in other places and what is the greatest sign of places and what is the greatest sign of places and what is the greatest sign of Excellency and of abundance they each of Excellency and of abundance they each of Excellency and of abundance they each of them are very full of them are very full of them are very full of people in the limits of Samaria and people in the limits of Samaria and people in the limits of Samaria and Judea lies the village of anath which is Judea lies the village of anath which is Judea lies the village of anath which is also named borus this is the northern also named borus this is the northern also named borus this is the northern boundary of Judea the southern parts of boundary of Judea the southern parts of boundary of Judea the southern parts of Judea if they be measured lengthways are Judea if they be measured lengthways are Judea if they be measured lengthways are bounded by a village adjoining to the bounded by a village adjoining to the bounded by a village adjoining to the confines of Arabia the Jews that dwell confines of Arabia the Jews that dwell confines of Arabia the Jews that dwell there call it Jordan however its bread there call it Jordan however its bread there call it Jordan however its bread is extended from the River Jordan to is extended from the River Jordan to is extended from the River Jordan to japa the City Jerusalem is situated in japa the City Jerusalem is situated in japa the City Jerusalem is situated in the very middle on which account some the very middle on which account some the very middle on which account some have with sagacity enough called that have with sagacity enough called that have with sagacity enough called that City the naval of the country nor indeed City the naval of the country nor indeed City the naval of the country nor indeed is Judea destitute of such Delights as is Judea destitute of such Delights as is Judea destitute of such Delights as come from the sea since its Maritime come from the sea since its Maritime come from the sea since its Maritime places extend as far as places extend as far as places extend as far as tus it was parted into 11 portions of

tus it was parted into 11 portions of tus it was parted into 11 portions of which the Royal City Jerusalem was the which the Royal City Jerusalem was the which the Royal City Jerusalem was the Supreme and presided over all the Supreme and presided over all the Supreme and presided over all the neighboring country as the head does neighboring country as the head does neighboring country as the head does over the body over the body over the body as to the other cities that were as to the other cities that were as to the other cities that were inferior to it they presided over their inferior to it they presided over their inferior to it they presided over their several several several toches GNA was the second of these toches GNA was the second of these toches GNA was the second of these cities and next to that cities and next to that cities and next to that acrata after them thna and ldda and emus acrata after them thna and ldda and emus acrata after them thna and ldda and emus and Pella and iduma and angadi and and Pella and iduma and angadi and and Pella and iduma and angadi and herodium and Jericho and after them came herodium and Jericho and after them came herodium and Jericho and after them came jamnia and japa as presiding over the jamnia and japa as presiding over the jamnia and japa as presiding over the neighboring people and besides these neighboring people and besides these neighboring people and besides these there was the region of gamala and ganus there was the region of gamala and ganus there was the region of gamala and ganus and batania and chonus which are also and batania and chonus which are also and batania and chonus which are also parts of the kingdom of Agrippa this parts of the kingdom of Agrippa this parts of the kingdom of Agrippa this last country begins at Mount libanus and last country begins at Mount libanus and last country begins at Mount libanus and the foundations of Jordan and reaches the foundations of Jordan and reaches the foundations of Jordan and reaches breath ways to the lake of breath ways to the lake of breath ways to the lake of tiberias and in length is extended from tiberias and in length is extended from tiberias and in length is extended from a village called arpa as far as Julius a village called arpa as far as Julius a village called arpa as far as Julius its inhabitants are a mixture of Jews its inhabitants are a mixture of Jews its inhabitants are a mixture of Jews and and and syrians and thus have I with all syrians and thus have I with all syrians and thus have I with all possible brevity described the country possible brevity described the country possible brevity described the country of Judea and those that lie round about of Judea and those that lie round about of Judea and those that lie round about it end of book three chapters 1 through3 book three chapters 4-6 of the through3 book three chapters 4-6 of the wars of the Jews this is a LibriVox wars of the Jews this is a LibriVox wars of the Jews this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in recording all LibriVox recordings are in recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information the public domain for more information the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit

or to volunteer please visit or to volunteer please visit librivox.org librivox.org librivox.org the wars of the Jews by Josephus the wars of the Jews by Josephus the wars of the Jews by Josephus translated by William Wiston book 3 translated by William Wiston book 3 translated by William Wiston book 3 chter chter chter 4-6 chapter 4 Josephus makes an attempt 4-6 chapter 4 Josephus makes an attempt 4-6 chapter 4 Josephus makes an attempt upon sephorus but is repelled Titus upon sephorus but is repelled Titus upon sephorus but is repelled Titus comes with a great Army to comes with a great Army to comes with a great Army to tus now the auxiliaries which were sent tus now the auxiliaries which were sent tus now the auxiliaries which were sent to assist the people of sephorus being a to assist the people of sephorus being a to assist the people of sephorus being a th000 Horsemen and 6,000 footmen under th000 Horsemen and 6,000 footmen under th000 Horsemen and 6,000 footmen under placidus the Tribune pitched their camp placidus the Tribune pitched their camp placidus the Tribune pitched their camp in two bodies on the great plane the in two bodies on the great plane the in two bodies on the great plane the foot were put into the city to be a foot were put into the city to be a foot were put into the city to be a guard to it but the horse loded LED guard to it but the horse loded LED guard to it but the horse loded LED abroad in the camp these last by abroad in the camp these last by abroad in the camp these last by marching continually one way or the marching continually one way or the marching continually one way or the other and overrunning the parts of the other and overrunning the parts of the other and overrunning the parts of the adjoining country were very Troublesome adjoining country were very Troublesome adjoining country were very Troublesome to Josephus and his men they also to Josephus and his men they also to Josephus and his men they also plundered all the places that were out plundered all the places that were out plundered all the places that were out of the city's Liberty and intercepted of the city's Liberty and intercepted of the city's Liberty and intercepted such as Durst go such as Durst go such as Durst go abroad on this account it was that abroad on this account it was that abroad on this account it was that Josephus marched against the city as Josephus marched against the city as Josephus marched against the city as hoping to take that which he had lately hoping to take that which he had lately hoping to take that which he had lately encompassed with so strong a wall before encompassed with so strong a wall before encompassed with so strong a wall before they revolted from the rest of the they revolted from the rest of the they revolted from the rest of the galileans the the Romans would have much galileans the the Romans would have much galileans the the Romans would have much ad do to take it by which means he ad do to take it by which means he ad do to take it by which means he proved too weak and failed of his hopes proved too weak and failed of his hopes proved too weak and failed of his hopes both as to the forcing the place and as both as to the forcing the place and as both as to the forcing the place and as to his prevailing with the people of to his prevailing with the people of to his prevailing with the people of sephorus to deliver it up to him by this sephorus to deliver it up to him by this sephorus to deliver it up to him by this means he provoked the Romans to treat means he provoked the Romans to treat means he provoked the Romans to treat the country according to the law of War the country according to the law of War the country according to the law of War nor did the Romans out of the anger they nor did the Romans out of the anger they nor did the Romans out of the anger they bore at this attempt leave off either by bore at this attempt leave off either by bore at this attempt leave off either by night or by day burning the places in

night or by day burning the places in night or by day burning the places in the plain and stealing away the cattle the plain and stealing away the cattle the plain and stealing away the cattle that were in the country and killing that were in the country and killing that were in the country and killing whatsoever appeared capable of fighting whatsoever appeared capable of fighting whatsoever appeared capable of fighting perpetually and leading the weaker perpetually and leading the weaker perpetually and leading the weaker people as slaves into captivity so that people as slaves into captivity so that people as slaves into captivity so that Galilee was all overfilled with Fire and Galilee was all overfilled with Fire and Galilee was all overfilled with Fire and Blood nor was it Exempted from any kind Blood nor was it Exempted from any kind Blood nor was it Exempted from any kind of misery or Calamity for the only of misery or Calamity for the only of misery or Calamity for the only Refuge they had was this that when they Refuge they had was this that when they Refuge they had was this that when they were pursued they could retire to the were pursued they could retire to the were pursued they could retire to the cities which had walls built to them by cities which had walls built to them by cities which had walls built to them by Josephus but as to Titus he sailed over Josephus but as to Titus he sailed over Josephus but as to Titus he sailed over from AA to Alexandria and that sooner from AA to Alexandria and that sooner from AA to Alexandria and that sooner than the winter season did usually than the winter season did usually than the winter season did usually permit so he took with him those forces permit so he took with him those forces permit so he took with him those forces he was sent for and marching with Great he was sent for and marching with Great he was sent for and marching with Great Expedition he came suddenly to tus and Expedition he came suddenly to tus and Expedition he came suddenly to tus and there finding his father together with there finding his father together with there finding his father together with the two Legions the fifth and the 10th the two Legions the fifth and the 10th the two Legions the fifth and the 10th which were the most eminent Legions of which were the most eminent Legions of which were the most eminent Legions of all he joined them to that 15th Legion all he joined them to that 15th Legion all he joined them to that 15th Legion which was with his father 18 cohorts which was with his father 18 cohorts which was with his father 18 cohorts followed these Legions there came also followed these Legions there came also followed these Legions there came also five cohorts from cesaria with one troop five cohorts from cesaria with one troop five cohorts from cesaria with one troop of Horsemen and five other troops of of Horsemen and five other troops of of Horsemen and five other troops of Horsemen from Horsemen from Horsemen from Syria now these 10 cohorts had severally Syria now these 10 cohorts had severally Syria now these 10 cohorts had severally a thousand footmen but the other 13 a thousand footmen but the other 13 a thousand footmen but the other 13 cohorts had no more than 600 footmen a cohorts had no more than 600 footmen a cohorts had no more than 600 footmen a piece with 120 piece with 120 piece with 120 Horsemen there were also a considerable Horsemen there were also a considerable Horsemen there were also a considerable number of auxiliaries got together that number of auxiliaries got together that number of auxiliaries got together that came from the Kings Antiochus and came from the Kings Antiochus and came from the Kings Antiochus and Agrippa and simus each of them Agrippa and simus each of them Agrippa and simus each of them contributing 1,000 footmen that were contributing 1,000 footmen that were contributing 1,000 footmen that were archers and a th000

archers and a th000 archers and a th000 Horsemen malus also the king of Arabia Horsemen malus also the king of Arabia Horsemen malus also the king of Arabia sent a thousand Horsemen besides 5,000 sent a thousand Horsemen besides 5,000 sent a thousand Horsemen besides 5,000 footmen the greatest part of which were footmen the greatest part of which were footmen the greatest part of which were archers so that the whole Army including archers so that the whole Army including archers so that the whole Army including the auxiliaries sent by the Kings as the auxiliaries sent by the Kings as the auxiliaries sent by the Kings as well as Horsemen and footmen when all well as Horsemen and footmen when all well as Horsemen and footmen when all were United together amounted to were United together amounted to were United together amounted to 60,000 besides the servants who as they 60,000 besides the servants who as they 60,000 besides the servants who as they followed in vast numbers so became that followed in vast numbers so became that followed in vast numbers so became that they had been trained up in war with the they had been trained up in war with the they had been trained up in war with the rest ought not to be distinguished from rest ought not to be distinguished from rest ought not to be distinguished from the fighting the fighting the fighting men for as they were in their Master's men for as they were in their Master's men for as they were in their Master's service in times of Peace so did they service in times of Peace so did they service in times of Peace so did they undergo the like dangers with them in undergo the like dangers with them in undergo the like dangers with them in times of war in so much that they were times of war in so much that they were times of war in so much that they were inferior To None either in skill or in inferior To None either in skill or in inferior To None either in skill or in strength only they were subject to their strength only they were subject to their strength only they were subject to their masters chapter 5 a description of the masters chapter 5 a description of the masters chapter 5 a description of the Roman armies and Roman camps and of Roman armies and Roman camps and of Roman armies and Roman camps and of other particulars for which the Romans other particulars for which the Romans other particulars for which the Romans are are are commended now here one cannot but admire commended now here one cannot but admire commended now here one cannot but admire the precaution of the Romans in the precaution of the Romans in the precaution of the Romans in providing themselves of such household providing themselves of such household providing themselves of such household servants as might not only serve at servants as might not only serve at servants as might not only serve at other times for the common offices of other times for the common offices of other times for the common offices of life but might also be of advantage to life but might also be of advantage to life but might also be of advantage to them in their Wars and indeed if anyone them in their Wars and indeed if anyone them in their Wars and indeed if anyone does but attend to the other parts of does but attend to the other parts of does but attend to the other parts of their military discipline he will be their military discipline he will be their military discipline he will be forced to confess that their obtaining forced to confess that their obtaining forced to confess that their obtaining so large a Dominion hath been the so large a Dominion hath been the so large a Dominion hath been the acquisition of their Valor and not the acquisition of their Valor and not the acquisition of their Valor and not the bare gift of Fortune for they do not bare gift of Fortune for they do not bare gift of Fortune for they do not begin to use their weapons first in time begin to use their weapons first in time begin to use their weapons first in time of War nor do they then put their hands

of War nor do they then put their hands of War nor do they then put their hands first in into motion while they avoided first in into motion while they avoided first in into motion while they avoided so to do in times of Peace but as if so to do in times of Peace but as if so to do in times of Peace but as if their weapons did always cling to them their weapons did always cling to them their weapons did always cling to them they have never had any truce from they have never had any truce from they have never had any truce from warlike warlike warlike exercises nor do they stay till times of exercises nor do they stay till times of exercises nor do they stay till times of War admonish them to use War admonish them to use War admonish them to use them for their military exercises differ them for their military exercises differ them for their military exercises differ not at all from the real use of arms but not at all from the real use of arms but not at all from the real use of arms but every Soldier is everyday exercised and every Soldier is everyday exercised and every Soldier is everyday exercised and that with great diligence as if it were that with great diligence as if it were that with great diligence as if it were in time of War which is the reason why in time of War which is the reason why in time of War which is the reason why they bear the fatigue of battle so they bear the fatigue of battle so they bear the fatigue of battle so easily for neither can disorder remove easily for neither can disorder remove easily for neither can disorder remove them from their usual regularity nor can them from their usual regularity nor can them from their usual regularity nor can fear aright them out of it nor can labor fear aright them out of it nor can labor fear aright them out of it nor can labor Tire them which firmness of conduct Tire them which firmness of conduct Tire them which firmness of conduct makes them always to overcome those that makes them always to overcome those that makes them always to overcome those that have not the same have not the same have not the same firmness nor would he be mistaken that firmness nor would he be mistaken that firmness nor would he be mistaken that should call those their exercises should call those their exercises should call those their exercises unbloody battles and their battles unbloody battles and their battles unbloody battles and their battles bloody bloody bloody exercises nor can their enemies easily exercises nor can their enemies easily exercises nor can their enemies easily surprise them with the suddenness of surprise them with the suddenness of surprise them with the suddenness of their incursions for as soon as they their incursions for as soon as they their incursions for as soon as they have marched into an enemy's land they have marched into an enemy's land they have marched into an enemy's land they do not begin to fight till they have do not begin to fight till they have do not begin to fight till they have walled their Camp about nor is the fence walled their Camp about nor is the fence walled their Camp about nor is the fence they raise rashly made or uneven nor do they raise rashly made or uneven nor do they raise rashly made or uneven nor do they all abide ill it nor do those that they all abide ill it nor do those that they all abide ill it nor do those that are in it take their places at are in it take their places at are in it take their places at random but if it happens that the ground random but if it happens that the ground random but if it happens that the ground is uneven it is first leveled their Camp is uneven it is first leveled their Camp is uneven it is first leveled their Camp is also Four Square by measure and is also Four Square by measure and is also Four Square by measure and Carpenters are ready in great numbers Carpenters are ready in great numbers Carpenters are ready in great numbers with their tools to erect buildings for with their tools to erect buildings for with their tools to erect buildings for them

them them footnote this description of the exact footnote this description of the exact footnote this description of the exact Symmetry and regularity of the Roman Symmetry and regularity of the Roman Symmetry and regularity of the Roman army and of the Roman encampments with army and of the Roman encampments with army and of the Roman encampments with their surrounding trumpets Etc and Order their surrounding trumpets Etc and Order their surrounding trumpets Etc and Order Of War described in this and the next Of War described in this and the next Of War described in this and the next chapter is so very like to the Symmetry chapter is so very like to the Symmetry chapter is so very like to the Symmetry and regularity of the people of Israel and regularity of the people of Israel and regularity of the people of Israel in the wilderness that one cannot well in the wilderness that one cannot well in the wilderness that one cannot well avoid the supposal that the one was the avoid the supposal that the one was the avoid the supposal that the one was the ultimate pattern of the other and that ultimate pattern of the other and that ultimate pattern of the other and that the tactics of the Ancients were taken the tactics of the Ancients were taken the tactics of the Ancients were taken from the rules given by God to from the rules given by God to from the rules given by God to Moses and it is thought by some skillful Moses and it is thought by some skillful Moses and it is thought by some skillful in these matters that these accounts of in these matters that these accounts of in these matters that these accounts of Josephus as to the Roman camp and armor Josephus as to the Roman camp and armor Josephus as to the Roman camp and armor and conduct in war are preferable to and conduct in war are preferable to and conduct in war are preferable to those in the Roman authors themselves those in the Roman authors themselves those in the Roman authors themselves end end end footnote as for what is within the camp footnote as for what is within the camp footnote as for what is within the camp it is set apart for tents but the it is set apart for tents but the it is set apart for tents but the outward circumference ha the resemblance outward circumference ha the resemblance outward circumference ha the resemblance to a wall and it is adorned with Towers to a wall and it is adorned with Towers to a wall and it is adorned with Towers at equal distances where between the at equal distances where between the at equal distances where between the towers stand the engines for throwing towers stand the engines for throwing towers stand the engines for throwing arrows and darts and for slinging stones arrows and darts and for slinging stones arrows and darts and for slinging stones and where they lay all other engines and where they lay all other engines and where they lay all other engines that can annoy the enemy all ready for that can annoy the enemy all ready for that can annoy the enemy all ready for their several operations they also erect their several operations they also erect their several operations they also erect four Gates one at every side of the four Gates one at every side of the four Gates one at every side of the circumference and those large enough for circumference and those large enough for circumference and those large enough for the entrance of the beasts and wide the entrance of the beasts and wide the entrance of the beasts and wide enough for making excursions if the enough for making excursions if the enough for making excursions if the occasion should occasion should occasion should require they divide the camp within into require they divide the camp within into require they divide the camp within into streets very conveniently and place the streets very conveniently and place the streets very conveniently and place the tents of the commanders in the middle tents of the commanders in the middle tents of the commanders in the middle but in the very midst of all is the but in the very midst of all is the but in the very midst of all is the General's own tent in the nature of a

General's own tent in the nature of a General's own tent in the nature of a temple in so much that it appears to be temple in so much that it appears to be temple in so much that it appears to be a City built on the sudden with its a City built on the sudden with its a City built on the sudden with its Marketplace and place for handicraft Marketplace and place for handicraft Marketplace and place for handicraft trades and with seats for the officers trades and with seats for the officers trades and with seats for the officers Superior and inferior where if any Superior and inferior where if any Superior and inferior where if any differences arise their causes are heard differences arise their causes are heard differences arise their causes are heard and and and determined the camp and all that is in determined the camp and all that is in determined the camp and all that is in it is encompassed with a wall round it is encompassed with a wall round it is encompassed with a wall round about and that sooner than one would about and that sooner than one would about and that sooner than one would imagine and this by the multitude and imagine and this by the multitude and imagine and this by the multitude and the skill of the the laborers and if the skill of the the laborers and if the skill of the the laborers and if occasion require a trench is drawn occasion require a trench is drawn occasion require a trench is drawn around the hole whose depth is four around the hole whose depth is four around the hole whose depth is four cubits and its breadth equal when they cubits and its breadth equal when they cubits and its breadth equal when they have thus secured themselves they live have thus secured themselves they live have thus secured themselves they live together by companies with quietness and together by companies with quietness and together by companies with quietness and decency as are all their other Affairs decency as are all their other Affairs decency as are all their other Affairs managed with good order and managed with good order and managed with good order and security each company hath also their security each company hath also their security each company hath also their wood and their corn and their water wood and their corn and their water wood and their corn and their water brought to them when they stand in need brought to them when they stand in need brought to them when they stand in need of them for they neither Su nor dine as of them for they neither Su nor dine as of them for they neither Su nor dine as they please themselves singly but all Al they please themselves singly but all Al they please themselves singly but all Al together their times also for sleeping together their times also for sleeping together their times also for sleeping and watching and Rising are notified and watching and Rising are notified and watching and Rising are notified beforehand by the sound of beforehand by the sound of beforehand by the sound of trumpets nor is anything done without trumpets nor is anything done without trumpets nor is anything done without such a signal and in the morning the such a signal and in the morning the such a signal and in the morning the soldiery go everyone to their centurions soldiery go everyone to their centurions soldiery go everyone to their centurions and these centurions to their tribunes and these centurions to their tribunes and these centurions to their tribunes to salute them with whom all the to salute them with whom all the to salute them with whom all the superior officers go to the general of superior officers go to the general of superior officers go to the general of the whole Army who then gives them of the whole Army who then gives them of the whole Army who then gives them of course the watchword and the other course the watchword and the other course the watchword and the other orders to be by them cared to all that orders to be by them cared to all that orders to be by them cared to all that are under their command which is also are under their command which is also are under their command which is also observed when they go to fight and

observed when they go to fight and observed when they go to fight and thereby when they turn themselves about thereby when they turn themselves about thereby when they turn themselves about on the sudden when there is occasion for on the sudden when there is occasion for on the sudden when there is occasion for making sallyes as they come back when making sallyes as they come back when making sallyes as they come back when they are recalled in crowds they are recalled in crowds they are recalled in crowds also now when they are to go out of also now when they are to go out of also now when they are to go out of their Camp a trumpet gives a sound at their Camp a trumpet gives a sound at their Camp a trumpet gives a sound at which time nobody lies still but at the which time nobody lies still but at the which time nobody lies still but at the first intimation they take down their first intimation they take down their first intimation they take down their tents and all is made ready for their tents and all is made ready for their tents and all is made ready for their going out then do the trumpets sound going out then do the trumpets sound going out then do the trumpets sound again to order them to get ready for the again to order them to get ready for the again to order them to get ready for the March then do they lay their baggage March then do they lay their baggage March then do they lay their baggage suddenly upon their mules and other suddenly upon their mules and other suddenly upon their mules and other beasts of burden and stand as at the beasts of burden and stand as at the beasts of burden and stand as at the place of starting ready to March when place of starting ready to March when place of starting ready to March when also they set fire to their camp and also they set fire to their camp and also they set fire to their camp and this they do because it will be easy for this they do because it will be easy for this they do because it will be easy for them to erect another camp and that it them to erect another camp and that it them to erect another camp and that it may never be of use to their enemies may never be of use to their enemies may never be of use to their enemies then do the trumpets give a sound the then do the trumpets give a sound the then do the trumpets give a sound the third time that they are to go out in third time that they are to go out in third time that they are to go out in order to excite those that on any order to excite those that on any order to excite those that on any account are a little tardy so that no account are a little tardy so that no account are a little tardy so that no one may be out of his rank when the Army one may be out of his rank when the Army one may be out of his rank when the Army marches marches marches then does the crier stand at the then does the crier stand at the then does the crier stand at the General's right hand and ask them Thrice General's right hand and ask them Thrice General's right hand and ask them Thrice in their own tongue whether they be in their own tongue whether they be in their own tongue whether they be ready to go to war or not to which they ready to go to war or not to which they ready to go to war or not to which they reply as often with a loud and cheerful reply as often with a loud and cheerful reply as often with a loud and cheerful voice saying we are ready and this they voice saying we are ready and this they voice saying we are ready and this they do almost before the question is asked do almost before the question is asked do almost before the question is asked them they do this as filled with a kind them they do this as filled with a kind them they do this as filled with a kind of Marshal Fury and at the same time of Marshal Fury and at the same time of Marshal Fury and at the same time they so cry out they lift up their right they so cry out they lift up their right they so cry out they lift up their right hands hands hands also when after this they they are gone also when after this they they are gone also when after this they they are gone out of their Camp they all March without out of their Camp they all March without out of their Camp they all March without noise and in a decent Manner and

noise and in a decent Manner and noise and in a decent Manner and everyone keeps his own rank as if they everyone keeps his own rank as if they everyone keeps his own rank as if they are going to war the footmen are armed are going to war the footmen are armed are going to war the footmen are armed with breastplates and headpieces and with breastplates and headpieces and with breastplates and headpieces and have swords on each side but the sword have swords on each side but the sword have swords on each side but the sword which is upon their left side is much which is upon their left side is much which is upon their left side is much longer than the other for that on the longer than the other for that on the longer than the other for that on the right side is not longer than a span right side is not longer than a span right side is not longer than a span those footmen also that are chosen from those footmen also that are chosen from those footmen also that are chosen from out the best to be about the general out the best to be about the general out the best to be about the general himself have a lance and a buckler but himself have a lance and a buckler but himself have a lance and a buckler but the rest of the foot soldiers have a the rest of the foot soldiers have a the rest of the foot soldiers have a spear and a long buckler besides a saw spear and a long buckler besides a saw spear and a long buckler besides a saw and a basket a pickaxe and an axe a and a basket a pickaxe and an axe a and a basket a pickaxe and an axe a thong of leather and a hook with thong of leather and a hook with thong of leather and a hook with Provisions for three days so that a Provisions for three days so that a Provisions for three days so that a footman hath no great need of a mule to footman hath no great need of a mule to footman hath no great need of a mule to carry his burdens the horsemen have a carry his burdens the horsemen have a carry his burdens the horsemen have a long sword on their right sides axed a long sword on their right sides axed a long sword on their right sides axed a long pole in their hand a shield also long pole in their hand a shield also long pole in their hand a shield also Lies by them obliquely on one side of Lies by them obliquely on one side of Lies by them obliquely on one side of their horses with three or more darts their horses with three or more darts their horses with three or more darts that are borne in their quiver having that are borne in their quiver having that are borne in their quiver having Broad points and not smaller than Spears Broad points and not smaller than Spears Broad points and not smaller than Spears they have also headpieces and they have also headpieces and they have also headpieces and breastplates in like manner as have all breastplates in like manner as have all breastplates in like manner as have all the footmen and for those that are the footmen and for those that are the footmen and for those that are chosen to be about the general their chosen to be about the general their chosen to be about the general their armor in no way differs from that of the armor in no way differs from that of the armor in no way differs from that of the horsemen belonging to other troops and horsemen belonging to other troops and horsemen belonging to other troops and he always leads the legions forth to he always leads the legions forth to he always leads the legions forth to whom the lot assigns that whom the lot assigns that whom the lot assigns that employment this is the manner of employment this is the manner of employment this is the manner of Marching In resting of the Romans as Marching In resting of the Romans as Marching In resting of the Romans as also those are the several sorts of also those are the several sorts of also those are the several sorts of weapons they use but when they are to weapons they use but when they are to weapons they use but when they are to fight they leave nothing without fight they leave nothing without fight they leave nothing without forecast nor to be done off hand the forecast nor to be done off hand the forecast nor to be done off hand the council is ever first taken before any

council is ever first taken before any council is ever first taken before any work is begun and what hath been there work is begun and what hath been there work is begun and what hath been there resolved upon is put into execution resolved upon is put into execution resolved upon is put into execution presently for which reason they seldom presently for which reason they seldom presently for which reason they seldom commit any errors and if they have been commit any errors and if they have been commit any errors and if they have been mistaken at any time they easily correct mistaken at any time they easily correct mistaken at any time they easily correct those those those mistakes they also esteem any errors mistakes they also esteem any errors mistakes they also esteem any errors they commit upon taking counsel they commit upon taking counsel they commit upon taking counsel beforehand to be better than such rash beforehand to be better than such rash beforehand to be better than such rash success as is owing to Fortune only success as is owing to Fortune only success as is owing to Fortune only because such a fortuitous Advantage because such a fortuitous Advantage because such a fortuitous Advantage tempts them to be inconsiderate while tempts them to be inconsiderate while tempts them to be inconsiderate while consultation though it may sometimes consultation though it may sometimes consultation though it may sometimes fail of success ha this good in it that fail of success ha this good in it that fail of success ha this good in it that it makes men more careful Hereafter but it makes men more careful Hereafter but it makes men more careful Hereafter but for the advantages that arise from for the advantages that arise from for the advantages that arise from chance they are not owing to him that chance they are not owing to him that chance they are not owing to him that gains them and as to what Melancholy gains them and as to what Melancholy gains them and as to what Melancholy accidents happen unexpectedly there is accidents happen unexpectedly there is accidents happen unexpectedly there is this comfort in them that they had this comfort in them that they had this comfort in them that they had however taken the best consultations however taken the best consultations however taken the best consultations they could to prevent they could to prevent they could to prevent them now they so manage their them now they so manage their them now they so manage their Preparatory exercises of their weapons Preparatory exercises of their weapons Preparatory exercises of their weapons that not the bodies of soldiers only but that not the bodies of soldiers only but that not the bodies of soldiers only but their souls may also become stronger their souls may also become stronger their souls may also become stronger they are moreover hardened for War by they are moreover hardened for War by they are moreover hardened for War by fear for their laws inflict Capital fear for their laws inflict Capital fear for their laws inflict Capital punishments not only for soldiers punishments not only for soldiers punishments not only for soldiers running away from the ranks but for running away from the ranks but for running away from the ranks but for slothfulness and inactivity though it be slothfulness and inactivity though it be slothfulness and inactivity though it be but in a lesser but in a lesser but in a lesser degree as are their generals more severe degree as are their generals more severe degree as are their generals more severe than their laws for they prevent any than their laws for they prevent any than their laws for they prevent any imputation of Cruelty toward those under imputation of Cruelty toward those under imputation of Cruelty toward those under condemnation by the great rewards they condemnation by the great rewards they condemnation by the great rewards they bestow on the Valiant bestow on the Valiant bestow on the Valiant soldiers and the Readiness of obeying soldiers and the Readiness of obeying soldiers and the Readiness of obeying their commanders is so great that it is

their commanders is so great that it is their commanders is so great that it is very ornamental in peace but when they very ornamental in peace but when they very ornamental in peace but when they come to a battle the whole Army is but come to a battle the whole Army is but come to a battle the whole Army is but one body so well coupled together are one body so well coupled together are one body so well coupled together are their ranks so sudden are their turnings their ranks so sudden are their turnings their ranks so sudden are their turnings about so sharp their hearing as to what about so sharp their hearing as to what about so sharp their hearing as to what orders are given them so quick their orders are given them so quick their orders are given them so quick their sight of the enens and so Nimble are sight of the enens and so Nimble are sight of the enens and so Nimble are their hands when they set to work work their hands when they set to work work their hands when they set to work work whereby it comes to pass that what they whereby it comes to pass that what they whereby it comes to pass that what they do is done quickly and what they suffer do is done quickly and what they suffer do is done quickly and what they suffer they bear with the greatest they bear with the greatest they bear with the greatest patience nor can we find any examples patience nor can we find any examples patience nor can we find any examples where they have been conquered in battle where they have been conquered in battle where they have been conquered in battle when they came to a close fight either when they came to a close fight either when they came to a close fight either by the multitude of the enemies or by by the multitude of the enemies or by by the multitude of the enemies or by stratagems or by the difficulties in the stratagems or by the difficulties in the stratagems or by the difficulties in the places they were in no nor by Fortune places they were in no nor by Fortune places they were in no nor by Fortune neither for their victories have been neither for their victories have been neither for their victories have been Sher to them than Fortune could have Sher to them than Fortune could have Sher to them than Fortune could have granted them granted them granted them in a case therefore where councel still in a case therefore where councel still in a case therefore where councel still goes before action and where after goes before action and where after goes before action and where after taking the best advice that advice is taking the best advice that advice is taking the best advice that advice is followed by so active an army what followed by so active an army what followed by so active an army what wonder is it that Euphrates on the East wonder is it that Euphrates on the East wonder is it that Euphrates on the East the ocean on the west the most fertile the ocean on the west the most fertile the ocean on the west the most fertile regions of Libya on the south and the regions of Libya on the south and the regions of Libya on the south and the danub and the rine on the North are the danub and the rine on the North are the danub and the rine on the North are the limits of this Empire one might well say limits of this Empire one might well say limits of this Empire one might well say that the Roman possessions are not that the Roman possessions are not that the Roman possessions are not inferior to the Romans themselves inferior to the Romans themselves inferior to the Romans themselves this account I have given the reader not this account I have given the reader not this account I have given the reader not so much with the intention of commending so much with the intention of commending so much with the intention of commending the Romans as of comforting those that the Romans as of comforting those that the Romans as of comforting those that have been conquered by them and for the

have been conquered by them and for the have been conquered by them and for the deterring others from attempting deterring others from attempting deterring others from attempting Innovations under their government this Innovations under their government this Innovations under their government this discourse of the Roman military conduct discourse of the Roman military conduct discourse of the Roman military conduct may also perhaps be of use to such of may also perhaps be of use to such of may also perhaps be of use to such of the curious as are ignorant of it and the curious as are ignorant of it and the curious as are ignorant of it and yet have a mind to know it I return now yet have a mind to know it I return now yet have a mind to know it I return now from this from this from this degression chapter 6 placidus attempts degression chapter 6 placidus attempts degression chapter 6 placidus attempts to take jotapata and is beaten off to take jotapata and is beaten off to take jotapata and is beaten off Vespasian marches into Vespasian marches into Vespasian marches into Galilee and now Vespasian with his son Galilee and now Vespasian with his son Galilee and now Vespasian with his son Titus had carried some time at tus and Titus had carried some time at tus and Titus had carried some time at tus and had put his army in order but when had put his army in order but when had put his army in order but when pladus who had overrun Galilee and had pladus who had overrun Galilee and had pladus who had overrun Galilee and had besides slain a number of Those whom he besides slain a number of Those whom he besides slain a number of Those whom he had caught which were only the weaker had caught which were only the weaker had caught which were only the weaker part of the galileans and such as were part of the galileans and such as were part of the galileans and such as were of timorous Souls saw that the Warriors of timorous Souls saw that the Warriors of timorous Souls saw that the Warriors ran always to those cities with walls ran always to those cities with walls ran always to those cities with walls that had been built by Josephus he that had been built by Josephus he that had been built by Josephus he marched furiously against jotapata which marched furiously against jotapata which marched furiously against jotapata which was of them all the strongest as was of them all the strongest as was of them all the strongest as supposing he should easily take it by a supposing he should easily take it by a supposing he should easily take it by a sudden surprise and that he should sudden surprise and that he should sudden surprise and that he should thereby obtain great honor to himself thereby obtain great honor to himself thereby obtain great honor to himself among the commanders and bring a great among the commanders and bring a great among the commanders and bring a great advantage to them in their future advantage to them in their future advantage to them in their future campaign because if the strongest place campaign because if the strongest place campaign because if the strongest place of them all were once taken the rest of them all were once taken the rest of them all were once taken the rest would be so affrighted as to surrender would be so affrighted as to surrender would be so affrighted as to surrender themselves but he was mightily mistaken themselves but he was mightily mistaken themselves but he was mightily mistaken in his undertaking for the men of jaapan in his undertaking for the men of jaapan in his undertaking for the men of jaapan were apprised of his coming to attack were apprised of his coming to attack were apprised of his coming to attack them and came out of the city and them and came out of the city and them and came out of the city and expected him there so they fought the expected him there so they fought the expected him there so they fought the Romans briskly when they least expected Romans briskly when they least expected Romans briskly when they least expected it being both many in number and

it being both many in number and it being both many in number and prepared for fighting and of great prepared for fighting and of great prepared for fighting and of great alacrity as esteeming their country alacrity as esteeming their country alacrity as esteeming their country their wives and their children to be in their wives and their children to be in their wives and their children to be in danger and easily put the Romans to danger and easily put the Romans to danger and easily put the Romans to flight and wounded many of them and slew flight and wounded many of them and slew flight and wounded many of them and slew seven of seven of seven of them footnote I can but here observe an them footnote I can but here observe an them footnote I can but here observe an Eastern way of speaking frequent among Eastern way of speaking frequent among Eastern way of speaking frequent among them but not usual Among Us where the them but not usual Among Us where the them but not usual Among Us where the word only or alone is not set down but word only or alone is not set down but word only or alone is not set down but perhaps some way supplied in the perhaps some way supplied in the perhaps some way supplied in the pronunciation thus Josephus here says pronunciation thus Josephus here says pronunciation thus Josephus here says that those of jotapata slew seven of the that those of jotapata slew seven of the that those of jotapata slew seven of the Romans as they were marching off because Romans as they were marching off because Romans as they were marching off because the Romans retreat was regular their the Romans retreat was regular their the Romans retreat was regular their bodies were covered with their armor and bodies were covered with their armor and bodies were covered with their armor and the Jews fought at some distance his the Jews fought at some distance his the Jews fought at some distance his meaning is clear that these were the meaning is clear that these were the meaning is clear that these were the reasons why they slew only or no more reasons why they slew only or no more reasons why they slew only or no more than than than seven I have met with many like examples seven I have met with many like examples seven I have met with many like examples in the scriptures in Josephus Etc but in the scriptures in Josephus Etc but in the scriptures in Josephus Etc but did not note down the particular did not note down the particular did not note down the particular places this observation ought to be born places this observation ought to be born places this observation ought to be born in mind on many occasions and foot in mind on many occasions and foot in mind on many occasions and foot note because their retreat was not made note because their retreat was not made note because their retreat was not made in a disorderly manner because The in a disorderly manner because The in a disorderly manner because The Strokes only touched the surface of Strokes only touched the surface of Strokes only touched the surface of their bodies which were covered with their bodies which were covered with their bodies which were covered with their armor in all parts and because the their armor in all parts and because the their armor in all parts and because the Jews did rather throw their weapons upon Jews did rather throw their weapons upon Jews did rather throw their weapons upon them from a great distance then venture them from a great distance then venture them from a great distance then venture to come hand to hand with them and had to come hand to hand with them and had to come hand to hand with them and had only light armor on when while the only light armor on when while the only light armor on when while the others were completely armored however others were completely armored however others were completely armored however three men of the Jews side were slain three men of the Jews side were slain three men of the Jews side were slain and a few wounded so placidus finding and a few wounded so placidus finding and a few wounded so placidus finding himself unable to assault the city ran

himself unable to assault the city ran himself unable to assault the city ran away but as Vespasian had a great mind away but as Vespasian had a great mind away but as Vespasian had a great mind to fall upon Galilee he marched out of to fall upon Galilee he marched out of to fall upon Galilee he marched out of tus having put his army into that order tus having put his army into that order tus having put his army into that order wherein the Romans used to March he wherein the Romans used to March he wherein the Romans used to March he ordered those auxiliaries which were ordered those auxiliaries which were ordered those auxiliaries which were lightly armed and The Archers to March lightly armed and The Archers to March lightly armed and The Archers to March first that they might prevent any sudden first that they might prevent any sudden first that they might prevent any sudden insults from the enemy and might search insults from the enemy and might search insults from the enemy and might search out the woods that look suspiciously and out the woods that look suspiciously and out the woods that look suspiciously and were capable of Ambush were capable of Ambush were capable of Ambush Gates next to these followed that part Gates next to these followed that part Gates next to these followed that part of the Romans which was completely armed of the Romans which was completely armed of the Romans which was completely armed both footmen and both footmen and both footmen and Horsemen next to these followed 10 of Horsemen next to these followed 10 of Horsemen next to these followed 10 of every hundred carrying along with them every hundred carrying along with them every hundred carrying along with them their arms and what was necessary to their arms and what was necessary to their arms and what was necessary to measure out a camp with all and after measure out a camp with all and after measure out a camp with all and after them such as were to make the road even them such as were to make the road even them such as were to make the road even and straight and if it were anywhere and straight and if it were anywhere and straight and if it were anywhere rough and hard to be passed over to rough and hard to be passed over to rough and hard to be passed over to plain it and to cut down the woods that plain it and to cut down the woods that plain it and to cut down the woods that hindered their March that the Army might hindered their March that the Army might hindered their March that the Army might not be in distress or tired with their not be in distress or tired with their not be in distress or tired with their March Behind These he set such carriages March Behind These he set such carriages March Behind These he set such carriages of the army as belonged both to himself of the army as belonged both to himself of the army as belonged both to himself and to the other commanders with a and to the other commanders with a and to the other commanders with a considerable number of their horsemen considerable number of their horsemen considerable number of their horsemen for their security after these he for their security after these he for their security after these he marched himself having with him a select marched himself having with him a select marched himself having with him a select body of footmen and Horsemen and pikemen body of footmen and Horsemen and pikemen body of footmen and Horsemen and pikemen after these came the peculiar Cavalry of after these came the peculiar Cavalry of after these came the peculiar Cavalry of his own Legion for there were 120 his own Legion for there were 120 his own Legion for there were 120 Horsemen that peculiarly belonged to Horsemen that peculiarly belonged to Horsemen that peculiarly belonged to every Legion next to these came the every Legion next to these came the every Legion next to these came the mules that carried the engines for mules that carried the engines for mules that carried the engines for sieges and the other warlike Machines of sieges and the other warlike Machines of sieges and the other warlike Machines of that nature after these came the that nature after these came the that nature after these came the commanders of the cohorts and tribunes commanders of the cohorts and tribunes commanders of the cohorts and tribunes having about them soldiers chosen out of

having about them soldiers chosen out of having about them soldiers chosen out of the rest then came the enzen the rest then came the enzen the rest then came the enzen encompassing the eagle which is at the encompassing the eagle which is at the encompassing the eagle which is at the head of every Roman legion the king and head of every Roman legion the king and head of every Roman legion the king and the strongest of all birds which seems the strongest of all birds which seems the strongest of all birds which seems to them a signal of dominion and an omen to them a signal of dominion and an omen to them a signal of dominion and an omen that they shall conquer all against whom that they shall conquer all against whom that they shall conquer all against whom they they they March these acred enzen are followed by March these acred enzen are followed by March these acred enzen are followed by the the the trumpeters then came the main Army in trumpeters then came the main Army in trumpeters then came the main Army in their squadrons and battalions with six their squadrons and battalions with six their squadrons and battalions with six men in depth which were followed At Last men in depth which were followed At Last men in depth which were followed At Last by a centurion who according to custom by a centurion who according to custom by a centurion who according to custom observed the observed the observed the rest as for the Servants of every Legion rest as for the Servants of every Legion rest as for the Servants of every Legion they all followed the footmen and led they all followed the footmen and led they all followed the footmen and led the baggage of the soldiers which was the baggage of the soldiers which was the baggage of the soldiers which was borne by the mes and other beasts of borne by the mes and other beasts of borne by the mes and other beasts of Burden but behind all the legions came Burden but behind all the legions came Burden but behind all the legions came the whole multitude of The Mercenaries the whole multitude of The Mercenaries the whole multitude of The Mercenaries and those that brought up the rear came and those that brought up the rear came and those that brought up the rear came last of all for the security of the last of all for the security of the last of all for the security of the whole Army being both footmen and those whole Army being both footmen and those whole Army being both footmen and those in their armor also with a great number in their armor also with a great number in their armor also with a great number of of of Horsemen and thus did Vespasian march Horsemen and thus did Vespasian march Horsemen and thus did Vespasian march with his army and came to the bounds of with his army and came to the bounds of with his army and came to the bounds of Galilee where he pitched his camp and Galilee where he pitched his camp and Galilee where he pitched his camp and restrained his soldiers who were eager restrained his soldiers who were eager restrained his soldiers who were eager for for for war he also showed his army to the enemy war he also showed his army to the enemy war he also showed his army to the enemy in order to afri them and to afford them in order to afri them and to afford them in order to afri them and to afford them a season for repentance to see whether a season for repentance to see whether a season for repentance to see whether they would change their minds before it they would change their minds before it they would change their minds before it came to B came to B came to B and at the same time he got things ready and at the same time he got things ready and at the same time he got things ready for besieging their strong for besieging their strong for besieging their strong minds and indeed this sight of the minds and indeed this sight of the minds and indeed this sight of the general brought many to repent of their general brought many to repent of their general brought many to repent of their revolt and put them all into a revolt and put them all into a revolt and put them all into a consternation for those that were in

consternation for those that were in consternation for those that were in josephus's Camp which was at the city josephus's Camp which was at the city josephus's Camp which was at the city called GIS not far from sepis when they called GIS not far from sepis when they called GIS not far from sepis when they heard that the war was come near them heard that the war was come near them heard that the war was come near them and that the Romans would suddenly fight and that the Romans would suddenly fight and that the Romans would suddenly fight them hand to hand dispersed themselves them hand to hand dispersed themselves them hand to hand dispersed themselves and fled not only before they came to a and fled not only before they came to a and fled not only before they came to a battle but before the enemy ever came in battle but before the enemy ever came in battle but before the enemy ever came in sight while Josephus and a few others sight while Josephus and a few others sight while Josephus and a few others were left behind and as he saw that he were left behind and as he saw that he were left behind and as he saw that he had not an army sufficient to engage the had not an army sufficient to engage the had not an army sufficient to engage the enemy that the spirits of the Jews were enemy that the spirits of the Jews were enemy that the spirits of the Jews were sunk and that the greater part would sunk and that the greater part would sunk and that the greater part would willingly come to terms if they might be willingly come to terms if they might be willingly come to terms if they might be credited he already despaired of the credited he already despaired of the credited he already despaired of the success of the whole war and determined success of the whole war and determined success of the whole war and determined to get as far as he possibly could out to get as far as he possibly could out to get as far as he possibly could out of of of danger so he took those that stayed danger so he took those that stayed danger so he took those that stayed among with him and fled to among with him and fled to among with him and fled to Tiberius Tiberius Tiberius end of book three chapters 4-6 book 3 chapter 7 part 1 of the wars 4-6 book 3 chapter 7 part 1 of the wars of the Jews this is a LibriVox recording of the Jews this is a LibriVox recording of the Jews this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the all LibriVox recordings are in the all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to public domain for more information or to public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org the wars of the Jews by Josephus the wars of the Jews by Josephus the wars of the Jews by Josephus translated by William Wiston book 3 translated by William Wiston book 3 translated by William Wiston book 3 chapter 6 7 part chapter 6 7 part chapter 6 7 part 1 chapter 7 Vespasian when he had taken 1 chapter 7 Vespasian when he had taken 1 chapter 7 Vespasian when he had taken the city gadea marches to jotapata after the city gadea marches to jotapata after the city gadea marches to jotapata after a long Siege the city is betrayed by a a long Siege the city is betrayed by a a long Siege the city is betrayed by a deserter and taken by deserter and taken by deserter and taken by Vespasian so Vespasian marched to the

Vespasian so Vespasian marched to the Vespasian so Vespasian marched to the city gadea and took it upon the first city gadea and took it upon the first city gadea and took it upon the first onset because he found it destitute of onset because he found it destitute of onset because he found it destitute of any considerable number of men grown up any considerable number of men grown up any considerable number of men grown up and fit for war he came then into it and and fit for war he came then into it and and fit for war he came then into it and slew all the youth the Romans having no slew all the youth the Romans having no slew all the youth the Romans having no mercy on any age whatsoever and this was mercy on any age whatsoever and this was mercy on any age whatsoever and this was done out of the hatred they bore for the done out of the hatred they bore for the done out of the hatred they bore for the nation and because of the iniquity they nation and because of the iniquity they nation and because of the iniquity they had been guilty of in the affair with had been guilty of in the affair with had been guilty of in the affair with cestius he also set fire not only to the cestius he also set fire not only to the cestius he also set fire not only to the city itself but to all the Villas and city itself but to all the Villas and city itself but to all the Villas and small cities that were round about it small cities that were round about it small cities that were round about it some of them were quite destitute of some of them were quite destitute of some of them were quite destitute of inhabitants and out of some of them he inhabitants and out of some of them he inhabitants and out of some of them he carried the inhabitants as slaves into carried the inhabitants as slaves into carried the inhabitants as slaves into captivity as to Josephus his retiring to captivity as to Josephus his retiring to captivity as to Josephus his retiring to that city which he chose as the most fit that city which he chose as the most fit that city which he chose as the most fit for his security put it into great fear for his security put it into great fear for his security put it into great fear for the people of tiberias did not for the people of tiberias did not for the people of tiberias did not imagine that he would have run away imagine that he would have run away imagine that he would have run away unless he had entirely despaired of the unless he had entirely despaired of the unless he had entirely despaired of the success of the war and indeed as to that success of the war and indeed as to that success of the war and indeed as to that point they were not mistaken about his point they were not mistaken about his point they were not mistaken about his opinion for he saw whether the Affairs opinion for he saw whether the Affairs opinion for he saw whether the Affairs of the Jews would tend at last and was of the Jews would tend at last and was of the Jews would tend at last and was sensible that they had but one way of sensible that they had but one way of sensible that they had but one way of escaping and that was by escaping and that was by escaping and that was by repentance however although he expected repentance however although he expected repentance however although he expected that the Romans would forgive him yet that the Romans would forgive him yet that the Romans would forgive him yet did he choose to die many times over did he choose to die many times over did he choose to die many times over rather than betray his country and to rather than betray his country and to rather than betray his country and to disarm that Supreme command of the army disarm that Supreme command of the army disarm that Supreme command of the army which had been entrusted with him or to which had been entrusted with him or to which had been entrusted with him or to live happily under those against whom he live happily under those against whom he live happily under those against whom he was sent to was sent to was sent to fight he determined therefore to give an fight he determined therefore to give an fight he determined therefore to give an exact account of Affairs to the exact account of Affairs to the exact account of Affairs to the principal man at Jerusalem by a letter principal man at Jerusalem by a letter principal man at Jerusalem by a letter that he might not by too much AG grandis that he might not by too much AG grandis that he might not by too much AG grandis in the power of the enemy make them too in the power of the enemy make them too in the power of the enemy make them too timorous nor by relating that their

timorous nor by relating that their timorous nor by relating that their power beneath the truth might encourage power beneath the truth might encourage power beneath the truth might encourage them to stand out when they were perhaps them to stand out when they were perhaps them to stand out when they were perhaps disposed to repentance he also sent them disposed to repentance he also sent them disposed to repentance he also sent them word that if they thought of Coming to word that if they thought of Coming to word that if they thought of Coming to Terms they must suddenly write him an Terms they must suddenly write him an Terms they must suddenly write him an answer or if they resolved upon War War answer or if they resolved upon War War answer or if they resolved upon War War they must send him an army sufficient to they must send him an army sufficient to they must send him an army sufficient to fight the fight the fight the Romans accordingly he wrote these things Romans accordingly he wrote these things Romans accordingly he wrote these things and sent Messengers immediately to carry and sent Messengers immediately to carry and sent Messengers immediately to carry his letter to his letter to his letter to Jerusalem nav Vespasian was very Jerusalem nav Vespasian was very Jerusalem nav Vespasian was very desirous of demolishing jotapata for he desirous of demolishing jotapata for he desirous of demolishing jotapata for he had gotten intelligence that the had gotten intelligence that the had gotten intelligence that the greatest part of the enemy had retired greatest part of the enemy had retired greatest part of the enemy had retired thither and that it was on other thither and that it was on other thither and that it was on other accounts a place of great security to accounts a place of great security to accounts a place of great security to them accordingly he sent both footmen them accordingly he sent both footmen them accordingly he sent both footmen and Horsemen to level the road which was and Horsemen to level the road which was and Horsemen to level the road which was mountainous and Rocky not without mountainous and Rocky not without mountainous and Rocky not without difficulty to be traveled over by difficulty to be traveled over by difficulty to be traveled over by footmen but absolutely impracticable for footmen but absolutely impracticable for footmen but absolutely impracticable for Horsemen now these workmen accomplished Horsemen now these workmen accomplished Horsemen now these workmen accomplished what they were about in 4 days time and what they were about in 4 days time and what they were about in 4 days time and open a broad way for the Army on the open a broad way for the Army on the open a broad way for the Army on the fifth day which was the 21st of the fifth day which was the 21st of the fifth day which was the 21st of the month artmus J Josephus prevented him month artmus J Josephus prevented him month artmus J Josephus prevented him and came from tiberias and went into and came from tiberias and went into and came from tiberias and went into jotapata and raised the drooping spirits jotapata and raised the drooping spirits jotapata and raised the drooping spirits of the of the of the Jews and a certain deserter told this Jews and a certain deserter told this Jews and a certain deserter told this good news to Vespasian that Josephus had good news to Vespasian that Josephus had good news to Vespasian that Josephus had removed himself thither which made him removed himself thither which made him removed himself thither which made him make haste to the city as supposing that make haste to the city as supposing that make haste to the city as supposing that with taking that he should take all with taking that he should take all with taking that he should take all Judea in case he could but with all get Judea in case he could but with all get Judea in case he could but with all get Josephus under his power so he took this Josephus under his power so he took this Josephus under his power so he took this news to be of the vastest advantage to news to be of the vastest advantage to news to be of the vastest advantage to him and believed it to be brought about him and believed it to be brought about him and believed it to be brought about by the Providence of God that he who by the Providence of God that he who by the Providence of God that he who appeared to be the most prudent man of

appeared to be the most prudent man of appeared to be the most prudent man of all their enemies had of his own accord all their enemies had of his own accord all their enemies had of his own accord shut himself up in a place of sure shut himself up in a place of sure shut himself up in a place of sure custody accordingly he sent placidus custody accordingly he sent placidus custody accordingly he sent placidus with a thousand Horsemen and atius a with a thousand Horsemen and atius a with a thousand Horsemen and atius a deuan a person that was of eminency both deuan a person that was of eminency both deuan a person that was of eminency both in counsel and in action to Encompass in counsel and in action to Encompass in counsel and in action to Encompass the city round that Josephus might not the city round that Josephus might not the city round that Josephus might not Escape away Escape away Escape away privately Vespasian also the very next privately Vespasian also the very next privately Vespasian also the very next day took his whole Army and followed day took his whole Army and followed day took his whole Army and followed them and by marching till late in the them and by marching till late in the them and by marching till late in the evening arrived then at jotapata and evening arrived then at jotapata and evening arrived then at jotapata and bringing his army to the northern side bringing his army to the northern side bringing his army to the northern side of the city he pitched his camp on a of the city he pitched his camp on a of the city he pitched his camp on a certain small hill which was seven certain small hill which was seven certain small hill which was seven furlongs from the city and still greatly furlongs from the city and still greatly furlongs from the city and still greatly endeavored to be well seen by the enemy endeavored to be well seen by the enemy endeavored to be well seen by the enemy to put them into a consternation which to put them into a consternation which to put them into a consternation which was indeed so terrible to the Jews was indeed so terrible to the Jews was indeed so terrible to the Jews immediately that no one of them Durst go immediately that no one of them Durst go immediately that no one of them Durst go out Beyond the Wall yet did the Romans out Beyond the Wall yet did the Romans out Beyond the Wall yet did the Romans put off the attack at that time because put off the attack at that time because put off the attack at that time because they had marched all the day although they had marched all the day although they had marched all the day although they placed a double row of battalions they placed a double row of battalions they placed a double row of battalions around the city with a third Road Beyond around the city with a third Road Beyond around the city with a third Road Beyond them round the hole which consisted of them round the hole which consisted of them round the hole which consisted of Cavalry in order to stop up every way Cavalry in order to stop up every way Cavalry in order to stop up every way for an exit which thing making the Jews for an exit which thing making the Jews for an exit which thing making the Jews despair of escaping excited them to act despair of escaping excited them to act despair of escaping excited them to act more boldly for nothing makes men fight more boldly for nothing makes men fight more boldly for nothing makes men fight so desperately in war or as so desperately in war or as so desperately in war or as necessity now when the next day an necessity now when the next day an necessity now when the next day an assault was made by the Romans the Jews assault was made by the Romans the Jews assault was made by the Romans the Jews at first stayed out of the walls and at first stayed out of the walls and at first stayed out of the walls and opposed them and met them as having opposed them and met them as having opposed them and met them as having formed themselves a camp before the city formed themselves a camp before the city formed themselves a camp before the city walls but when Vespasian had set against walls but when Vespasian had set against walls but when Vespasian had set against them The Archers and Slingers and the them The Archers and Slingers and the them The Archers and Slingers and the whole multitude that could throw to a

whole multitude that could throw to a whole multitude that could throw to a great distance he permitted them to go great distance he permitted them to go great distance he permitted them to go to work while he himself with the to work while he himself with the to work while he himself with the footman got upon an acclivity when the footman got upon an acclivity when the footman got upon an acclivity when the city might easily be taken Josephus was city might easily be taken Josephus was city might easily be taken Josephus was then in fear for the city and leaped out then in fear for the city and leaped out then in fear for the city and leaped out and all the Jewish multitude with him and all the Jewish multitude with him and all the Jewish multitude with him these fell together upon the Romans in these fell together upon the Romans in these fell together upon the Romans in great numbers and drove them away from great numbers and drove them away from great numbers and drove them away from the wall and performed a great many the wall and performed a great many the wall and performed a great many glorious and bold actions yet did they glorious and bold actions yet did they glorious and bold actions yet did they suffer as much as they made the enemy suffer as much as they made the enemy suffer as much as they made the enemy suffer for as despair of Deliverance suffer for as despair of Deliverance suffer for as despair of Deliverance encouraged the Jews so did a sense of encouraged the Jews so did a sense of encouraged the Jews so did a sense of Shame equally encourage the Shame equally encourage the Shame equally encourage the Romans these last had skill as well as Romans these last had skill as well as Romans these last had skill as well as strength the other had only courage strength the other had only courage strength the other had only courage which armed them and made them fight which armed them and made them fight which armed them and made them fight Furious iously and when the fight had Furious iously and when the fight had Furious iously and when the fight had lasted all day it was put an end to by lasted all day it was put an end to by lasted all day it was put an end to by the coming on of the night they had the coming on of the night they had the coming on of the night they had wounded a great many of the Romans and wounded a great many of the Romans and wounded a great many of the Romans and killed of them 13 men of the Jews side killed of them 13 men of the Jews side killed of them 13 men of the Jews side 17 were slayed and 600 17 were slayed and 600 17 were slayed and 600 wounded on the next day the Jews made wounded on the next day the Jews made wounded on the next day the Jews made another attack upon the Romans and went another attack upon the Romans and went another attack upon the Romans and went out to the walls and fought a much more out to the walls and fought a much more out to the walls and fought a much more desperate battle with them than before desperate battle with them than before desperate battle with them than before for they were now become more courageous for they were now become more courageous for they were now become more courageous than formerly and that on account of the than formerly and that on account of the than formerly and that on account of the unexpected good opposition they had made unexpected good opposition they had made unexpected good opposition they had made the the day before as they found the the the day before as they found the the the day before as they found the Romans also to fight more desperately Romans also to fight more desperately Romans also to fight more desperately for a sense of Shame inflamed these into for a sense of Shame inflamed these into for a sense of Shame inflamed these into a passion as estimating their failure of a passion as estimating their failure of a passion as estimating their failure of a sudden Victory to be a kind of a sudden Victory to be a kind of a sudden Victory to be a kind of defeat thus did the Romans try to make defeat thus did the Romans try to make defeat thus did the Romans try to make an impression upon the Jews to the fifth an impression upon the Jews to the fifth an impression upon the Jews to the fifth day continually while the people of day continually while the people of day continually while the people of jotapata made sallyes out and fought at

jotapata made sallyes out and fought at jotapata made sallyes out and fought at the walls most desperately nor were the the walls most desperately nor were the the walls most desperately nor were the Jews AF frighted at the strength of the Jews AF frighted at the strength of the Jews AF frighted at the strength of the enemy nor were the Romans discouraged at enemy nor were the Romans discouraged at enemy nor were the Romans discouraged at the difficulties they met with in taking the difficulties they met with in taking the difficulties they met with in taking the the the city now jata is almost all of it built city now jata is almost all of it built city now jata is almost all of it built on a precipice having on all the other on a precipice having on all the other on a precipice having on all the other sides of it every way Valley is sides of it every way Valley is sides of it every way Valley is immensely deep and steep in so much that immensely deep and steep in so much that immensely deep and steep in so much that those who would look down would have those who would look down would have those who would look down would have their sight fail them before it reaches their sight fail them before it reaches their sight fail them before it reaches the bottom it is only to be come at on the bottom it is only to be come at on the bottom it is only to be come at on the North side where the utmost part of the North side where the utmost part of the North side where the utmost part of the city is built on the mountain as it the city is built on the mountain as it the city is built on the mountain as it ends obliquely at a plain this mountain ends obliquely at a plain this mountain ends obliquely at a plain this mountain Josephus had encompassed with a wall Josephus had encompassed with a wall Josephus had encompassed with a wall when he fortified the city that its top when he fortified the city that its top when he fortified the city that its top might not be capable of being seized might not be capable of being seized might not be capable of being seized upon by the enemies the city is covered upon by the enemies the city is covered upon by the enemies the city is covered all around with other mountains and can all around with other mountains and can all around with other mountains and can no way be seen till a man comes just no way be seen till a man comes just no way be seen till a man comes just upon it and this was the strong upon it and this was the strong upon it and this was the strong situation of situation of situation of jotapata the spian there in order to try jotapata the spian there in order to try jotapata the spian there in order to try how he might overcome the natural how he might overcome the natural how he might overcome the natural strength of the place as well as the strength of the place as well as the strength of the place as well as the Bold defense of the Jews made a Bold defense of the Jews made a Bold defense of the Jews made a resolution to prosecute The Siege with resolution to prosecute The Siege with resolution to prosecute The Siege with Vigor to that end he called the Vigor to that end he called the Vigor to that end he called the commanders that were under him to commanders that were under him to commanders that were under him to account Cil of war and consulted with account Cil of war and consulted with account Cil of war and consulted with them which way the assault might be them which way the assault might be them which way the assault might be managed to the best managed to the best managed to the best advantage and when the resolution was advantage and when the resolution was advantage and when the resolution was there taken to raise a bank against that there taken to raise a bank against that there taken to raise a bank against that part of the wall which was practicable part of the wall which was practicable part of the wall which was practicable he sent his whole Army abroad to get the he sent his whole Army abroad to get the he sent his whole Army abroad to get the materials together so when they had cut materials together so when they had cut materials together so when they had cut down all the trees on the mountains that down all the trees on the mountains that down all the trees on the mountains that had joined the city and gotten together

had joined the city and gotten together had joined the city and gotten together a vast heap of stones besides the wood a vast heap of stones besides the wood a vast heap of stones besides the wood they had cut down some of them brought they had cut down some of them brought they had cut down some of them brought hurdles in order to avoid the effects of hurdles in order to avoid the effects of hurdles in order to avoid the effects of the darts that were shot from above the darts that were shot from above the darts that were shot from above them these hurdles they spread over them these hurdles they spread over them these hurdles they spread over their Banks under cover whereof they their Banks under cover whereof they their Banks under cover whereof they formed their bank and so were little or formed their bank and so were little or formed their bank and so were little or Nothing Hurt by the darts that were Nothing Hurt by the darts that were Nothing Hurt by the darts that were thrown upon them from the thrown upon them from the thrown upon them from the wall While others pulled the neighboring wall While others pulled the neighboring wall While others pulled the neighboring helixs to pieces and perpetually brought helixs to pieces and perpetually brought helixs to pieces and perpetually brought Earth to them so that while they were Earth to them so that while they were Earth to them so that while they were busy three sorts of ways nobody was busy three sorts of ways nobody was busy three sorts of ways nobody was idle however the Jews cast great stones idle however the Jews cast great stones idle however the Jews cast great stones from the walls upon the hurdles which from the walls upon the hurdles which from the walls upon the hurdles which protected the men with all sorts of protected the men with all sorts of protected the men with all sorts of darts also and the noise of what could darts also and the noise of what could darts also and the noise of what could not reach them was yet so terrible that not reach them was yet so terrible that not reach them was yet so terrible that it was some impediment to the it was some impediment to the it was some impediment to the workmen this basian then set the engines workmen this basian then set the engines workmen this basian then set the engines for throwing stones and darts round for throwing stones and darts round for throwing stones and darts round about the city the number of the engines about the city the number of the engines about the city the number of the engines was in all 160 and he bid them fall to was in all 160 and he bid them fall to was in all 160 and he bid them fall to work and dislodge those that were upon work and dislodge those that were upon work and dislodge those that were upon the the the wall at the same time such engines as wall at the same time such engines as wall at the same time such engines as were intended for that purpose threw at were intended for that purpose threw at were intended for that purpose threw at once lances upon them with a great noise once lances upon them with a great noise once lances upon them with a great noise and stones of the weight of a talent and stones of the weight of a talent and stones of the weight of a talent were thrown by the engines that were were thrown by the engines that were were thrown by the engines that were prepared for that purpose together with prepared for that purpose together with prepared for that purpose together with fire and a vast multitude of arrows fire and a vast multitude of arrows fire and a vast multitude of arrows which made the wall so dangerous that which made the wall so dangerous that which made the wall so dangerous that the Jews Durst not only not come upon it the Jews Durst not only not come upon it the Jews Durst not only not come upon it but dur not come to those parts within but dur not come to those parts within but dur not come to those parts within the walls which were reached by the the walls which were reached by the the walls which were reached by the engines for the multitude of the Arabian engines for the multitude of the Arabian engines for the multitude of the Arabian archers as well also as all those that

archers as well also as all those that archers as well also as all those that threw darts and slung Stones fell to threw darts and slung Stones fell to threw darts and slung Stones fell to work at the same time with the work at the same time with the work at the same time with the engines yet did did not the otter lie engines yet did did not the otter lie engines yet did did not the otter lie still when they could not throw at the still when they could not throw at the still when they could not throw at the Romans from a higher place for they then Romans from a higher place for they then Romans from a higher place for they then made sallyes out of the city like made sallyes out of the city like made sallyes out of the city like private robbers by parties and pulled private robbers by parties and pulled private robbers by parties and pulled away the hurdles that covered the away the hurdles that covered the away the hurdles that covered the workmen and killed them when they were workmen and killed them when they were workmen and killed them when they were thus naked and when those workmen gave thus naked and when those workmen gave thus naked and when those workmen gave way these Cast Away the Earth that way these Cast Away the Earth that way these Cast Away the Earth that composed the bank and burnt the wooden composed the bank and burnt the wooden composed the bank and burnt the wooden parts of it together with the hurdles parts of it together with the hurdles parts of it together with the hurdles till at length Vespasian perceived that till at length Vespasian perceived that till at length Vespasian perceived that the intervals there were between the the intervals there were between the the intervals there were between the works were of disadvantage to him for works were of disadvantage to him for works were of disadvantage to him for those those spaces of ground afforded those those spaces of ground afforded those those spaces of ground afforded the Jews a place for assaulting the the Jews a place for assaulting the the Jews a place for assaulting the Romans so he United the hurdles and at Romans so he United the hurdles and at Romans so he United the hurdles and at the same time joined one part of the the same time joined one part of the the same time joined one part of the army to the other which prevented the army to the other which prevented the army to the other which prevented the private excursions of the private excursions of the private excursions of the Jews and when the bank was now raised Jews and when the bank was now raised Jews and when the bank was now raised and brought nearer than ever to the and brought nearer than ever to the and brought nearer than ever to the battlements that belonged to the walls battlements that belonged to the walls battlements that belonged to the walls Josephus thought it would be entirely Josephus thought it would be entirely Josephus thought it would be entirely wrong in him if he could make no wrong in him if he could make no wrong in him if he could make no contrivances in opposition to theirs and contrivances in opposition to theirs and contrivances in opposition to theirs and that might not be for the city's that might not be for the city's that might not be for the city's preservation preservation preservation so he got together his workmen and so he got together his workmen and so he got together his workmen and ordered them to build the wall higher ordered them to build the wall higher ordered them to build the wall higher and while they said this was impossible and while they said this was impossible and while they said this was impossible to be done while so many darts were to be done while so many darts were to be done while so many darts were thrown at them he invented this sort of thrown at them he invented this sort of thrown at them he invented this sort of cover for them he build them fixed piles cover for them he build them fixed piles cover for them he build them fixed piles and expand before them the raw hides of and expand before them the raw hides of and expand before them the raw hides of ox and newly killed that these hides by ox and newly killed that these hides by ox and newly killed that these hides by yielding and hollowing themselves when yielding and hollowing themselves when yielding and hollowing themselves when the stones were thrown at them might the stones were thrown at them might the stones were thrown at them might receive them for that the other darts

receive them for that the other darts receive them for that the other darts would slide off of them and the fire would slide off of them and the fire would slide off of them and the fire that was thrown would be quenched by the that was thrown would be quenched by the that was thrown would be quenched by the moisture that was in them moisture that was in them moisture that was in them and these he set before the workmen and and these he set before the workmen and and these he set before the workmen and under them these workmen went on with under them these workmen went on with under them these workmen went on with their Works in safety and raised the their Works in safety and raised the their Works in safety and raised the wall higher and that both by day and by wall higher and that both by day and by wall higher and that both by day and by night fullet was 20 cubits high he also night fullet was 20 cubits high he also night fullet was 20 cubits high he also built a good number of towers upon the built a good number of towers upon the built a good number of towers upon the wall and fitted it to strong battlements wall and fitted it to strong battlements wall and fitted it to strong battlements this greatly discouraged the Romans who this greatly discouraged the Romans who this greatly discouraged the Romans who in their own opinions were already in their own opinions were already in their own opinions were already gotten within the walls while they were gotten within the walls while they were gotten within the walls while they were now at once astonished at josephus's now at once astonished at josephus's now at once astonished at josephus's contrivance and at the fortitude of the contrivance and at the fortitude of the contrivance and at the fortitude of the citizens that were in the citizens that were in the citizens that were in the city and now Vespasian was plainly city and now Vespasian was plainly city and now Vespasian was plainly irritated at the great subtlety of this irritated at the great subtlety of this irritated at the great subtlety of this strategy and at the boldness of the strategy and at the boldness of the strategy and at the boldness of the citizens of jotapata for taking heart citizens of jotapata for taking heart citizens of jotapata for taking heart again upon the building of this wall again upon the building of this wall again upon the building of this wall they made fresh sallies upon the Romans they made fresh sallies upon the Romans they made fresh sallies upon the Romans and had every day conflicts with them by and had every day conflicts with them by and had every day conflicts with them by parties together with all such parties together with all such parties together with all such contrivances as robbers make use of and contrivances as robbers make use of and contrivances as robbers make use of and with the plundering of all that came to with the plundering of all that came to with the plundering of all that came to hand also with the setting of fire to hand also with the setting of fire to hand also with the setting of fire to all the other works all the other works all the other works and this till Vespasian made his army and this till Vespasian made his army and this till Vespasian made his army leave off fighting them and resolved to leave off fighting them and resolved to leave off fighting them and resolved to lie round the city and to starve them lie round the city and to starve them lie round the city and to starve them into a surrender as supposing that into a surrender as supposing that into a surrender as supposing that either they would be forced to petition either they would be forced to petition either they would be forced to petition him for Mercy by want of Provisions or him for Mercy by want of Provisions or him for Mercy by want of Provisions or if they should have the courage to hold if they should have the courage to hold if they should have the courage to hold out to the last they should perish by out to the last they should perish by out to the last they should perish by famine and he concluded he should famine and he concluded he should famine and he concluded he should conquer them the more easily in fighting conquer them the more easily in fighting conquer them the more easily in fighting if he gave them an interval and then

if he gave them an interval and then if he gave them an interval and then fell upon them when they were weakened fell upon them when they were weakened fell upon them when they were weakened by famine by famine by famine but still he gave orders that they but still he gave orders that they but still he gave orders that they should guard against their coming out of should guard against their coming out of should guard against their coming out of the city now the besieged had plenty of the city now the besieged had plenty of the city now the besieged had plenty of corn within the city and indeed of all corn within the city and indeed of all corn within the city and indeed of all Necessities but they wanted water Necessities but they wanted water Necessities but they wanted water because there was no fountain in the because there was no fountain in the because there was no fountain in the city the people being there usually city the people being there usually city the people being there usually satisfied with rainwater yet it is a satisfied with rainwater yet it is a satisfied with rainwater yet it is a rare thing in that country to have rain rare thing in that country to have rain rare thing in that country to have rain in summer and at this season during The in summer and at this season during The in summer and at this season during The Siege they were in great distress for Siege they were in great distress for Siege they were in great distress for some contrivance to satisfy their thirst some contrivance to satisfy their thirst some contrivance to satisfy their thirst and they were very sad at this time and they were very sad at this time and they were very sad at this time particularly as if they were already in particularly as if they were already in particularly as if they were already in want of water entirely for Josephus want of water entirely for Josephus want of water entirely for Josephus seeing that the city abounded with other seeing that the city abounded with other seeing that the city abounded with other necessaries and that the men were of necessaries and that the men were of necessaries and that the men were of good courage and being desirous to good courage and being desirous to good courage and being desirous to protract The Siege to the Romans longer protract The Siege to the Romans longer protract The Siege to the Romans longer than they expected ordered their drink than they expected ordered their drink than they expected ordered their drink to be given to them by measure but this to be given to them by measure but this to be given to them by measure but this scanty distribution of Water by measure scanty distribution of Water by measure scanty distribution of Water by measure was deemed by them as a thing more hard was deemed by them as a thing more hard was deemed by them as a thing more hard upon them than the want of it and their upon them than the want of it and their upon them than the want of it and their not being able to drink as much as they not being able to drink as much as they not being able to drink as much as they would made them more desirous of drink would made them more desirous of drink would made them more desirous of drink drinking than they otherwise had been drinking than they otherwise had been drinking than they otherwise had been nay they were as much disheartened nay they were as much disheartened nay they were as much disheartened hereby as if they were come to the last hereby as if they were come to the last hereby as if they were come to the last degree of thirst nor were the Romans degree of thirst nor were the Romans degree of thirst nor were the Romans unacquainted with the state they were in unacquainted with the state they were in unacquainted with the state they were in for when they stood over against them for when they stood over against them for when they stood over against them Beyond the Wall they could see them Beyond the Wall they could see them Beyond the Wall they could see them running together and taking their water running together and taking their water running together and taking their water by measure which made them throw their by measure which made them throw their by measure which made them throw their javelins thither the place being within javelins thither the place being within javelins thither the place being within their reach and kill a great many of their reach and kill a great many of their reach and kill a great many of them hereupon Vespasian hoped that their them hereupon Vespasian hoped that their them hereupon Vespasian hoped that their receptacles of water would in no long

receptacles of water would in no long receptacles of water would in no long time be emptied time be emptied time be emptied and that they would be forced to deliver and that they would be forced to deliver and that they would be forced to deliver up the city to him but Josephus being up the city to him but Josephus being up the city to him but Josephus being minded to break such his hope gave minded to break such his hope gave minded to break such his hope gave command that they should wet a great command that they should wet a great command that they should wet a great many of their clothes and hang them out many of their clothes and hang them out many of their clothes and hang them out about the battlements till the entire about the battlements till the entire about the battlements till the entire wall was of a sudden all wet with the wall was of a sudden all wet with the wall was of a sudden all wet with the running down of running down of running down of water at this sight the Romans were water at this sight the Romans were water at this sight the Romans were discouraged and under consternation when discouraged and under consternation when discouraged and under consternation when they saw them able to throw away in they saw them able to throw away in they saw them able to throw away in sport so much water when they supposed sport so much water when they supposed sport so much water when they supposed them not to have enough to drink them not to have enough to drink them not to have enough to drink themselves themselves themselves eles this made the Roman general despair eles this made the Roman general despair eles this made the Roman general despair of taking the City by their want of of taking the City by their want of of taking the City by their want of necessaries and betake himself again to necessaries and betake himself again to necessaries and betake himself again to arms and to try to force them to arms and to try to force them to arms and to try to force them to surrender which was what the Jews surrender which was what the Jews surrender which was what the Jews greatly desired for as they despaired of greatly desired for as they despaired of greatly desired for as they despaired of either themselves or their City being either themselves or their City being either themselves or their City being able to escape they preferred a death in able to escape they preferred a death in able to escape they preferred a death in Battle Before won by hunger and Battle Before won by hunger and Battle Before won by hunger and thirst however Josephus contrived thirst however Josephus contrived thirst however Josephus contrived another strategy besides the foregoing another strategy besides the foregoing another strategy besides the foregoing to get plenty of what they wanted there to get plenty of what they wanted there to get plenty of what they wanted there was a certain rough and une even place was a certain rough and une even place was a certain rough and une even place that could hardly be ascended and on that could hardly be ascended and on that could hardly be ascended and on that account was not guarded by the that account was not guarded by the that account was not guarded by the soldiers so Josephus sent out certain soldiers so Josephus sent out certain soldiers so Josephus sent out certain persons along the western parts of the persons along the western parts of the persons along the western parts of the valley and by them sent letters to whom valley and by them sent letters to whom valley and by them sent letters to whom he pleased of the Jews that were out of he pleased of the Jews that were out of he pleased of the Jews that were out of the city and procured from them what the city and procured from them what the city and procured from them what Necessities soever they wanted in the Necessities soever they wanted in the Necessities soever they wanted in the city in city in city in abundance he enjoined them also to creep abundance he enjoined them also to creep abundance he enjoined them also to creep generally Along by the watch as they generally Along by the watch as they generally Along by the watch as they came into the City and to cover their came into the City and to cover their came into the City and to cover their backs with such sheep skins as had their

backs with such sheep skins as had their backs with such sheep skins as had their upon them that if anyone should spy them upon them that if anyone should spy them upon them that if anyone should spy them out in the night time they might be out in the night time they might be out in the night time they might be believed to be dogs this was done till believed to be dogs this was done till believed to be dogs this was done till the watch perceived their contrivance the watch perceived their contrivance the watch perceived their contrivance and Encompass that rough place about and Encompass that rough place about and Encompass that rough place about themselves and now it was that Josephus themselves and now it was that Josephus themselves and now it was that Josephus perceived that the city could not hold perceived that the city could not hold perceived that the city could not hold out long and that his own life would be out long and that his own life would be out long and that his own life would be in doubt if he continued in it so he in doubt if he continued in it so he in doubt if he continued in it so he consulted how he and the most potent men consulted how he and the most potent men consulted how he and the most potent men of the city might fly out of it when the of the city might fly out of it when the of the city might fly out of it when the multitude understood this they came all multitude understood this they came all multitude understood this they came all around about him and begged of him not around about him and begged of him not around about him and begged of him not to overlook them when they entirely to overlook them when they entirely to overlook them when they entirely depended on him and him alone for that depended on him and him alone for that depended on him and him alone for that there was still hope of the city's there was still hope of the city's there was still hope of the city's Deliverance if he would stay with them Deliverance if he would stay with them Deliverance if he would stay with them because everybody would undertake any because everybody would undertake any because everybody would undertake any pains with great cheerfulness on his pains with great cheerfulness on his pains with great cheerfulness on his account and in that case there would be account and in that case there would be account and in that case there would be some comfort for them also though they some comfort for them also though they some comfort for them also though they should be taken that it became him should be taken that it became him should be taken that it became him neither to fly from his enemies nor to neither to fly from his enemies nor to neither to fly from his enemies nor to Desert his friends nor to LEAP out of Desert his friends nor to LEAP out of Desert his friends nor to LEAP out of that city as out of a ship that was that city as out of a ship that was that city as out of a ship that was sinking in a storm into which he came sinking in a storm into which he came sinking in a storm into which he came when it was was quiet and in a when it was was quiet and in a when it was was quiet and in a calm for that by going away he would be calm for that by going away he would be calm for that by going away he would be the cause of drowning the city because the cause of drowning the city because the cause of drowning the city because nobody would then venture to oppose the nobody would then venture to oppose the nobody would then venture to oppose the enemy when he was once gone upon whom enemy when he was once gone upon whom enemy when he was once gone upon whom they wholly they wholly they wholly confided here upon Josephus avoided confided here upon Josephus avoided confided here upon Josephus avoided letting them know that he was to go away letting them know that he was to go away letting them know that he was to go away to provide for his own safety but told to provide for his own safety but told to provide for his own safety but told them that he would go out of the city them that he would go out of the city them that he would go out of the city for their sakes for that if he stayed for their sakes for that if he stayed for their sakes for that if he stayed with them he should be able to do them with them he should be able to do them with them he should be able to do them little good good while they were in a

little good good while they were in a little good good while they were in a safe condition and that if they were safe condition and that if they were safe condition and that if they were once taken he should only perish with once taken he should only perish with once taken he should only perish with them to no purpose but that if he were them to no purpose but that if he were them to no purpose but that if he were once gotten free from this Siege he once gotten free from this Siege he once gotten free from this Siege he should be able to bring them very great should be able to bring them very great should be able to bring them very great relief for that he would then relief for that he would then relief for that he would then immediately get the galileans together immediately get the galileans together immediately get the galileans together out of the country in great multitudes out of the country in great multitudes out of the country in great multitudes and draw the Romans off their City by and draw the Romans off their City by and draw the Romans off their City by another another another war that he did not see what advantage war that he did not see what advantage war that he did not see what advantage he could bring to them now by staying he could bring to them now by staying he could bring to them now by staying among them but only provoke the Romans among them but only provoke the Romans among them but only provoke the Romans to besiege them more closely as to besiege them more closely as to besiege them more closely as esteeming it a more valuable thing to esteeming it a more valuable thing to esteeming it a more valuable thing to take him but that if they were once take him but that if they were once take him but that if they were once informed that he was fled out of the informed that he was fled out of the informed that he was fled out of the city they would greatly remit of their city they would greatly remit of their city they would greatly remit of their eagerness against it yet did not this eagerness against it yet did not this eagerness against it yet did not this plea move the people but inflamed them plea move the people but inflamed them plea move the people but inflamed them the more to hang about him accordingly the more to hang about him accordingly the more to hang about him accordingly both the children and the old men and both the children and the old men and both the children and the old men and the women with their infants came the women with their infants came the women with their infants came mourning to him and fell down before him mourning to him and fell down before him mourning to him and fell down before him and all of them caught hold of his feet and all of them caught hold of his feet and all of them caught hold of his feet and held him fast and besought taught and held him fast and besought taught and held him fast and besought taught him with great him with great him with great Lamentations that he would take his Lamentations that he would take his Lamentations that he would take his share with them in their share with them in their share with them in their fortune and I think they did this not fortune and I think they did this not fortune and I think they did this not that they envied his Deliverance but that they envied his Deliverance but that they envied his Deliverance but that they hoped for their own for they that they hoped for their own for they that they hoped for their own for they could not think they should suffer any could not think they should suffer any could not think they should suffer any great Misfortune provided Josephus would great Misfortune provided Josephus would great Misfortune provided Josephus would but stay with but stay with but stay with them now Josephus thought that if he them now Josephus thought that if he them now Josephus thought that if he resolved to stay it would be ascribed to resolved to stay it would be ascribed to resolved to stay it would be ascribed to their entreaties and if he resolved to their entreaties and if he resolved to their entreaties and if he resolved to go away by force he should be put into go away by force he should be put into go away by force he should be put into custody his commiseration also of the

custody his commiseration also of the custody his commiseration also of the people under their Lamentations had much people under their Lamentations had much people under their Lamentations had much broken that his eagerness to leave them broken that his eagerness to leave them broken that his eagerness to leave them so he resolved to stay and arming so he resolved to stay and arming so he resolved to stay and arming himself with the common despair of the himself with the common despair of the himself with the common despair of the citizens he said to them now is the time citizens he said to them now is the time citizens he said to them now is the time to begin to fight in to begin to fight in to begin to fight in Earnest where there is no hope of Earnest where there is no hope of Earnest where there is no hope of Deliverance left it is a brave thing to Deliverance left it is a brave thing to Deliverance left it is a brave thing to prefer Glory before life and to set prefer Glory before life and to set prefer Glory before life and to set about some such Noble undertaking as may about some such Noble undertaking as may about some such Noble undertaking as may be remembered by late be remembered by late be remembered by late posterity having said this he fell to posterity having said this he fell to posterity having said this he fell to work immediately and made a Sally and work immediately and made a Sally and work immediately and made a Sally and dispersed the enemy's outg guards and dispersed the enemy's outg guards and dispersed the enemy's outg guards and ran as far as the Roman Camp itself and ran as far as the Roman Camp itself and ran as far as the Roman Camp itself and pulled the coverings of their tensed pulled the coverings of their tensed pulled the coverings of their tensed pieces that were upon their Banks and pieces that were upon their Banks and pieces that were upon their Banks and set fire to their set fire to their set fire to their works and this was the manner in which works and this was the manner in which works and this was the manner in which he never left off fighting neither the he never left off fighting neither the he never left off fighting neither the next day nor the day after it but went next day nor the day after it but went next day nor the day after it but went on with it for a considerable number on with it for a considerable number on with it for a considerable number both days and nights upon this Vespasian when he saw the upon this Vespasian when he saw the Romans distressed by these sallies Romans distressed by these sallies Romans distressed by these sallies though they were ashamed to be made to though they were ashamed to be made to though they were ashamed to be made to run away by the Jews and when at any run away by the Jews and when at any run away by the Jews and when at any time they made the Jews run away their time they made the Jews run away their time they made the Jews run away their heavy armor would not let them pursue heavy armor would not let them pursue heavy armor would not let them pursue them far while the Jews when they had them far while the Jews when they had them far while the Jews when they had performed any action and before they performed any action and before they performed any action and before they could be hurt themselves still retired could be hurt themselves still retired could be hurt themselves still retired into the city ordered his armed men to into the city ordered his armed men to into the city ordered his armed men to avoid their onset and not fight it out avoid their onset and not fight it out avoid their onset and not fight it out with men under desperation while nothing with men under desperation while nothing with men under desperation while nothing is more courageous than despair but that

is more courageous than despair but that is more courageous than despair but that their violence would be quenched when their violence would be quenched when their violence would be quenched when they saw they failed of their purposes they saw they failed of their purposes they saw they failed of their purposes as fire is quenched when it wants Fuel as fire is quenched when it wants Fuel as fire is quenched when it wants Fuel and that it was proper for the Romans to and that it was proper for the Romans to and that it was proper for the Romans to gain their victories as cheap as they gain their victories as cheap as they gain their victories as cheap as they could since they are not forced to fight could since they are not forced to fight could since they are not forced to fight but only to enlarge their but only to enlarge their but only to enlarge their dominions so he repelled the Jews in dominions so he repelled the Jews in dominions so he repelled the Jews in great measure by the Arabian archers and great measure by the Arabian archers and great measure by the Arabian archers and the Syrian Slingers and by those that the Syrian Slingers and by those that the Syrian Slingers and by those that threw stones at them nor was there any threw stones at them nor was there any threw stones at them nor was there any intermission of the great number of intermission of the great number of intermission of the great number of their offensive their offensive their offensive engines now the Jews suffered greatly by engines now the Jews suffered greatly by engines now the Jews suffered greatly by these engines without being able to these engines without being able to these engines without being able to escape from them and when these engines escape from them and when these engines escape from them and when these engines threw their stones or javelins a great threw their stones or javelins a great threw their stones or javelins a great way and the Jews were within their reach way and the Jews were within their reach way and the Jews were within their reach they pressed hard upon the Romans and they pressed hard upon the Romans and they pressed hard upon the Romans and fought desperately without sparing fought desperately without sparing fought desperately without sparing either Soul or body one part suckering either Soul or body one part suckering either Soul or body one part suckering another by turns when it was tired another by turns when it was tired another by turns when it was tired down when therefore Vespasian looked down when therefore Vespasian looked down when therefore Vespasian looked upon himself as in a manner besieged by upon himself as in a manner besieged by upon himself as in a manner besieged by these SES of the Jews and when his Banks these SES of the Jews and when his Banks these SES of the Jews and when his Banks were now not far from the walls he were now not far from the walls he were now not far from the walls he determined to make use of his battering determined to make use of his battering determined to make use of his battering ram this battering ram is a vast beam of ram this battering ram is a vast beam of ram this battering ram is a vast beam of wood like the Mast of a ship its forart wood like the Mast of a ship its forart wood like the Mast of a ship its forart is armed with a thick piece of iron at is armed with a thick piece of iron at is armed with a thick piece of iron at the head of it which is so carved as to the head of it which is so carved as to the head of it which is so carved as to be like the head of a ram whence its be like the head of a ram whence its be like the head of a ram whence its name is taken this Ram is slung in the name is taken this Ram is slung in the name is taken this Ram is slung in the air by ropes passing over its middle and air by ropes passing over its middle and air by ropes passing over its middle and is hung like the balance in a pair of is hung like the balance in a pair of is hung like the balance in a pair of scales from another beam and braced by scales from another beam and braced by scales from another beam and braced by strong beams that pass on both sides of

strong beams that pass on both sides of strong beams that pass on both sides of it in the nature of a it in the nature of a it in the nature of a cross when this Ram is pulled backward cross when this Ram is pulled backward cross when this Ram is pulled backward by a great number of men with United by a great number of men with United by a great number of men with United force and then thrust forward by the force and then thrust forward by the force and then thrust forward by the same men with a mighty noise it batters same men with a mighty noise it batters same men with a mighty noise it batters the walls with that iron part which is the walls with that iron part which is the walls with that iron part which is prominent nor is there any Tower so prominent nor is there any Tower so prominent nor is there any Tower so strong or walls so broad that can resist strong or walls so broad that can resist strong or walls so broad that can resist more than its first batteries but all more than its first batteries but all more than its first batteries but all are forced to yield to to it at last are forced to yield to to it at last are forced to yield to to it at last this was the experiment which the Roman this was the experiment which the Roman this was the experiment which the Roman general betook himself to when he was general betook himself to when he was general betook himself to when he was eagerly bent upon taking the city but eagerly bent upon taking the city but eagerly bent upon taking the city but found lying in the fields so long to be found lying in the fields so long to be found lying in the fields so long to be to his to his to his disadvantage because the Jews would disadvantage because the Jews would disadvantage because the Jews would never let him be never let him be never let him be quiet so these Romans brought the quiet so these Romans brought the quiet so these Romans brought the several engines for guling an enemy several engines for guling an enemy several engines for guling an enemy nearer to the walls that they might nearer to the walls that they might nearer to the walls that they might reach such as were upon the wall and reach such as were upon the wall and reach such as were upon the wall and endeavored to frustrate their endeavored to frustrate their endeavored to frustrate their attempts these threw stones and javelins attempts these threw stones and javelins attempts these threw stones and javelins at them in the like manner do the at them in the like manner do the at them in the like manner do the archers and Slingers come both together archers and Slingers come both together archers and Slingers come both together closer to the closer to the closer to the wall this brought matters to such a pass wall this brought matters to such a pass wall this brought matters to such a pass that none of the Jews Durst Mount the that none of the Jews Durst Mount the that none of the Jews Durst Mount the walls and then it was that the other walls and then it was that the other walls and then it was that the other Romans brought the battering Rim that Romans brought the battering Rim that Romans brought the battering Rim that was cased with hurdles all over and in was cased with hurdles all over and in was cased with hurdles all over and in the Tipper part was secured by skins the Tipper part was secured by skins the Tipper part was secured by skins that covered it and this both for the that covered it and this both for the that covered it and this both for the security of themselves and of the security of themselves and of the security of themselves and of the engine now at the very first stroke of engine now at the very first stroke of engine now at the very first stroke of this engine the wall was shaken and a this engine the wall was shaken and a this engine the wall was shaken and a terrible clamor was raised by the people terrible clamor was raised by the people terrible clamor was raised by the people within the city as if they were already

within the city as if they were already within the city as if they were already taken and now when Josephus saw this Ram taken and now when Josephus saw this Ram taken and now when Josephus saw this Ram still battering the same place and that still battering the same place and that still battering the same place and that the wall would quickly be thrown down by the wall would quickly be thrown down by the wall would quickly be thrown down by it he resolved to elude for a while the it he resolved to elude for a while the it he resolved to elude for a while the force of the force of the force of the engine with this design he gave orders engine with this design he gave orders engine with this design he gave orders to fill sacks with chaff and to hang to fill sacks with chaff and to hang to fill sacks with chaff and to hang them down before that place where they them down before that place where they them down before that place where they saw the ram always battering that the saw the ram always battering that the saw the ram always battering that the stroke might be turned aside or that the stroke might be turned aside or that the stroke might be turned aside or that the place might feel less of The Strokes by place might feel less of The Strokes by place might feel less of The Strokes by the yielding nature of the the yielding nature of the the yielding nature of the chaff this contrivance very much delayed chaff this contrivance very much delayed chaff this contrivance very much delayed the attempts of the Romans because let the attempts of the Romans because let the attempts of the Romans because let them remove their engine to what part them remove their engine to what part them remove their engine to what part they pleased those that were above it they pleased those that were above it they pleased those that were above it removed their sacks and placed them over removed their sacks and placed them over removed their sacks and placed them over Against The Strokes it made in so much Against The Strokes it made in so much Against The Strokes it made in so much that the wall was in no way hurt and that the wall was in no way hurt and that the wall was in no way hurt and this by diversion of The Strokes till this by diversion of The Strokes till this by diversion of The Strokes till the Romans made an opposite contrivance the Romans made an opposite contrivance the Romans made an opposite contrivance of long poles and by tying hooks at of long poles and by tying hooks at of long poles and by tying hooks at their ends cut off the sacks now when their ends cut off the sacks now when their ends cut off the sacks now when the battering ram thus recovered its the battering ram thus recovered its the battering ram thus recovered its force and the wall having been but newly force and the wall having been but newly force and the wall having been but newly built was giving way Josephus and those built was giving way Josephus and those built was giving way Josephus and those about him had afterwards immediate about him had afterwards immediate about him had afterwards immediate recourse to fire to defend themselves recourse to fire to defend themselves recourse to fire to defend themselves with all whereupon they took what with all whereupon they took what with all whereupon they took what materials soever they had that were but materials soever they had that were but materials soever they had that were but dry and made a Sally three ways and set dry and made a Sally three ways and set dry and made a Sally three ways and set fire to the machines and the hurdles and fire to the machines and the hurdles and fire to the machines and the hurdles and the banks of the Romans themselves the banks of the Romans themselves the banks of the Romans themselves nor did the Romans well know how to come nor did the Romans well know how to come nor did the Romans well know how to come to their assistance being at once under to their assistance being at once under to their assistance being at once under a consternation at the Jews boldness and

a consternation at the Jews boldness and a consternation at the Jews boldness and being prevented by the Flames from being prevented by the Flames from being prevented by the Flames from coming to their coming to their coming to their assistance for the materials being dry assistance for the materials being dry assistance for the materials being dry with the bitumin and pitch that were with the bitumin and pitch that were with the bitumin and pitch that were among them as was Brimstone also the among them as was Brimstone also the among them as was Brimstone also the fire caught hold of everything fire caught hold of everything fire caught hold of everything immediately and what caed the Romans a immediately and what caed the Romans a immediately and what caed the Romans a great deal of pains was in one hour consumed and end of book 3 chapter 7 consumed and end of book 3 chapter 7 part 1 book 3 chapter 7 part two of the wars 1 book 3 chapter 7 part two of the wars of the Jews this is a LibriVox recording of the Jews this is a LibriVox recording of the Jews this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the all LibriVox recordings are in the all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to public domain for more information or to public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org the volunteer please visit librivox.org the volunteer please visit librivox.org the wars of the Jews by Josephus translated wars of the Jews by Josephus translated wars of the Jews by Josephus translated by William Wiston book 3 chapter 7 part by William Wiston book 3 chapter 7 part by William Wiston book 3 chapter 7 part two and here a certain Jew appeared two and here a certain Jew appeared two and here a certain Jew appeared worthy of our relation and Commendation worthy of our relation and Commendation worthy of our relation and Commendation he was the son of Samus and was called he was the son of Samus and was called he was the son of Samus and was called Eleazar and was born at Saab in Galilee Eleazar and was born at Saab in Galilee Eleazar and was born at Saab in Galilee this man took up a stone of vast bigness this man took up a stone of vast bigness this man took up a stone of vast bigness and threw it down from the wall upon the and threw it down from the wall upon the and threw it down from the wall upon the RAM and this with so great a force that RAM and this with so great a force that RAM and this with so great a force that it broke off the head of the engine he it broke off the head of the engine he it broke off the head of the engine he also leaped down and took up the head of also leaped down and took up the head of also leaped down and took up the head of the Ram from the midst of them and the Ram from the midst of them and the Ram from the midst of them and without any concern carried it to the without any concern carried it to the without any concern carried it to the top of the wall and this while he stood top of the wall and this while he stood top of the wall and this while he stood as a fit Mark to be pelted by all his as a fit Mark to be pelted by all his as a fit Mark to be pelted by all his enemies accordingly he received The enemies accordingly he received The enemies accordingly he received The Strokes upon his naked body and was Strokes upon his naked body and was Strokes upon his naked body and was wounded with five darts nor did he mind

wounded with five darts nor did he mind wounded with five darts nor did he mind any of them while he went up to the top any of them while he went up to the top any of them while he went up to the top of the wall where he stood in the sight of the wall where he stood in the sight of the wall where he stood in the sight of them all as an instance of the of them all as an instance of the of them all as an instance of the greatest boldness after which he drew greatest boldness after which he drew greatest boldness after which he drew himself on a heap with his wounds upon himself on a heap with his wounds upon himself on a heap with his wounds upon him and fell down together with the head him and fell down together with the head him and fell down together with the head of the of the of the ram next to him two brothers showed ram next to him two brothers showed ram next to him two brothers showed their courage their names were net and their courage their names were net and their courage their names were net and Phil Phil Phil both of them of the village of Ruma and both of them of the village of Ruma and both of them of the village of Ruma and both of them galileans also these men both of them galileans also these men both of them galileans also these men leaped upon the soldiers of the 10th leaped upon the soldiers of the 10th leaped upon the soldiers of the 10th Legion and fell upon the Romans with Legion and fell upon the Romans with Legion and fell upon the Romans with such a great noise and force as to such a great noise and force as to such a great noise and force as to disorder their ranks and put to flight disorder their ranks and put to flight disorder their ranks and put to flight all upon whomever they made their all upon whomever they made their all upon whomever they made their assaults after these men's performances assaults after these men's performances assaults after these men's performances Josephus and the rest of the multitude Josephus and the rest of the multitude Josephus and the rest of the multitude with him took a great deal of fire and with him took a great deal of fire and with him took a great deal of fire and burnt both the machines and their burnt both the machines and their burnt both the machines and their coverings with the works belonging to coverings with the works belonging to coverings with the works belonging to the fifth and to the 10th Legion which the fifth and to the 10th Legion which the fifth and to the 10th Legion which they put to flight when others followed they put to flight when others followed they put to flight when others followed them immediately and burned those them immediately and burned those them immediately and burned those instruments and all their materials instruments and all their materials instruments and all their materials underground however about the evening underground however about the evening underground however about the evening the Romans erected the battering ram the Romans erected the battering ram the Romans erected the battering ram again against that part of the wall again against that part of the wall again against that part of the wall which had suffered before where a which had suffered before where a which had suffered before where a certain Jew that defended the city from certain Jew that defended the city from certain Jew that defended the city from the Romans hit Vespasian with a dart in the Romans hit Vespasian with a dart in the Romans hit Vespasian with a dart in his foot and wounded him a little the his foot and wounded him a little the his foot and wounded him a little the distance being so great that no Mighty distance being so great that no Mighty distance being so great that no Mighty impression could be made by the dart impression could be made by the dart impression could be made by the dart thrown so far off however this caused thrown so far off however this caused thrown so far off however this caused the greatest disorder amongst the Romans the greatest disorder amongst the Romans the greatest disorder amongst the Romans for when those who stood near him saw for when those who stood near him saw for when those who stood near him saw his blood they were Disturbed at it and his blood they were Disturbed at it and his blood they were Disturbed at it and the report went abroad through the whole the report went abroad through the whole the report went abroad through the whole Army that the general was wounded while Army that the general was wounded while Army that the general was wounded while the greatest part left the siege and

the greatest part left the siege and the greatest part left the siege and came running together with surprise and came running together with surprise and came running together with surprise and fear to the general and before them all fear to the general and before them all fear to the general and before them all came Titus out of the concern that he came Titus out of the concern that he came Titus out of the concern that he had for his father in so much that the had for his father in so much that the had for his father in so much that the multitude were in great confusion and multitude were in great confusion and multitude were in great confusion and this out of the regard that they had for this out of the regard that they had for this out of the regard that they had for their General and by reason of the agony their General and by reason of the agony their General and by reason of the agony that the son was in yet did the father that the son was in yet did the father that the son was in yet did the father put an end to the son's fear fear and to put an end to the son's fear fear and to put an end to the son's fear fear and to the disorder the Army was under for the disorder the Army was under for the disorder the Army was under for being Superior to his pains and being Superior to his pains and being Superior to his pains and endeavoring soon to be seen by all that endeavoring soon to be seen by all that endeavoring soon to be seen by all that had been in aight about him he excited had been in aight about him he excited had been in aight about him he excited them to fight the Jews more briskly for them to fight the Jews more briskly for them to fight the Jews more briskly for now everybody was willing to expose now everybody was willing to expose now everybody was willing to expose himself to Danger immediately in order himself to Danger immediately in order himself to Danger immediately in order to avenge their General and then they to avenge their General and then they to avenge their General and then they encouraged one another with loud voices encouraged one another with loud voices encouraged one another with loud voices and ran hastily to the and ran hastily to the and ran hastily to the walls but still Josephus and those with walls but still Josephus and those with walls but still Josephus and those with him although they fell down Dead one him although they fell down Dead one him although they fell down Dead one upon another by the darts and stones upon another by the darts and stones upon another by the darts and stones which the engines threw upon them yet which the engines threw upon them yet which the engines threw upon them yet did not they desert the wall but fell did not they desert the wall but fell did not they desert the wall but fell upon those who managed the ram under the upon those who managed the ram under the upon those who managed the ram under the protection of the hurdles with fire and protection of the hurdles with fire and protection of the hurdles with fire and iron weapons and stones and these could iron weapons and stones and these could iron weapons and stones and these could do little or nothing but fell themselves do little or nothing but fell themselves do little or nothing but fell themselves perpetually while they were seen by perpetually while they were seen by perpetually while they were seen by Those whom they could not see for the Those whom they could not see for the Those whom they could not see for the light of their own flame Shone about light of their own flame Shone about light of their own flame Shone about them and made them a most visible Mark them and made them a most visible Mark them and made them a most visible Mark to the enemy as they were in the daytime to the enemy as they were in the daytime to the enemy as they were in the daytime while the engines could not be seen at a while the engines could not be seen at a while the engines could not be seen at a great distance and so what was thrown at great distance and so what was thrown at great distance and so what was thrown at them was hard to be avoided for the them was hard to be avoided for the them was hard to be avoided for the force with which these engines threw force with which these engines threw force with which these engines threw stones and darts made them hurt several stones and darts made them hurt several stones and darts made them hurt several at a time and the violent noise of the at a time and the violent noise of the at a time and the violent noise of the stones that were cast by the engines was stones that were cast by the engines was stones that were cast by the engines was so great that They Carried Away the

so great that They Carried Away the so great that They Carried Away the Pinnacles of the wall and broke off the Pinnacles of the wall and broke off the Pinnacles of the wall and broke off the corners of the towers for no body of men corners of the towers for no body of men corners of the towers for no body of men could be so strong as not to be could be so strong as not to be could be so strong as not to be overthrown to the last Rank by the overthrown to the last Rank by the overthrown to the last Rank by the largess of the largess of the largess of the stones and anyone May learn the force of stones and anyone May learn the force of stones and anyone May learn the force of the engines by what happened this very the engines by what happened this very the engines by what happened this very night for as one of those that stood night for as one of those that stood night for as one of those that stood round about Josephus was near the wall round about Josephus was near the wall round about Josephus was near the wall his head was carried away by such a his head was carried away by such a his head was carried away by such a stone and his skull was flung as far as stone and his skull was flung as far as stone and his skull was flung as far as three furlongs in the daytime also a three furlongs in the daytime also a three furlongs in the daytime also a woman with child had her belly so woman with child had her belly so woman with child had her belly so violently struck as she was just come violently struck as she was just come violently struck as she was just come out of her house that the infant was out of her house that the infant was out of her house that the infant was carried to the distance of half a carried to the distance of half a carried to the distance of half a furlong so great was the force of that furlong so great was the force of that furlong so great was the force of that engine the noise of the instruments engine the noise of the instruments engine the noise of the instruments themselves was very terrible the sound themselves was very terrible the sound themselves was very terrible the sound of the darts and stones that were thrown of the darts and stones that were thrown of the darts and stones that were thrown by them was so also of the the same sort by them was so also of the the same sort by them was so also of the the same sort was that noise the dead bodies made when was that noise the dead bodies made when was that noise the dead bodies made when they were dashed against the wall and they were dashed against the wall and they were dashed against the wall and indeed Dreadful was the clamor which indeed Dreadful was the clamor which indeed Dreadful was the clamor which these things raised in The Women Within these things raised in The Women Within these things raised in The Women Within the city which was echoed back at the the city which was echoed back at the the city which was echoed back at the same time by the cries of such as were same time by the cries of such as were same time by the cries of such as were slain while the whole Space of ground slain while the whole Space of ground slain while the whole Space of ground whereupon they fought ran with blood and whereupon they fought ran with blood and whereupon they fought ran with blood and the wall might have been ascended over the wall might have been ascended over the wall might have been ascended over the bodies of the dead carcasses the the bodies of the dead carcasses the the bodies of the dead carcasses the mountains also contributed to the mountains also contributed to the mountains also contributed to the increase of the Noise by their Echoes increase of the Noise by their Echoes increase of the Noise by their Echoes nor was there on that night anything of nor was there on that night anything of nor was there on that night anything of Terror wanting that could either affect Terror wanting that could either affect Terror wanting that could either affect the hearing or the the hearing or the the hearing or the sight yet did a great part of those that sight yet did a great part of those that sight yet did a great part of those that fought so hard for jotapata fall fought so hard for jotapata fall fought so hard for jotapata fall manfully as were a great part of them manfully as were a great part of them manfully as were a great part of them wounded however the morning watch was

wounded however the morning watch was wounded however the morning watch was come air the wall yielded to the come air the wall yielded to the come air the wall yielded to the machines employed against it though it machines employed against it though it machines employed against it though it had been battered without had been battered without had been battered without intermission however those within intermission however those within intermission however those within covered their bodies with their armor covered their bodies with their armor covered their bodies with their armor and raised works over against that part and raised works over against that part and raised works over against that part which was thrown down before before which was thrown down before before which was thrown down before before those machines were laid by which the those machines were laid by which the those machines were laid by which the Romans were to ascend into the Romans were to ascend into the Romans were to ascend into the city in the morning Vespasian got his city in the morning Vespasian got his city in the morning Vespasian got his army together in order to take the City army together in order to take the City army together in order to take the City by storm after a little Recreation upon by storm after a little Recreation upon by storm after a little Recreation upon the hard pains they had been at the the hard pains they had been at the the hard pains they had been at the night before and as he was desus to draw night before and as he was desus to draw night before and as he was desus to draw off those that opposed him from the off those that opposed him from the off those that opposed him from the places where the wall had been thrown places where the wall had been thrown places where the wall had been thrown down he made the most courageous of the down he made the most courageous of the down he made the most courageous of the horsemen get off their horses and plac horsemen get off their horses and plac horsemen get off their horses and plac them in three ranks over against those them in three ranks over against those them in three ranks over against those ruins of the wall but covered with their ruins of the wall but covered with their ruins of the wall but covered with their armor on every side with poles in their armor on every side with poles in their armor on every side with poles in their hands that so these might begin their hands that so these might begin their hands that so these might begin their Ascent as soon as the instruments for Ascent as soon as the instruments for Ascent as soon as the instruments for such Ascent were such Ascent were such Ascent were laid behind them he placed the flower of laid behind them he placed the flower of laid behind them he placed the flower of the footman but for the rest of the the footman but for the rest of the the footman but for the rest of the horse he ordered them to extend horse he ordered them to extend horse he ordered them to extend themselves over against the wall upon themselves over against the wall upon themselves over against the wall upon the whole hilly country in order to the whole hilly country in order to the whole hilly country in order to prevent any from escaping out of the prevent any from escaping out of the prevent any from escaping out of the city when it should be taken and Behind city when it should be taken and Behind city when it should be taken and Behind These he placed the archers round about These he placed the archers round about These he placed the archers round about and commanded them to have their darts and commanded them to have their darts and commanded them to have their darts ready to shoot the same command he gave ready to shoot the same command he gave ready to shoot the same command he gave to the Slingers and to those that to the Slingers and to those that to the Slingers and to those that managed the engines and bid them to take managed the engines and bid them to take managed the engines and bid them to take up other ladders and have them ready to up other ladders and have them ready to up other ladders and have them ready to lay upon those parts of the wall which lay upon those parts of the wall which lay upon those parts of the wall which were yet untouched that the besieged were yet untouched that the besieged were yet untouched that the besieged might be engaged in trying to hinder might be engaged in trying to hinder might be engaged in trying to hinder their Ascent by them and leave the guard their Ascent by them and leave the guard their Ascent by them and leave the guard of the parts that were thrown down while

of the parts that were thrown down while of the parts that were thrown down while the rest of them should be overborne by the rest of them should be overborne by the rest of them should be overborne by the darts cast at them and might afford the darts cast at them and might afford the darts cast at them and might afford his men an entrance into the city but his men an entrance into the city but his men an entrance into the city but Josephus understanding the meaning of Josephus understanding the meaning of Josephus understanding the meaning of vespasian's contrivance set the old men vespasian's contrivance set the old men vespasian's contrivance set the old men together with the those that were tired together with the those that were tired together with the those that were tired out at the sound parts of the wall as out at the sound parts of the wall as out at the sound parts of the wall as expecting no harm from those quarters expecting no harm from those quarters expecting no harm from those quarters but set the strongest of his men at the but set the strongest of his men at the but set the strongest of his men at the place where the wall was broken down and place where the wall was broken down and place where the wall was broken down and before them all six men by themselves before them all six men by themselves before them all six men by themselves among whom he took his share of the among whom he took his share of the among whom he took his share of the first and greatest first and greatest first and greatest danger he also gave orders that when the danger he also gave orders that when the danger he also gave orders that when the legion made a shout they should stop legion made a shout they should stop legion made a shout they should stop their ears that they might not be afraid their ears that they might not be afraid their ears that they might not be afraid to that it and that to avoid the to that it and that to avoid the to that it and that to avoid the multitude of the enemy's darts they multitude of the enemy's darts they multitude of the enemy's darts they should bend down on their knees and should bend down on their knees and should bend down on their knees and cover M elv with their Shields and that cover M elv with their Shields and that cover M elv with their Shields and that they should Retreat a little backward they should Retreat a little backward they should Retreat a little backward for a while till the archers should have for a while till the archers should have for a while till the archers should have emptied their Quivers but that when the emptied their Quivers but that when the emptied their Quivers but that when the Romans should lay their instruments for Romans should lay their instruments for Romans should lay their instruments for ascending the walls they should leap out ascending the walls they should leap out ascending the walls they should leap out on a sudden and with their own on a sudden and with their own on a sudden and with their own instruments should meet the enemy and instruments should meet the enemy and instruments should meet the enemy and that everyone should strive to do his that everyone should strive to do his that everyone should strive to do his best in order not to defend his own city best in order not to defend his own city best in order not to defend his own city as if it were possible to be preserved as if it were possible to be preserved as if it were possible to be preserved but in order to Revenge it when it was but in order to Revenge it when it was but in order to Revenge it when it was already already already destroyed and that they should set destroyed and that they should set destroyed and that they should set Before Their Eyes how their old men were Before Their Eyes how their old men were Before Their Eyes how their old men were to be slain and their children and wives to be slain and their children and wives to be slain and their children and wives were to be killed immediately by the were to be killed immediately by the were to be killed immediately by the enemy and that they would beforehand enemy and that they would beforehand enemy and that they would beforehand spend all their fury on account of the spend all their fury on account of the spend all their fury on account of the calamities just coming upon them and calamities just coming upon them and calamities just coming upon them and pour it out on the actors and thus did pour it out on the actors and thus did pour it out on the actors and thus did Josephus dispose of both his bodies of Josephus dispose of both his bodies of Josephus dispose of both his bodies of men but then for the useless part of the

men but then for the useless part of the men but then for the useless part of the citizens the women and children when citizens the women and children when citizens the women and children when they saw their City encompassed by a they saw their City encompassed by a they saw their City encompassed by a three-fold army for none of the usual three-fold army for none of the usual three-fold army for none of the usual guards that had been fighting before guards that had been fighting before guards that had been fighting before were removed when they also saw not only were removed when they also saw not only were removed when they also saw not only the walls thrown down but their enemies the walls thrown down but their enemies the walls thrown down but their enemies with swords in their hands as also the with swords in their hands as also the with swords in their hands as also the hilly country above them shining with hilly country above them shining with hilly country above them shining with their weapons and the darts in the hands their weapons and the darts in the hands their weapons and the darts in the hands of the Arabian archers they made a final of the Arabian archers they made a final of the Arabian archers they made a final and lamentable outcry of the destruction and lamentable outcry of the destruction and lamentable outcry of the destruction as if the misery were not only as if the misery were not only as if the misery were not only threatened but actually come upon them threatened but actually come upon them threatened but actually come upon them already but Josephus ordered the women already but Josephus ordered the women already but Josephus ordered the women to be shut up in their houses lest they to be shut up in their houses lest they to be shut up in their houses lest they should render the warlike actions of the should render the warlike actions of the should render the warlike actions of the men to effeminate by making them men to effeminate by making them men to effeminate by making them commiserate their condition and commiserate their condition and commiserate their condition and commanded them to hold their peace and commanded them to hold their peace and commanded them to hold their peace and threatened them if they did not while he threatened them if they did not while he threatened them if they did not while he came himself before the breach where his came himself before the breach where his came himself before the breach where his allotment was for all those who brought allotment was for all those who brought allotment was for all those who brought ladders to the other places he took no ladders to the other places he took no ladders to the other places he took no notice of them but earnestly waited for notice of them but earnestly waited for notice of them but earnestly waited for the shower of arrows that was the shower of arrows that was the shower of arrows that was coming and now the trumpeters of the coming and now the trumpeters of the coming and now the trumpeters of the several Roman Legions sounded together several Roman Legions sounded together several Roman Legions sounded together and the Army made a terrible shout and and the Army made a terrible shout and and the Army made a terrible shout and the darts as by order flew so fast that the darts as by order flew so fast that the darts as by order flew so fast that they intercepted the light however they intercepted the light however they intercepted the light however Josephus his men remembered the charges Josephus his men remembered the charges Josephus his men remembered the charges he had given them they stopped their he had given them they stopped their he had given them they stopped their ears at the sounds and covered their ears at the sounds and covered their ears at the sounds and covered their bodies against the darts and as to the bodies against the darts and as to the bodies against the darts and as to the engines that were set ready to go to engines that were set ready to go to engines that were set ready to go to work the Jews ran out upon them before work the Jews ran out upon them before work the Jews ran out upon them before those that should have used them were those that should have used them were those that should have used them were gotten upon gotten upon gotten upon them and now on the ascending of the

them and now on the ascending of the them and now on the ascending of the soldiers there was a great conflict and soldiers there was a great conflict and soldiers there was a great conflict and many actions of the hands and of the many actions of the hands and of the many actions of the hands and of the Soul were exhibited while the Jews did Soul were exhibited while the Jews did Soul were exhibited while the Jews did earnestly Endeavor in the extreme danger earnestly Endeavor in the extreme danger earnestly Endeavor in the extreme danger they were in not to show less courage they were in not to show less courage they were in not to show less courage than those who without being in danger than those who without being in danger than those who without being in danger fought so stoutly against them nor did fought so stoutly against them nor did fought so stoutly against them nor did they leave struggling with the Romans they leave struggling with the Romans they leave struggling with the Romans till they either fell down dead till they either fell down dead till they either fell down dead themselves or killed their themselves or killed their themselves or killed their antagonists but the Jews grew weary with antagonists but the Jews grew weary with antagonists but the Jews grew weary with defending themselves continually and had defending themselves continually and had defending themselves continually and had not enough to come in their places and not enough to come in their places and not enough to come in their places and sucker them while on the side of the sucker them while on the side of the sucker them while on the side of the Romans fresh men still succeeded those Romans fresh men still succeeded those Romans fresh men still succeeded those that were tired and still new men soon that were tired and still new men soon that were tired and still new men soon got upon the engines for Ascent in the got upon the engines for Ascent in the got upon the engines for Ascent in the room of those that were thrust down room of those that were thrust down room of those that were thrust down those encouraging one another and those encouraging one another and those encouraging one another and joining side to side with their Shields joining side to side with their Shields joining side to side with their Shields which were protection to them they which were protection to them they which were protection to them they became a body of men not to be became a body of men not to be became a body of men not to be broken and as this band thrust away the broken and as this band thrust away the broken and as this band thrust away the Jews as though they were themselves but Jews as though they were themselves but Jews as though they were themselves but one body they began already to get upon one body they began already to get upon one body they began already to get upon the the the wall then did Josephus take necessity wall then did Josephus take necessity wall then did Josephus take necessity for his counselor in this utmost for his counselor in this utmost for his counselor in this utmost distress which necessity is very distress which necessity is very distress which necessity is very sagacious in inv mention when it is sagacious in inv mention when it is sagacious in inv mention when it is irritated by Despair and gave orders to irritated by Despair and gave orders to irritated by Despair and gave orders to pour scalding oil upon those whose pour scalding oil upon those whose pour scalding oil upon those whose Shields protected them whereupon they Shields protected them whereupon they Shields protected them whereupon they soon got it ready being many that soon got it ready being many that soon got it ready being many that brought it and what they brought being a brought it and what they brought being a brought it and what they brought being a great quantity also and poured it on all great quantity also and poured it on all great quantity also and poured it on all sides upon the Romans and threw down sides upon the Romans and threw down sides upon the Romans and threw down upon them their vessels as they were

upon them their vessels as they were upon them their vessels as they were still hissing from the heat of the fire still hissing from the heat of the fire still hissing from the heat of the fire this so burnt the Romans that it this so burnt the Romans that it this so burnt the Romans that it dispersed that United band which now dispersed that United band which now dispersed that United band which now tumbled down from the wall with hor tumbled down from the wall with hor tumbled down from the wall with hor pains for the oil did easily run down pains for the oil did easily run down pains for the oil did easily run down the whole body from head to foot under the whole body from head to foot under the whole body from head to foot under their armor and fed upon their flesh their armor and fed upon their flesh their armor and fed upon their flesh like flame itself its fat and anxious like flame itself its fat and anxious like flame itself its fat and anxious nature rendering it soon heated and nature rendering it soon heated and nature rendering it soon heated and slowly cool and as the men were cooped slowly cool and as the men were cooped slowly cool and as the men were cooped up in their head pieces and breastplates up in their head pieces and breastplates up in their head pieces and breastplates they could no way get free from this they could no way get free from this they could no way get free from this burning oil they could only leap and burning oil they could only leap and burning oil they could only leap and roll about in their pains as they fell roll about in their pains as they fell roll about in their pains as they fell down from the bridges they had down from the bridges they had down from the bridges they had laid and as they thus were beaten back laid and as they thus were beaten back laid and as they thus were beaten back and retired to their own party who still and retired to their own party who still and retired to their own party who still pressed them forward they were easily pressed them forward they were easily pressed them forward they were easily wounded by those behind them however in wounded by those behind them however in wounded by those behind them however in this ill success of the Romans their this ill success of the Romans their this ill success of the Romans their courage did not fail them nor did the courage did not fail them nor did the courage did not fail them nor did the Jews want Prudence to oppose them for Jews want Prudence to oppose them for Jews want Prudence to oppose them for the Romans although they saw their own the Romans although they saw their own the Romans although they saw their own men thrown down in in a miserable men thrown down in in a miserable men thrown down in in a miserable condition yet were they vehemently bent condition yet were they vehemently bent condition yet were they vehemently bent upon those that poured the oil upon them upon those that poured the oil upon them upon those that poured the oil upon them while everyone reproached the man before while everyone reproached the man before while everyone reproached the man before him as a coward and one that hindered him as a coward and one that hindered him as a coward and one that hindered him from exerting himself and while the him from exerting himself and while the him from exerting himself and while the Jews made use of another strategy to Jews made use of another strategy to Jews made use of another strategy to prevent their ascent and poured boiling prevent their ascent and poured boiling prevent their ascent and poured boiling fenugreek upon the boards in order to fenugreek upon the boards in order to fenugreek upon the boards in order to make them slip and fall down by which make them slip and fall down by which make them slip and fall down by which means neither could those that were means neither could those that were means neither could those that were coming up nor those that were going down coming up nor those that were going down coming up nor those that were going down stand upon their feet but some of them stand upon their feet but some of them stand upon their feet but some of them fell backward upon the machines on which fell backward upon the machines on which fell backward upon the machines on which they ascended and were trotten down many

they ascended and were trotten down many they ascended and were trotten down many of them fell down upon the bank they had of them fell down upon the bank they had of them fell down upon the bank they had raised and when they were Fallen upon it raised and when they were Fallen upon it raised and when they were Fallen upon it were slain by the Jews for when the were slain by the Jews for when the were slain by the Jews for when the Romans could not keep their feet the Romans could not keep their feet the Romans could not keep their feet the Jews being freed from fighting hand to Jews being freed from fighting hand to Jews being freed from fighting hand to hand had Leisure to throw their darts hand had Leisure to throw their darts hand had Leisure to throw their darts upon upon upon them so the general called off these them so the general called off these them so the general called off these soldiers in the evening that had soldiers in the evening that had soldiers in the evening that had suffered so sorely of whom the number of suffered so sorely of whom the number of suffered so sorely of whom the number of the slain was not a few while that of the slain was not a few while that of the slain was not a few while that of the Wounded was still greater but of the the Wounded was still greater but of the the Wounded was still greater but of the people of jotapata no more than six men people of jotapata no more than six men people of jotapata no more than six men were killed although more than 300 were were killed although more than 300 were were killed although more than 300 were carried off wounded this fight happened carried off wounded this fight happened carried off wounded this fight happened on the 20th day of the month of desius svan hereupon on Vespasian comforted his svan hereupon on Vespasian comforted his army on occasion of what happened and as army on occasion of what happened and as army on occasion of what happened and as he found them angry indeed but rather he found them angry indeed but rather he found them angry indeed but rather wanting somewhat to do than any further wanting somewhat to do than any further wanting somewhat to do than any further exhortations he gave orders to raise the exhortations he gave orders to raise the exhortations he gave orders to raise the bank still higher and to erect three bank still higher and to erect three bank still higher and to erect three towers each 50 ft high and that they towers each 50 ft high and that they towers each 50 ft high and that they should cover them with plates of iron on should cover them with plates of iron on should cover them with plates of iron on every side that they might be both firm every side that they might be both firm every side that they might be both firm by their weight and not easily liable to by their weight and not easily liable to by their weight and not easily liable to be set on fire these towers he set upon be set on fire these towers he set upon be set on fire these towers he set upon the banks and placed upon them such as the banks and placed upon them such as the banks and placed upon them such as could shoot darts and arrows with the could shoot darts and arrows with the could shoot darts and arrows with the lighter engines for throwing stones and lighter engines for throwing stones and lighter engines for throwing stones and darts also and besides these he set upon darts also and besides these he set upon darts also and besides these he set upon them the stoutest men among the Slingers them the stoutest men among the Slingers them the stoutest men among the Slingers who not being to be seen by reason of who not being to be seen by reason of who not being to be seen by reason of the height they stood upon and the the height they stood upon and the the height they stood upon and the battlements that protected them might battlements that protected them might battlements that protected them might throw their weapons at those that were throw their weapons at those that were throw their weapons at those that were still upon the wall and were easily seen still upon the wall and were easily seen still upon the wall and were easily seen by them here upon the Jews not being

by them here upon the Jews not being by them here upon the Jews not being easily able to escape those darts that easily able to escape those darts that easily able to escape those darts that were thrown down upon their heads nor to were thrown down upon their heads nor to were thrown down upon their heads nor to avenge themselves on Those whom they avenge themselves on Those whom they avenge themselves on Those whom they could not see and and perceiving that could not see and and perceiving that could not see and and perceiving that the height of the towers was so great the height of the towers was so great the height of the towers was so great that a dart which they threw with their that a dart which they threw with their that a dart which they threw with their hand could easily reach it and that the hand could easily reach it and that the hand could easily reach it and that the iron plates about them made it very hard iron plates about them made it very hard iron plates about them made it very hard to come at them by fire they ran away to come at them by fire they ran away to come at them by fire they ran away from the walls and fled hastily out of from the walls and fled hastily out of from the walls and fled hastily out of the city and fell upon those that shot the city and fell upon those that shot the city and fell upon those that shot at them and thus did the people of at them and thus did the people of at them and thus did the people of jotapata resist the Romans while a great jotapata resist the Romans while a great jotapata resist the Romans while a great number of them were every day killed number of them were every day killed number of them were every day killed without their being able to retor the without their being able to retor the without their being able to retor the evil upon their enemies nor could they evil upon their enemies nor could they evil upon their enemies nor could they keep them out of the city without Danger keep them out of the city without Danger keep them out of the city without Danger to themselves at this time it was that themselves at this time it was that vaspian sent out traun against a city vaspian sent out traun against a city vaspian sent out traun against a city called Jaffa that lay near to chapata called Jaffa that lay near to chapata called Jaffa that lay near to chapata and that desired Innovations and was and that desired Innovations and was and that desired Innovations and was puffed up with the unexpected length of puffed up with the unexpected length of puffed up with the unexpected length of the opposition of jotapata this trun was the opposition of jotapata this trun was the opposition of jotapata this trun was the commander of the 10th Legion and to the commander of the 10th Legion and to the commander of the 10th Legion and to him theasian committed 1,000 Horsemen him theasian committed 1,000 Horsemen him theasian committed 1,000 Horsemen and 2,000 and 2,000 and 2,000 footmen when trun came to the city he footmen when trun came to the city he footmen when trun came to the city he found it hard to be taken found it hard to be taken found it hard to be taken for besides the natural strength of its for besides the natural strength of its for besides the natural strength of its situation it was also secured by a situation it was also secured by a situation it was also secured by a double wall but when he saw the people double wall but when he saw the people double wall but when he saw the people of the city coming out of it and ready of the city coming out of it and ready of the city coming out of it and ready to fight him he joined battle with them to fight him he joined battle with them to fight him he joined battle with them and after a short resistance which they and after a short resistance which they and after a short resistance which they made he pursued after them and as they made he pursued after them and as they made he pursued after them and as they fled to their first Wall the Romans fled to their first Wall the Romans fled to their first Wall the Romans followed so closely that they fell in followed so closely that they fell in followed so closely that they fell in together with them but when the Jews together with them but when the Jews together with them but when the Jews were endeavoring to get again within

were endeavoring to get again within were endeavoring to get again within their second wall their fellow citizens their second wall their fellow citizens their second wall their fellow citizens shut them out as being afraid that the shut them out as being afraid that the shut them out as being afraid that the Romans would force themselves in with Romans would force themselves in with Romans would force themselves in with them it was certain God therefore who them it was certain God therefore who them it was certain God therefore who brought the Romans to punish the brought the Romans to punish the brought the Romans to punish the galileans and did then expose the people galileans and did then expose the people galileans and did then expose the people of the city every one of them manifestly of the city every one of them manifestly of the city every one of them manifestly to be destroyed by their bloody enemies to be destroyed by their bloody enemies to be destroyed by their bloody enemies for when they fell upon the gates in for when they fell upon the gates in for when they fell upon the gates in great crowds and earnestly calling to great crowds and earnestly calling to great crowds and earnestly calling to those that kept them and that by their those that kept them and that by their those that kept them and that by their names also yet had they their throats names also yet had they their throats names also yet had they their throats cut in the very midst of their cut in the very midst of their cut in the very midst of their supplications for the enemy shut the supplications for the enemy shut the supplications for the enemy shut the gates of the First wall and their own gates of the First wall and their own gates of the First wall and their own citizens shut the gates of the second so citizens shut the gates of the second so citizens shut the gates of the second so that they were enclosed between two that they were enclosed between two that they were enclosed between two walls and were slain in great numbers walls and were slain in great numbers walls and were slain in great numbers together many of them were run through together many of them were run through together many of them were run through by swords of their own men and many by by swords of their own men and many by by swords of their own men and many by their own swords besides an immense their own swords besides an immense their own swords besides an immense number that were slain by the Romans nor number that were slain by the Romans nor number that were slain by the Romans nor had they any courage to Revenge had they any courage to Revenge had they any courage to Revenge themselves for there was added to the themselves for there was added to the themselves for there was added to the consternation they were in from the consternation they were in from the consternation they were in from the enemy their being betrayed by their own enemy their being betrayed by their own enemy their being betrayed by their own friends which quite broke their spirits friends which quite broke their spirits friends which quite broke their spirits and at last they died cursing not the and at last they died cursing not the and at last they died cursing not the Romans but their own citizens till they Romans but their own citizens till they Romans but their own citizens till they were all destroyed being a number were all destroyed being a number were all destroyed being a number 12,000 so Tran gathered that the city 12,000 so Tran gathered that the city 12,000 so Tran gathered that the city was empty of people that could fight and was empty of people that could fight and was empty of people that could fight and although there should a few of them be although there should a few of them be although there should a few of them be therein he supposed that they would be therein he supposed that they would be therein he supposed that they would be too timorous to venture upon any too timorous to venture upon any too timorous to venture upon any opposition so he reserved the taking of opposition so he reserved the taking of opposition so he reserved the taking of the city to the the city to the the city to the general accordingly he sent Messengers general accordingly he sent Messengers general accordingly he sent Messengers to Vespasian and desired him to send his

to Vespasian and desired him to send his to Vespasian and desired him to send his son Titus to finish the victory he had son Titus to finish the victory he had son Titus to finish the victory he had gained Vespasian hereupon imagining gained Vespasian hereupon imagining gained Vespasian hereupon imagining there might be some Pain still necessary there might be some Pain still necessary there might be some Pain still necessary sent his son with an army of 500 sent his son with an army of 500 sent his son with an army of 500 Horsemen and 1,000 Horsemen and 1,000 Horsemen and 1,000 footmen so he came quickly to the city footmen so he came quickly to the city footmen so he came quickly to the city and put his army in order and sent trun and put his army in order and sent trun and put his army in order and sent trun over the left wing while he had the over the left wing while he had the over the left wing while he had the right wing himself and led them to The right wing himself and led them to The right wing himself and led them to The Siege and when the soldiers brought Siege and when the soldiers brought Siege and when the soldiers brought ladders to be laid against the wall on ladders to be laid against the wall on ladders to be laid against the wall on every side the galileans opposed them every side the galileans opposed them every side the galileans opposed them from above for a while but soon from above for a while but soon from above for a while but soon afterwards they left the afterwards they left the afterwards they left the walls then did titus's men leap into the walls then did titus's men leap into the walls then did titus's men leap into the City and seized upon it presently but City and seized upon it presently but City and seized upon it presently but when those that were in it were gotten when those that were in it were gotten when those that were in it were gotten together there was a fierce battle together there was a fierce battle together there was a fierce battle between them for the men of power fell between them for the men of power fell between them for the men of power fell upon the Romans in the narrow streets upon the Romans in the narrow streets upon the Romans in the narrow streets and the women threw whatsoever came next and the women threw whatsoever came next and the women threw whatsoever came next to hand at them and sustained a fight to hand at them and sustained a fight to hand at them and sustained a fight with them for 6 hours time but when the with them for 6 hours time but when the with them for 6 hours time but when the fighting men were spent the rest of the fighting men were spent the rest of the fighting men were spent the rest of the multitude had their throats cut partly multitude had their throats cut partly multitude had their throats cut partly in the open air and partly in their own in the open air and partly in their own in the open air and partly in their own houses both young and old together so houses both young and old together so houses both young and old together so there were no males now remaining there were no males now remaining there were no males now remaining besides infants which with the women besides infants which with the women besides infants which with the women were carried as slaves into captivity so were carried as slaves into captivity so were carried as slaves into captivity so that the number of the slain both now in that the number of the slain both now in that the number of the slain both now in the city and at the former fight was the city and at the former fight was the city and at the former fight was 15,000 and the captives were 15,000 and the captives were 15,000 and the captives were 2,130 This calamity befell the galileans 2,130 This calamity befell the galileans 2,130 This calamity befell the galileans on the 25th day of the month of desius on the 25th day of the month of desius on the 25th day of the month of desius svan nor did the Samaritans Escape their svan nor did the Samaritans Escape their svan nor did the Samaritans Escape their share of misfortunes at this time for

share of misfortunes at this time for share of misfortunes at this time for they assembled themselves together on a they assembled themselves together on a they assembled themselves together on a mountain called gazim which is with them mountain called gazim which is with them mountain called gazim which is with them a holy mountain and there remained which a holy mountain and there remained which a holy mountain and there remained which collection of theirs as well as the collection of theirs as well as the collection of theirs as well as the courageous minds they showed could not courageous minds they showed could not courageous minds they showed could not but threaten somewhat of but threaten somewhat of but threaten somewhat of War nor were they rendered wiser by the War nor were they rendered wiser by the War nor were they rendered wiser by the miseries that came upon their miseries that came upon their miseries that came upon their neighboring neighboring neighboring cities they also notwithstanding the cities they also notwithstanding the cities they also notwithstanding the great success the Romans had marched on great success the Romans had marched on great success the Romans had marched on in an unreasonable manner depending on in an unreasonable manner depending on in an unreasonable manner depending on their own weakness and were disposed for their own weakness and were disposed for their own weakness and were disposed for any tumult upon its first any tumult upon its first any tumult upon its first appearance theasian therefore thought it appearance theasian therefore thought it appearance theasian therefore thought it best to prevent their motions and to cut best to prevent their motions and to cut best to prevent their motions and to cut off the the foundation of their attempts off the the foundation of their attempts off the the foundation of their attempts for although all Samaria had ever for although all Samaria had ever for although all Samaria had ever Garrison settled among them yet did the Garrison settled among them yet did the Garrison settled among them yet did the number of those that were come to mount number of those that were come to mount number of those that were come to mount gazim and their conspiracy together give gazim and their conspiracy together give gazim and their conspiracy together give ground for fear what they might be at he ground for fear what they might be at he ground for fear what they might be at he therefore sent thither serialis the therefore sent thither serialis the therefore sent thither serialis the commander of the fifth Legion with 600 commander of the fifth Legion with 600 commander of the fifth Legion with 600 Horsemen and 3,000 footmen who did not Horsemen and 3,000 footmen who did not Horsemen and 3,000 footmen who did not think it safe to go up to the mountain think it safe to go up to the mountain think it safe to go up to the mountain and give them battle because many of the and give them battle because many of the and give them battle because many of the enemy were on the higher part of the enemy were on the higher part of the enemy were on the higher part of the ground so he encompassed the lower part ground so he encompassed the lower part ground so he encompassed the lower part of the mountain with his army and of the mountain with his army and of the mountain with his army and watched them all that day now it happens watched them all that day now it happens watched them all that day now it happens that the Samaritans who were now that the Samaritans who were now that the Samaritans who were now destitute of water were inflamed with a destitute of water were inflamed with a destitute of water were inflamed with a violent heat for it was summertime and violent heat for it was summertime and violent heat for it was summertime and the multitude had not provided the multitude had not provided the multitude had not provided themselves with themselves with themselves with necessaries in so much that some of them necessaries in so much that some of them necessaries in so much that some of them died that very day with heat While died that very day with heat While died that very day with heat While others of them preferred slavery to such others of them preferred slavery to such others of them preferred slavery to such a death as that was and fled to the

a death as that was and fled to the a death as that was and fled to the Romans by whom serelis understood that Romans by whom serelis understood that Romans by whom serelis understood that those which still stayed there were very those which still stayed there were very those which still stayed there were very much broken by their much broken by their much broken by their misfortunes so he went up to the misfortunes so he went up to the misfortunes so he went up to the mountain and having placed his forces mountain and having placed his forces mountain and having placed his forces round about the enemy he and the first round about the enemy he and the first round about the enemy he and the first place exhorted them to take the security place exhorted them to take the security place exhorted them to take the security of his right hand and come to terms with of his right hand and come to terms with of his right hand and come to terms with them and thereby save themselves and them and thereby save themselves and them and thereby save themselves and assured them that if they would lay down assured them that if they would lay down assured them that if they would lay down their arms he would secure them from any their arms he would secure them from any their arms he would secure them from any harm but when he could not Prevail with harm but when he could not Prevail with harm but when he could not Prevail with them he fell upon them and slew them all them he fell upon them and slew them all them he fell upon them and slew them all being a number being a number being a number 11,600 11,600 11,600 this was done on the 27th day of the this was done on the 27th day of the this was done on the 27th day of the month of desius month of desius month of desius saan and these were the calamities that saan and these were the calamities that saan and these were the calamities that befell the Samaritans at this befell the Samaritans at this befell the Samaritans at this time but as the people of jotapata still time but as the people of jotapata still time but as the people of jotapata still held out manfully and bore up under held out manfully and bore up under held out manfully and bore up under their misfortunes beyond all that could their misfortunes beyond all that could their misfortunes beyond all that could be hoped for on the 47th day of The be hoped for on the 47th day of The be hoped for on the 47th day of The Siege the Banks cast up by the Romans Siege the Banks cast up by the Romans Siege the Banks cast up by the Romans were become higher than the were become higher than the were become higher than the wall on which day a certain deserter wall on which day a certain deserter wall on which day a certain deserter went to Vespasian and told him how few went to Vespasian and told him how few went to Vespasian and told him how few were left left in the city and how weak were left left in the city and how weak were left left in the city and how weak they were and that they had been so worn they were and that they had been so worn they were and that they had been so worn out with Perpetual watching and as out with Perpetual watching and as out with Perpetual watching and as Perpetual fighting that they could not Perpetual fighting that they could not Perpetual fighting that they could not now oppose any force that came against now oppose any force that came against now oppose any force that came against them and that they might be taken by them and that they might be taken by them and that they might be taken by strategy if anyone would attack them for strategy if anyone would attack them for strategy if anyone would attack them for that about the last watch of the night that about the last watch of the night that about the last watch of the night when they thought they might have some when they thought they might have some when they thought they might have some rest from the hardships they were under rest from the hardships they were under rest from the hardships they were under and when a morning sleep used to come and when a morning sleep used to come and when a morning sleep used to come upon them as they were thoroughly weary

upon them as they were thoroughly weary upon them as they were thoroughly weary he said that the watch used to fall he said that the watch used to fall he said that the watch used to fall asleep accordingly his advice was that asleep accordingly his advice was that asleep accordingly his advice was that they should make their attack at that they should make their attack at that they should make their attack at that hour but Vespasian had a suspicion about hour but Vespasian had a suspicion about hour but Vespasian had a suspicion about this deserter as knowing how faithful this deserter as knowing how faithful this deserter as knowing how faithful the Jews were to one another and how the Jews were to one another and how the Jews were to one another and how much they despised any punishments that much they despised any punishments that much they despised any punishments that could be inflicted on them this last could be inflicted on them this last could be inflicted on them this last because one of the people of jotapata because one of the people of jotapata because one of the people of jotapata had undergone all sorts of torments and had undergone all sorts of torments and had undergone all sorts of torments and though they made him passed through a though they made him passed through a though they made him passed through a fiery trail of his enemies in his fiery trail of his enemies in his fiery trail of his enemies in his examination yet would he inform them examination yet would he inform them examination yet would he inform them nothing of the Affairs within the city nothing of the Affairs within the city nothing of the Affairs within the city and as he was crucified smiled at them and as he was crucified smiled at them and as he was crucified smiled at them however the probability there was in the however the probability there was in the however the probability there was in the relation itself did partly confirm from relation itself did partly confirm from relation itself did partly confirm from the truth of what the deserter told them the truth of what the deserter told them the truth of what the deserter told them and they thought he might probably speak and they thought he might probably speak and they thought he might probably speak the truth however Vespasian thought they the truth however Vespasian thought they the truth however Vespasian thought they should be no great sufferers if the should be no great sufferers if the should be no great sufferers if the report was a sham so he commanded them report was a sham so he commanded them report was a sham so he commanded them to keep the man in custody and prepared to keep the man in custody and prepared to keep the man in custody and prepared the Army for taking the city According the Army for taking the city According the Army for taking the city According to which resolution they marched without to which resolution they marched without to which resolution they marched without noise at the hour that had been told noise at the hour that had been told noise at the hour that had been told them to the wall and it was Titus them to the wall and it was Titus them to the wall and it was Titus himself that first got upon it with one himself that first got upon it with one himself that first got upon it with one of his tribunes Demus sabinus and had a of his tribunes Demus sabinus and had a of his tribunes Demus sabinus and had a few of the Legion along with him so they few of the Legion along with him so they few of the Legion along with him so they cut the throats of the watch and entered cut the throats of the watch and entered cut the throats of the watch and entered the city very the city very the city very quietly after these came serialis the quietly after these came serialis the quietly after these came serialis the Tribune and placidus and led on those Tribune and placidus and led on those Tribune and placidus and led on those that were under them now when the that were under them now when the that were under them now when the Citadel was taken and the enemy were in Citadel was taken and the enemy were in Citadel was taken and the enemy were in the very midst of the city and when it the very midst of the city and when it the very midst of the city and when it was already day yet was not the taking was already day yet was not the taking was already day yet was not the taking of the city known by those that held it of the city known by those that held it of the city known by those that held it for a great many of them were fast for a great many of them were fast for a great many of them were fast asleep and a great Mist which then by

asleep and a great Mist which then by asleep and a great Mist which then by chance fell upon the city hindered those chance fell upon the city hindered those chance fell upon the city hindered those that got up from distinctly seeing the that got up from distinctly seeing the that got up from distinctly seeing the case they were in till the whole Roman case they were in till the whole Roman case they were in till the whole Roman army was gotten in and they were raised army was gotten in and they were raised army was gotten in and they were raised up only to find the miseries they were up only to find the miseries they were up only to find the miseries they were under and as they were slaying they under and as they were slaying they under and as they were slaying they perceived the city was perceived the city was perceived the city was taken and for the Romans they so well taken and for the Romans they so well taken and for the Romans they so well remembered what they had suffered during remembered what they had suffered during remembered what they had suffered during the siege that they spared none nor pied the siege that they spared none nor pied the siege that they spared none nor pied any but drove the people down the preice any but drove the people down the preice any but drove the people down the preice from The Citadel and slew them as they from The Citadel and slew them as they from The Citadel and slew them as they drove them drove them drove them down Ed which time the difficulties of down Ed which time the difficulties of down Ed which time the difficulties of the place hindered those that were still the place hindered those that were still the place hindered those that were still able to fight from defending themselves able to fight from defending themselves able to fight from defending themselves for as they were distressed in the for as they were distressed in the for as they were distressed in the narrow streets and could not keep their narrow streets and could not keep their narrow streets and could not keep their feet Shore along the precipice they were feet Shore along the precipice they were feet Shore along the precipice they were overpowered with the crowd of those that overpowered with the crowd of those that overpowered with the crowd of those that came fighting them down from the Citadel came fighting them down from the Citadel came fighting them down from the Citadel this provoked a great many even of those this provoked a great many even of those this provoked a great many even of those chosen men that were about Josephus to chosen men that were about Josephus to chosen men that were about Josephus to kill themselves with their own hands for kill themselves with their own hands for kill themselves with their own hands for when they saw that they could kill none when they saw that they could kill none when they saw that they could kill none of the Romans they resolved to prevent of the Romans they resolved to prevent of the Romans they resolved to prevent being killed by the Romans and got being killed by the Romans and got being killed by the Romans and got together in great numbers in the utmost together in great numbers in the utmost together in great numbers in the utmost parts of the city and killed parts of the city and killed parts of the city and killed themselves however such of the watch as themselves however such of the watch as themselves however such of the watch as at the first perceived they were taken at the first perceived they were taken at the first perceived they were taken and ran away as fast as they could went and ran away as fast as they could went and ran away as fast as they could went up into one of the towers on the north up into one of the towers on the north up into one of the towers on the north side of the city and for a while side of the city and for a while side of the city and for a while defended themselves there but as they defended themselves there but as they defended themselves there but as they were encompassed with a great multitude were encompassed with a great multitude were encompassed with a great multitude of enemies they tried to use their right of enemies they tried to use their right of enemies they tried to use their right hands when it was too late and at length hands when it was too late and at length hands when it was too late and at length they cheerfully offered their necks to they cheerfully offered their necks to they cheerfully offered their necks to be cut off by those that stood over them

be cut off by those that stood over them be cut off by those that stood over them and the Romans might have boasted that and the Romans might have boasted that and the Romans might have boasted that the conclusion of the siege was without the conclusion of the siege was without the conclusion of the siege was without blood on their side if there had not blood on their side if there had not blood on their side if there had not been a centurion Antonius who was slain been a centurion Antonius who was slain been a centurion Antonius who was slain at The Taking of the at The Taking of the at The Taking of the city his death was occasioned by the city his death was occasioned by the city his death was occasioned by the following following following treachery for there was one of those treachery for there was one of those treachery for there was one of those that were fled into the caverns which that were fled into the caverns which that were fled into the caverns which were a great number who desired that were a great number who desired that were a great number who desired that this Antonius would reach him his right this Antonius would reach him his right this Antonius would reach him his right hand for his security and would assure hand for his security and would assure hand for his security and would assure him that he would preserve him and give him that he would preserve him and give him that he would preserve him and give him his assistance in getting up out of him his assistance in getting up out of him his assistance in getting up out of the C Cavern accordingly he incautiously the C Cavern accordingly he incautiously the C Cavern accordingly he incautiously reached him his right hand when the reached him his right hand when the reached him his right hand when the other man prevented him and stabbed him other man prevented him and stabbed him other man prevented him and stabbed him under his loins with a spear and killed under his loins with a spear and killed under his loins with a spear and killed him him him immediately and on this day it was that immediately and on this day it was that immediately and on this day it was that the Romans slew all the multitude that the Romans slew all the multitude that the Romans slew all the multitude that appeared openly but on the following appeared openly but on the following appeared openly but on the following days they searched the hiding places and days they searched the hiding places and days they searched the hiding places and fell upon those that were underground fell upon those that were underground fell upon those that were underground and in the caverns and went thus through and in the caverns and went thus through and in the caverns and went thus through every age excepting the infants and the every age excepting the infants and the every age excepting the infants and the women and of these there were gathered women and of these there were gathered women and of these there were gathered together as captives 1200 and as for together as captives 1200 and as for together as captives 1200 and as for those that were slain at The Taking of those that were slain at The Taking of those that were slain at The Taking of the city and in the former fights they the city and in the former fights they the city and in the former fights they were numbered to be were numbered to be were numbered to be 40,000 so Vespasian gave order that the 40,000 so Vespasian gave order that the 40,000 so Vespasian gave order that the city should be entirely demolished and city should be entirely demolished and city should be entirely demolished and all the fortifications burnt down and all the fortifications burnt down and all the fortifications burnt down and thus was dapat taken in the 13th year of thus was dapat taken in the 13th year of thus was dapat taken in the 13th year of the reign of Nero on the first day of the reign of Nero on the first day of the reign of Nero on the first day of the month of panis the month of panis the month of panis tamuz

tamuz tamuz end of book three chapter 7 part two book three chapter 8 of the wars of two book three chapter 8 of the wars of the Jews this is a LibriVox recording the Jews this is a LibriVox recording the Jews this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the all LibriVox recordings are in the all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to public domain for more information or to public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by Ann Boule the wars of the recording by Ann Boule the wars of the recording by Ann Boule the wars of the Jews by Jose Jews by Jose Jews by Jose translated by William Wiston book 3 CH 8 translated by William Wiston book 3 CH 8 translated by William Wiston book 3 CH 8 how Josephus was discovered by a woman how Josephus was discovered by a woman how Josephus was discovered by a woman and was willing to deliver himself up to and was willing to deliver himself up to and was willing to deliver himself up to the Romans and what discourse he had the Romans and what discourse he had the Romans and what discourse he had with his own men when they endeavored to with his own men when they endeavored to with his own men when they endeavored to hinder him and what he said to Vespasian hinder him and what he said to Vespasian hinder him and what he said to Vespasian when he was brought to him and after when he was brought to him and after when he was brought to him and after what Manner Vespasian used him afterward what Manner Vespasian used him afterward what Manner Vespasian used him afterward one and now the Romans searched for one and now the Romans searched for one and now the Romans searched for Josephus both out of the hatred they Josephus both out of the hatred they Josephus both out of the hatred they bore him and because their General was bore him and because their General was bore him and because their General was was very desirous to have him taken for was very desirous to have him taken for was very desirous to have him taken for he reckoned that if he were once taken he reckoned that if he were once taken he reckoned that if he were once taken the greatest part of the war would be the greatest part of the war would be the greatest part of the war would be over they then searched among the dead over they then searched among the dead over they then searched among the dead and looked into the most concealed and looked into the most concealed and looked into the most concealed recesses of the city but as the city was recesses of the city but as the city was recesses of the city but as the city was first taken he was assisted by a certain first taken he was assisted by a certain first taken he was assisted by a certain Supernatural Providence for he withdrew Supernatural Providence for he withdrew Supernatural Providence for he withdrew himself from the enemy when he was in himself from the enemy when he was in himself from the enemy when he was in the midst of them and leaped into a the midst of them and leaped into a the midst of them and leaped into a certain deep pit where too there certain deep pit where too there certain deep pit where too there adjoined a large Den at one side of it adjoined a large Den at one side of it adjoined a large Den at one side of it which Den could not be seen by those which Den could not be seen by those which Den could not be seen by those that were above ground that were above ground that were above ground and there he met with 40 persons of

and there he met with 40 persons of and there he met with 40 persons of eminency that had concealed themselves eminency that had concealed themselves eminency that had concealed themselves and with Provisions enough to satisfy and with Provisions enough to satisfy and with Provisions enough to satisfy them for not a few days so in the them for not a few days so in the them for not a few days so in the daytime he hid himself from the enemy daytime he hid himself from the enemy daytime he hid himself from the enemy who had seized upon all places and in who had seized upon all places and in who had seized upon all places and in the night time he got up out of the den the night time he got up out of the den the night time he got up out of the den and looked about for some way of and looked about for some way of and looked about for some way of escaping and took exact notice of the escaping and took exact notice of the escaping and took exact notice of the watch but as all places were guarded watch but as all places were guarded watch but as all places were guarded everywhere on his account that there was everywhere on his account that there was everywhere on his account that there was no way of getting off unseen he went no way of getting off unseen he went no way of getting off unseen he went down again into the den thus he down again into the den thus he down again into the den thus he concealed K himself two days but on the concealed K himself two days but on the concealed K himself two days but on the third day when they had taken a woman third day when they had taken a woman third day when they had taken a woman who had been with them he was discovered who had been with them he was discovered who had been with them he was discovered whereupon Vespasian sent immediately and whereupon Vespasian sent immediately and whereupon Vespasian sent immediately and zealously two tribunes paulinus and zealously two tribunes paulinus and zealously two tribunes paulinus and ganus and ordered them to give Josephus ganus and ordered them to give Josephus ganus and ordered them to give Josephus their right hands as a security for his their right hands as a security for his their right hands as a security for his life and to exhort him to come up two so life and to exhort him to come up two so life and to exhort him to come up two so they came and invited the man to come up they came and invited the man to come up they came and invited the man to come up and gave him assurances that his life and gave him assurances that his life and gave him assurances that his life should be preserved but they did not should be preserved but they did not should be preserved but they did not Prevail with him for he gathered Prevail with him for he gathered Prevail with him for he gathered suspicions from the probability there suspicions from the probability there suspicions from the probability there was that one who had done so many things was that one who had done so many things was that one who had done so many things against the Romans must suffer for it against the Romans must suffer for it against the Romans must suffer for it though not from the mild temper of those though not from the mild temper of those though not from the mild temper of those that invited him however he was afraid that invited him however he was afraid that invited him however he was afraid that he was invited to come up in order that he was invited to come up in order that he was invited to come up in order to be punished until basian sent besides to be punished until basian sent besides to be punished until basian sent besides these a third Tribune nikanor to him he these a third Tribune nikanor to him he these a third Tribune nikanor to him he was one that was well known to Josephus was one that was well known to Josephus was one that was well known to Josephus and had been his familiar acquaintance and had been his familiar acquaintance and had been his familiar acquaintance in old time when he was come he enlarged in old time when he was come he enlarged in old time when he was come he enlarged upon the natural mildness of the Romans upon the natural mildness of the Romans upon the natural mildness of the Romans towards those they have once conquered towards those they have once conquered towards those they have once conquered and told him that he had behaved himself and told him that he had behaved himself and told him that he had behaved himself so valiantly that the commanders rather

so valiantly that the commanders rather so valiantly that the commanders rather admired than hated him that the general admired than hated him that the general admired than hated him that the general was very desirous to have him brought to was very desirous to have him brought to was very desirous to have him brought to him not in order to punish him for that him not in order to punish him for that him not in order to punish him for that he could do though he should not come he could do though he should not come he could do though he should not come voluntarily but that he was determined voluntarily but that he was determined voluntarily but that he was determined to preserve a man of his courage he to preserve a man of his courage he to preserve a man of his courage he moreover added this that Vespasian had moreover added this that Vespasian had moreover added this that Vespasian had he been resolved to impose upon him he been resolved to impose upon him he been resolved to impose upon him would not have sent to him a friend of would not have sent to him a friend of would not have sent to him a friend of his own nor put the fairest color upon his own nor put the fairest color upon his own nor put the fairest color upon the violist action by pretending for the violist action by pretending for the violist action by pretending for friendship and meaning perfidiousness friendship and meaning perfidiousness friendship and meaning perfidiousness nor would he have himself acquiesced or nor would he have himself acquiesced or nor would he have himself acquiesced or come to him had it been to deceive him come to him had it been to deceive him come to him had it been to deceive him three now as Josephus began to hesitate three now as Josephus began to hesitate three now as Josephus began to hesitate with himself about noor's proposal the with himself about noor's proposal the with himself about noor's proposal the soldiery were so angry that they ran soldiery were so angry that they ran soldiery were so angry that they ran hastily to set fire to the den but the hastily to set fire to the den but the hastily to set fire to the den but the Tribune would not permit them to do so Tribune would not permit them to do so Tribune would not permit them to do so as being very desirous to take the man as being very desirous to take the man as being very desirous to take the man alive and now as ncor lay hard at alive and now as ncor lay hard at alive and now as ncor lay hard at Josephus to comply and he understood how Josephus to comply and he understood how Josephus to comply and he understood how the multitude ude of the enemies the multitude ude of the enemies the multitude ude of the enemies threatened him he called to mind the threatened him he called to mind the threatened him he called to mind the dreams which he had dreamed in the night dreams which he had dreamed in the night dreams which he had dreamed in the night time whereby God has signified to him time whereby God has signified to him time whereby God has signified to him beforehand both the future calamities of beforehand both the future calamities of beforehand both the future calamities of the Jews and the events that concern the the Jews and the events that concern the the Jews and the events that concern the Roman emperors now Josephus was able to Roman emperors now Josephus was able to Roman emperors now Josephus was able to give shrew conjectures about the give shrew conjectures about the give shrew conjectures about the interpretation of such dreams as have interpretation of such dreams as have interpretation of such dreams as have been Ambiguously delivered by God been Ambiguously delivered by God been Ambiguously delivered by God moreover he was not unacquainted with moreover he was not unacquainted with moreover he was not unacquainted with the prophecies contained in the sacred the prophecies contained in the sacred the prophecies contained in the sacred books as being a priest himself and of books as being a priest himself and of books as being a priest himself and of the posterity of priests and just then the posterity of priests and just then the posterity of priests and just then he was in an ecstasy and setting before he was in an ecstasy and setting before he was in an ecstasy and setting before him the tremendous images of the dreams

him the tremendous images of the dreams him the tremendous images of the dreams he had lately had he put up a secret he had lately had he put up a secret he had lately had he put up a secret prayer to God and said since it pleaseth prayer to God and said since it pleaseth prayer to God and said since it pleaseth thee who H has created the Jewish Nation thee who H has created the Jewish Nation thee who H has created the Jewish Nation to depress the same and since all their to depress the same and since all their to depress the same and since all their Good Fortune is gone over to the Romans Good Fortune is gone over to the Romans Good Fortune is gone over to the Romans and since thou Hast made choice of this and since thou Hast made choice of this and since thou Hast made choice of this soul of mine to foretell what is to come soul of mine to foretell what is to come soul of mine to foretell what is to come pass herea I willingly give them my pass herea I willingly give them my pass herea I willingly give them my hands and am content to live and I hands and am content to live and I hands and am content to live and I protest openly that I do not go over to protest openly that I do not go over to protest openly that I do not go over to the Romans as a deserter of the Jews but the Romans as a deserter of the Jews but the Romans as a deserter of the Jews but as a minister from as a minister from as a minister from thee four when he had said this he thee four when he had said this he thee four when he had said this he complied with nier's invitation but when complied with nier's invitation but when complied with nier's invitation but when those Jews who had fled with him those Jews who had fled with him those Jews who had fled with him understood that he yielded to those that understood that he yielded to those that understood that he yielded to those that invited him to come up they came about invited him to come up they came about invited him to come up they came about him in a body and cried out nay indeed him in a body and cried out nay indeed him in a body and cried out nay indeed now may the laws of our forefathers now may the laws of our forefathers now may the laws of our forefathers which God ordained himself well grown to which God ordained himself well grown to which God ordained himself well grown to purpose that God we mean who hath purpose that God we mean who hath purpose that God we mean who hath created this Souls of the Jews of such a created this Souls of the Jews of such a created this Souls of the Jews of such a temper that they despise death oh temper that they despise death oh temper that they despise death oh Josephus art thou still fond of life and Josephus art thou still fond of life and Josephus art thou still fond of life and cast thou bear to see the light in a cast thou bear to see the light in a cast thou bear to see the light in a state of slavery how soon hast thou state of slavery how soon hast thou state of slavery how soon hast thou forgotten thyself how many hast thou forgotten thyself how many hast thou forgotten thyself how many hast thou persuaded to lose their lives for persuaded to lose their lives for persuaded to lose their lives for Liberty thou Hast therefore had a false Liberty thou Hast therefore had a false Liberty thou Hast therefore had a false reputation for manhood and a like false reputation for manhood and a like false reputation for manhood and a like false reputation for wisdom if thou can't hope reputation for wisdom if thou can't hope reputation for wisdom if thou can't hope for preservation from those against whom for preservation from those against whom for preservation from those against whom thou Hast fought so zealously and art thou Hast fought so zealously and art thou Hast fought so zealously and art however willing to be preserved by them however willing to be preserved by them however willing to be preserved by them if they be in Earnest but although the if they be in Earnest but although the if they be in Earnest but although the Good Fortune of the Romans hath made

Good Fortune of the Romans hath made Good Fortune of the Romans hath made thee forget thyself we ought to take thee forget thyself we ought to take thee forget thyself we ought to take care that the glory of our forefathers care that the glory of our forefathers care that the glory of our forefathers may not be tarnished we will lend thee may not be tarnished we will lend thee may not be tarnished we will lend thee our right hand and sword and if thou wil our right hand and sword and if thou wil our right hand and sword and if thou wil die willingly thou wil die as general of die willingly thou wil die as general of die willingly thou wil die as general of the Jews but if unwillingly thou wil die the Jews but if unwillingly thou wil die the Jews but if unwillingly thou wil die as a traitor to them as soon as they as a traitor to them as soon as they as a traitor to them as soon as they said this they began to thrust their said this they began to thrust their said this they began to thrust their swords at him and threaten they would swords at him and threaten they would swords at him and threaten they would kill him if he thought of yielding kill him if he thought of yielding kill him if he thought of yielding himself to the himself to the himself to the Romans five upon this Josephus was Romans five upon this Josephus was Romans five upon this Josephus was afraid of their attacking him and yet afraid of their attacking him and yet afraid of their attacking him and yet thought he should be a betrayer of the thought he should be a betrayer of the thought he should be a betrayer of the commands of God if he died before they commands of God if he died before they commands of God if he died before they were delivered so he began to talk like were delivered so he began to talk like were delivered so he began to talk like a philosopher to them in the distress he a philosopher to them in the distress he a philosopher to them in the distress he was in then when he said thus to them oh was in then when he said thus to them oh was in then when he said thus to them oh my friends why are we so Earnest to kill my friends why are we so Earnest to kill my friends why are we so Earnest to kill ourselves and why do we set our soul and ourselves and why do we set our soul and ourselves and why do we set our soul and body which are such dear companions at body which are such dear companions at body which are such dear companions at such variance such variance such variance can anyone pretend that I am not the man can anyone pretend that I am not the man can anyone pretend that I am not the man I was formerly nay the Romans are I was formerly nay the Romans are I was formerly nay the Romans are sensible how that matter stands well sensible how that matter stands well sensible how that matter stands well enough it is a brave thing to die in war enough it is a brave thing to die in war enough it is a brave thing to die in war but so that it be according to the law but so that it be according to the law but so that it be according to the law of War by the hand of conquerors if of War by the hand of conquerors if of War by the hand of conquerors if therefore I avoid death from The Sword therefore I avoid death from The Sword therefore I avoid death from The Sword of the Romans I am truly worthy to be of the Romans I am truly worthy to be of the Romans I am truly worthy to be killed by my own sword and my own hand killed by my own sword and my own hand killed by my own sword and my own hand but if they admit of mercy and would but if they admit of mercy and would but if they admit of mercy and would spare their enemy how much more ought we spare their enemy how much more ought we spare their enemy how much more ought we to have mercy upon ourselves and to to have mercy upon ourselves and to to have mercy upon ourselves and to spare ourselves for it is certainly a spare ourselves for it is certainly a spare ourselves for it is certainly a foolish thing to do that to ourselves foolish thing to do that to ourselves foolish thing to do that to ourselves which we quarrel with them for doing to which we quarrel with them for doing to which we quarrel with them for doing to us I confess freely that it is a brave

us I confess freely that it is a brave us I confess freely that it is a brave thing to die for Liberty but still so thing to die for Liberty but still so thing to die for Liberty but still so that it be in war and done by those who that it be in war and done by those who that it be in war and done by those who take that Liberty from us but in the take that Liberty from us but in the take that Liberty from us but in the present case our enemies do neither meet present case our enemies do neither meet present case our enemies do neither meet us in battle nor do they kill us now he us in battle nor do they kill us now he us in battle nor do they kill us now he is equally a coward who will not die is equally a coward who will not die is equally a coward who will not die when he is obliged to die and he who when he is obliged to die and he who when he is obliged to die and he who will die when he is not obliged so to do will die when he is not obliged so to do will die when he is not obliged so to do what are we afraid of when we will not what are we afraid of when we will not what are we afraid of when we will not go up to the Romans is it death if so go up to the Romans is it death if so go up to the Romans is it death if so what are we afraid of when we but what are we afraid of when we but what are we afraid of when we but suspect our enemies will inflict it on suspect our enemies will inflict it on suspect our enemies will inflict it on us shall we inflict it on ourselves for us shall we inflict it on ourselves for us shall we inflict it on ourselves for certain but it may be said we must be certain but it may be said we must be certain but it may be said we must be slaves and are we then in a clear State slaves and are we then in a clear State slaves and are we then in a clear State of Liberty at present it may also be of Liberty at present it may also be of Liberty at present it may also be said that it is a manly act for one to said that it is a manly act for one to said that it is a manly act for one to kill himself no certainly but a most kill himself no certainly but a most kill himself no certainly but a most unmanly one as I should esteem that unmanly one as I should esteem that unmanly one as I should esteem that pilot to be an errant coward who out of pilot to be an errant coward who out of pilot to be an errant coward who out of fear of a storm St should sink his ship fear of a storm St should sink his ship fear of a storm St should sink his ship of his own accord now self- murder is a of his own accord now self- murder is a of his own accord now self- murder is a crime most remote from the common nature crime most remote from the common nature crime most remote from the common nature of all animals and an instance of of all animals and an instance of of all animals and an instance of impiety against God our creator nor impiety against God our creator nor impiety against God our creator nor indeed is there any animal that dies of indeed is there any animal that dies of indeed is there any animal that dies of its own contrivance or by its own means its own contrivance or by its own means its own contrivance or by its own means for the desire of life is a law engraven for the desire of life is a law engraven for the desire of life is a law engraven in them all on what account we deem in them all on what account we deem in them all on what account we deem those that openly take it away from us those that openly take it away from us those that openly take it away from us to be our enemies and those that do it to be our enemies and those that do it to be our enemies and those that do it by treachery are punished for so doing by treachery are punished for so doing by treachery are punished for so doing and do not you you think that God is and do not you you think that God is and do not you you think that God is very angry when a man does injury to very angry when a man does injury to very angry when a man does injury to what he hath bestowed on him for from what he hath bestowed on him for from what he hath bestowed on him for from him it is that we have received our him it is that we have received our him it is that we have received our being and we ought to leave it to his

being and we ought to leave it to his being and we ought to leave it to his disposal to take that being away from us disposal to take that being away from us disposal to take that being away from us the bodies of all men are indeed mortal the bodies of all men are indeed mortal the bodies of all men are indeed mortal and are created out of corruptible and are created out of corruptible and are created out of corruptible matter but the soul is ever Immortal and matter but the soul is ever Immortal and matter but the soul is ever Immortal and is a portion of the Divinity that is a portion of the Divinity that is a portion of the Divinity that inhabits our bodies besides if anyone inhabits our bodies besides if anyone inhabits our bodies besides if anyone destroys or abuses a depositum he hath destroys or abuses a depositum he hath destroys or abuses a depositum he hath received from a mere man he is esteemed received from a mere man he is esteemed received from a mere man he is esteemed a wicked and perfidious person but then a wicked and perfidious person but then a wicked and perfidious person but then if anyone cast out of his body this if anyone cast out of his body this if anyone cast out of his body this Divine depositum can we imagine that he Divine depositum can we imagine that he Divine depositum can we imagine that he who is thereby affronted does not know who is thereby affronted does not know who is thereby affronted does not know of it moreover our law justly ordains of it moreover our law justly ordains of it moreover our law justly ordains that slaves which run away from their that slaves which run away from their that slaves which run away from their Master shall be punished though the Master shall be punished though the Master shall be punished though the Masters they run away from may have been Masters they run away from may have been Masters they run away from may have been Wicked Masters to them and shall we Wicked Masters to them and shall we Wicked Masters to them and shall we Endeavor to run away from God who is the Endeavor to run away from God who is the Endeavor to run away from God who is the best of all Masters and not guilty of best of all Masters and not guilty of best of all Masters and not guilty of impiety do not you know that those who impiety do not you know that those who impiety do not you know that those who depart out of this life according to to depart out of this life according to to depart out of this life according to to the law of Nature and pay that debt the law of Nature and pay that debt the law of Nature and pay that debt which was received from God which he which was received from God which he which was received from God which he that lent it us is pleased to require it that lent it us is pleased to require it that lent it us is pleased to require it back again enjoy Eternal Fame that their back again enjoy Eternal Fame that their back again enjoy Eternal Fame that their houses and their posterity are sure that houses and their posterity are sure that houses and their posterity are sure that their souls are pure and obedient and their souls are pure and obedient and their souls are pure and obedient and obtain a Most Holy place in heaven for obtain a Most Holy place in heaven for obtain a Most Holy place in heaven for whence in the Revolutions of Ages they whence in the Revolutions of Ages they whence in the Revolutions of Ages they are again sent into pure bodies while are again sent into pure bodies while are again sent into pure bodies while The Souls of those whose hands have The Souls of those whose hands have The Souls of those whose hands have acted madly against themselves are acted madly against themselves are acted madly against themselves are received by the darkest place in Hades received by the darkest place in Hades received by the darkest place in Hades and while God who is their father and while God who is their father and while God who is their father punishes those that offend against punishes those that offend against punishes those that offend against either of them in their posterity for either of them in their posterity for either of them in their posterity for which reason God hates such doings and which reason God hates such doings and which reason God hates such doings and the crime is punished by our most wise

the crime is punished by our most wise the crime is punished by our most wise legislator accordingly our laws legislator accordingly our laws legislator accordingly our laws determine that the bodies of such as determine that the bodies of such as determine that the bodies of such as kill themselves should be exposed till kill themselves should be exposed till kill themselves should be exposed till the sun be set without burial although the sun be set without burial although the sun be set without burial although at the same time it be allowed by them at the same time it be allowed by them at the same time it be allowed by them to be lawful to bury our enemies sooner to be lawful to bury our enemies sooner to be lawful to bury our enemies sooner the laws of other nations also enjoin the laws of other nations also enjoin the laws of other nations also enjoin such men's hands to be cut off when they such men's hands to be cut off when they such men's hands to be cut off when they are dead which have been made use of in are dead which have been made use of in are dead which have been made use of in destroying themselves when alive while destroying themselves when alive while destroying themselves when alive while they reckon that as a body is alien from they reckon that as a body is alien from they reckon that as a body is alien from the soul so is the hand alien from the the soul so is the hand alien from the the soul so is the hand alien from the body it is therefore my friends a right body it is therefore my friends a right body it is therefore my friends a right thing to reason justly and not add to thing to reason justly and not add to thing to reason justly and not add to the calamities which men bring upon us the calamities which men bring upon us the calamities which men bring upon us imp piety towards our creator if we have imp piety towards our creator if we have imp piety towards our creator if we have a mind to preserve ourselves let us do a mind to preserve ourselves let us do a mind to preserve ourselves let us do it for to be preserved by those our it for to be preserved by those our it for to be preserved by those our enemies to whom we have given so many enemies to whom we have given so many enemies to whom we have given so many demonstrations of our courage is no way demonstrations of our courage is no way demonstrations of our courage is no way Inglorious but if we have a mind to die Inglorious but if we have a mind to die Inglorious but if we have a mind to die it is good to die by the hand of those it is good to die by the hand of those it is good to die by the hand of those that have conquered us for nay part I that have conquered us for nay part I that have conquered us for nay part I will not run over to our enemy quarters will not run over to our enemy quarters will not run over to our enemy quarters in order to be a traitor to myself for in order to be a traitor to myself for in order to be a traitor to myself for certainly I should then be much more certainly I should then be much more certainly I should then be much more foolish than those that deserted to the foolish than those that deserted to the foolish than those that deserted to the enemy since they did it in order to save enemy since they did it in order to save enemy since they did it in order to save themselves and I should do it for themselves and I should do it for themselves and I should do it for Destruction for my own destruction Destruction for my own destruction Destruction for my own destruction however I hardily wish the Romans may however I hardily wish the Romans may however I hardily wish the Romans may prove treacherous in this matter for if prove treacherous in this matter for if prove treacherous in this matter for if after their offer of their right hand after their offer of their right hand after their offer of their right hand for security I be slain by them I shall for security I be slain by them I shall for security I be slain by them I shall die cheerfully and carry away with me die cheerfully and carry away with me die cheerfully and carry away with me the sense of their the sense of their the sense of their perfidiousness as a consolation greater perfidiousness as a consolation greater perfidiousness as a consolation greater than Victory than Victory than Victory itself six now these and many the like

itself six now these and many the like itself six now these and many the like motives did Josephus use to these men to motives did Josephus use to these men to motives did Josephus use to these men to prevent their murdering themselves but prevent their murdering themselves but prevent their murdering themselves but desperation had shut their ears as desperation had shut their ears as desperation had shut their ears as having long ago devoted themselves to having long ago devoted themselves to having long ago devoted themselves to die and they were irritated at Josephus die and they were irritated at Josephus die and they were irritated at Josephus they then ran upon him with their swords they then ran upon him with their swords they then ran upon him with their swords in their hands one from one quarter and in their hands one from one quarter and in their hands one from one quarter and another from another and called him a another from another and called him a another from another and called him a coward and every one of them appeared coward and every one of them appeared coward and every one of them appeared openly as if he were ready to Smite him openly as if he were ready to Smite him openly as if he were ready to Smite him but he calling to one of them by name but he calling to one of them by name but he calling to one of them by name and looking like a general to another and looking like a general to another and looking like a general to another and taking a third by the hand and and taking a third by the hand and and taking a third by the hand and making a fourth ashamed of himself by making a fourth ashamed of himself by making a fourth ashamed of himself by praying him to forbear and being in this praying him to forbear and being in this praying him to forbear and being in this condition distracted with various condition distracted with various condition distracted with various passions as he well might in the great passions as he well might in the great passions as he well might in the great distress he was then in he kept off distress he was then in he kept off distress he was then in he kept off every one of their swords from killing every one of their swords from killing every one of their swords from killing him and was forced to do like such wild him and was forced to do like such wild him and was forced to do like such wild beast as are encompassed about on every beast as are encompassed about on every beast as are encompassed about on every side who always turn themselves against side who always turn themselves against side who always turn themselves against those that last touched them nay some of those that last touched them nay some of those that last touched them nay some of their right hands were debilitated by their right hands were debilitated by their right hands were debilitated by the reverence they bear to their the reverence they bear to their the reverence they bear to their Generals in these his fatal calamities Generals in these his fatal calamities Generals in these his fatal calamities and their swords dropped out of their and their swords dropped out of their and their swords dropped out of their hands and not a few of them there were hands and not a few of them there were hands and not a few of them there were who when they aimed to Smite him with who when they aimed to Smite him with who when they aimed to Smite him with their swords they were not thoroughly their swords they were not thoroughly their swords they were not thoroughly either willing or able to do it seven either willing or able to do it seven either willing or able to do it seven however in this extreme distress he was however in this extreme distress he was however in this extreme distress he was not destitute of his usual sagacity but not destitute of his usual sagacity but not destitute of his usual sagacity but trusting himself to the Providence of trusting himself to the Providence of trusting himself to the Providence of God he put his life into hazard in the God he put his life into hazard in the God he put his life into hazard in the following Manner and now he said since following Manner and now he said since following Manner and now he said since it is resolved among you that you will it is resolved among you that you will it is resolved among you that you will die come on let us commit our mutual die come on let us commit our mutual die come on let us commit our mutual deaths to determination by lot he whom

deaths to determination by lot he whom deaths to determination by lot he whom the lot Falls to first let him be killed the lot Falls to first let him be killed the lot Falls to first let him be killed by him that hath the second lot and thus by him that hath the second lot and thus by him that hath the second lot and thus Fortune shall make it progress through Fortune shall make it progress through Fortune shall make it progress through us all nor shall any of us perish by his us all nor shall any of us perish by his us all nor shall any of us perish by his own right hand for it would be unfair if own right hand for it would be unfair if own right hand for it would be unfair if when the rest are gone somebody should when the rest are gone somebody should when the rest are gone somebody should repent and save himself this proposal repent and save himself this proposal repent and save himself this proposal appeared to them to be very just and appeared to them to be very just and appeared to them to be very just and when he had prevailed with them to when he had prevailed with them to when he had prevailed with them to determine this matter by Lots he drew determine this matter by Lots he drew determine this matter by Lots he drew one of the lots for himself also he who one of the lots for himself also he who one of the lots for himself also he who had the first lot laid his neck bear to had the first lot laid his neck bear to had the first lot laid his neck bear to him that had the next as supposing that him that had the next as supposing that him that had the next as supposing that the general would die among them the general would die among them the general would die among them immediately for they thought death if immediately for they thought death if immediately for they thought death if Josephus might but die with them was Josephus might but die with them was Josephus might but die with them was sweeter than life yet he was with sweeter than life yet he was with sweeter than life yet he was with another left to the last whether we must another left to the last whether we must another left to the last whether we must say it happened so by chance or whether say it happened so by chance or whether say it happened so by chance or whether by the Providence of God and as he was by the Providence of God and as he was by the Providence of God and as he was very desirous neither to be condemned by very desirous neither to be condemned by very desirous neither to be condemned by the lot nor if he had been left to the the lot nor if he had been left to the the lot nor if he had been left to the last to imw his right hand in the blood last to imw his right hand in the blood last to imw his right hand in the blood of his countrymen he persuaded him to of his countrymen he persuaded him to of his countrymen he persuaded him to trust his Fidelity to him and to live as trust his Fidelity to him and to live as trust his Fidelity to him and to live as well as himself eight thus Josephus well as himself eight thus Josephus well as himself eight thus Josephus escaped in the war with the Romans and escaped in the war with the Romans and escaped in the war with the Romans and in this his own war with his friends and in this his own war with his friends and in this his own war with his friends and was led by naner to Vespasian but now was led by naner to Vespasian but now was led by naner to Vespasian but now all the Romans ran together to see see all the Romans ran together to see see all the Romans ran together to see see him and as the multitude pressed one him and as the multitude pressed one him and as the multitude pressed one upon another about their General there upon another about their General there upon another about their General there was a tumult of various kind while some was a tumult of various kind while some was a tumult of various kind while some rejoiced that Josephus was taken and rejoiced that Josephus was taken and rejoiced that Josephus was taken and some threatened him and some crowded to some threatened him and some crowded to some threatened him and some crowded to see him very near but those that were see him very near but those that were see him very near but those that were more remote cried out to have this their more remote cried out to have this their more remote cried out to have this their enemy put to death while those that were

enemy put to death while those that were enemy put to death while those that were near called to mind the actions he had near called to mind the actions he had near called to mind the actions he had done and a deep concern appeared at the done and a deep concern appeared at the done and a deep concern appeared at the change of his fortune nor were there any change of his fortune nor were there any change of his fortune nor were there any of the Roman commanders how much soever of the Roman commanders how much soever of the Roman commanders how much soever they had been enraged at him before but they had been enraged at him before but they had been enraged at him before but relented when they came to the sight of relented when they came to the sight of relented when they came to the sight of him Above All the Rest titus's own Valor him Above All the Rest titus's own Valor him Above All the Rest titus's own Valor and josephus's own patience under his and josephus's own patience under his and josephus's own patience under his afflictions made him pity him as did afflictions made him pity him as did afflictions made him pity him as did also the commiseration of his age when also the commiseration of his age when also the commiseration of his age when he recalled to mind that but a little he recalled to mind that but a little he recalled to mind that but a little while ago he was fighting but lay now in while ago he was fighting but lay now in while ago he was fighting but lay now in the hands of his enemies which made him the hands of his enemies which made him the hands of his enemies which made him consider the power of Fortune and how consider the power of Fortune and how consider the power of Fortune and how quick is the turn of Affairs and War and quick is the turn of Affairs and War and quick is the turn of Affairs and War and how no state of men is sure for which how no state of men is sure for which how no state of men is sure for which reason he then made a great many more to reason he then made a great many more to reason he then made a great many more to be of the same pitiful F temper with be of the same pitiful F temper with be of the same pitiful F temper with himself and induced them to commiserate himself and induced them to commiserate himself and induced them to commiserate Josephus he was also of great weight in Josephus he was also of great weight in Josephus he was also of great weight in persuading his father to preserve him persuading his father to preserve him persuading his father to preserve him however Vespasian gave strict orders however Vespasian gave strict orders however Vespasian gave strict orders that he should be kept with great that he should be kept with great that he should be kept with great caution as though he would in a very caution as though he would in a very caution as though he would in a very little time send him to little time send him to little time send him to Nero nine when Josephus heard him give Nero nine when Josephus heard him give Nero nine when Josephus heard him give these orders he said that he had these orders he said that he had these orders he said that he had somewhat in his mind that he would somewhat in his mind that he would somewhat in his mind that he would willingly say to himself alone when willingly say to himself alone when willingly say to himself alone when therefore they were all ordered to therefore they were all ordered to therefore they were all ordered to withdraw except Titus and two of his withdraw except Titus and two of his withdraw except Titus and two of his friends he said thou o Vespasian friends he said thou o Vespasian friends he said thou o Vespasian thinkest no more than that thou Hast thinkest no more than that thou Hast thinkest no more than that thou Hast taken Josephus himself captive but I taken Josephus himself captive but I taken Josephus himself captive but I come to thee as a messenger of great come to thee as a messenger of great come to thee as a messenger of great Tidings for had not I been sent by God Tidings for had not I been sent by God Tidings for had not I been sent by God to thee I knew what was the law of the to thee I knew what was the law of the to thee I knew what was the law of the Jews in this case and how it becomes Jews in this case and how it becomes Jews in this case and how it becomes generals to die does thou send me to

generals to die does thou send me to generals to die does thou send me to Nero for why are Nero successors till Nero for why are Nero successors till Nero for why are Nero successors till they come to thee still alive thou o they come to thee still alive thou o they come to thee still alive thou o Vespasian art Caesar and Emperor thou Vespasian art Caesar and Emperor thou Vespasian art Caesar and Emperor thou and this thy son bind me not still and this thy son bind me not still and this thy son bind me not still faster and keep me for thyself for thou faster and keep me for thyself for thou faster and keep me for thyself for thou o Caesar are not only Lord over me but o Caesar are not only Lord over me but o Caesar are not only Lord over me but over the land and the Sea and all over the land and the Sea and all over the land and the Sea and all mankind and certainly I deserve to be mankind and certainly I deserve to be mankind and certainly I deserve to be kept in closer custody than I am now in kept in closer custody than I am now in kept in closer custody than I am now in in order to be punished if I rashly in order to be punished if I rashly in order to be punished if I rashly affirm anything of God when he had said affirm anything of God when he had said affirm anything of God when he had said this basian at present did not believe this basian at present did not believe this basian at present did not believe him but suppose that Josephus said this him but suppose that Josephus said this him but suppose that Josephus said this as a cunning trick in order to his own as a cunning trick in order to his own as a cunning trick in order to his own preservation but in a little time he was preservation but in a little time he was preservation but in a little time he was convinced and believed what he said to convinced and believed what he said to convinced and believed what he said to be true God himself erecting his be true God himself erecting his be true God himself erecting his expectations so as to think of obtaining expectations so as to think of obtaining expectations so as to think of obtaining the Empire and by other signs for the Empire and by other signs for the Empire and by other signs for showing his advancement he also found showing his advancement he also found showing his advancement he also found Josephus to have spoken truth on other Josephus to have spoken truth on other Josephus to have spoken truth on other occasions for one of those friends that occasions for one of those friends that occasions for one of those friends that were present at that secret conference were present at that secret conference were present at that secret conference said to Josephus I cannot but wonder how said to Josephus I cannot but wonder how said to Josephus I cannot but wonder how thou couldest not foretell to the people thou couldest not foretell to the people thou couldest not foretell to the people of jotapata that they should be taken of jotapata that they should be taken of jotapata that they should be taken nor couldest foretell this captivity nor couldest foretell this captivity nor couldest foretell this captivity which hath happened to thyself unless which hath happened to thyself unless which hath happened to thyself unless what thou now say us be a vain thing in what thou now say us be a vain thing in what thou now say us be a vain thing in order to avoid the rage that is risen order to avoid the rage that is risen order to avoid the rage that is risen against thyself to which Josephus against thyself to which Josephus against thyself to which Josephus replied I did for tell to the people of replied I did for tell to the people of replied I did for tell to the people of jotapata that they would be taken on the jotapata that they would be taken on the jotapata that they would be taken on the 47th day and that I should be caught 47th day and that I should be caught 47th day and that I should be caught alive by the Romans now when Vespasian alive by the Romans now when Vespasian alive by the Romans now when Vespasian had inquired of the captives privately had inquired of the captives privately had inquired of the captives privately about these predictions he found them to

about these predictions he found them to about these predictions he found them to be true and then he began to believe be true and then he began to believe be true and then he began to believe those that concerned himself yet did he those that concerned himself yet did he those that concerned himself yet did he not set Josephus at Liberty from his not set Josephus at Liberty from his not set Josephus at Liberty from his hands but bestowed on him suits of hands but bestowed on him suits of hands but bestowed on him suits of clothes and other precious gifts he clothes and other precious gifts he clothes and other precious gifts he treated him also in a very obliging treated him also in a very obliging treated him also in a very obliging Manner and continued so to do Titus Manner and continued so to do Titus Manner and continued so to do Titus still joining his interest till the still joining his interest till the still joining his interest till the Honors that were done Honors that were done Honors that were done him end of book three chapter 8 book three chapter 9 of the wars of 8 book three chapter 9 of the wars of the Jews this is a LibriVox recording the Jews this is a LibriVox recording the Jews this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the all LibriVox recordings are in the all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to public domain for more information or to public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by Anne Boule the wars of the recording by Anne Boule the wars of the recording by Anne Boule the wars of the Jews by Josephus translated by William Jews by Josephus translated by William Jews by Josephus translated by William Wiston book three chapter 9 how japa was Wiston book three chapter 9 how japa was Wiston book three chapter 9 how japa was taken and tiberias delivered up one now taken and tiberias delivered up one now taken and tiberias delivered up one now Vespasian returned to to on the fourth Vespasian returned to to on the fourth Vespasian returned to to on the fourth day of the month panus tamuz and from day of the month panus tamuz and from day of the month panus tamuz and from then he came to cesaria which lay by the then he came to cesaria which lay by the then he came to cesaria which lay by the seaside seaside seaside this was a very great city of Judea and this was a very great city of Judea and this was a very great city of Judea and for the greatest part inhabited by for the greatest part inhabited by for the greatest part inhabited by Greeks the citizens here received both Greeks the citizens here received both Greeks the citizens here received both the Roman army and its generals with all the Roman army and its generals with all the Roman army and its generals with all sorts of acclamations and rejoicings and sorts of acclamations and rejoicings and sorts of acclamations and rejoicings and this partly out of the goodwi they bore this partly out of the goodwi they bore this partly out of the goodwi they bore to the Romans but principally out of the to the Romans but principally out of the to the Romans but principally out of the hatred they bore to those that were hatred they bore to those that were hatred they bore to those that were conquered by them on which account they conquered by them on which account they conquered by them on which account they came clamoring against Josephus in

came clamoring against Josephus in came clamoring against Josephus in crowds and desired he might be put to crowds and desired he might be put to crowds and desired he might be put to death but Vespasian passed over this death but Vespasian passed over this death but Vespasian passed over this petition concerning him as offered by petition concerning him as offered by petition concerning him as offered by the injudicious multitude with a bare the injudicious multitude with a bare the injudicious multitude with a bare silence two of the legions he also silence two of the legions he also silence two of the legions he also placed at cesaria that they might there placed at cesaria that they might there placed at cesaria that they might there take their winter quarters as perceiving take their winter quarters as perceiving take their winter quarters as perceiving the city very fit for such a purpose but the city very fit for such a purpose but the city very fit for such a purpose but he placed the 10th and the fifth at he placed the 10th and the fifth at he placed the 10th and the fifth at scopos that he might not distress scopos that he might not distress scopos that he might not distress cesaria with the entire Army this place cesaria with the entire Army this place cesaria with the entire Army this place was warm even in Winter as it was was warm even in Winter as it was was warm even in Winter as it was suffocating Hot In The Summertime by suffocating Hot In The Summertime by suffocating Hot In The Summertime by reason of its situation in a plane and reason of its situation in a plane and reason of its situation in a plane and near the Sea of Galilee two in the near the Sea of Galilee two in the near the Sea of Galilee two in the meantime there were gathered together as meantime there were gathered together as meantime there were gathered together as well such as the seditious had got out well such as the seditious had got out well such as the seditious had got out from among their enemies as those that from among their enemies as those that from among their enemies as those that had escaped out of the demolished cities had escaped out of the demolished cities had escaped out of the demolished cities which were in all a great number and which were in all a great number and which were in all a great number and repaired japa which had been left repaired japa which had been left repaired japa which had been left desolate by cestius that it might serve desolate by cestius that it might serve desolate by cestius that it might serve them for a place of refuge and because them for a place of refuge and because them for a place of refuge and because the adjoining region had been laid waste the adjoining region had been laid waste the adjoining region had been laid waste in the war and was not capable of in the war and was not capable of in the war and was not capable of supporting them they determined to go supporting them they determined to go supporting them they determined to go off to Sea they also built themselves a off to Sea they also built themselves a off to Sea they also built themselves a great many piratical ships and turned great many piratical ships and turned great many piratical ships and turned Pirates upon the Seas near to Syria and Pirates upon the Seas near to Syria and Pirates upon the Seas near to Syria and Phoenicia and Egypt and made those Seas Phoenicia and Egypt and made those Seas Phoenicia and Egypt and made those Seas unnavigable to men now as soon as basian unnavigable to men now as soon as basian unnavigable to men now as soon as basian knew of their conspiracy he sent both knew of their conspiracy he sent both knew of their conspiracy he sent both footmen and Horsemen to japa which was footmen and Horsemen to japa which was footmen and Horsemen to japa which was unguarded in the night time however unguarded in the night time however unguarded in the night time however those that were in it perceived that those that were in it perceived that those that were in it perceived that they should be attacked and were afraid they should be attacked and were afraid they should be attacked and were afraid of it yet did they not Endeavor to keep of it yet did they not Endeavor to keep of it yet did they not Endeavor to keep the Romans out but fled to their ships the Romans out but fled to their ships the Romans out but fled to their ships and lay at Sea all night out of the

and lay at Sea all night out of the and lay at Sea all night out of the reach of their darts three now japa is reach of their darts three now japa is reach of their darts three now japa is not naturally a Haven for it ends in a not naturally a Haven for it ends in a not naturally a Haven for it ends in a rush Shore where all the rest of it is rush Shore where all the rest of it is rush Shore where all the rest of it is straight but the two ends Bend towards straight but the two ends Bend towards straight but the two ends Bend towards each other where there are deep each other where there are deep each other where there are deep precipices and great stones that jut out precipices and great stones that jut out precipices and great stones that jut out into the sea and where the chains into the sea and where the chains into the sea and where the chains wherewith Andromeda was bound have left wherewith Andromeda was bound have left wherewith Andromeda was bound have left their footsteps which attest to the their footsteps which attest to the their footsteps which attest to the Antiquity of that Fable but the north Antiquity of that Fable but the north Antiquity of that Fable but the north wind oppresses and beats upon the shore wind oppresses and beats upon the shore wind oppresses and beats upon the shore and dashes Mighty waves against the and dashes Mighty waves against the and dashes Mighty waves against the Rocks which receive them and renders The Rocks which receive them and renders The Rocks which receive them and renders The Haven more dangerous than the country Haven more dangerous than the country Haven more dangerous than the country they had deserted now as those people of they had deserted now as those people of they had deserted now as those people of japa were floating about in in the sea japa were floating about in in the sea japa were floating about in in the sea in the morning there fell a violent wind in the morning there fell a violent wind in the morning there fell a violent wind upon them it is called by those that upon them it is called by those that upon them it is called by those that sail there the black North Wind and sail there the black North Wind and sail there the black North Wind and there dashed their ships one against there dashed their ships one against there dashed their ships one against another and dashed some of them against another and dashed some of them against another and dashed some of them against the rocks and carried many of them by the rocks and carried many of them by the rocks and carried many of them by force while they strove against the force while they strove against the force while they strove against the opposite waves into the main sea for the opposite waves into the main sea for the opposite waves into the main sea for the shore was so Rocky and had so many of shore was so Rocky and had so many of shore was so Rocky and had so many of the enemy upon it that they were afraid the enemy upon it that they were afraid the enemy upon it that they were afraid to come to land nay the waves Rose so to come to land nay the waves Rose so to come to land nay the waves Rose so very high that they drowned them nor was very high that they drowned them nor was very high that they drowned them nor was there any place place whether they could there any place place whether they could there any place place whether they could fly nor any way to save themselves while fly nor any way to save themselves while fly nor any way to save themselves while they were thrust out of the Sea by the they were thrust out of the Sea by the they were thrust out of the Sea by the violence of the wind if they stayed violence of the wind if they stayed violence of the wind if they stayed where they were and out of the city by where they were and out of the city by where they were and out of the city by the violence of the Romans and much the violence of the Romans and much the violence of the Romans and much lamentation there was when the ships lamentation there was when the ships lamentation there was when the ships were dashed against one another and a were dashed against one another and a were dashed against one another and a terrible noise when they were broken to terrible noise when they were broken to terrible noise when they were broken to pieces and some of the multitude that pieces and some of the multitude that pieces and some of the multitude that were in them were covered with waves and were in them were covered with waves and were in them were covered with waves and so perished and a great many were

so perished and a great many were so perished and a great many were embarrassed with shipwrecks but some of embarrassed with shipwrecks but some of embarrassed with shipwrecks but some of them thought that to die by their own them thought that to die by their own them thought that to die by their own swords was lighter than by the the sea swords was lighter than by the the sea swords was lighter than by the the sea and so they killed themselves before and so they killed themselves before and so they killed themselves before they were drowned although the greatest they were drowned although the greatest they were drowned although the greatest part of them were carried by the waves part of them were carried by the waves part of them were carried by the waves and dashed to Pieces against the abrupt and dashed to Pieces against the abrupt and dashed to Pieces against the abrupt parts of the rocks in so much that the parts of the rocks in so much that the parts of the rocks in so much that the sea was Bloody a long way and the sea was Bloody a long way and the sea was Bloody a long way and the maritime parts were full of dead bodies maritime parts were full of dead bodies maritime parts were full of dead bodies for the Romans Came Upon those that were for the Romans Came Upon those that were for the Romans Came Upon those that were carried to the shore and destroyed them carried to the shore and destroyed them carried to the shore and destroyed them and the number of the bodies that were and the number of the bodies that were and the number of the bodies that were thus thrown out of the sea was thus thrown out of the sea was thus thrown out of the sea was 4,200 the Romans also took the city 4,200 the Romans also took the city 4,200 the Romans also took the city without opposition and utterly without opposition and utterly without opposition and utterly demolished it four and th japa taken demolished it four and th japa taken demolished it four and th japa taken twice by the Romans in a little time but twice by the Romans in a little time but twice by the Romans in a little time but Vespasian in order to prevent these Vespasian in order to prevent these Vespasian in order to prevent these pirates from coming thither anymore pirates from coming thither anymore pirates from coming thither anymore erected a camp there where the Citadel erected a camp there where the Citadel erected a camp there where the Citadel of japa had been and left a body of of japa had been and left a body of of japa had been and left a body of horse in it with a few footmen that horse in it with a few footmen that horse in it with a few footmen that these last might stay there and guard these last might stay there and guard these last might stay there and guard the camp and the horsemen might spoil the camp and the horsemen might spoil the camp and the horsemen might spoil the country that lay around it and might the country that lay around it and might the country that lay around it and might destroy the neighboring villages in destroy the neighboring villages in destroy the neighboring villages in smaller cities so these troops overran smaller cities so these troops overran smaller cities so these troops overran the country as they were ordered to do the country as they were ordered to do the country as they were ordered to do and every day cut to pieces and laay and every day cut to pieces and laay and every day cut to pieces and laay desolate the whole desolate the whole desolate the whole region five but now when the fate of region five but now when the fate of region five but now when the fate of jitop was related at Jerusalem a great jitop was related at Jerusalem a great jitop was related at Jerusalem a great many at the first disbelieved it on many at the first disbelieved it on many at the first disbelieved it on account of the vastness of the Calamity account of the vastness of the Calamity account of the vastness of the Calamity and because they had no eyewitness to and because they had no eyewitness to and because they had no eyewitness to attest the truth of what was related attest the truth of what was related attest the truth of what was related about it for not one person was saved to about it for not one person was saved to about it for not one person was saved to be a messenger of that news but a Fame be a messenger of that news but a Fame be a messenger of that news but a Fame was spread abroad at random that the was spread abroad at random that the was spread abroad at random that the city was taken as such Fame usually city was taken as such Fame usually city was taken as such Fame usually spreads bad news about however the truth

spreads bad news about however the truth spreads bad news about however the truth was known by degrees from places near was known by degrees from places near was known by degrees from places near gapa and appeared to all to be too true gapa and appeared to all to be too true gapa and appeared to all to be too true yet there were fictitious stories added yet there were fictitious stories added yet there were fictitious stories added to what was really done for it was to what was really done for it was to what was really done for it was reported that Josephus was slain at The reported that Josephus was slain at The reported that Josephus was slain at The Taking of the city which piece of news Taking of the city which piece of news Taking of the city which piece of news filled Jerusalem full of sorrow in every filled Jerusalem full of sorrow in every filled Jerusalem full of sorrow in every house also and among all to whom any of house also and among all to whom any of house also and among all to whom any of the slain were Al lied there was a the slain were Al lied there was a the slain were Al lied there was a lamentation for them but the mourning lamentation for them but the mourning lamentation for them but the mourning for the commander was a public one and for the commander was a public one and for the commander was a public one and some mourn for those that had lived with some mourn for those that had lived with some mourn for those that had lived with them others for their Kindred others for them others for their Kindred others for them others for their Kindred others for their friends and others for their their friends and others for their their friends and others for their Brethren but all mourn for Josephus in Brethren but all mourn for Josephus in Brethren but all mourn for Josephus in so much that the lamentation did not so much that the lamentation did not so much that the lamentation did not cease in the city before the 30th day cease in the city before the 30th day cease in the city before the 30th day and a great many hired mourners with and a great many hired mourners with and a great many hired mourners with their pipes who should begin The their pipes who should begin The their pipes who should begin The Melancholy diddies for them footnote Melancholy diddies for them footnote Melancholy diddies for them footnote these public mourners hired upon the these public mourners hired upon the these public mourners hired upon the supposed death of Josephus and the real supposed death of Josephus and the real supposed death of Josephus and the real death of many more illustrate some death of many more illustrate some death of many more illustrate some passages in the Bible which suppose the passages in the Bible which suppose the passages in the Bible which suppose the same custom as Matthew 11: 17 where the same custom as Matthew 11: 17 where the same custom as Matthew 11: 17 where the reader May consult the notes of grotius reader May consult the notes of grotius reader May consult the notes of grotius end footnote six but as the truth came end footnote six but as the truth came end footnote six but as the truth came out in time it appeared how the Affairs out in time it appeared how the Affairs out in time it appeared how the Affairs of jotapata really stood yet as it was of jotapata really stood yet as it was of jotapata really stood yet as it was found that the death of Josephus was AFF found that the death of Josephus was AFF found that the death of Josephus was AFF fiction and when they understood that he fiction and when they understood that he fiction and when they understood that he was alive and was among the Romans and was alive and was among the Romans and was alive and was among the Romans and that the commanders treated him at that the commanders treated him at that the commanders treated him at another rate than they treated captives another rate than they treated captives another rate than they treated captives they were as vehemently angry at him now they were as vehemently angry at him now they were as vehemently angry at him now as they had showed their goodwi before as they had showed their goodwi before as they had showed their goodwi before when he appeared to have been dead he when he appeared to have been dead he when he appeared to have been dead he was also abused by some as having been a was also abused by some as having been a was also abused by some as having been a coward and by others as a deserter and

coward and by others as a deserter and coward and by others as a deserter and the city was full of IND indignation at the city was full of IND indignation at the city was full of IND indignation at him and of reproaches cast upon Him him and of reproaches cast upon Him him and of reproaches cast upon Him their rage was also aggravated by their their rage was also aggravated by their their rage was also aggravated by their afflictions and more inflamed by their afflictions and more inflamed by their afflictions and more inflamed by their ill success and what usually Becomes of ill success and what usually Becomes of ill success and what usually Becomes of an occasion of caution to wise men I an occasion of caution to wise men I an occasion of caution to wise men I mean Affliction became a Spur to them to mean Affliction became a Spur to them to mean Affliction became a Spur to them to venture on further calamities and the venture on further calamities and the venture on further calamities and the end of one misery became still the end of one misery became still the end of one misery became still the beginning of another they therefore beginning of another they therefore beginning of another they therefore resolved to fall on the Romans the more resolved to fall on the Romans the more resolved to fall on the Romans the more vly as resolving to be revenged on him vly as resolving to be revenged on him vly as resolving to be revenged on him in revenging themselves on the Romans in revenging themselves on the Romans in revenging themselves on the Romans and this was was the state of Jerusalem and this was was the state of Jerusalem and this was was the state of Jerusalem as to the troubles which now Came Upon as to the troubles which now Came Upon as to the troubles which now Came Upon it seven but Vespasian in order to see it seven but Vespasian in order to see it seven but Vespasian in order to see the kingdom of agria while the king the kingdom of agria while the king the kingdom of agria while the king persuaded him so to do partly in order persuaded him so to do partly in order persuaded him so to do partly in order to his treating the general and his army to his treating the general and his army to his treating the general and his army in the best and most Splendid manner his in the best and most Splendid manner his in the best and most Splendid manner his Private Affairs would enable him to do Private Affairs would enable him to do Private Affairs would enable him to do and partly that he might by their means and partly that he might by their means and partly that he might by their means correct such things as were aiss in his correct such things as were aiss in his correct such things as were aiss in his government he removed from cesaria which government he removed from cesaria which government he removed from cesaria which was by the seaside and went to that was by the seaside and went to that was by the seaside and went to that which is called cesaria Philippi foot which is called cesaria Philippi foot which is called cesaria Philippi foot footnote of this cesaria Philippi twice footnote of this cesaria Philippi twice footnote of this cesaria Philippi twice mentioned in our new testament Matthew mentioned in our new testament Matthew mentioned in our new testament Matthew 16:13 Mark 16:13 Mark 16:13 Mark 8:27 there are coins still extent 8:27 there are coins still extent 8:27 there are coins still extent spanheim here informs us end footnote spanheim here informs us end footnote spanheim here informs us end footnote and there he refreshed his army for 20 and there he refreshed his army for 20 and there he refreshed his army for 20 days and was himself feasted by King days and was himself feasted by King days and was himself feasted by King agria where he also returned public agria where he also returned public agria where he also returned public thanks to God for the good success he thanks to God for the good success he thanks to God for the good success he had had in his undertakings but as soon had had in his undertakings but as soon had had in his undertakings but as soon as he was informed that tiberias was as he was informed that tiberias was as he was informed that tiberias was fond of Innovations and that tarer had

fond of Innovations and that tarer had fond of Innovations and that tarer had revolted both these cities were a part revolted both these cities were a part revolted both these cities were a part of the kingdom of agria and was of the kingdom of agria and was of the kingdom of agria and was satisfied within himself that the Jews satisfied within himself that the Jews satisfied within himself that the Jews were everywhere perverted from their were everywhere perverted from their were everywhere perverted from their obedience to their Governors he thought obedience to their Governors he thought obedience to their Governors he thought it seasonable to make an expedition it seasonable to make an expedition it seasonable to make an expedition against these cities and that for the against these cities and that for the against these cities and that for the sake of agria and in order to bring his sake of agria and in order to bring his sake of agria and in order to bring his cities to reason so he sent away his son cities to reason so he sent away his son cities to reason so he sent away his son Titus to the other cesaria that he might Titus to the other cesaria that he might Titus to the other cesaria that he might bring the army that lay there to saop bring the army that lay there to saop bring the army that lay there to saop house which is the largest city of house which is the largest city of house which is the largest city of decopolis and in the neighborhood of decopolis and in the neighborhood of decopolis and in the neighborhood of tiberias with he came and where where he tiberias with he came and where where he tiberias with he came and where where he waited for his son he then came with waited for his son he then came with waited for his son he then came with three Legions and pitched his Camp 30 three Legions and pitched his Camp 30 three Legions and pitched his Camp 30 furlongs off tiberias at a certain furlongs off tiberias at a certain furlongs off tiberias at a certain station easily seen by the innovators it station easily seen by the innovators it station easily seen by the innovators it is named sen he also sent Valyrian a is named sen he also sent Valyrian a is named sen he also sent Valyrian a deuan with 50 Horsemen to speak deuan with 50 Horsemen to speak deuan with 50 Horsemen to speak peaceably to those that were in the city peaceably to those that were in the city peaceably to those that were in the city and to exhort them to give him and to exhort them to give him and to exhort them to give him assurances of their Fidelity for he had assurances of their Fidelity for he had assurances of their Fidelity for he had heard that the people were desirous of heard that the people were desirous of heard that the people were desirous of Peace but were obliged by some of the Peace but were obliged by some of the Peace but were obliged by some of the sedici part to join with them and so sedici part to join with them and so sedici part to join with them and so were forced to fight for them when were forced to fight for them when were forced to fight for them when Valyrian had marched up to the place and Valyrian had marched up to the place and Valyrian had marched up to the place and was near the wall he alighted off his was near the wall he alighted off his was near the wall he alighted off his horse and made those that were with him horse and made those that were with him horse and made those that were with him to do the same that they might not be to do the same that they might not be to do the same that they might not be thought to come to Skirmish with them thought to come to Skirmish with them thought to come to Skirmish with them but before they could come to a but before they could come to a but before they could come to a discourse one with another the most discourse one with another the most discourse one with another the most potent men among the sedices made a potent men among the sedices made a potent men among the sedices made a Sally upon them armed their leader was Sally upon them armed their leader was Sally upon them armed their leader was one whose name was Jesus the son of one whose name was Jesus the son of one whose name was Jesus the son of chapot the principal head of a band of chapot the principal head of a band of chapot the principal head of a band of robbers now valaran neither thinking it robbers now valaran neither thinking it robbers now valaran neither thinking it safe to fight contrary to the commands safe to fight contrary to the commands safe to fight contrary to the commands of the general though he were secure of

of the general though he were secure of of the general though he were secure of a victory and knowing that it was very a victory and knowing that it was very a victory and knowing that it was very hazardous undertaking for a few to fight hazardous undertaking for a few to fight hazardous undertaking for a few to fight with many for those that were unprovided with many for those that were unprovided with many for those that were unprovided to fight those that were ready and being to fight those that were ready and being to fight those that were ready and being on other accounts surprised at this on other accounts surprised at this on other accounts surprised at this unexpected onset of the Jews he ran away unexpected onset of the Jews he ran away unexpected onset of the Jews he ran away on foot as did five of the rest in like on foot as did five of the rest in like on foot as did five of the rest in like Manner and left their horses behind them Manner and left their horses behind them Manner and left their horses behind them which horses Jesus led away into the which horses Jesus led away into the which horses Jesus led away into the City and rejoiced as if they had taken City and rejoiced as if they had taken City and rejoiced as if they had taken them in battle and not by them in battle and not by them in battle and not by treachery eight now the seniors of the treachery eight now the seniors of the treachery eight now the seniors of the people and such as were a principal people and such as were a principal people and such as were a principal Authority among them fearing what would Authority among them fearing what would Authority among them fearing what would be the issue of this matter fled to the be the issue of this matter fled to the be the issue of this matter fled to the camp of the Romans they then took their camp of the Romans they then took their camp of the Romans they then took their King along with them and fell down King along with them and fell down King along with them and fell down before Vespasian to supplicate his favor before Vespasian to supplicate his favor before Vespasian to supplicate his favor and besought him not to overlook them and besought him not to overlook them and besought him not to overlook them nor to impute The Madness of a few to nor to impute The Madness of a few to nor to impute The Madness of a few to the whole city to spare a people that the whole city to spare a people that the whole city to spare a people that had been ever civil and obliging to the had been ever civil and obliging to the had been ever civil and obliging to the Romans but to bring the authors of this Romans but to bring the authors of this Romans but to bring the authors of this Revolt to do punishment who had hitherto Revolt to do punishment who had hitherto Revolt to do punishment who had hitherto so watched them that though they were so watched them that though they were so watched them that though they were zealous to give them the security of zealous to give them the security of zealous to give them the security of their right hands of a long time yet their right hands of a long time yet their right hands of a long time yet could they not accomplish the same with could they not accomplish the same with could they not accomplish the same with these supplications the general complied these supplications the general complied these supplications the general complied although he were very angry at the whole although he were very angry at the whole although he were very angry at the whole city about the carrying off his horses city about the carrying off his horses city about the carrying off his horses and this because he saw that Agrippa was and this because he saw that Agrippa was and this because he saw that Agrippa was under a great concern for them so when under a great concern for them so when under a great concern for them so when Vespasian and Agrippa had accepted their Vespasian and Agrippa had accepted their Vespasian and Agrippa had accepted their right Hands by way of security Jesus and right Hands by way of security Jesus and right Hands by way of security Jesus and his party thought it not safe for them his party thought it not safe for them his party thought it not safe for them to continue at tiberious so they ran to continue at tiberious so they ran to continue at tiberious so they ran away to terete the next day Vespasian away to terete the next day Vespasian away to terete the next day Vespasian sent Tran before with some hen to the

sent Tran before with some hen to the sent Tran before with some hen to the Citadel to make trial of the multitude Citadel to make trial of the multitude Citadel to make trial of the multitude whether they were disposed for peace and whether they were disposed for peace and whether they were disposed for peace and as soon as he knew that the people were as soon as he knew that the people were as soon as he knew that the people were of the same mind with the petitioner he of the same mind with the petitioner he of the same mind with the petitioner he took his Army and went to the city upon took his Army and went to the city upon took his Army and went to the city upon which the citizens opened to him their which the citizens opened to him their which the citizens opened to him their Gates and met him with acclamations of Gates and met him with acclamations of Gates and met him with acclamations of joy and called him their Savior and joy and called him their Savior and joy and called him their Savior and benefactor but as the Army was a great benefactor but as the Army was a great benefactor but as the Army was a great while in getting in at the gates they while in getting in at the gates they while in getting in at the gates they were so narrow Vespasian commanded the were so narrow Vespasian commanded the were so narrow Vespasian commanded the South Wall to be broken down and so made South Wall to be broken down and so made South Wall to be broken down and so made a broad passage for their entrance how a broad passage for their entrance how a broad passage for their entrance how however he charged them to abstain from however he charged them to abstain from however he charged them to abstain from Rapid and Injustice in order to gratify Rapid and Injustice in order to gratify Rapid and Injustice in order to gratify the king and on his account spared the the king and on his account spared the the king and on his account spared the rest of the wall while the king rest of the wall while the king rest of the wall while the king undertook for them that they should undertook for them that they should undertook for them that they should continue faithful to the Romans for the continue faithful to the Romans for the continue faithful to the Romans for the time to come and thus did he restore the time to come and thus did he restore the time to come and thus did he restore the city to a quiet state after it had been city to a quiet state after it had been city to a quiet state after it had been grievously afflicted by the grievously afflicted by the grievously afflicted by the Sedition end of book three chapter n book 3 chapter 10 of the wars of the n book 3 chapter 10 of the wars of the Jews this is a LibriVox recording all Jews this is a LibriVox recording all Jews this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public LibriVox recordings are in the public LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to domain for more information or to domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by Ann Boule the wars of the recording by Ann Boule the wars of the recording by Ann Boule the wars of the Jews by Josephus translated by William Jews by Josephus translated by William Jews by Josephus translated by William Wiston book three chapter 10 how tariche Wiston book three chapter 10 how tariche Wiston book three chapter 10 how tariche was taken a description of the River was taken a description of the River was taken a description of the River Jordan and of the country of Gareth one Jordan and of the country of Gareth one Jordan and of the country of Gareth one and now Vespasian pitched his Camp

and now Vespasian pitched his Camp and now Vespasian pitched his Camp between this city and tariche but between this city and tariche but between this city and tariche but fortified his Camp more strongly as fortified his Camp more strongly as fortified his Camp more strongly as suspecting that he should be forced to suspecting that he should be forced to suspecting that he should be forced to stay there and have a long War for all stay there and have a long War for all stay there and have a long War for all the innovators had gotten together at the innovators had gotten together at the innovators had gotten together at tariche as relying upon the strength of tariche as relying upon the strength of tariche as relying upon the strength of the city and on the lake that lay by it the city and on the lake that lay by it the city and on the lake that lay by it this lake is called by the people of the this lake is called by the people of the this lake is called by the people of the country the lake of Gareth the city country the lake of Gareth the city country the lake of Gareth the city itself is situated like tiberious at the itself is situated like tiberious at the itself is situated like tiberious at the bottom of a mountain and on those sides bottom of a mountain and on those sides bottom of a mountain and on those sides which are not washed by the sea had been which are not washed by the sea had been which are not washed by the sea had been strongly fortified by Josephus though strongly fortified by Josephus though strongly fortified by Josephus though not so strongly as tiberias for the wall not so strongly as tiberias for the wall not so strongly as tiberias for the wall of tiberias had been built at the of tiberias had been built at the of tiberias had been built at the beginning of the Jews Revolt when he had beginning of the Jews Revolt when he had beginning of the Jews Revolt when he had great plenty of money and great power great plenty of money and great power great plenty of money and great power but the tares partook only the remains but the tares partook only the remains but the tares partook only the remains of that liberality yet had they a great of that liberality yet had they a great of that liberality yet had they a great number of ships gotten ready upon the number of ships gotten ready upon the number of ships gotten ready upon the lake that in case they were beaten at lake that in case they were beaten at lake that in case they were beaten at land they might retire to them and they land they might retire to them and they land they might retire to them and they were so fitted up that they might were so fitted up that they might were so fitted up that they might undertake a sea fight also but as the undertake a sea fight also but as the undertake a sea fight also but as the Romans were building a a wall about Romans were building a a wall about Romans were building a a wall about their Camp Jesus and his party were their Camp Jesus and his party were their Camp Jesus and his party were neither affrighted at their number nor neither affrighted at their number nor neither affrighted at their number nor at the good order they were in but made at the good order they were in but made at the good order they were in but made a Sally upon them and at the very first a Sally upon them and at the very first a Sally upon them and at the very first onset the Builders of the wall were onset the Builders of the wall were onset the Builders of the wall were dispersed and these pulled what little dispersed and these pulled what little dispersed and these pulled what little they had before Built To Pieces but as they had before Built To Pieces but as they had before Built To Pieces but as soon as they saw the armed men getting soon as they saw the armed men getting soon as they saw the armed men getting together and before they had suffered together and before they had suffered together and before they had suffered anything themselves they retired to anything themselves they retired to anything themselves they retired to their own men but then the Romans their own men but then the Romans their own men but then the Romans pursued them and drove them into their pursued them and drove them into their pursued them and drove them into their ships where they launched out as far as ships where they launched out as far as ships where they launched out as far as might give them the opportunity of might give them the opportunity of might give them the opportunity of reaching the Roman with what they threw reaching the Roman with what they threw reaching the Roman with what they threw at them and then cast anchor and brought

at them and then cast anchor and brought at them and then cast anchor and brought their ships close as in a line of battle their ships close as in a line of battle their ships close as in a line of battle and then fought the enemy from the sea and then fought the enemy from the sea and then fought the enemy from the sea who were themselves at land but who were themselves at land but who were themselves at land but Vespasian hearing that a great multitude Vespasian hearing that a great multitude Vespasian hearing that a great multitude of them were gotten together in the of them were gotten together in the of them were gotten together in the plane that was before the city he plane that was before the city he plane that was before the city he thereupon sent his son with 600 chosen thereupon sent his son with 600 chosen thereupon sent his son with 600 chosen Horsemen to disperse Horsemen to disperse Horsemen to disperse them two but when Titus perceived that them two but when Titus perceived that them two but when Titus perceived that the enemy was very numerous he sent to the enemy was very numerous he sent to the enemy was very numerous he sent to his father and informed him that he he his father and informed him that he he his father and informed him that he he should want more forces but as he saw a should want more forces but as he saw a should want more forces but as he saw a great many of the horsemen eager to great many of the horsemen eager to great many of the horsemen eager to fight and that before any suor could fight and that before any suor could fight and that before any suor could come to them and that yet some of them come to them and that yet some of them come to them and that yet some of them were privately under a sort of were privately under a sort of were privately under a sort of consternation at the multitude of the consternation at the multitude of the consternation at the multitude of the Jews he stood in a place once he might Jews he stood in a place once he might Jews he stood in a place once he might be heard and said to them my Brave be heard and said to them my Brave be heard and said to them my Brave Romans for it is right for me to put you Romans for it is right for me to put you Romans for it is right for me to put you in mind of what nation you are in the in mind of what nation you are in the in mind of what nation you are in the beginning of my speech that so you may beginning of my speech that so you may beginning of my speech that so you may not be ignorant who you are and who they not be ignorant who you are and who they not be ignorant who you are and who they are against whom we are going to fight are against whom we are going to fight are against whom we are going to fight for as to to us Romans no part of the for as to to us Romans no part of the for as to to us Romans no part of the habitable Earth hath been able to escape habitable Earth hath been able to escape habitable Earth hath been able to escape our hands hitherto but as for the Jews our hands hitherto but as for the Jews our hands hitherto but as for the Jews that I may speak of them too though they that I may speak of them too though they that I may speak of them too though they have been already beaten yet do they not have been already beaten yet do they not have been already beaten yet do they not give up the cause and a sad thing it give up the cause and a sad thing it give up the cause and a sad thing it would be for us to grow wealthy under would be for us to grow wealthy under would be for us to grow wealthy under good success when they bear up under good success when they bear up under good success when they bear up under their misfortunes as to the alacrity their misfortunes as to the alacrity their misfortunes as to the alacrity which you show publicly I see it and which you show publicly I see it and which you show publicly I see it and rejoice at it yet am I afraid lest the rejoice at it yet am I afraid lest the rejoice at it yet am I afraid lest the multitude of the enemy should bring a multitude of the enemy should bring a multitude of the enemy should bring a concealed fright upon some of you let concealed fright upon some of you let concealed fright upon some of you let such a one consider again who we are such a one consider again who we are such a one consider again who we are that are to fight and who those are

that are to fight and who those are that are to fight and who those are against whom we are to fight now these against whom we are to fight now these against whom we are to fight now these Jews though they be very bold and great Jews though they be very bold and great Jews though they be very bold and great despisers of death are but a disorderly despisers of death are but a disorderly despisers of death are but a disorderly body and unskillful in war and may body and unskillful in war and may body and unskillful in war and may rather be called a route than an army rather be called a route than an army rather be called a route than an army while I need say nothing of our skill while I need say nothing of our skill while I need say nothing of our skill and our good order for this is the and our good order for this is the and our good order for this is the reason why we Romans alone are exercised reason why we Romans alone are exercised reason why we Romans alone are exercised for war in time of peace that we may not for war in time of peace that we may not for war in time of peace that we may not think of number for number when we come think of number for number when we come think of number for number when we come to fight with our enemies for what to fight with our enemies for what to fight with our enemies for what advantage should we reap by our advantage should we reap by our advantage should we reap by our continual Sword of War if we must still continual Sword of War if we must still continual Sword of War if we must still be equal in number to such as have not be equal in number to such as have not be equal in number to such as have not been used to war consider further that been used to war consider further that been used to war consider further that you are to have a conflict with men in you are to have a conflict with men in you are to have a conflict with men in effect unarmed while you are well armed effect unarmed while you are well armed effect unarmed while you are well armed with footmen while you are Horsemen with with footmen while you are Horsemen with with footmen while you are Horsemen with those that have no good General while those that have no good General while those that have no good General while you have one and as these advantages you have one and as these advantages you have one and as these advantages make you in effect manifold more than make you in effect manifold more than make you in effect manifold more than you are so do their disadvantages might you are so do their disadvantages might you are so do their disadvantages might L diminish their number now it is not L diminish their number now it is not L diminish their number now it is not the multitude of men though they be the multitude of men though they be the multitude of men though they be soldiers that manages Wars with success soldiers that manages Wars with success soldiers that manages Wars with success but it is their bravery that does it but it is their bravery that does it but it is their bravery that does it though they be but few for a few are though they be but few for a few are though they be but few for a few are easily set in battle array and can easily set in battle array and can easily set in battle array and can easily assist one another while over easily assist one another while over easily assist one another while over numerous armies are more hurt by numerous armies are more hurt by numerous armies are more hurt by themselves than by their enemies it is themselves than by their enemies it is themselves than by their enemies it is boldness and rashness the effects of boldness and rashness the effects of boldness and rashness the effects of Madness that conduct the Jews those Madness that conduct the Jews those Madness that conduct the Jews those passions indeed make a great figure when passions indeed make a great figure when passions indeed make a great figure when they succeed but but are quite they succeed but but are quite they succeed but but are quite extinguished upon the least ill success extinguished upon the least ill success extinguished upon the least ill success but we are LED on by courage and but we are LED on by courage and but we are LED on by courage and obedience and fortitude which shows

obedience and fortitude which shows obedience and fortitude which shows itself indeed in our Good Fortune but itself indeed in our Good Fortune but itself indeed in our Good Fortune but still does not forever desert us in our still does not forever desert us in our still does not forever desert us in our ill Fortune nay indeed your fighting is ill Fortune nay indeed your fighting is ill Fortune nay indeed your fighting is to be on greater motives than those of to be on greater motives than those of to be on greater motives than those of the Jews for although they run the the Jews for although they run the the Jews for although they run the hazard of War for Liberty and for their hazard of War for Liberty and for their hazard of War for Liberty and for their country yet what can be a greater motive country yet what can be a greater motive country yet what can be a greater motive to us than glory and that it may never to us than glory and that it may never to us than glory and that it may never be said that after we have got Dominion be said that after we have got Dominion be said that after we have got Dominion of the habit habitable Earth the Jews of the habit habitable Earth the Jews of the habit habitable Earth the Jews are able to confront us we must also are able to confront us we must also are able to confront us we must also reflect upon this that there is no fear reflect upon this that there is no fear reflect upon this that there is no fear of our suffering any incurable disaster of our suffering any incurable disaster of our suffering any incurable disaster in the present case for those that are in the present case for those that are in the present case for those that are ready to assist us are many and at hand ready to assist us are many and at hand ready to assist us are many and at hand also yet it is in our power to seize also yet it is in our power to seize also yet it is in our power to seize upon this Victory ourselves and I think upon this Victory ourselves and I think upon this Victory ourselves and I think we ought to prevent the coming of those we ought to prevent the coming of those we ought to prevent the coming of those my father is sending to us for our my father is sending to us for our my father is sending to us for our assistance that our success may be assistance that our success may be assistance that our success may be peculiar to ourselves and of Greater peculiar to ourselves and of Greater peculiar to ourselves and of Greater reputation to us and I cannot but think reputation to us and I cannot but think reputation to us and I cannot but think this an opportunity wherein my father this an opportunity wherein my father this an opportunity wherein my father and I and you shall be all put to the and I and you shall be all put to the and I and you shall be all put to the trial whether he be worthy of his former trial whether he be worthy of his former trial whether he be worthy of his former glorious performances whether I be his glorious performances whether I be his glorious performances whether I be his son in reality and whether you be really son in reality and whether you be really son in reality and whether you be really my soldiers for it is usual for my my soldiers for it is usual for my my soldiers for it is usual for my father to conquer and for myself I father to conquer and for myself I father to conquer and for myself I should not bear the thoughts of should not bear the thoughts of should not bear the thoughts of returning to him if I were once taken by returning to him if I were once taken by returning to him if I were once taken by the enemy and how will you be able to the enemy and how will you be able to the enemy and how will you be able to avoid being ashamed if you do not show avoid being ashamed if you do not show avoid being ashamed if you do not show equal courage with your commander when equal courage with your commander when equal courage with your commander when he goes before you and into danger for he goes before you and into danger for he goes before you and into danger for you know very well that I shall go into you know very well that I shall go into you know very well that I shall go into the danger first and make the first the danger first and make the first the danger first and make the first attack upon the enemy do not you

attack upon the enemy do not you attack upon the enemy do not you therefore desert me but persuade therefore desert me but persuade therefore desert me but persuade yourselves that God will be assisting to yourselves that God will be assisting to yourselves that God will be assisting to my onset know this also before we begin my onset know this also before we begin my onset know this also before we begin that we shall now have better success that we shall now have better success that we shall now have better success than we should have if we were to fight than we should have if we were to fight than we should have if we were to fight at a distance three as Titus was saying at a distance three as Titus was saying at a distance three as Titus was saying this an extraordinary Fury fell upon the this an extraordinary Fury fell upon the this an extraordinary Fury fell upon the men and as Trent was already come before men and as Trent was already come before men and as Trent was already come before the fight began with 400 Horsemen they the fight began with 400 Horsemen they the fight began with 400 Horsemen they were uneasy at it because the reputation were uneasy at it because the reputation were uneasy at it because the reputation of the victory would be diminished by of the victory would be diminished by of the victory would be diminished by being common to so many thasian had also being common to so many thasian had also being common to so many thasian had also sent both Antonius and Silo with 2,000 sent both Antonius and Silo with 2,000 sent both Antonius and Silo with 2,000 archers and had given it them in charge archers and had given it them in charge archers and had given it them in charge to seize upon the mountain that was over to seize upon the mountain that was over to seize upon the mountain that was over against the city and repel those that against the city and repel those that against the city and repel those that were upon the wall which archers did as were upon the wall which archers did as were upon the wall which archers did as they were commanded and prevented those they were commanded and prevented those they were commanded and prevented those that attempted to assist them that way that attempted to assist them that way that attempted to assist them that way and now Titus made his own horse March and now Titus made his own horse March and now Titus made his own horse March first against the enemy as did did the first against the enemy as did did the first against the enemy as did did the others with a great noise after him and others with a great noise after him and others with a great noise after him and extended themselves upon the plane as extended themselves upon the plane as extended themselves upon the plane as wide as the enemy which confronted them wide as the enemy which confronted them wide as the enemy which confronted them by which means they appeared much more by which means they appeared much more by which means they appeared much more numerous than they really were now the numerous than they really were now the numerous than they really were now the Jews although they were surprised at Jews although they were surprised at Jews although they were surprised at this onset and at their good order made this onset and at their good order made this onset and at their good order made resistance against their attacks for a resistance against their attacks for a resistance against their attacks for a little while but when they were pricked little while but when they were pricked little while but when they were pricked with very long poles and overborne by with very long poles and overborne by with very long poles and overborne by the violent noise of the horsemen they the violent noise of the horsemen they the violent noise of the horsemen they came to be Trampled Under their feet came to be Trampled Under their feet came to be Trampled Under their feet many also of them were slain on every many also of them were slain on every many also of them were slain on every side which made them disperse them eles side which made them disperse them eles side which made them disperse them eles and run to the city as fast as every one and run to the city as fast as every one and run to the city as fast as every one of them were able so Titus pressed upon of them were able so Titus pressed upon of them were able so Titus pressed upon the hindmost and slew them and of the

the hindmost and slew them and of the the hindmost and slew them and of the rest some he fell upon as they stood on rest some he fell upon as they stood on rest some he fell upon as they stood on heaps and some he prevented and met them heaps and some he prevented and met them heaps and some he prevented and met them in the mouth and run them through many in the mouth and run them through many in the mouth and run them through many also he leaped upon as they fell one also he leaped upon as they fell one also he leaped upon as they fell one upon another and trod them down and cut upon another and trod them down and cut upon another and trod them down and cut off all the retreat they had to the wall off all the retreat they had to the wall off all the retreat they had to the wall and turned them back into the plain till and turned them back into the plain till and turned them back into the plain till at last they forced a passage by their at last they forced a passage by their at last they forced a passage by their multitude and got away and ran into to multitude and got away and ran into to multitude and got away and ran into to the city four but now there fell out a the city four but now there fell out a the city four but now there fell out a terrible sedition among them within the terrible sedition among them within the terrible sedition among them within the city for the inhabitants themselves who city for the inhabitants themselves who city for the inhabitants themselves who had possessions there and to whom the had possessions there and to whom the had possessions there and to whom the city belonged were not disposed to fight city belonged were not disposed to fight city belonged were not disposed to fight from the very beginning and now the less from the very beginning and now the less from the very beginning and now the less so because they had been beaten but the so because they had been beaten but the so because they had been beaten but the foreigners which were very numerous foreigners which were very numerous foreigners which were very numerous would force them to fight so much the would force them to fight so much the would force them to fight so much the more in so much that there was a clamor more in so much that there was a clamor more in so much that there was a clamor and a tumult among them as all mutually and a tumult among them as all mutually and a tumult among them as all mutually angry one at another and when Titus angry one at another and when Titus angry one at another and when Titus heard this tumult for he was not far heard this tumult for he was not far heard this tumult for he was not far from the wall he cried out fellow from the wall he cried out fellow from the wall he cried out fellow soldiers now is the time and why do we soldiers now is the time and why do we soldiers now is the time and why do we make any delay when God is giving up the make any delay when God is giving up the make any delay when God is giving up the Jews to us take the victory which is Jews to us take the victory which is Jews to us take the victory which is given you do not you hear what a noise given you do not you hear what a noise given you do not you hear what a noise they make those that escaped our hands they make those that escaped our hands they make those that escaped our hands are ill and uproar against one another are ill and uproar against one another are ill and uproar against one another we have the city if we make haste but we have the city if we make haste but we have the city if we make haste but besides haste we must undergo some labor besides haste we must undergo some labor besides haste we must undergo some labor and use some courage for no great thing and use some courage for no great thing and use some courage for no great thing uses to be accomplished without danger uses to be accomplished without danger uses to be accomplished without danger accordingly we must not only prevent accordingly we must not only prevent accordingly we must not only prevent their uniting again which necessity will their uniting again which necessity will their uniting again which necessity will soon compel them to do but we must also soon compel them to do but we must also soon compel them to do but we must also prevent the coming of our men to our prevent the coming of our men to our prevent the coming of our men to our assistance that as few as we are we may

assistance that as few as we are we may assistance that as few as we are we may conquer so great a multitude and may conquer so great a multitude and may conquer so great a multitude and may ourselves alone take the city five as ourselves alone take the city five as ourselves alone take the city five as soon as ever Titus had said this he soon as ever Titus had said this he soon as ever Titus had said this he leaped upon his horse and rode a pace leaped upon his horse and rode a pace leaped upon his horse and rode a pace down to the lake by which lake he down to the lake by which lake he down to the lake by which lake he marched and entered into the city the marched and entered into the city the marched and entered into the city the first of them all as did the others soon first of them all as did the others soon first of them all as did the others soon after him here upon those that were upon after him here upon those that were upon after him here upon those that were upon the walls were seized with a terror at the walls were seized with a terror at the walls were seized with a terror at the boldness of the attempt nor dur the boldness of the attempt nor dur the boldness of the attempt nor dur anyone venture to fight with him or to anyone venture to fight with him or to anyone venture to fight with him or to hinder him so they left guarding the hinder him so they left guarding the hinder him so they left guarding the city and some of those that were about city and some of those that were about city and some of those that were about Jesus fled over the country while others Jesus fled over the country while others Jesus fled over the country while others of them ran down to the lake and met the of them ran down to the lake and met the of them ran down to the lake and met the enemy in the teeth and some were slain enemy in the teeth and some were slain enemy in the teeth and some were slain as they were getting up into the ships as they were getting up into the ships as they were getting up into the ships but others of them as they attempted to but others of them as they attempted to but others of them as they attempted to overtake those that were already gone overtake those that were already gone overtake those that were already gone aboard there was also a great Slaughter aboard there was also a great Slaughter aboard there was also a great Slaughter made in the city while those foreigners made in the city while those foreigners made in the city while those foreigners that had not fled away already made that had not fled away already made that had not fled away already made opposition but the natural inhabitants opposition but the natural inhabitants opposition but the natural inhabitants were killed without fighting forign were killed without fighting forign were killed without fighting forign hopes of titus's giving them his right hopes of titus's giving them his right hopes of titus's giving them his right hand for their security and out of a hand for their security and out of a hand for their security and out of a Consciousness that they had not given Consciousness that they had not given Consciousness that they had not given any consent to the war they avoided any consent to the war they avoided any consent to the war they avoided fighting till Titus had slain the fighting till Titus had slain the fighting till Titus had slain the authors of this revolt and then put a authors of this revolt and then put a authors of this revolt and then put a stop to any further Slaughters out of a stop to any further Slaughters out of a stop to any further Slaughters out of a commiseration of these inhabitants of commiseration of these inhabitants of commiseration of these inhabitants of the place but for those that had fled to the place but for those that had fled to the place but for those that had fled to the lake upon seeing the city taken they the lake upon seeing the city taken they the lake upon seeing the city taken they sailed as far as they possibly could sailed as far as they possibly could sailed as far as they possibly could from the enemy from the enemy from the enemy six here upon Titus sent one of his six here upon Titus sent one of his six here upon Titus sent one of his Horsemen to his father and let him know Horsemen to his father and let him know Horsemen to his father and let him know the good news of what he had done at the good news of what he had done at the good news of what he had done at which as was natural he was very joyful

which as was natural he was very joyful which as was natural he was very joyful both on account of the courage and both on account of the courage and both on account of the courage and glorious actions of his son for he glorious actions of his son for he glorious actions of his son for he thought that now the greatest part of thought that now the greatest part of thought that now the greatest part of the war was over he then came thither the war was over he then came thither the war was over he then came thither himself and set men to guard the city himself and set men to guard the city himself and set men to guard the city and gave them command to take care that and gave them command to take care that and gave them command to take care that nobody got privately out of it but to nobody got privately out of it but to nobody got privately out of it but to kill such as attempted so to do and on kill such as attempted so to do and on kill such as attempted so to do and on the next day he went down to the lake the next day he went down to the lake the next day he went down to the lake and commanded that vessels should be and commanded that vessels should be and commanded that vessels should be fitted up in order to pursue those that fitted up in order to pursue those that fitted up in order to pursue those that had escaped in ships these vessels were had escaped in ships these vessels were had escaped in ships these vessels were quickly gotten ready accordingly because quickly gotten ready accordingly because quickly gotten ready accordingly because there was great plenty of materials and there was great plenty of materials and there was great plenty of materials and a great number of artificers a great number of artificers a great number of artificers also seven now this Lake of Garth is so also seven now this Lake of Garth is so also seven now this Lake of Garth is so calleded from the country adjoining to calleded from the country adjoining to calleded from the country adjoining to it its breadth is 40 furlongs and its it its breadth is 40 furlongs and its it its breadth is 40 furlongs and its length 140 its waters are sweet and very length 140 its waters are sweet and very length 140 its waters are sweet and very agreeable for drinking for they are agreeable for drinking for they are agreeable for drinking for they are finer than the thick Waters of other finer than the thick Waters of other finer than the thick Waters of other fins the lake is also pure and on every fins the lake is also pure and on every fins the lake is also pure and on every side ends directly at the shores and at side ends directly at the shores and at side ends directly at the shores and at the sand it is also of a temperate the sand it is also of a temperate the sand it is also of a temperate nature when you draw it up and of a more nature when you draw it up and of a more nature when you draw it up and of a more gentle nature than River or fountain gentle nature than River or fountain gentle nature than River or fountain water and yet always cooler than one water and yet always cooler than one water and yet always cooler than one could expect in so diffuse a place as could expect in so diffuse a place as could expect in so diffuse a place as this is now when this water is kept in this is now when this water is kept in this is now when this water is kept in the open air it is as cold as that snow the open air it is as cold as that snow the open air it is as cold as that snow which the country people are accustomed which the country people are accustomed which the country people are accustomed to make By Night In Summer there are to make By Night In Summer there are to make By Night In Summer there are several kinds of fish in it different several kinds of fish in it different several kinds of fish in it different both in the taste and the sight from both in the taste and the sight from both in the taste and the sight from those elsewhere it is divided into two those elsewhere it is divided into two those elsewhere it is divided into two parts by the River Jordan now panium is parts by the River Jordan now panium is parts by the River Jordan now panium is thought to be the Fountain of Jordan but thought to be the Fountain of Jordan but thought to be the Fountain of Jordan but in reality it is carried thither after in reality it is carried thither after in reality it is carried thither after an occult manner from the place called an occult manner from the place called an occult manner from the place called fiala this place lies as you go up to

fiala this place lies as you go up to fiala this place lies as you go up to tronus and is 120 furlongs from cesaria tronus and is 120 furlongs from cesaria tronus and is 120 furlongs from cesaria and is not far out of the road on the and is not far out of the road on the and is not far out of the road on the right hand and indeed it hath its name right hand and indeed it hath its name right hand and indeed it hath its name fiala vile or Bowl very justly from the fiala vile or Bowl very justly from the fiala vile or Bowl very justly from the roundness of its circumference as being roundness of its circumference as being roundness of its circumference as being round like a wheel its water continu round like a wheel its water continu round like a wheel its water continu always up to its edges without either always up to its edges without either always up to its edges without either sinking or running over and as this sinking or running over and as this sinking or running over and as this origin of Jordan was formerly not known origin of Jordan was formerly not known origin of Jordan was formerly not known it was discovered so to be when Philip it was discovered so to be when Philip it was discovered so to be when Philip was tetrarch of tronus for he had chaff was tetrarch of tronus for he had chaff was tetrarch of tronus for he had chaff thrown into fiala and it was found at thrown into fiala and it was found at thrown into fiala and it was found at panito where the Ancients thought the panito where the Ancients thought the panito where the Ancients thought the Fountain Head of the river was with it Fountain Head of the river was with it Fountain Head of the river was with it had been therefore carried by the waters had been therefore carried by the waters had been therefore carried by the waters as for panum itself its natural beauty as for panum itself its natural beauty as for panum itself its natural beauty had been improved by the Royal had been improved by the Royal had been improved by the Royal liberality of agria and adorned at his liberality of agria and adorned at his liberality of agria and adorned at his expenses now Jordan's visible stream expenses now Jordan's visible stream expenses now Jordan's visible stream arises from this Cavern and divides the arises from this Cavern and divides the arises from this Cavern and divides the marshes and F of the lake semic conus marshes and F of the lake semic conus marshes and F of the lake semic conus when it hath run another 120 furlongs it when it hath run another 120 furlongs it when it hath run another 120 furlongs it first passes by the city Julius and then first passes by the city Julius and then first passes by the city Julius and then passes through the middle of the lake passes through the middle of the lake passes through the middle of the lake jerith after which it runs a way over a jerith after which it runs a way over a jerith after which it runs a way over a desert and then makes its exit into the desert and then makes its exit into the desert and then makes its exit into the lake asphal tius eight the country also lake asphal tius eight the country also lake asphal tius eight the country also that Lies Over against this Lake ha the that Lies Over against this Lake ha the that Lies Over against this Lake ha the same name of GTH its nature is wonderful same name of GTH its nature is wonderful same name of GTH its nature is wonderful as well as its beauty its so soil is so as well as its beauty its so soil is so as well as its beauty its so soil is so fruitful that all sorts of trees can fruitful that all sorts of trees can fruitful that all sorts of trees can grow upon it and the inhabitants grow upon it and the inhabitants grow upon it and the inhabitants accordingly plant all sorts of trees accordingly plant all sorts of trees accordingly plant all sorts of trees there for The Temper of the air is so there for The Temper of the air is so there for The Temper of the air is so well mixed that it agrees very well with well mixed that it agrees very well with well mixed that it agrees very well with those several sorts particularly walnuts

those several sorts particularly walnuts those several sorts particularly walnuts which require the coldest air flourish which require the coldest air flourish which require the coldest air flourish there in vast plenty there are palm there in vast plenty there are palm there in vast plenty there are palm trees also which grow best in hot air trees also which grow best in hot air trees also which grow best in hot air fig trees also and olives grow near them fig trees also and olives grow near them fig trees also and olives grow near them which yet require an air that is more which yet require an air that is more which yet require an air that is more temperate one may call this place the temperate one may call this place the temperate one may call this place the ambition of nature where it it forces ambition of nature where it it forces ambition of nature where it it forces those plants that are naturally enemies those plants that are naturally enemies those plants that are naturally enemies to one another to agree together it is a to one another to agree together it is a to one another to agree together it is a happy contention of the seasons as if happy contention of the seasons as if happy contention of the seasons as if every one of them lay claim to this every one of them lay claim to this every one of them lay claim to this country for it not only nourishes country for it not only nourishes country for it not only nourishes different sorts of autumnal fruit Beyond different sorts of autumnal fruit Beyond different sorts of autumnal fruit Beyond men's expectation but preserves them a men's expectation but preserves them a men's expectation but preserves them a great while it supplies men with great while it supplies men with great while it supplies men with principal fruits with grapes and figs principal fruits with grapes and figs principal fruits with grapes and figs continually during 10 months of the year continually during 10 months of the year continually during 10 months of the year and the rest of the fruits as they and the rest of the fruits as they and the rest of the fruits as they become ripe together throughout the become ripe together throughout the become ripe together throughout the whole year footnote it may be worth our whole year footnote it may be worth our whole year footnote it may be worth our while to obser observe here that near while to obser observe here that near while to obser observe here that near this Lake Gareth grapes and figs hang on this Lake Gareth grapes and figs hang on this Lake Gareth grapes and figs hang on the trees 10 months of the year we may the trees 10 months of the year we may the trees 10 months of the year we may observe also that in seral of Jerusalem observe also that in seral of Jerusalem observe also that in seral of Jerusalem which was delivered not long before which was delivered not long before which was delivered not long before Easter there was no fresh leaves of fig Easter there was no fresh leaves of fig Easter there was no fresh leaves of fig trees nor Bunches of fresh grapes and trees nor Bunches of fresh grapes and trees nor Bunches of fresh grapes and Judea so that when St Mark says chap 11: Judea so that when St Mark says chap 11: Judea so that when St Mark says chap 11: 13 that our savior soon after the same 13 that our savior soon after the same 13 that our savior soon after the same time of the year came and found leaves time of the year came and found leaves time of the year came and found leaves on a fig tree near Jerusalem but no figs on a fig tree near Jerusalem but no figs on a fig tree near Jerusalem but no figs because the time of new figs ripening because the time of new figs ripening because the time of new figs ripening was not yet he says very true nor were was not yet he says very true nor were was not yet he says very true nor were they therefore other than old leaves they therefore other than old leaves they therefore other than old leaves which Our Savior saw and old figs which which Our Savior saw and old figs which which Our Savior saw and old figs which he expected and even with us commonly he expected and even with us commonly he expected and even with us commonly hang on trees all winter long end hang on trees all winter long end hang on trees all winter long end footnote for besides the good

footnote for besides the good footnote for besides the good temperature of the air it is also water temperature of the air it is also water temperature of the air it is also water from a most fertile Fountain the people from a most fertile Fountain the people from a most fertile Fountain the people of the country call it kaaram some have of the country call it kaaram some have of the country call it kaaram some have thought it to be a vein of the Nile thought it to be a vein of the Nile thought it to be a vein of the Nile because it produces the Carin fish as because it produces the Carin fish as because it produces the Carin fish as well as that Lake does which is near to well as that Lake does which is near to well as that Lake does which is near to Alexandria the length of this country Alexandria the length of this country Alexandria the length of this country extends itself along the banks of this extends itself along the banks of this extends itself along the banks of this Lake that bears the same name for 30 Lake that bears the same name for 30 Lake that bears the same name for 30 furlongs and is in breath 20 and this is furlongs and is in breath 20 and this is furlongs and is in breath 20 and this is the nature of that the nature of that the nature of that place nine but now when the vessels were place nine but now when the vessels were place nine but now when the vessels were gotten ready Vespasian put upon gotten ready Vespasian put upon gotten ready Vespasian put upon shipboard as many of his forces as he shipboard as many of his forces as he shipboard as many of his forces as he thought sufficient to be too hard for thought sufficient to be too hard for thought sufficient to be too hard for those that were upon the lake and set those that were upon the lake and set those that were upon the lake and set sail after them now these which were sail after them now these which were sail after them now these which were driven into the lake could neither fly driven into the lake could neither fly driven into the lake could neither fly to the land where all was in their enemy to the land where all was in their enemy to the land where all was in their enemy hand and in war against them nor could hand and in war against them nor could hand and in war against them nor could they fight upon the level by sea for they fight upon the level by sea for they fight upon the level by sea for their ships were small and fitted only their ships were small and fitted only their ships were small and fitted only for piracy they were too weak to fight for piracy they were too weak to fight for piracy they were too weak to fight with Vespasian vessels and the Mariners with Vespasian vessels and the Mariners with Vespasian vessels and the Mariners that were in them were so few that they that were in them were so few that they that were in them were so few that they were afraid to come near the Romans who were afraid to come near the Romans who were afraid to come near the Romans who attacked them in great attacked them in great attacked them in great numbers however as they sailed round numbers however as they sailed round numbers however as they sailed round about the vessels and sometimes as they about the vessels and sometimes as they about the vessels and sometimes as they came near them they threw stones at the came near them they threw stones at the came near them they threw stones at the Romans when they were a good way off or Romans when they were a good way off or Romans when they were a good way off or came closer and fought them yet did they came closer and fought them yet did they came closer and fought them yet did they receive the greatest harm themselves in receive the greatest harm themselves in receive the greatest harm themselves in both cases as for the stones they threw both cases as for the stones they threw both cases as for the stones they threw at the Romans they only made a sound one at the Romans they only made a sound one at the Romans they only made a sound one after another for they threw them after another for they threw them after another for they threw them against such as were in their armor against such as were in their armor against such as were in their armor while the Roman darts could reach the while the Roman darts could reach the while the Roman darts could reach the Jews themselves and when they ventured Jews themselves and when they ventured Jews themselves and when they ventured to come near the Romans they became to come near the Romans they became to come near the Romans they became sufferers themselves before they could sufferers themselves before they could sufferers themselves before they could do any harm to the E and were drowned

do any harm to the E and were drowned do any harm to the E and were drowned they and their ships together as for they and their ships together as for they and their ships together as for those that endeavored to come to an those that endeavored to come to an those that endeavored to come to an actual fight the Romans ran many of them actual fight the Romans ran many of them actual fight the Romans ran many of them through with their long poles sometimes through with their long poles sometimes through with their long poles sometimes the Romans leaped into their ships with the Romans leaped into their ships with the Romans leaped into their ships with swords in their hands and slew them but swords in their hands and slew them but swords in their hands and slew them but when some of them met the vessels the when some of them met the vessels the when some of them met the vessels the Romans caught them by the middle and Romans caught them by the middle and Romans caught them by the middle and destroyed at once their ships and destroyed at once their ships and destroyed at once their ships and themselves who were taken in them as for themselves who were taken in them as for themselves who were taken in them as for such as were drowning in the sea if they such as were drowning in the sea if they such as were drowning in the sea if they lifted their heads up above the water lifted their heads up above the water lifted their heads up above the water they were either killed by darts or they were either killed by darts or they were either killed by darts or caught by the vessels but if in the caught by the vessels but if in the caught by the vessels but if in the desperate case they were in they desperate case they were in they desperate case they were in they attempted to swim to their enemies the attempted to swim to their enemies the attempted to swim to their enemies the Romans cut off either their heads or Romans cut off either their heads or Romans cut off either their heads or their hands and indeed they were their hands and indeed they were their hands and indeed they were destroyed after various manners destroyed after various manners destroyed after various manners everywhere till the rest being put to everywhere till the rest being put to everywhere till the rest being put to flight were forced to get upon the land flight were forced to get upon the land flight were forced to get upon the land while the vessels encompassed them about while the vessels encompassed them about while the vessels encompassed them about on the sea but as many of these were on the sea but as many of these were on the sea but as many of these were repulsed when they were getting ashore repulsed when they were getting ashore repulsed when they were getting ashore they were killed by the darts upon the they were killed by the darts upon the they were killed by the darts upon the lake and the Romans leaped out of their lake and the Romans leaped out of their lake and the Romans leaped out of their vessels and destroyed a great many more vessels and destroyed a great many more vessels and destroyed a great many more upon the land one might then see the upon the land one might then see the upon the land one might then see the lake all bloody and full of dead bodies lake all bloody and full of dead bodies lake all bloody and full of dead bodies for not one of them escaped and a for not one of them escaped and a for not one of them escaped and a terrible stink and a very sad sight terrible stink and a very sad sight terrible stink and a very sad sight there was on the following days over there was on the following days over there was on the following days over that country for as for the shores they that country for as for the shores they that country for as for the shores they were full of shipwrecks and of dead were full of shipwrecks and of dead were full of shipwrecks and of dead bodies all swelled and as the dead bodies all swelled and as the dead bodies all swelled and as the dead bodies were inflamed by the Sun and bodies were inflamed by the Sun and bodies were inflamed by the Sun and putrified they corrupted the air in so putrified they corrupted the air in so putrified they corrupted the air in so much that the misery was not only the much that the misery was not only the much that the misery was not only the object of commiseration to the Jews but object of commiseration to the Jews but object of commiseration to the Jews but to those that hated them and had been to those that hated them and had been to those that hated them and had been the authors of that misery this was the the authors of that misery this was the the authors of that misery this was the upshot of the sea fight the number of upshot of the sea fight the number of upshot of the sea fight the number of the slain including those that were

the slain including those that were the slain including those that were killed in the city before was killed in the city before was killed in the city before was 6,500 10 after this fight was over 6,500 10 after this fight was over 6,500 10 after this fight was over Vespasian sat upon his tribunal at Vespasian sat upon his tribunal at Vespasian sat upon his tribunal at tariche in order to distinguish the tariche in order to distinguish the tariche in order to distinguish the foreigners from the old inhabitants for foreigners from the old inhabitants for foreigners from the old inhabitants for those foreigners appear to have begun those foreigners appear to have begun those foreigners appear to have begun the war so he deliberated with the other the war so he deliberated with the other the war so he deliberated with the other commanders whether he ought to save commanders whether he ought to save commanders whether he ought to save those old inhabitants or not and when those old inhabitants or not and when those old inhabitants or not and when those commanders alleged that the those commanders alleged that the those commanders alleged that the dismission of them that would be to his dismission of them that would be to his dismission of them that would be to his own disadvantage because when they were own disadvantage because when they were own disadvantage because when they were once set at Liberty they would not be at once set at Liberty they would not be at once set at Liberty they would not be at rest since they would be people rest since they would be people rest since they would be people destitute of proper habitations and destitute of proper habitations and destitute of proper habitations and would be able to compel such as they would be able to compel such as they would be able to compel such as they fled to fight against us Vespasian fled to fight against us Vespasian fled to fight against us Vespasian acknowledged that they did did not acknowledged that they did did not acknowledged that they did did not deserve to be saved and that if they had deserve to be saved and that if they had deserve to be saved and that if they had leave given them to fly away they would leave given them to fly away they would leave given them to fly away they would make use of it against those that gave make use of it against those that gave make use of it against those that gave them that leave but still he considered them that leave but still he considered them that leave but still he considered with himself after what Manner they with himself after what Manner they with himself after what Manner they should be slain for if he had them slain should be slain for if he had them slain should be slain for if he had them slain there he suspected the people of the there he suspected the people of the there he suspected the people of the country would thereby become his enemies country would thereby become his enemies country would thereby become his enemies footnote this is the most cruel and footnote this is the most cruel and footnote this is the most cruel and barbarous action that Vespasian ever did barbarous action that Vespasian ever did barbarous action that Vespasian ever did in this whole War as he did it with in this whole War as he did it with in this whole War as he did it with great reluctance also it was done both great reluctance also it was done both great reluctance also it was done both after public Assurance given of sparing after public Assurance given of sparing after public Assurance given of sparing the prisoners lives and when all knew the prisoners lives and when all knew the prisoners lives and when all knew and confessed that these prisoners were and confessed that these prisoners were and confessed that these prisoners were in no way guilty of any sedition against in no way guilty of any sedition against in no way guilty of any sedition against the Romans nor indeed did Titus now give the Romans nor indeed did Titus now give the Romans nor indeed did Titus now give his consent so far as appears nor ever his consent so far as appears nor ever his consent so far as appears nor ever Act of himself so barbarously nay soon Act of himself so barbarously nay soon Act of himself so barbarously nay soon after this Titus grew quite weary of after this Titus grew quite weary of after this Titus grew quite weary of shedding blood and of punishing the

shedding blood and of punishing the shedding blood and of punishing the innocent with the guilty and gave the innocent with the guilty and gave the innocent with the guilty and gave the people of Gala leave to keep the Jewish people of Gala leave to keep the Jewish people of Gala leave to keep the Jewish sabbath in the midst of their Siege nor sabbath in the midst of their Siege nor sabbath in the midst of their Siege nor was Vespasian disposed to do what he did was Vespasian disposed to do what he did was Vespasian disposed to do what he did till his officers persuaded him and that till his officers persuaded him and that till his officers persuaded him and that from two principal topics V's that from two principal topics V's that from two principal topics V's that nothing could be unjust that was done nothing could be unjust that was done nothing could be unjust that was done against Jews and that when both cannot against Jews and that when both cannot against Jews and that when both cannot be consistent Advantage must Prevail be consistent Advantage must Prevail be consistent Advantage must Prevail over Justice admirable Court doctrines over Justice admirable Court doctrines over Justice admirable Court doctrines these end footnote for that to be sure these end footnote for that to be sure these end footnote for that to be sure they would never bear it that so many they would never bear it that so many they would never bear it that so many that had been supplicants to him should that had been supplicants to him should that had been supplicants to him should be killed and to offer violence to them be killed and to offer violence to them be killed and to offer violence to them after he had given them assurances of after he had given them assurances of after he had given them assurances of their lives he could not himself bear to their lives he could not himself bear to their lives he could not himself bear to do it however his friends were too hard do it however his friends were too hard do it however his friends were too hard for him and pretended that nothing for him and pretended that nothing for him and pretended that nothing against Jews could be any impiety and against Jews could be any impiety and against Jews could be any impiety and that he ought to prefer what was that he ought to prefer what was that he ought to prefer what was profitable before what was fit to be profitable before what was fit to be profitable before what was fit to be done where both could not be made done where both could not be made done where both could not be made consistent so he gave them an ambiguous consistent so he gave them an ambiguous consistent so he gave them an ambiguous Liberty to do as they advised and Liberty to do as they advised and Liberty to do as they advised and permitted the prisoners should go along permitted the prisoners should go along permitted the prisoners should go along no other road than that which led to no other road than that which led to no other road than that which led to tiberias only so they readily believed tiberias only so they readily believed tiberias only so they readily believed what they desired to be true and went what they desired to be true and went what they desired to be true and went along securely with their effects the along securely with their effects the along securely with their effects the way which was allowed them while the way which was allowed them while the way which was allowed them while the Romans seized upon all the road that led Romans seized upon all the road that led Romans seized upon all the road that led to Tiber ious that none of them might go to Tiber ious that none of them might go to Tiber ious that none of them might go out of it and shut them up in the city out of it and shut them up in the city out of it and shut them up in the city then came Vespasian and ordered them all then came Vespasian and ordered them all then came Vespasian and ordered them all to stand in the stadium and commanded to stand in the stadium and commanded to stand in the stadium and commanded them to kill the old men together with them to kill the old men together with them to kill the old men together with the others that were useless which were the others that were useless which were the others that were useless which were in number in number in number 1,200 out of the young men he chose 1,200 out of the young men he chose 1,200 out of the young men he chose 6,000 of the strongest and sent them to

6,000 of the strongest and sent them to 6,000 of the strongest and sent them to Nero to dig through the ismus and sold Nero to dig through the ismus and sold Nero to dig through the ismus and sold the remainder for slaves being the remainder for slaves being the remainder for slaves being 30,400 besides such as he made a present 30,400 besides such as he made a present 30,400 besides such as he made a present of to a rppa for as to those that belong of to a rppa for as to those that belong of to a rppa for as to those that belong to his kingdom he gave him leave to do to his kingdom he gave him leave to do to his kingdom he gave him leave to do what he pleased with them however the what he pleased with them however the what he pleased with them however the king sold these also for slaves but for king sold these also for slaves but for king sold these also for slaves but for the rest of the multitude who were trait the rest of the multitude who were trait the rest of the multitude who were trait and gites and of hippos and some of and gites and of hippos and some of and gites and of hippos and some of gadara and the greatest part of them gadara and the greatest part of them gadara and the greatest part of them were seditious persons and fugitives who were seditious persons and fugitives who were seditious persons and fugitives who were of such shameful characters that were of such shameful characters that were of such shameful characters that they preferred War before peace these they preferred War before peace these they preferred War before peace these prisoners were taken on the eighth day prisoners were taken on the eighth day prisoners were taken on the eighth day of the month goros of the month goros of the month goros elu elu elu end of book three chapter 10 end of book end of book three chapter 10 end of book end of book three chapter 10 end of book three