J B Bury's History of Greece - Ch. 02 The Expansion Of Greece

a history of Greece to the death of a history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander the Great vol 1 by John Bagnall puri chapter 2 the vol 1 by John Bagnall puri chapter 2 the vol 1 by John Bagnall puri chapter 2 the expansion of Greece part one causes and expansion of Greece part one causes and expansion of Greece part one causes and character of Greek colonization the character of Greek colonization the character of Greek colonization the expansion of the Greeks beyond Greece expansion of the Greeks beyond Greece expansion of the Greeks beyond Greece proper and the coasts of the Aegean the proper and the coasts of the Aegean the proper and the coasts of the Aegean the plantation of Greek colonies on the plantation of Greek colonies on the plantation of Greek colonies on the shores of Thrace and the Black Sea in shores of Thrace and the Black Sea in shores of Thrace and the Black Sea in Italy and Sicily even in Spain and Gaul Italy and Sicily even in Spain and Gaul Italy and Sicily even in Spain and Gaul began it is uncertain when and was began it is uncertain when and was began it is uncertain when and was completed in the 6th century but it must completed in the 6th century but it must completed in the 6th century but it must not be regarded as a single or isolated not be regarded as a single or isolated not be regarded as a single or isolated phenomenon it was the continuation of phenomenon it was the continuation of phenomenon it was the continuation of the earlier expansion over the Aegean the earlier expansion over the Aegean the earlier expansion over the Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor the islands and the coast of Asia Minor the islands and the coast of Asia Minor the details of which were forgotten by the details of which were forgotten by the details of which were forgotten by the Greeks themselves and are consequently Greeks themselves and are consequently Greeks themselves and are consequently unknown to us the cause of Greek unknown to us the cause of Greek unknown to us the cause of Greek colonization is not to be found in mere colonization is not to be found in mere colonization is not to be found in mere trade interests these indeed were in trade interests these indeed were in trade interests these indeed were in most cases emotive and in some of the most cases emotive and in some of the most cases emotive and in some of the settlements on the Black Sea they were settlements on the Black Sea they were settlements on the Black Sea they were perhaps a leading motive but the great perhaps a leading motive but the great perhaps a leading motive but the great difference between Greek and Phoenician difference between Greek and Phoenician difference between Greek and Phoenician colonization is that while the colonization is that while the colonization is that while the Phoenicians aimed solely at promoting Phoenicians aimed solely at promoting Phoenicians aimed solely at promoting their commerce and only a few of their their commerce and only a few of their their commerce and only a few of their settlements notably Carthage became more settlements notably Carthage became more settlements notably Carthage became more than mere trading stations or factories than mere trading stations or factories than mere trading stations or factories Greek colonization satisfied other needs

Greek colonization satisfied other needs Greek colonization satisfied other needs than desire of commercial profit it was than desire of commercial profit it was than desire of commercial profit it was the expression of the adventurous spirit the expression of the adventurous spirit the expression of the adventurous spirit which has been poetically reflected in which has been poetically reflected in which has been poetically reflected in the legends of the sailing of the Argo the legends of the sailing of the Argo the legends of the sailing of the Argo and the homecoming of Odysseus the same and the homecoming of Odysseus the same and the homecoming of Odysseus the same spirit not to be expressed in any spirit not to be expressed in any spirit not to be expressed in any commercial formula which prompted commercial formula which prompted commercial formula which prompted English colonization trade of course English colonization trade of course English colonization trade of course sometimes paved the way colonists sometimes paved the way colonists sometimes paved the way colonists followed in the paths of trade and the followed in the paths of trade and the followed in the paths of trade and the merchants of Meletis who had ventured merchants of Meletis who had ventured merchants of Meletis who had ventured themselves in the dangerous waters of themselves in the dangerous waters of themselves in the dangerous waters of the the the observe natural harbors and inviting observe natural harbors and inviting observe natural harbors and inviting sites for cities and when they returned sites for cities and when they returned sites for cities and when they returned home organized parties of settlers the home organized parties of settlers the home organized parties of settlers the adventurous the discontented and the adventurous the discontented and the adventurous the discontented and the needy were always to be found but in the needy were always to be found but in the needy were always to be found but in the case of the early colonies at least it case of the early colonies at least it case of the early colonies at least it was not overpopulation of the land so was not overpopulation of the land so was not overpopulation of the land so much as the nature of the land system much as the nature of the land system much as the nature of the land system that drove men to emigrate in various that drove men to emigrate in various that drove men to emigrate in various ways under the family system which was ways under the family system which was ways under the family system which was ill-suited to independent and ill-suited to independent and ill-suited to independent and adventurous spirits it would come about adventurous spirits it would come about adventurous spirits it would come about that individual members were excluded that individual members were excluded that individual members were excluded from a share in the communist state and from a share in the communist state and from a share in the communist state and separated from their kin such lek lands separated from their kin such lek lands separated from their kin such lek lands were ripe for colonial enterprise again were ripe for colonial enterprise again were ripe for colonial enterprise again the political circumstances of most the political circumstances of most the political circumstances of most Greek states in the 8th and 7th Greek states in the 8th and 7th Greek states in the 8th and 7th centuries favoured emigration we have

centuries favoured emigration we have centuries favoured emigration we have seen that at this time the aristocratic seen that at this time the aristocratic seen that at this time the aristocratic form of government generally prevailed form of government generally prevailed form of government generally prevailed sometimes a king was formally at the sometimes a king was formally at the sometimes a king was formally at the head but he was really no more than the head but he was really no more than the head but he was really no more than the first of peers a body of nobles were the first of peers a body of nobles were the first of peers a body of nobles were the true masters sometimes there was an true masters sometimes there was an true masters sometimes there was an aristocracy within an aristocracy or a aristocracy within an aristocracy or a aristocracy within an aristocracy or a large clan like the Becky ads at Corinth large clan like the Becky ads at Corinth large clan like the Becky ads at Corinth held the power in all cases the held the power in all cases the held the power in all cases the distinction between the members of the distinction between the members of the distinction between the members of the ruling class and the mass of free ruling class and the mass of free ruling class and the mass of free citizens was widened and deepened it was citizens was widened and deepened it was citizens was widened and deepened it was the tendency of the rulers to govern in the tendency of the rulers to govern in the tendency of the rulers to govern in their own interest and oppress the their own interest and oppress the their own interest and oppress the multitude and they cared little to multitude and they cared little to multitude and they cared little to disguise their contempt for the mass of disguise their contempt for the mass of disguise their contempt for the mass of the people at miscellany things went so the people at miscellany things went so the people at miscellany things went so far that the pencil id's who had secured far that the pencil id's who had secured far that the pencil id's who had secured the chief power went about in the the chief power went about in the the chief power went about in the streets armed with clubs and knocks down streets armed with clubs and knocks down streets armed with clubs and knocks down citizens whom they disliked under these citizens whom they disliked under these citizens whom they disliked under these conditions there were strong inducements conditions there were strong inducements conditions there were strong inducements for men to leave their native city where for men to leave their native city where for men to leave their native city where they were of little account and had to they were of little account and had to they were of little account and had to endure the slights endure the slights endure the slights if nothing worse of their rulers and to if nothing worse of their rulers and to if nothing worse of their rulers and to join in the foundation of a new policy join in the foundation of a new policy join in the foundation of a new policy where they might where they might where they might rule the same inducement drew Nobles who rule the same inducement drew Nobles who rule the same inducement drew Nobles who did not belong to the inner oligarchical did not belong to the inner oligarchical did not belong to the inner oligarchical circle in fact political discontent was circle in fact political discontent was circle in fact political discontent was an immediate cause of Greek colonization an immediate cause of Greek colonization an immediate cause of Greek colonization and conversely it may be said that

and conversely it may be said that and conversely it may be said that colonization was a Palladium of colonization was a Palladium of colonization was a Palladium of aristocracy aristocracy aristocracy if this outlet had not existed or if it if this outlet had not existed or if it if this outlet had not existed or if it had not suited the Hellenic temper the had not suited the Hellenic temper the had not suited the Hellenic temper the aristocracies might not have lasted so aristocracies might not have lasted so aristocracies might not have lasted so long and they wisely discerned that it long and they wisely discerned that it long and they wisely discerned that it was their own interest to encourage was their own interest to encourage was their own interest to encourage colonization but while we recognize the colonization but while we recognize the colonization but while we recognize the operation of general causes we must not operation of general causes we must not operation of general causes we must not ignore special causes we must for ignore special causes we must for ignore special causes we must for instance take into account the fact that instance take into account the fact that instance take into account the fact that my leaders and the South Ionian cities my leaders and the South Ionian cities my leaders and the South Ionian cities were unable to expand in Korea as the were unable to expand in Korea as the were unable to expand in Korea as the North Ionian cities expanded in Lydia North Ionian cities expanded in Lydia North Ionian cities expanded in Lydia because the Carians were too strong for because the Carians were too strong for because the Carians were too strong for them and lytia presented the same kind them and lytia presented the same kind them and lytia presented the same kind of barrier to Rhodes otherwise perhaps of barrier to Rhodes otherwise perhaps of barrier to Rhodes otherwise perhaps neither Rhodes nor my Letus would have neither Rhodes nor my Letus would have neither Rhodes nor my Letus would have sent settlers to distant lands wherever sent settlers to distant lands wherever sent settlers to distant lands wherever the Greek went he retained his customs the Greek went he retained his customs the Greek went he retained his customs and language and made a Greek poleis It and language and made a Greek poleis It and language and made a Greek poleis It was as if a bit of Greece was set down was as if a bit of Greece was set down was as if a bit of Greece was set down on the remote shores of the iewk scene on the remote shores of the iewk scene on the remote shores of the iewk scene or in the Far West on the wild coasts of or in the Far West on the wild coasts of or in the Far West on the wild coasts of goal or Iberia the colony was a private goal or Iberia the colony was a private goal or Iberia the colony was a private enterprise but the bond of kinship with enterprise but the bond of kinship with enterprise but the bond of kinship with the mother city was carefully fostered the mother city was carefully fostered the mother city was carefully fostered and though political discontent might and though political discontent might and though political discontent might have been the cause which drove the have been the cause which drove the have been the cause which drove the founders forth yet that solemn departure founders forth yet that solemn departure founders forth yet that solemn departure for a distant land where a new for a distant land where a new for a distant land where a new city-states protected by the same gods

city-states protected by the same gods city-states protected by the same gods was to spring up always sealed a was to spring up always sealed a was to spring up always sealed a reconciliation the emigrants took fire reconciliation the emigrants took fire reconciliation the emigrants took fire from the public hearth of their city to from the public hearth of their city to from the public hearth of their city to light the fire on that of their new home light the fire on that of their new home light the fire on that of their new home intercourse between colonies and the intercourse between colonies and the intercourse between colonies and the mother country was specially kept up at mother country was specially kept up at mother country was specially kept up at the great religious festivals of the the great religious festivals of the the great religious festivals of the year and various marks of filial respect year and various marks of filial respect year and various marks of filial respect were shown by the were shown by the were shown by the daughter to the mother when as daughter to the mother when as daughter to the mother when as frequently befell the colony determined frequently befell the colony determined frequently befell the colony determined herself in turn to throw off a new shoot herself in turn to throw off a new shoot herself in turn to throw off a new shoot it was the recognized custom that she it was the recognized custom that she it was the recognized custom that she should seek the easiest or leader of the should seek the easiest or leader of the should seek the easiest or leader of the colonists from the mother city thus the colonists from the mother city thus the colonists from the mother city thus the Megerian colony Byzantium when it Megerian colony Byzantium when it Megerian colony Byzantium when it founded its own colony mesambria must founded its own colony mesambria must founded its own colony mesambria must have sought an assist from Megara the have sought an assist from Megara the have sought an assist from Megara the political importance of colonization was political importance of colonization was political importance of colonization was sanctified by religion and it was a sanctified by religion and it was a sanctified by religion and it was a necessary formality whenever a necessary formality whenever a necessary formality whenever a settlement was to be made to ask the settlement was to be made to ask the settlement was to be made to ask the approbation of the Delphic god the most approbation of the Delphic god the most approbation of the Delphic god the most ancient irregular god of greece was Zeus ancient irregular god of greece was Zeus ancient irregular god of greece was Zeus of de dona the celli his priests and of de dona the celli his priests and of de dona the celli his priests and interpreters are mentioned in the Iliad interpreters are mentioned in the Iliad interpreters are mentioned in the Iliad and in the Odyssey the donor appears as and in the Odyssey the donor appears as and in the Odyssey the donor appears as a place to which a king of the West a place to which a king of the West a place to which a king of the West might go to ask the will of Zeus from might go to ask the will of Zeus from might go to ask the will of Zeus from the lofty oak wherein the God was the lofty oak wherein the God was the lofty oak wherein the God was conceived to dwell but the oak shrine in

conceived to dwell but the oak shrine in conceived to dwell but the oak shrine in the highlands of Epirus was too remote the highlands of Epirus was too remote the highlands of Epirus was too remote to become the chief Oracle of Greece and to become the chief Oracle of Greece and to become the chief Oracle of Greece and the central position of Delphi enabled the central position of Delphi enabled the central position of Delphi enabled the astute priests of the Pythian Apollo the astute priests of the Pythian Apollo the astute priests of the Pythian Apollo to exalt the authority of their God as a to exalt the authority of their God as a to exalt the authority of their God as a true prophet to the supreme place in the true prophet to the supreme place in the true prophet to the supreme place in the Greek world footnote the Delphic Oracle Greek world footnote the Delphic Oracle Greek world footnote the Delphic Oracle is also mentioned in the Odyssey in the is also mentioned in the Odyssey in the is also mentioned in the Odyssey in the passage of the legend of Oedipus book 19 passage of the legend of Oedipus book 19 passage of the legend of Oedipus book 19 line two nine six and a footnote there line two nine six and a footnote there line two nine six and a footnote there were other irregular deities who were other irregular deities who were other irregular deities who foretold the future there was not far foretold the future there was not far foretold the future there was not far off Truffaut Gnaeus at B Ocean Labbadia off Truffaut Gnaeus at B Ocean Labbadia off Truffaut Gnaeus at B Ocean Labbadia there was mva arias in the land of the there was mva arias in the land of the there was mva arias in the land of the greys not yet be ocean but none of these greys not yet be ocean but none of these greys not yet be ocean but none of these ever became even a rival of the Delphian ever became even a rival of the Delphian ever became even a rival of the Delphian Apollo who by the seventh century at Apollo who by the seventh century at Apollo who by the seventh century at least had won the position of advisor to least had won the position of advisor to least had won the position of advisor to Greece footnote the influence of the Greece footnote the influence of the Greece footnote the influence of the Oracle is another question Oracle is another question Oracle is another question end of footnote it is worthy of notice end of footnote it is worthy of notice end of footnote it is worthy of notice that colonization tended that colonization tended that colonization tended to promote a feeling of unity among the to promote a feeling of unity among the to promote a feeling of unity among the Greek peoples and it did so in two ways Greek peoples and it did so in two ways Greek peoples and it did so in two ways by the wide diffusion of their race on by the wide diffusion of their race on by the wide diffusion of their race on the fringe of barbarous lands it brought the fringe of barbarous lands it brought the fringe of barbarous lands it brought home to them more fully the contrast home to them more fully the contrast home to them more fully the contrast between Greek and barbarian and by between Greek and barbarian and by between Greek and barbarian and by consequence the community of the Greeks consequence the community of the Greeks consequence the community of the Greeks the Greek to Ella's in Asia Minor the Greek to Ella's in Asia Minor the Greek to Ella's in Asia Minor neighbors of not Greek peoples were

neighbors of not Greek peoples were neighbors of not Greek peoples were naturally impressed with their own unity naturally impressed with their own unity naturally impressed with their own unity in a way which was strange to dwellers in a way which was strange to dwellers in a way which was strange to dwellers in B OSHA or Attica who were surrounded in B OSHA or Attica who were surrounded in B OSHA or Attica who were surrounded on all sides by Greeks and were on all sides by Greeks and were on all sides by Greeks and were therefore alive chiefly to local therefore alive chiefly to local therefore alive chiefly to local differences with the diffusion of their differences with the diffusion of their differences with the diffusion of their sons over various parts of the world the sons over various parts of the world the sons over various parts of the world the European Greeks acquired a stronger European Greeks acquired a stronger European Greeks acquired a stronger sense of unity in the second place sense of unity in the second place sense of unity in the second place colonization led to the association of colonization led to the association of colonization led to the association of Greeks of different cities an assist who Greeks of different cities an assist who Greeks of different cities an assist who decided to organize a party of colonists decided to organize a party of colonists decided to organize a party of colonists could not always find in his own City a could not always find in his own City a could not always find in his own City a sufficient number of men willing to take sufficient number of men willing to take sufficient number of men willing to take part in the enterprise he therefore part in the enterprise he therefore part in the enterprise he therefore enlisted comrades from other cities and enlisted comrades from other cities and enlisted comrades from other cities and thus many colonies were joint thus many colonies were joint thus many colonies were joint undertakings and contained a mixture of undertakings and contained a mixture of undertakings and contained a mixture of citizens of various nationality this citizens of various nationality this citizens of various nationality this feature was not indeed confined to the feature was not indeed confined to the feature was not indeed confined to the later epoch of colonization it is one of later epoch of colonization it is one of later epoch of colonization it is one of the few facts about the earlier the few facts about the earlier the few facts about the earlier settlements on the Asiatic coasts of settlements on the Asiatic coasts of settlements on the Asiatic coasts of which we can be certain end of chapter 2 which we can be certain end of chapter 2 which we can be certain end of chapter 2 part 1 chapter 2 part 2 colonies on the part 1 chapter 2 part 2 colonies on the part 1 chapter 2 part 2 colonies on the coasts of the yuck scene Propontis and coasts of the yuck scene Propontis and coasts of the yuck scene Propontis and north aegean the voyage of the Argonauts north aegean the voyage of the Argonauts north aegean the voyage of the Argonauts in quest of the Golden Fleece in quest of the Golden Fleece in quest of the Golden Fleece commemorates in a delightful legend the commemorates in a delightful legend the commemorates in a delightful legend the memorable day on which Greek sailors for

memorable day on which Greek sailors for memorable day on which Greek sailors for the first time burst into the waters of the first time burst into the waters of the first time burst into the waters of the Ukraine see accustomed to the island the Ukraine see accustomed to the island the Ukraine see accustomed to the island straits and short distances of the straits and short distances of the straits and short distances of the Aegean they fancied that when they had Aegean they fancied that when they had Aegean they fancied that when they had passed the Bosphorus they were embarking passed the Bosphorus they were embarking passed the Bosphorus they were embarking on a boundless Oh on a boundless Oh on a boundless Oh and they called it the main pontus even and they called it the main pontus even and they called it the main pontus even when they had circumnavigated its shores when they had circumnavigated its shores when they had circumnavigated its shores it might still seem boundless for they it might still seem boundless for they it might still seem boundless for they knew not where the great rivers the knew not where the great rivers the knew not where the great rivers the Easter the Tana is the Danna press might Easter the Tana is the Danna press might Easter the Tana is the Danna press might lead the little preliminary sea into lead the little preliminary sea into lead the little preliminary sea into which the Hellespont widens to contract which the Hellespont widens to contract which the Hellespont widens to contract again into the narrow passage of the again into the narrow passage of the again into the narrow passage of the Bosphorus was appropriately named the Bosphorus was appropriately named the Bosphorus was appropriately named the vestibule of the Pontus Propontis full vestibule of the Pontus Propontis full vestibule of the Pontus Propontis full of creeks and recesses it is happily of creeks and recesses it is happily of creeks and recesses it is happily described by Euripides as the bade water described by Euripides as the bade water described by Euripides as the bade water key of the boundless sea the pontiff's key of the boundless sea the pontiff's key of the boundless sea the pontiff's was a treacherous field for the Bark's was a treacherous field for the Bark's was a treacherous field for the Bark's of even experienced Mariners and it was of even experienced Mariners and it was of even experienced Mariners and it was supposed to have received for this supposed to have received for this supposed to have received for this reason it's named yuxin or hospitable in reason it's named yuxin or hospitable in reason it's named yuxin or hospitable in accordance with the habit of the greeks accordance with the habit of the greeks accordance with the habit of the greeks to seek to propitiate adverse powers by to seek to propitiate adverse powers by to seek to propitiate adverse powers by pleasant names footnote but this pleasant names footnote but this pleasant names footnote but this explanation is by no means certain in explanation is by no means certain in explanation is by no means certain in the footnote it was when the compass of the footnote it was when the compass of the footnote it was when the compass of the iewk sign was still unknown and men the iewk sign was still unknown and men the iewk sign was still unknown and men were beginning shyly to explore its

were beginning shyly to explore its were beginning shyly to explore its coasts that the tale of the wanderings coasts that the tale of the wanderings coasts that the tale of the wanderings of Odysseus took form of Odysseus took form of Odysseus took form he was imagined to have sailed from Troy he was imagined to have sailed from Troy he was imagined to have sailed from Troy into the pontus and after having been into the pontus and after having been into the pontus and after having been driven about in its waters to have at driven about in its waters to have at driven about in its waters to have at last reached Ithaca by an overland last reached Ithaca by an overland last reached Ithaca by an overland journey through Thrace and a Pyrus in journey through Thrace and a Pyrus in journey through Thrace and a Pyrus in the Odyssey as we have it now compounded the Odyssey as we have it now compounded the Odyssey as we have it now compounded of many different legends and poems this of many different legends and poems this of many different legends and poems this is disguised the island of Circe has is disguised the island of Circe has is disguised the island of Circe has been removed to the Far West at the been removed to the Far West at the been removed to the Far West at the scene of the descent to the underworld scene of the descent to the underworld scene of the descent to the underworld translated to the Atlantic Ocean but translated to the Atlantic Ocean but translated to the Atlantic Ocean but Circe the daughter of the son and sister Circe the daughter of the son and sister Circe the daughter of the son and sister of King EE T's who possessed the Golden of King EE T's who possessed the Golden of King EE T's who possessed the Golden Fleece belongs to the Seas of Colchis Fleece belongs to the Seas of Colchis Fleece belongs to the Seas of Colchis and the world of shades beyond the and the world of shades beyond the and the world of shades beyond the sumerians is to be sought near the sumerians is to be sought near the sumerians is to be sought near the Sumerian Bosphorus the mention of Sicily Sumerian Bosphorus the mention of Sicily Sumerian Bosphorus the mention of Sicily and some of and some of and some of later parts of the poem and the part later parts of the poem and the part later parts of the poem and the part played by Ithaca which with the other played by Ithaca which with the other played by Ithaca which with the other islands of the Ionian Sea lay on the islands of the Ionian Sea lay on the islands of the Ionian Sea lay on the road to the western Mediterranean road to the western Mediterranean road to the western Mediterranean reflect the beginning of the expansion reflect the beginning of the expansion reflect the beginning of the expansion of Greece in that direction but the of Greece in that direction but the of Greece in that direction but the original wanderings of Odysseus were original wanderings of Odysseus were original wanderings of Odysseus were connected not with the West but with the connected not with the West but with the connected not with the West but with the exploration of the iewk seen a mist of exploration of the iewk seen a mist of exploration of the iewk seen a mist of obscurity hangs about the beginnings of obscurity hangs about the beginnings of obscurity hangs about the beginnings of the first Greek cities which arose on the first Greek cities which arose on the first Greek cities which arose on the Pontic shores the Pontic shores the Pontic shores here my Letus was the pioneer merchants

here my Letus was the pioneer merchants here my Letus was the pioneer merchants carrying the stops which were carrying the stops which were carrying the stops which were manufactured from the wool of Malaysian manufactured from the wool of Malaysian manufactured from the wool of Malaysian sheep may have established trading sheep may have established trading sheep may have established trading stations along the southern coast flax stations along the southern coast flax stations along the southern coast flax from Colchis steel and silver slaves from Colchis steel and silver slaves from Colchis steel and silver slaves were among the chief products which were among the chief products which were among the chief products which their wool BOTS but the work of their wool BOTS but the work of their wool BOTS but the work of colonization beyond the gate of the colonization beyond the gate of the colonization beyond the gate of the Bosphorus can hardly have fully begun Bosphorus can hardly have fully begun Bosphorus can hardly have fully begun until the gate itself was secured by the until the gate itself was secured by the until the gate itself was secured by the enterprise of Megara which sent out men enterprise of Megara which sent out men enterprise of Megara which sent out men in the first part of the seventh century in the first part of the seventh century in the first part of the seventh century to found the towns of kal Seaton and to found the towns of kal Seaton and to found the towns of kal Seaton and Byzantium Byzantium could command the Byzantium Byzantium could command the Byzantium Byzantium could command the trade of the Black Sea but the great trade of the Black Sea but the great trade of the Black Sea but the great commercial and political importance of commercial and political importance of commercial and political importance of her situation was not fully appreciated her situation was not fully appreciated her situation was not fully appreciated until a thousand years had passed when until a thousand years had passed when until a thousand years had passed when she became the rival and successor of she became the rival and successor of she became the rival and successor of Rome and took in honor of her second Rome and took in honor of her second Rome and took in honor of her second founder the name Constantinople this is founder the name Constantinople this is founder the name Constantinople this is the first appearance of the little state the first appearance of the little state the first appearance of the little state of Megara in Greek history and none of of Megara in Greek history and none of of Megara in Greek history and none of her contemporaries took a step that was her contemporaries took a step that was her contemporaries took a step that was destined to lead to greater things than destined to lead to greater things than destined to lead to greater things than the settlement on the Bosphorus the the settlement on the Bosphorus the the settlement on the Bosphorus the story was that kal Seton was founded story was that kal Seton was founded story was that kal Seton was founded first before the megarians perceived the first before the megarians perceived the first before the megarians perceived the striking advantages of the opposite striking advantages of the opposite striking advantages of the opposite shore at the Delphic Oracle which they shore at the Delphic Oracle which they shore at the Delphic Oracle which they consulted as a matter of course chid consulted as a matter of course chid consulted as a matter of course chid them as blind men westward from

them as blind men westward from them as blind men westward from Byzantium they also founded Selim Bria Byzantium they also founded Selim Bria Byzantium they also founded Selim Bria on the north coast of the Propontis on the north coast of the Propontis on the north coast of the Propontis eastward eastward eastward they established Heraclea in Pontus on they established Heraclea in Pontus on they established Heraclea in Pontus on the coast of bathin iya the enterprise the coast of bathin iya the enterprise the coast of bathin iya the enterprise of the megarians stimulated my Letus and of the megarians stimulated my Letus and of the megarians stimulated my Letus and she determined to anticipate others in she determined to anticipate others in she determined to anticipate others in seizing the best sights on the Pontic seizing the best sights on the Pontic seizing the best sights on the Pontic shore at the most northerly point of the shore at the most northerly point of the shore at the most northerly point of the southern coast a straight necked cape southern coast a straight necked cape southern coast a straight necked cape forms two natural harbors an attractive forms two natural harbors an attractive forms two natural harbors an attractive site for settlers and here the site for settlers and here the site for settlers and here the Malaysians planted the city's say nippy Malaysians planted the city's say nippy Malaysians planted the city's say nippy footnote this city claimed to date from footnote this city claimed to date from footnote this city claimed to date from the eighth century to have been swept the eighth century to have been swept the eighth century to have been swept away in the invasion of the Sumerians away in the invasion of the Sumerians away in the invasion of the Sumerians and to have risen again in the seventh and to have risen again in the seventh and to have risen again in the seventh but it is highly improbable that any of but it is highly improbable that any of but it is highly improbable that any of the Pontic cities were older than the the Pontic cities were older than the the Pontic cities were older than the towns of the Bosphorus and Propontis towns of the Bosphorus and Propontis towns of the Bosphorus and Propontis end of footnote 4 the east half way to end of footnote 4 the east half way to end of footnote 4 the east half way to that extreme eastern point of the sea that extreme eastern point of the sea that extreme eastern point of the sea where the faces flares out at the foot where the faces flares out at the foot where the faces flares out at the foot of Mount Caucasus arose another of Mount Caucasus arose another of Mount Caucasus arose another Malaysian colony trip ensues at the Malaysian colony trip ensues at the Malaysian colony trip ensues at the Bosphorus the Malaysians had been Bosphorus the Malaysians had been Bosphorus the Malaysians had been anticipated by Megara but they partly anticipated by Megara but they partly anticipated by Megara but they partly made up for this by planting Abydos on made up for this by planting Abydos on made up for this by planting Abydos on the Hellespont opposite cistal's and the Hellespont opposite cistal's and the Hellespont opposite cistal's and they also seized a jutting promontory on they also seized a jutting promontory on they also seized a jutting promontory on the south coast of the Propontis the south coast of the Propontis the south coast of the Propontis where a narrow neck as let's NOP forms where a narrow neck as let's NOP forms where a narrow neck as let's NOP forms two harbors the town was named Sidious

two harbors the town was named Sidious two harbors the town was named Sidious and the peninsula was afterwards and the peninsula was afterwards and the peninsula was afterwards transformed into an island the Tunney transformed into an island the Tunney transformed into an island the Tunney fish on the coins of the city shows what fish on the coins of the city shows what fish on the coins of the city shows what was one of the chief articles of her was one of the chief articles of her was one of the chief articles of her trade lamb circus at the northern end of trade lamb circus at the northern end of trade lamb circus at the northern end of the Hellespont once a finishin factory the Hellespont once a finishin factory the Hellespont once a finishin factory was colonized by another Ionian City was colonized by another Ionian City was colonized by another Ionian City fishier about the same time and the fishier about the same time and the fishier about the same time and the winged sea horse on lamps Essene coins winged sea horse on lamps Essene coins winged sea horse on lamps Essene coins speaks of naval enterprise which led speaks of naval enterprise which led speaks of naval enterprise which led afterwards to wealth and prosperity the afterwards to wealth and prosperity the afterwards to wealth and prosperity the foundation of Parian was due to a joint foundation of Parian was due to a joint foundation of Parian was due to a joint undertaking of Meletis and every three undertaking of Meletis and every three undertaking of Meletis and every three and clad Zamani joined myelitis and clad Zamani joined myelitis and clad Zamani joined myelitis in planting cardia at the neck of the in planting cardia at the neck of the in planting cardia at the neck of the Thracian Kherson ease in the important Thracian Kherson ease in the important Thracian Kherson ease in the important position position position of an advanced sport against race on the of an advanced sport against race on the of an advanced sport against race on the southern side of the Hellespont the southern side of the Hellespont the southern side of the Hellespont the lands of the Scamander invited the lands of the Scamander invited the lands of the Scamander invited the Greeks of lesbos and a number of small Greeks of lesbos and a number of small Greeks of lesbos and a number of small alien settlements arose Greek alien settlements arose Greek alien settlements arose Greek settlements also sprang up in the more settlements also sprang up in the more settlements also sprang up in the more remote parts of the iewk seen Dyess remote parts of the iewk seen Dyess remote parts of the iewk seen Dyess curious and faces were founded in the curious and faces were founded in the curious and faces were founded in the Far East in the fabled land of Colchis Far East in the fabled land of Colchis Far East in the fabled land of Colchis on the toric Kherson esis or Peninsula on the toric Kherson esis or Peninsula on the toric Kherson esis or Peninsula now the Crimea Penta capam was founded now the Crimea Penta capam was founded now the Crimea Penta capam was founded over against phanagoria at the entrance over against phanagoria at the entrance over against phanagoria at the entrance to the meiotic lake and tane is sat the to the meiotic lake and tane is sat the to the meiotic lake and tane is sat the mouth of the like named river mouth of the like named river mouth of the like named river heraclea Orcas and isis on the western

heraclea Orcas and isis on the western heraclea Orcas and isis on the western side of the peninsula was destined to side of the peninsula was destined to side of the peninsula was destined to preserve the municipal forms of an old preserve the municipal forms of an old preserve the municipal forms of an old greek city for more than a thousand greek city for more than a thousand greek city for more than a thousand years Olbia at the mouth of the Dnieper years Olbia at the mouth of the Dnieper years Olbia at the mouth of the Dnieper a disss mistress mesambria were only a disss mistress mesambria were only a disss mistress mesambria were only some of the Greek settlements which some of the Greek settlements which some of the Greek settlements which complete the circuit of the Black Sea complete the circuit of the Black Sea complete the circuit of the Black Sea this sea and the Propontis were the this sea and the Propontis were the this sea and the Propontis were the special domain of the sea god achilles special domain of the sea god achilles special domain of the sea god achilles whose fame grew greater by his whose fame grew greater by his whose fame grew greater by his association as a hero with the legend of association as a hero with the legend of association as a hero with the legend of Troy he was worshipped along the coast Troy he was worshipped along the coast Troy he was worshipped along the coast as Lord of the pontus and in Lucia The as Lord of the pontus and in Lucia The as Lord of the pontus and in Lucia The Shining Island near the Danube mouth the Shining Island near the Danube mouth the Shining Island near the Danube mouth the Lonely Island where no man dwelt he had Lonely Island where no man dwelt he had Lonely Island where no man dwelt he had a temple and the birds of the sea were a temple and the birds of the sea were a temple and the birds of the sea were said to be its waters if my lettuce and said to be its waters if my lettuce and said to be its waters if my lettuce and Megara took the most prominent part in Megara took the most prominent part in Megara took the most prominent part in extending the borders of the Greek world extending the borders of the Greek world extending the borders of the Greek world eastward of the Hellespont the eastward of the Hellespont the eastward of the Hellespont the northwestern corner of the Aegean was northwestern corner of the Aegean was northwestern corner of the Aegean was the special domain of Euboea the special domain of Euboea the special domain of Euboea the barren islands of CSS and pepper the barren islands of CSS and pepper the barren islands of CSS and pepper ethos were the bridge from euboea to the ethos were the bridge from euboea to the ethos were the bridge from euboea to the coast of Macedonia which between the coast of Macedonia which between the coast of Macedonia which between the rivers Axios and Strymon runs out into a rivers Axios and Strymon runs out into a rivers Axios and Strymon runs out into a huge three-pronged promontory here huge three-pronged promontory here huge three-pronged promontory here kelsey's planted so many towns that the kelsey's planted so many towns that the kelsey's planted so many towns that the whole promontory was named Kelsey DC whole promontory was named Kelsey DC whole promontory was named Kelsey DC some of the chief cities however some of the chief cities however some of the chief cities however were founded by other states notably a

were founded by other states notably a were founded by other states notably a Corinthian pot idea on the most westerly Corinthian pot idea on the most westerly Corinthian pot idea on the most westerly of the three prongs which was called of the three prongs which was called of the three prongs which was called Pelini Sephora was the central prong and Pelini Sephora was the central prong and Pelini Sephora was the central prong and acti ending in Mount Athos the eastern acti ending in Mount Athos the eastern acti ending in Mount Athos the eastern some of the colonies on Pollini were some of the colonies on Pollini were some of the colonies on Pollini were founded by Eretria and those north of founded by Eretria and those north of founded by Eretria and those north of Act II by Andros which was dependent on Act II by Andros which was dependent on Act II by Andros which was dependent on Eretria hence we may regard this group Eretria hence we may regard this group Eretria hence we may regard this group of cities as ubian though we cannot of cities as ubian though we cannot of cities as ubian though we cannot regard it as Cal CID Ian on the west regard it as Cal CID Ian on the west regard it as Cal CID Ian on the west side of the thermic Bay to ubian side of the thermic Bay to ubian side of the thermic Bay to ubian colonies were planted pitner and muthoni colonies were planted pitner and muthoni colonies were planted pitner and muthoni on macedonian soil end of chapter 2 part on macedonian soil end of chapter 2 part on macedonian soil end of chapter 2 part 2 recording by Graham Redmond chapter 2 part 3 of a history of Greece chapter 2 part 3 of a history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great vol to the death of Alexander the Great vol to the death of Alexander the Great vol 1 this is a librivox recording all 1 this is a librivox recording all 1 this is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public librivox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to domain for more information or to domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by Graham Redman a history of recording by Graham Redman a history of recording by Graham Redman a history of Greece - the death of Alexander the Greece - the death of Alexander the Greece - the death of Alexander the Great Great Great vol 1 by John Beck Milbury vol 1 by John Beck Milbury vol 1 by John Beck Milbury chapter 2 part 3 colonies in the western

chapter 2 part 3 colonies in the western chapter 2 part 3 colonies in the western Mediterranean the earliest mention of Mediterranean the earliest mention of Mediterranean the earliest mention of Sicilian and Italian regions in Sicilian and Italian regions in Sicilian and Italian regions in literature is to be found in some later literature is to be found in some later literature is to be found in some later passages of the Odyssey which should passages of the Odyssey which should passages of the Odyssey which should perhaps be referred to the eighth perhaps be referred to the eighth perhaps be referred to the eighth century there we meet with the Cecil's century there we meet with the Cecil's century there we meet with the Cecil's and with the island of Cikini ax while and with the island of Cikini ax while and with the island of Cikini ax while tamizha we're Greek traders could buy tamizha we're Greek traders could buy tamizha we're Greek traders could buy Tuscan copper has the distinction of Tuscan copper has the distinction of Tuscan copper has the distinction of being the first Italian place mentioned being the first Italian place mentioned being the first Italian place mentioned by name in a literary record by the end by name in a literary record by the end by name in a literary record by the end of the 7th century Greek States stood of the 7th century Greek States stood of the 7th century Greek States stood thick on the east coast of Sicily and thick on the east coast of Sicily and thick on the east coast of Sicily and round the sweep of the Turrentine Gulf round the sweep of the Turrentine Gulf round the sweep of the Turrentine Gulf these colonies naturally fall into three these colonies naturally fall into three these colonies naturally fall into three groups one the ubian which were both in groups one the ubian which were both in groups one the ubian which were both in Sicily and in Italy to the Aegean which Sicily and in Italy to the Aegean which Sicily and in Italy to the Aegean which were altogether on Italian soil 3 the were altogether on Italian soil 3 the were altogether on Italian soil 3 the durian which were with few exceptions in durian which were with few exceptions in durian which were with few exceptions in Sicily the chronology is uncertain and Sicily the chronology is uncertain and Sicily the chronology is uncertain and we cannot say whether the island or the we cannot say whether the island or the we cannot say whether the island or the mainland was first colonized the oldest mainland was first colonized the oldest mainland was first colonized the oldest stories of The Adventures of Odysseus stories of The Adventures of Odysseus stories of The Adventures of Odysseus were laid as we had seen in the half were laid as we had seen in the half were laid as we had seen in the half explored regions of the Black Sea explored regions of the Black Sea explored regions of the Black Sea nothing shows more impressively the life nothing shows more impressively the life nothing shows more impressively the life of this poetry and the power it had won of this poetry and the power it had won of this poetry and the power it had won over the hearts of the Greek folks than over the hearts of the Greek folks than over the hearts of the Greek folks than the fact that when the navigation of the the fact that when the navigation of the the fact that when the navigation of the Italian and Sicilian seas began these

Italian and Sicilian seas began these Italian and Sicilian seas began these adventures were transferred from the adventures were transferred from the adventures were transferred from the east to the west east to the west east to the west and in the further growth of this cycle and in the further growth of this cycle and in the further growth of this cycle of poems a new mythical geography was of poems a new mythical geography was of poems a new mythical geography was adopted at a time when the Greeks knew adopted at a time when the Greeks knew adopted at a time when the Greeks knew so little of Italy that the southern so little of Italy that the southern so little of Italy that the southern provinces could be designated as sacred provinces could be designated as sacred provinces could be designated as sacred islands footnote the expression is islands footnote the expression is islands footnote the expression is preserved in the catalogue of the heezy preserved in the catalogue of the heezy preserved in the catalogue of the heezy otic Theogony end of footnote the otic Theogony end of footnote the otic Theogony end of footnote the Straits of Mehsana Straits of Mehsana Straits of Mehsana were identified with Scylla and were identified with Scylla and were identified with Scylla and Charybdis libera became the island of Charybdis libera became the island of Charybdis libera became the island of Ellis the home of the Cyclopes was found Ellis the home of the Cyclopes was found Ellis the home of the Cyclopes was found in the fire amount of Etna then Sharia in the fire amount of Etna then Sharia in the fire amount of Etna then Sharia the Isle of the fee Asian's was fancied the Isle of the fee Asian's was fancied the Isle of the fee Asian's was fancied to be cost IRA an entrance to the to be cost IRA an entrance to the to be cost IRA an entrance to the underworld was placed at kyoumi at the underworld was placed at kyoumi at the underworld was placed at kyoumi at the rocks of the sirens were sought near rocks of the sirens were sought near rocks of the sirens were sought near sorrento and not only did the first sorrento and not only did the first sorrento and not only did the first glimpses of western geography affect the glimpses of western geography affect the glimpses of western geography affect the transmutation of the odyssey into its transmutation of the odyssey into its transmutation of the odyssey into its final shape but the odyssey reacted on final shape but the odyssey reacted on final shape but the odyssey reacted on the geography of the West that the the geography of the West that the the geography of the West that the promontory of Circe I in Latin territory promontory of Circe I in Latin territory promontory of Circe I in Latin territory bears the name of the sorceress of bears the name of the sorceress of bears the name of the sorceress of Colchis is an evidence of the spell of Colchis is an evidence of the spell of Colchis is an evidence of the spell of Homeric song Odysseus was not the only Homeric song Odysseus was not the only Homeric song Odysseus was not the only hero who was born westward with Greek hero who was born westward with Greek hero who was born westward with Greek ships in the 8th century Cretan - and ships in the 8th century Cretan - and ships in the 8th century Cretan - and Daedalus for example had links with Daedalus for example had links with Daedalus for example had links with Sicily above all the earliest navigation

Sicily above all the earliest navigation Sicily above all the earliest navigation of the Western seas was ascribed to of the Western seas was ascribed to of the Western seas was ascribed to Heracles who reached the limits of the Heracles who reached the limits of the Heracles who reached the limits of the land of the Setting Sun and stood on the land of the Setting Sun and stood on the land of the Setting Sun and stood on the ledge of the world looking out upon the ledge of the world looking out upon the ledge of the world looking out upon the stream of Oceanus from him the opposite stream of Oceanus from him the opposite stream of Oceanus from him the opposite cliffs which formed the gate of the cliffs which formed the gate of the cliffs which formed the gate of the Mediterranean were called the pillars of Mediterranean were called the pillars of Mediterranean were called the pillars of Herakles the earliest colony founded by Herakles the earliest colony founded by Herakles the earliest colony founded by Greek sailors in the Western seas was Greek sailors in the Western seas was Greek sailors in the Western seas was said to have been simi on the coast of said to have been simi on the coast of said to have been simi on the coast of campaign iya tradition assigned to it an campaign iya tradition assigned to it an campaign iya tradition assigned to it an origin before 1000 BC a date which origin before 1000 BC a date which origin before 1000 BC a date which modern criticism has called in question modern criticism has called in question modern criticism has called in question but even if we place its origin much but even if we place its origin much but even if we place its origin much later the tradition that it was the later the tradition that it was the later the tradition that it was the earliest Greek city founded in the earliest Greek city founded in the earliest Greek city founded in the middle Peninsula middle Peninsula middle Peninsula the Mediterranean may possibly be true the Mediterranean may possibly be true the Mediterranean may possibly be true it was at all events one of the oldest it was at all events one of the oldest it was at all events one of the oldest and it had an unique position Kelsie's and it had an unique position Kelsie's and it had an unique position Kelsie's Eritrea and sigh me a town on the Eritrea and sigh me a town on the Eritrea and sigh me a town on the eastern coast of Euboea which at that eastern coast of Euboea which at that eastern coast of Euboea which at that time had some eminence but afterwards time had some eminence but afterwards time had some eminence but afterwards sank into the obscurity of a village sank into the obscurity of a village sank into the obscurity of a village joined together and enlisted for their joined together and enlisted for their joined together and enlisted for their expeditions some greens who dwelled on expeditions some greens who dwelled on expeditions some greens who dwelled on the opposite mainland in the the opposite mainland in the the opposite mainland in the neighborhood of Tanagra the colonizers neighborhood of Tanagra the colonizers neighborhood of Tanagra the colonizers settled first on the island of pithy settled first on the island of pithy settled first on the island of pithy kuzey and soon succeeded in establishing kuzey and soon succeeded in establishing kuzey and soon succeeded in establishing themselves on a rocky height which rises themselves on a rocky height which rises themselves on a rocky height which rises above the sea just where the Italian above the sea just where the Italian above the sea just where the Italian coast is about to turn sharply eastward

coast is about to turn sharply eastward coast is about to turn sharply eastward to encircle the Bay of Naples the sight to encircle the Bay of Naples the sight to encircle the Bay of Naples the sight was happily chosen it was a strong post was happily chosen it was a strong post was happily chosen it was a strong post and though there was no Harbor the and though there was no Harbor the and though there was no Harbor the strangers could haul up their ships on strangers could haul up their ships on strangers could haul up their ships on the stretch of sand below subsequently the stretch of sand below subsequently the stretch of sand below subsequently they occupied the harbour which was just they occupied the harbour which was just they occupied the harbour which was just inside the promontory and established inside the promontory and established inside the promontory and established there the town of dicey Archaea which there the town of dicey Archaea which there the town of dicey Archaea which afterwards became putea lie farther east afterwards became putea lie farther east afterwards became putea lie farther east they founded Naples the new city the they founded Naples the new city the they founded Naples the new city the people in whose midst this outpost of people in whose midst this outpost of people in whose midst this outpost of Greek civilization was planted where the Greek civilization was planted where the Greek civilization was planted where the OPA cons one of the chief branches of OPA cons one of the chief branches of OPA cons one of the chief branches of the italic race the colonists were the italic race the colonists were the italic race the colonists were eminently successful in their eminently successful in their eminently successful in their intercourse with the natives and the intercourse with the natives and the intercourse with the natives and the solitary position of sy me in these solitary position of sy me in these solitary position of sy me in these regions before no Greek settlement could regions before no Greek settlement could regions before no Greek settlement could be made northward on account of the be made northward on account of the be made northward on account of the great Etruscan power and there was no great Etruscan power and there was no great Etruscan power and there was no rival southward until the later rival southward until the later rival southward until the later plantation of Posidonia made her plantation of Posidonia made her plantation of Posidonia made her influence both wide and noiseless her influence both wide and noiseless her influence both wide and noiseless her external history is uneventful there are external history is uneventful there are external history is uneventful there are no striking Wars or struggles to record no striking Wars or struggles to record no striking Wars or struggles to record but the work she did holds an important but the work she did holds an important but the work she did holds an important and definite place in the history of and definite place in the history of and definite place in the history of European civilisation to the Europeans European civilisation to the Europeans European civilisation to the Europeans of seamy we may say that we owe the of seamy we may say that we owe the of seamy we may say that we owe the alphabet which we use today for it was alphabet which we use today for it was alphabet which we use today for it was from them that the Latins learn from them that the Latins learn from them that the Latins learn - right the Etruscans also got their

- right the Etruscans also got their - right the Etruscans also got their alphabet independently from the same alphabet independently from the same alphabet independently from the same masters and having modified it in masters and having modified it in masters and having modified it in certain ways to suit themselves passed certain ways to suit themselves passed certain ways to suit themselves passed it on to the oskins and Umbreon x' again it on to the oskins and Umbreon x' again it on to the oskins and Umbreon x' again the Samians introduced the neighboring the Samians introduced the neighboring the Samians introduced the neighboring italian peoples to a knowledge of the italian peoples to a knowledge of the italian peoples to a knowledge of the Greek gods and Greek religion Heracles Greek gods and Greek religion Heracles Greek gods and Greek religion Heracles Apollo caster and Polynices became such Apollo caster and Polynices became such Apollo caster and Polynices became such familiar names in Italy that they came familiar names in Italy that they came familiar names in Italy that they came to be regarded as original Italian to be regarded as original Italian to be regarded as original Italian deities the articles of the semion Sybil deities the articles of the semion Sybil deities the articles of the semion Sybil prophetess of Apollo were believed to prophetess of Apollo were believed to prophetess of Apollo were believed to contain the destinies of Rome to see me contain the destinies of Rome to see me contain the destinies of Rome to see me to Western Europe probably owes the name to Western Europe probably owes the name to Western Europe probably owes the name by which she calls Hellas and the by which she calls Hellas and the by which she calls Hellas and the Helene's Helene's Helene's the Greeks when they first came into the Greeks when they first came into the Greeks when they first came into contact with Latins had no common name contact with Latins had no common name contact with Latins had no common name Helene's the name which afterwards Helene's the name which afterwards Helene's the name which afterwards United them was as yet merely associated United them was as yet merely associated United them was as yet merely associated with a particular tribe it was only with a particular tribe it was only with a particular tribe it was only natural that strangers should extend the natural that strangers should extend the natural that strangers should extend the name of the first Greeks with whom they name of the first Greeks with whom they name of the first Greeks with whom they came in contact to others whom they fell came in contact to others whom they fell came in contact to others whom they fell in with later and so to all Greeks in with later and so to all Greeks in with later and so to all Greeks whatsoever but the curious circumstances whatsoever but the curious circumstances whatsoever but the curious circumstances of the settlers of Sami were known not of the settlers of Sami were known not of the settlers of Sami were known not by the name of Calais Eretria or simi by the name of Calais Eretria or simi by the name of Calais Eretria or simi itself itself itself but by that of grayer grey eye was the but by that of grayer grey eye was the but by that of grayer grey eye was the term which the Latins and their fellow term which the Latins and their fellow term which the Latins and their fellow is applied to the colonists and the name

is applied to the colonists and the name is applied to the colonists and the name Greek eye is a derivative of a usual Greek eye is a derivative of a usual Greek eye is a derivative of a usual type from dry eye type from dry eye type from dry eye it was doubtless some trivial accident it was doubtless some trivial accident it was doubtless some trivial accident which ruled that we today call Hellas which ruled that we today call Hellas which ruled that we today call Hellas Greece instead of knowing it my son Greece instead of knowing it my son Greece instead of knowing it my son named derived from sy me named derived from sy me named derived from sy me Eretria or Kelsie's the West has got its Eretria or Kelsie's the West has got its Eretria or Kelsie's the West has got its Greece from an obscure district in B Greece from an obscure district in B Greece from an obscure district in B OSHA Greece itself got its Hellas from a OSHA Greece itself got its Hellas from a OSHA Greece itself got its Hellas from a small territory in Thessaly this was small territory in Thessaly this was small territory in Thessaly this was accidental but it was no accident that accidental but it was no accident that accidental but it was no accident that Western Europe calls Greece by a name Western Europe calls Greece by a name Western Europe calls Greece by a name connected with that city in which Greeks connected with that city in which Greeks connected with that city in which Greeks first first first came into touch with the people who were came into touch with the people who were came into touch with the people who were destined to civilize Western Europe and destined to civilize Western Europe and destined to civilize Western Europe and rule it for centuries the next rule it for centuries the next rule it for centuries the next settlement of the ubian Greeks was on settlement of the ubian Greeks was on settlement of the ubian Greeks was on Sicilian not Italian ground the island Sicilian not Italian ground the island Sicilian not Italian ground the island of Sicily is geographically a of Sicily is geographically a of Sicily is geographically a continuation of Italy just as the continuation of Italy just as the continuation of Italy just as the Peloponnesus is a continuation of the Peloponnesus is a continuation of the Peloponnesus is a continuation of the Great Eastern Peninsula but its Great Eastern Peninsula but its Great Eastern Peninsula but its historical importance depends much more historical importance depends much more historical importance depends much more on another geographical fact it is the on another geographical fact it is the on another geographical fact it is the center of the Mediterranean it parts the center of the Mediterranean it parts the center of the Mediterranean it parts the eastern from the Western waters it has eastern from the Western waters it has eastern from the Western waters it has been thus marked out by nature as a been thus marked out by nature as a been thus marked out by nature as a meeting place of nations and the meeting place of nations and the meeting place of nations and the struggle between European and Asian struggle between European and Asian struggle between European and Asian peoples which has been called the peoples which has been called the peoples which has been called the eternal question has been partly fought

eternal question has been partly fought eternal question has been partly fought out on Sicilian soil there has been in out on Sicilian soil there has been in out on Sicilian soil there has been in historical times no native Sicilian historical times no native Sicilian historical times no native Sicilian power the greatness of the island was power the greatness of the island was power the greatness of the island was due to colonization not migration from due to colonization not migration from due to colonization not migration from other lands lying as a connecting link other lands lying as a connecting link other lands lying as a connecting link between Europe and Africa it attracted between Europe and Africa it attracted between Europe and Africa it attracted settlers from both sides while its close settlers from both sides while its close settlers from both sides while its close proximity to Italy always rendered it an proximity to Italy always rendered it an proximity to Italy always rendered it an object of acquisition to those who object of acquisition to those who object of acquisition to those who successively ruled in that Peninsula the successively ruled in that Peninsula the successively ruled in that Peninsula the earliest inhabitants of the island were earliest inhabitants of the island were earliest inhabitants of the island were the sickens they believed themselves to the sickens they believed themselves to the sickens they believed themselves to be autochthonous and we have no record be autochthonous and we have no record be autochthonous and we have no record at what time they entered the island or at what time they entered the island or at what time they entered the island or whence they came or to what race they whence they came or to what race they whence they came or to what race they belonged the nature of things makes it belonged the nature of things makes it belonged the nature of things makes it probable that they entered from Italy probable that they entered from Italy probable that they entered from Italy from them the island was called psyche from them the island was called psyche from them the island was called psyche Nia the next commerce were the sizzles Nia the next commerce were the sizzles Nia the next commerce were the sizzles of whom we can speak with more certainty of whom we can speak with more certainty of whom we can speak with more certainty as we find sizzles in the toe of Italy as we find sizzles in the toe of Italy as we find sizzles in the toe of Italy we know that tradition correctly we know that tradition correctly we know that tradition correctly described them as settlers from the described them as settlers from the described them as settlers from the Italian peninsula and there is some Italian peninsula and there is some Italian peninsula and there is some slight evidence to show that they spoke slight evidence to show that they spoke slight evidence to show that they spoke the same language as that group of the same language as that group of the same language as that group of italic people's to which the Latins italic people's to which the Latins italic people's to which the Latins belonged the likeness of the belonged the likeness of the belonged the likeness of the named Cecil and sicken has naturally led named Cecil and sicken has naturally led named Cecil and sicken has naturally led to the view that these two folks were to the view that these two folks were to the view that these two folks were akin in race and language but likeness akin in race and language but likeness akin in race and language but likeness of names is deceptive and it is a

of names is deceptive and it is a of names is deceptive and it is a remarkable fact that the Greeks who were remarkable fact that the Greeks who were remarkable fact that the Greeks who were only too prone to build up fear azan only too prone to build up fear azan only too prone to build up fear azan resemblances of words all was carefully resemblances of words all was carefully resemblances of words all was carefully distinguished the sicken from the sisal distinguished the sicken from the sisal distinguished the sicken from the sisal as ethnically different still the as ethnically different still the as ethnically different still the connection is possible if we suppose connection is possible if we suppose connection is possible if we suppose that the Cecil's were sickens who that the Cecil's were sickens who that the Cecil's were sickens who remaining behind in Italy had in the remaining behind in Italy had in the remaining behind in Italy had in the course of centuries become italicized by course of centuries become italicized by course of centuries become italicized by intercourse with the Latin and kindred intercourse with the Latin and kindred intercourse with the Latin and kindred peoples and then emigrating in their peoples and then emigrating in their peoples and then emigrating in their turn to the island met without turn to the island met without turn to the island met without recognition the brethren from whom they recognition the brethren from whom they recognition the brethren from whom they had parted in the remote past but all had parted in the remote past but all had parted in the remote past but all this is uncertain the Cecil's however this is uncertain the Cecil's however this is uncertain the Cecil's however rested from the seconds the eastern half rested from the seconds the eastern half rested from the seconds the eastern half of the island which was thus cut up into of the island which was thus cut up into of the island which was thus cut up into two countries Sukanya in the West two countries Sukanya in the West two countries Sukanya in the West Cecilia in the East in the Odyssey we Cecilia in the East in the Odyssey we Cecilia in the East in the Odyssey we read of psyche Nia read of psyche Nia read of psyche Nia perhaps the Greeks of Simon knew it by perhaps the Greeks of Simon knew it by perhaps the Greeks of Simon knew it by this name at a very early time Sukanya this name at a very early time Sukanya this name at a very early time Sukanya was invaded by a mysterious people named was invaded by a mysterious people named was invaded by a mysterious people named Olympians variously said to have come Olympians variously said to have come Olympians variously said to have come from Italy and from the north of Asia from Italy and from the north of Asia from Italy and from the north of Asia Minor the probability is that they were Minor the probability is that they were Minor the probability is that they were of Iberian race they occupied a small of Iberian race they occupied a small of Iberian race they occupied a small territory in the northwest of the island territory in the northwest of the island territory in the northwest of the island these were the three peoples who these were the three peoples who these were the three peoples who inhabited this miniature continent soon inhabited this miniature continent soon inhabited this miniature continent soon about to become the battlefield of Greek about to become the battlefield of Greek about to become the battlefield of Greek and Phoenician the Cecil's were the most

and Phoenician the Cecil's were the most and Phoenician the Cecil's were the most numerous and most important the only numerous and most important the only numerous and most important the only sickened town of any significance in sickened town of any significance in sickened town of any significance in historical times was hi Cara on the historical times was hi Cara on the historical times was hi Cara on the northwest promontory my Noah originally northwest promontory my Noah originally northwest promontory my Noah originally sickened on the south coast became Greek sickened on the south coast became Greek sickened on the south coast became Greek chemicals at some distance inland in the chemicals at some distance inland in the chemicals at some distance inland in the same region was in early days and same region was in early days and same region was in early days and important stronghold the elimin important stronghold the elimin important stronghold the elimin settlement said suggester and erics settlement said suggester and erics settlement said suggester and erics became a far greater import became a far greater import became a far greater import then the second the eastern half of the then the second the eastern half of the then the second the eastern half of the aisle the original Cecilia was thickly aisle the original Cecilia was thickly aisle the original Cecilia was thickly set with sisal fortresses from Saif Ali set with sisal fortresses from Saif Ali set with sisal fortresses from Saif Ali diem the modern chef aloo at the center diem the modern chef aloo at the center diem the modern chef aloo at the center of the northern coast to motorcar an of the northern coast to motorcar an of the northern coast to motorcar an inland town in the southeastern corner inland town in the southeastern corner inland town in the southeastern corner among the most famous were a Geryon among the most famous were a Geryon among the most famous were a Geryon century / Morgan Tina and above all century / Morgan Tina and above all century / Morgan Tina and above all henna at an early age merchants from henna at an early age merchants from henna at an early age merchants from Phoenicia planted factories on the Phoenicia planted factories on the Phoenicia planted factories on the coasts of the island at first they did coasts of the island at first they did coasts of the island at first they did not make any settlements of a permanent not make any settlements of a permanent not make any settlements of a permanent kind any that could be called cities / kind any that could be called cities / kind any that could be called cities / Sicily was to them only a house to call Sicily was to them only a house to call Sicily was to them only a house to call at lying directly on their way to the at lying directly on their way to the at lying directly on their way to the land of the farthest west when they went land of the farthest west when they went land of the farthest west when they went forth to win the golden treasures of forth to win the golden treasures of forth to win the golden treasures of Tarshish and planted their earliest Tarshish and planted their earliest Tarshish and planted their earliest colony JD's outside the straits which colony JD's outside the straits which colony JD's outside the straits which divided Europe from Africa their next

divided Europe from Africa their next divided Europe from Africa their next colonies were on the coast of Africa colonies were on the coast of Africa colonies were on the coast of Africa over against Sicily and this settlement over against Sicily and this settlement over against Sicily and this settlement had a decisive influence on the had a decisive influence on the had a decisive influence on the destinies of the island the Phoenician destinies of the island the Phoenician destinies of the island the Phoenician trading stations on the east coast of trading stations on the east coast of trading stations on the east coast of Sicily were probably outposts of old Sicily were probably outposts of old Sicily were probably outposts of old Phoenicia Phoenicia Phoenicia but some at least of those in the West but some at least of those in the West but some at least of those in the West seem to have come from the new and seem to have come from the new and seem to have come from the new and nearer Phoenicia the settlements of nearer Phoenicia the settlements of nearer Phoenicia the settlements of Hippo and Utica older than Carthage were Hippo and Utica older than Carthage were Hippo and Utica older than Carthage were probably the parents of the more abiding probably the parents of the more abiding probably the parents of the more abiding Phoenician settlements in Sicily Phoenician settlements in Sicily Phoenician settlements in Sicily footnote there is no clear evidence for footnote there is no clear evidence for footnote there is no clear evidence for the date of the Phoenician colonies in the date of the Phoenician colonies in the date of the Phoenician colonies in western Sicily it might be argued that western Sicily it might be argued that western Sicily it might be argued that they were later than the Greek colonies they were later than the Greek colonies they were later than the Greek colonies on the ground that the Phoenicians if on the ground that the Phoenicians if on the ground that the Phoenicians if their colonization had begun earlier their colonization had begun earlier their colonization had begun earlier than Greek colonization would have than Greek colonization would have than Greek colonization would have occupied the excellent sites which the occupied the excellent sites which the occupied the excellent sites which the Greeks seized but this argument is not Greeks seized but this argument is not Greeks seized but this argument is not conclusive for one thing the Cecil's had conclusive for one thing the Cecil's had conclusive for one thing the Cecil's had to be reckoned with to be reckoned with to be reckoned with it was probably an easier task to gain a it was probably an easier task to gain a it was probably an easier task to gain a footing on sickened soil and the footing on sickened soil and the footing on sickened soil and the Phoenicians may have tried and failed on Phoenicians may have tried and failed on Phoenicians may have tried and failed on Sisson soil where the Greeks succeeded Sisson soil where the Greeks succeeded Sisson soil where the Greeks succeeded or again if Phoenician city settlements or again if Phoenician city settlements or again if Phoenician city settlements grew out of mere factories the Greeks grew out of mere factories the Greeks grew out of mere factories the Greeks may have may have may have such factories which might if they had such factories which might if they had such factories which might if they had been left of themselves have grown into been left of themselves have grown into been left of themselves have grown into cities and a footnote in the east of the cities and a footnote in the east of the cities and a footnote in the east of the island the Phoenicians had no secure island the Phoenicians had no secure island the Phoenicians had no secure foothold they were not able to dis foothold they were not able to dis foothold they were not able to dis possess the sisal natives or to make a possess the sisal natives or to make a possess the sisal natives or to make a home among them they appeared purely in

home among them they appeared purely in home among them they appeared purely in the guise of traders hence when the the guise of traders hence when the the guise of traders hence when the Greeks came and seriously set to work to Greeks came and seriously set to work to Greeks came and seriously set to work to plant true cities the Phoenicians plant true cities the Phoenicians plant true cities the Phoenicians disappeared and left few traces to show disappeared and left few traces to show disappeared and left few traces to show that they had ever been there that they had ever been there that they had ever been there Sicilian like Italian history really Sicilian like Italian history really Sicilian like Italian history really opens with the coming of the Greeks they opens with the coming of the Greeks they opens with the coming of the Greeks they came under the guidance of Kelsie's and came under the guidance of Kelsie's and came under the guidance of Kelsie's and the auspices of Apollo it was naturally the auspices of Apollo it was naturally the auspices of Apollo it was naturally on the East Coast which faces Greece on the East Coast which faces Greece on the East Coast which faces Greece that the first Greek settlement was made that the first Greek settlement was made that the first Greek settlement was made and it is to be noticed that of the and it is to be noticed that of the and it is to be noticed that of the coasts of Sicily the East is that which coasts of Sicily the East is that which coasts of Sicily the East is that which most resembles in character the most resembles in character the most resembles in character the coastline of Greece the site which was coastline of Greece the site which was coastline of Greece the site which was chosen by the calcetines and the Ionians chosen by the calcetines and the Ionians chosen by the calcetines and the Ionians of Naxos who accompanied them was not a of Naxos who accompanied them was not a of Naxos who accompanied them was not a striking one a little tongue of land striking one a little tongue of land striking one a little tongue of land north of Mount Etna very different from north of Mount Etna very different from north of Mount Etna very different from the height of Sami was selected for the the height of Sami was selected for the the height of Sami was selected for the foundation of Naxals foundation of Naxals foundation of Naxals here as in the case of sy me the here as in the case of sy me the here as in the case of sy me the calcetines who led the enterprise calcetines who led the enterprise calcetines who led the enterprise surrendered the honour of naming the new surrendered the honour of naming the new surrendered the honour of naming the new city to their less prominent fellow city to their less prominent fellow city to their less prominent fellow founders the first of all the Greek founders the first of all the Greek founders the first of all the Greek towns of Sicily Naxos was not destined towns of Sicily Naxos was not destined towns of Sicily Naxos was not destined to live for much more than 300 years it to live for much more than 300 years it to live for much more than 300 years it was to be destroyed not by the fire of was to be destroyed not by the fire of was to be destroyed not by the fire of the dangerous mountain which dominated the dangerous mountain which dominated the dangerous mountain which dominated it but by a human foe a sort of it but by a human foe a sort of it but by a human foe a sort of consecration was always attached to consecration was always attached to consecration was always attached to Nexus as the first homestead of the

Nexus as the first homestead of the Nexus as the first homestead of the Hellions in the island which was to Hellions in the island which was to Hellions in the island which was to become a brilliant part of Hellas to become a brilliant part of Hellas to become a brilliant part of Hellas to apollo our key deities an altar was apollo our key deities an altar was apollo our key deities an altar was erected on the spot where the greeks erected on the spot where the greeks erected on the spot where the greeks first landed driven as the legend told first landed driven as the legend told first landed driven as the legend told by contrary winds through Apollo's by contrary winds through Apollo's by contrary winds through Apollo's dispensation to the Sicilian shores dispensation to the Sicilian shores dispensation to the Sicilian shores it was the habit of ambassador's from it was the habit of ambassador's from it was the habit of ambassador's from old Greece as soon as they arrived in old Greece as soon as they arrived in old Greece as soon as they arrived in Sicily to offer sacrifice on this altar Sicily to offer sacrifice on this altar Sicily to offer sacrifice on this altar in the fertile plain south of Etna the in the fertile plain south of Etna the in the fertile plain south of Etna the calcium soon afterwards founded Kotani calcium soon afterwards founded Kotani calcium soon afterwards founded Kotani close to the sea and protected by a low close to the sea and protected by a low close to the sea and protected by a low range of hills behind but under the range of hills behind but under the range of hills behind but under the power of Etna which was to unmake the power of Etna which was to unmake the power of Etna which was to unmake the place again and again and inland place again and again and inland place again and again and inland leontina at the south end of her plane leontina at the south end of her plane leontina at the south end of her plane between two hills with an eastern and between two hills with an eastern and between two hills with an eastern and western acropolis these sites leontyne western acropolis these sites leontyne western acropolis these sites leontyne eyes certainly if not Kotani were rested eyes certainly if not Kotani were rested eyes certainly if not Kotani were rested from the seasons the calcium salsa one from the seasons the calcium salsa one from the seasons the calcium salsa one possession at the northeast corner and possession at the northeast corner and possession at the northeast corner and thus obtained command of the Straits thus obtained command of the Straits thus obtained command of the Straits between the island and the mainland here between the island and the mainland here between the island and the mainland here Simon's and Cal CID Ian's planted Zheng Simon's and Cal CID Ian's planted Zheng Simon's and Cal CID Ian's planted Zheng CLE on a low rim of land which resembles CLE on a low rim of land which resembles CLE on a low rim of land which resembles a reaping hook and gave the place its a reaping hook and gave the place its a reaping hook and gave the place its name the Haven is formed by the curving name the Haven is formed by the curving name the Haven is formed by the curving blade and when zenki came in after days blade and when zenki came in after days blade and when zenki came in after days to mint money she engraved on her coins

to mint money she engraved on her coins to mint money she engraved on her coins a sickle representing her harbor and a a sickle representing her harbor and a a sickle representing her harbor and a dolphin floating within it a hundred dolphin floating within it a hundred dolphin floating within it a hundred years later the city was transformed by years later the city was transformed by years later the city was transformed by the immigration of a company of messini the immigration of a company of messini the immigration of a company of messini ins and ultimately the old local name ins and ultimately the old local name ins and ultimately the old local name was ousted in favor of Mehsana from was ousted in favor of Mehsana from was ousted in favor of Mehsana from Zheng CLE the ub ins established the Zheng CLE the ub ins established the Zheng CLE the ub ins established the fortress of miley on the other side of fortress of miley on the other side of fortress of miley on the other side of the northeastern promontory and in the the northeastern promontory and in the the northeastern promontory and in the middle of the seventh century they middle of the seventh century they middle of the seventh century they founded Humaira founded Humaira founded Humaira the only Greek city on the northern the only Greek city on the northern the only Greek city on the northern coast destined to live for scarce two coast destined to live for scarce two coast destined to live for scarce two centuries and a half and then to be centuries and a half and then to be centuries and a half and then to be swept away by the Phoenicians it was swept away by the Phoenicians it was swept away by the Phoenicians it was important for Zheng CLE that the land important for Zheng CLE that the land important for Zheng CLE that the land over against her the extreme point of over against her the extreme point of over against her the extreme point of the Italian peninsula should be in the Italian peninsula should be in the Italian peninsula should be in friendly hands and therefore the men of friendly hands and therefore the men of friendly hands and therefore the men of zenki incited their mother city to found zenki incited their mother city to found zenki incited their mother city to found region and in this foundation Messenians region and in this foundation Messenians region and in this foundation Messenians took part while this group of calcium took part while this group of calcium took part while this group of calcium colonists was being formed in colonists was being formed in colonists was being formed in northeast and Sicily Dorian Greeks began northeast and Sicily Dorian Greeks began northeast and Sicily Dorian Greeks began to obtain the footing in southeastern to obtain the footing in southeastern to obtain the footing in southeastern Sicily which history decided should Sicily which history decided should Sicily which history decided should become the Dorian Quarter the earliest become the Dorian Quarter the earliest become the Dorian Quarter the earliest of the Dorian cities was also the of the Dorian cities was also the of the Dorian cities was also the greatest silac use destined to be the greatest silac use destined to be the greatest silac use destined to be the head of greek sicily was founded by head of greek sicily was founded by head of greek sicily was founded by corinthian emigrants under the corinthian emigrants under the corinthian emigrants under the leadership of Arceus before the end of leadership of Arceus before the end of leadership of Arceus before the end of the 8th century somewhere about the same

the 8th century somewhere about the same the 8th century somewhere about the same time corinth also colonized course IRA time corinth also colonized course IRA time corinth also colonized course IRA the Ionian islands were halfway stations the Ionian islands were halfway stations the Ionian islands were halfway stations to the west which colony was the elder to the west which colony was the elder to the west which colony was the elder we know not tradition did not attempt to we know not tradition did not attempt to we know not tradition did not attempt to decide for it place both in the same decide for it place both in the same decide for it place both in the same year but in both cases corinth had two year but in both cases corinth had two year but in both cases corinth had two dispossessed previous Greek settlers and dispossessed previous Greek settlers and dispossessed previous Greek settlers and in both cases the previous settlers were in both cases the previous settlers were in both cases the previous settlers were ub ins her colonists had to drive in ub ins her colonists had to drive in ub ins her colonists had to drive in retrieves from course IRA and Kelsey D retrieves from course IRA and Kelsey D retrieves from course IRA and Kelsey D ins and Syracuse the Great Haven of ins and Syracuse the Great Haven of ins and Syracuse the Great Haven of Syracuse with its island and its hill Syracuse with its island and its hill Syracuse with its island and its hill formed the most striking site on the formed the most striking site on the formed the most striking site on the East Coast and could not fail to invite East Coast and could not fail to invite East Coast and could not fail to invite the earliest colonists Cal Syrians the earliest colonists Cal Syrians the earliest colonists Cal Syrians occupied the island of awti gia I love occupied the island of awti gia I love occupied the island of awti gia I love quails as it was called quails as it was called quails as it was called they must have won it from the sisal or they must have won it from the sisal or they must have won it from the sisal or possibly from the Phoenicians and held possibly from the Phoenicians and held possibly from the Phoenicians and held it long enough to associate it forever it long enough to associate it forever it long enough to associate it forever with the name of a fountain in their old with the name of a fountain in their old with the name of a fountain in their old home arethusa it is highly probable that home arethusa it is highly probable that home arethusa it is highly probable that the kalsa daeun occupation was effected the kalsa daeun occupation was effected the kalsa daeun occupation was effected very soon after that of Naxos and it is very soon after that of Naxos and it is very soon after that of Naxos and it is possible that the corinthians did not possible that the corinthians did not possible that the corinthians did not supersede the cal city until many years supersede the cal city until many years supersede the cal city until many years later but when they once held psychic later but when they once held psychic later but when they once held psychic use they effectively prevented any kal use they effectively prevented any kal use they effectively prevented any kal CD on expansion south of leontyne i at CD on expansion south of leontyne i at CD on expansion south of leontyne i at an early date megarians also sailed into an early date megarians also sailed into an early date megarians also sailed into the west to find a new home after

the west to find a new home after the west to find a new home after various unsuccessful attempts to various unsuccessful attempts to various unsuccessful attempts to establish themselves they finally built establish themselves they finally built establish themselves they finally built their city on the coast north of their city on the coast north of their city on the coast north of Syracuse beside the hills of high blur Syracuse beside the hills of high blur Syracuse beside the hills of high blur and perhaps sisal natives joined in and perhaps sisal natives joined in and perhaps sisal natives joined in found found found the Western Megara it was the most the Western Megara it was the most the Western Megara it was the most northerly Dorian town on the East Coast northerly Dorian town on the East Coast northerly Dorian town on the East Coast but like her mother the Highbury and but like her mother the Highbury and but like her mother the Highbury and Megara was destined to found a colony Megara was destined to found a colony Megara was destined to found a colony more famous than herself in the middle more famous than herself in the middle more famous than herself in the middle of the 7th century the Megerian sent to of the 7th century the Megerian sent to of the 7th century the Megerian sent to their metropolis to invite cooperation their metropolis to invite cooperation their metropolis to invite cooperation in planting a settlement in the in planting a settlement in the in planting a settlement in the southwestern part of the island this southwestern part of the island this southwestern part of the island this settlement which was to be the farthest settlement which was to be the farthest settlement which was to be the farthest outpost of Greek Sicily was Salinas the outpost of Greek Sicily was Salinas the outpost of Greek Sicily was Salinas the town named of wild celery as its own town named of wild celery as its own town named of wild celery as its own coins boasted situated on a low hill on coins boasted situated on a low hill on coins boasted situated on a low hill on the coast the coast the coast Megara had been occupied with the Megara had been occupied with the Megara had been occupied with the goodwill of the sisal Salinas was goodwill of the sisal Salinas was goodwill of the sisal Salinas was probably held at the expense of the probably held at the expense of the probably held at the expense of the sicken in the meantime the southeastern sicken in the meantime the southeastern sicken in the meantime the southeastern corner was being studied with Dorian corner was being studied with Dorian corner was being studied with Dorian cities though they did not rise by any cities though they did not rise by any cities though they did not rise by any means so rapidly as the cal CDN in the means so rapidly as the cal CDN in the means so rapidly as the cal CDN in the north the sisal seemed to have offered a north the sisal seemed to have offered a north the sisal seemed to have offered a stout of resistance here at the stout of resistance here at the stout of resistance here at the beginning of the seventh century beginning of the seventh century beginning of the seventh century geela the name is sisal was planted by geela the name is sisal was planted by geela the name is sisal was planted by rhodium colonists with Cretans in their rhodium colonists with Cretans in their rhodium colonists with Cretans in their train this city was set on a long narrow train this city was set on a long narrow train this city was set on a long narrow hill which stretched between the sea and

hill which stretched between the sea and hill which stretched between the sea and an inland plain at a later time a Cree an inland plain at a later time a Cree an inland plain at a later time a Cree and caz meanie were founded by Syracuse and caz meanie were founded by Syracuse and caz meanie were founded by Syracuse they were overshadowed by the greatness they were overshadowed by the greatness they were overshadowed by the greatness of the mother city and never attained as of the mother city and never attained as of the mother city and never attained as much independence as more distant much independence as more distant much independence as more distant Camarena which was planted from the same Camarena which was planted from the same Camarena which was planted from the same metropolis about half a century later metropolis about half a century later metropolis about half a century later the latest Dorian colony of Sicily was the latest Dorian colony of Sicily was the latest Dorian colony of Sicily was only less conspicuous than the first the only less conspicuous than the first the only less conspicuous than the first the jel Owens sought an assist from their jel Owens sought an assist from their jel Owens sought an assist from their Rodian metropolis and founded halfway Rodian metropolis and founded halfway Rodian metropolis and founded halfway between their own City and Salinas the between their own City and Salinas the between their own City and Salinas the lofty town of Accra gas which soon took lofty town of Accra gas which soon took lofty town of Accra gas which soon took the second place in Greek Sicily and the second place in Greek Sicily and the second place in Greek Sicily and became the rival of Syracuse became the rival of Syracuse became the rival of Syracuse it was perched on a high hill near the it was perched on a high hill near the it was perched on a high hill near the seashore the small poor Haven was at seashore the small poor Haven was at seashore the small poor Haven was at some distance from the town flock some distance from the town flock some distance from the town flock feeding Accra gas never became a merit feeding Accra gas never became a merit feeding Accra gas never became a merit power the symbols on its coins were the power the symbols on its coins were the power the symbols on its coins were the eagle and the crab in planting their eagle and the crab in planting their eagle and the crab in planting their colonies and founding their domination colonies and founding their domination colonies and founding their domination in Sicily the Greeks had mainly to in Sicily the Greeks had mainly to in Sicily the Greeks had mainly to reckon with the C cells in their few reckon with the C cells in their few reckon with the C cells in their few foundations in the Father West they had foundations in the Father West they had foundations in the Father West they had to deal with the sickens these older to deal with the sickens these older to deal with the sickens these older inhabitants were forced to retire from inhabitants were forced to retire from inhabitants were forced to retire from the coasts but they lived on in their the coasts but they lived on in their the coasts but they lived on in their fortresses on the inland hills the fortresses on the inland hills the fortresses on the inland hills the island was too large and its character island was too large and its character island was too large and its character to continental to invite the newcomers to continental to invite the newcomers to continental to invite the newcomers to attempt to conquer the whole of it

to attempt to conquer the whole of it to attempt to conquer the whole of it with the Phoenicians the Greeks had no with the Phoenicians the Greeks had no with the Phoenicians the Greeks had no trouble their factories and temples had trouble their factories and temples had trouble their factories and temples had not taken root in the soil and on the not taken root in the soil and on the not taken root in the soil and on the landing of a stranger who was resolved landing of a stranger who was resolved landing of a stranger who was resolved to take root they vanished to take root they vanished to take root they vanished traces of their worship sometimes traces of their worship sometimes traces of their worship sometimes remained here as in the Aegean but they remained here as in the Aegean but they remained here as in the Aegean but they did not abandon the western corner of did not abandon the western corner of did not abandon the western corner of the island where the Greeks did not the island where the Greeks did not the island where the Greeks did not attempt to settle there they maintained attempt to settle there they maintained attempt to settle there they maintained three places which now assumed the three places which now assumed the three places which now assumed the character of cities these were Panama's character of cities these were Panama's character of cities these were Panama's solace and motya the Haven the rock and solace and motya the Haven the rock and solace and motya the Haven the rock and the island pan Ormus or all Haven in a the island pan Ormus or all Haven in a the island pan Ormus or all Haven in a fertile plain is protected on the north fertile plain is protected on the north fertile plain is protected on the north by mount Herc T now the pilgrim mount by mount Herc T now the pilgrim mount by mount Herc T now the pilgrim mount and on the east by solace motya is on an and on the east by solace motya is on an and on the east by solace motya is on an island in a small bay on the west coast island in a small bay on the west coast island in a small bay on the west coast the olympian country lay between motya the olympian country lay between motya the olympian country lay between motya and Panama's the chief town of the and Panama's the chief town of the and Panama's the chief town of the Olympians suggester which in Greek Olympians suggester which in Greek Olympians suggester which in Greek mouths became a jester was essentially a mouths became a jester was essentially a mouths became a jester was essentially a city while Erik's father west high above city while Erik's father west high above city while Erik's father west high above the sea but not actually on it was their the sea but not actually on it was their the sea but not actually on it was their outpost of Defence on Eric's they outpost of Defence on Eric's they outpost of Defence on Eric's they worshiped some goddess of nature soon to worshiped some goddess of nature soon to worshiped some goddess of nature soon to be identified with the Greek Aphrodite be identified with the Greek Aphrodite be identified with the Greek Aphrodite the Olympians were on good terms with the Olympians were on good terms with the Olympians were on good terms with the Phoenicians and Whiston Sicily the Phoenicians and Whiston Sicily the Phoenicians and Whiston Sicily became a Phoenician corner while the became a Phoenician corner while the became a Phoenician corner while the inland country was left to sisal and

inland country was left to sisal and inland country was left to sisal and sicken the coasts were to be the scene sicken the coasts were to be the scene sicken the coasts were to be the scene of struggles between finishin of struggles between finishin of struggles between finishin and Greek and here the natural position and Greek and here the natural position and Greek and here the natural position of the competence was reversed for the of the competence was reversed for the of the competence was reversed for the Asiatic power was in the West and the Asiatic power was in the West and the Asiatic power was in the West and the European in the East in the 7th century European in the East in the 7th century European in the East in the 7th century this struggle was still a long way off this struggle was still a long way off this struggle was still a long way off Sicily was still large enough to hold Sicily was still large enough to hold Sicily was still large enough to hold both the Greek and the Canaanite in both the Greek and the Canaanite in both the Greek and the Canaanite in peace the name by which we know the peace the name by which we know the peace the name by which we know the central of the three great peninsulas of central of the three great peninsulas of central of the three great peninsulas of the Mediterranean did not extend as far the Mediterranean did not extend as far the Mediterranean did not extend as far north as the Po in the time of Julius north as the Po in the time of Julius north as the Po in the time of Julius Caesar and originally it covered a very Caesar and originally it covered a very Caesar and originally it covered a very small area indeed in the 5th century if small area indeed in the 5th century if small area indeed in the 5th century if you Sid ADIZ applies the name Italy to you Sid ADIZ applies the name Italy to you Sid ADIZ applies the name Italy to the modern Calabria the Western of the the modern Calabria the Western of the the modern Calabria the Western of the two extremities into which the peninsula two extremities into which the peninsula two extremities into which the peninsula divides this extremity was inhabited divides this extremity was inhabited divides this extremity was inhabited when the Greeks first visited it by when the Greeks first visited it by when the Greeks first visited it by sizzles and D nutrients but the heel was sizzles and D nutrients but the heel was sizzles and D nutrients but the heel was occupied by peoples of that illyrian occupied by peoples of that illyrian occupied by peoples of that illyrian race which had played as we dimly see a race which had played as we dimly see a race which had played as we dimly see a decisive part in the earliest history of decisive part in the earliest history of decisive part in the earliest history of the Greeks the illyrian was now astride the Greeks the illyrian was now astride the Greeks the illyrian was now astride of the Adriatic he had reached Italy of the Adriatic he had reached Italy of the Adriatic he had reached Italy before the Greek the Calabrian who gave before the Greek the Calabrian who gave before the Greek the Calabrian who gave their name to the heel wear of illyrians their name to the heel wear of illyrians their name to the heel wear of illyrians stock and along with these were the stock and along with these were the stock and along with these were the Mississippians some of whose brethren on Mississippians some of whose brethren on Mississippians some of whose brethren on the other side of the water seemed to the other side of the water seemed to the other side of the water seemed to have thrown in their fortunes with the

have thrown in their fortunes with the have thrown in their fortunes with the Greeks and penetrated into lockers and Greeks and penetrated into lockers and Greeks and penetrated into lockers and by OSHA and perhaps into the by OSHA and perhaps into the by OSHA and perhaps into the Peloponnesus Peloponnesus Peloponnesus it was on the seaboard of the Cecil's it was on the seaboard of the Cecil's it was on the seaboard of the Cecil's and E nutrients that the achæans of the and E nutrients that the achæans of the and E nutrients that the achæans of the Peloponnesus probably towards the close Peloponnesus probably towards the close Peloponnesus probably towards the close of the 8th century found a field for of the 8th century found a field for of the 8th century found a field for colonization it has been already colonization it has been already colonization it has been already remarked that the Ionian islands are a remarked that the Ionian islands are a remarked that the Ionian islands are a sort of stepping stone to the west and sort of stepping stone to the west and sort of stepping stone to the west and just as we find Corinthians settling in just as we find Corinthians settling in just as we find Corinthians settling in course IRA so we find achæans course IRA so we find achæans course IRA so we find achæans settling in census the first colonists settling in census the first colonists settling in census the first colonists which they planted in Italy were perhaps which they planted in Italy were perhaps which they planted in Italy were perhaps Sybaris and Croton famous for their Sybaris and Croton famous for their Sybaris and Croton famous for their wealth and their rivalry Sybil wealth and their rivalry Sybil wealth and their rivalry Sybil Sahn the river crisis in an unhealthy Sahn the river crisis in an unhealthy Sahn the river crisis in an unhealthy but most fruitful plane soon extended but most fruitful plane soon extended but most fruitful plane soon extended her dominion across the narrow peninsula her dominion across the narrow peninsula her dominion across the narrow peninsula and founding the settlements of layoffs and founding the settlements of layoffs and founding the settlements of layoffs and Sid Rowse on the western coast and Sid Rowse on the western coast and Sid Rowse on the western coast commanded two seas thus having in her commanded two seas thus having in her commanded two seas thus having in her hands an overland route to the western hands an overland route to the western hands an overland route to the western Mediterranean she could four words to Mediterranean she could four words to Mediterranean she could four words to her ports on the Turanian see the her ports on the Turanian see the her ports on the Turanian see the valuable merchandise of the Malaysians valuable merchandise of the Malaysians valuable merchandise of the Malaysians whom kal CID e'en jealousy excluded from whom kal CID e'en jealousy excluded from whom kal CID e'en jealousy excluded from the Straits between Italy and Sicily the Straits between Italy and Sicily the Straits between Italy and Sicily thus both agriculture and traffic formed thus both agriculture and traffic formed thus both agriculture and traffic formed the basis of the remarkable wealth of the basis of the remarkable wealth of the basis of the remarkable wealth of Sybaris and the result was an Sybaris and the result was an Sybaris and the result was an elaboration of luxury which caused the

elaboration of luxury which caused the elaboration of luxury which caused the civil-rights name to pass into a proverb civil-rights name to pass into a proverb civil-rights name to pass into a proverb Posidonia famous for its temples and its Posidonia famous for its temples and its Posidonia famous for its temples and its roses was another colony on the western roses was another colony on the western roses was another colony on the western sea founded from Sybaris it is said to sea founded from Sybaris it is said to sea founded from Sybaris it is said to have been formed by treason ian's who have been formed by treason ian's who have been formed by treason ian's who were driven out from that city by the were driven out from that city by the were driven out from that city by the Achaeans a good way to the south of Achaeans a good way to the south of Achaeans a good way to the south of Sybaris you come to Croton before the Sybaris you come to Croton before the Sybaris you come to Croton before the coast in its southern trend has yet coast in its southern trend has yet coast in its southern trend has yet reached the licinia n-- promontory on reached the licinia n-- promontory on reached the licinia n-- promontory on which a stately temple of Harrah formed which a stately temple of Harrah formed which a stately temple of Harrah formed a central place of worship for the Greek a central place of worship for the Greek a central place of worship for the Greek settlers in Italy unlike the other settlers in Italy unlike the other settlers in Italy unlike the other akheon colonies Croton had a good akheon colonies Croton had a good akheon colonies Croton had a good harbour the only good harbor on the west harbour the only good harbor on the west harbour the only good harbor on the west side of the Gulf but her prosperity like side of the Gulf but her prosperity like side of the Gulf but her prosperity like that of her fellows rested not on that of her fellows rested not on that of her fellows rested not on maritime traffic but on the cultivation maritime traffic but on the cultivation maritime traffic but on the cultivation of land and the rearing of cattle the of land and the rearing of cattle the of land and the rearing of cattle the Delphic God seems to have taken a more Delphic God seems to have taken a more Delphic God seems to have taken a more than wanted interest in the foundation than wanted interest in the foundation than wanted interest in the foundation of this city if we may judge from the of this city if we may judge from the of this city if we may judge from the Delphic tripod which appears on its Delphic tripod which appears on its Delphic tripod which appears on its earliest coins like Sybaris Croton earliest coins like Sybaris Croton earliest coins like Sybaris Croton widened its territory and planted widened its territory and planted widened its territory and planted colonies of its own on the terrain E&C colonies of its own on the terrain E&C colonies of its own on the terrain E&C Terina and tamizha were to Croton what Terina and tamizha were to Croton what Terina and tamizha were to Croton what layoffs and cedrus were to Sybaris layoffs and cedrus were to Sybaris layoffs and cedrus were to Sybaris footnote another colony of Croton was footnote another colony of Croton was footnote another colony of Croton was pandasia and it conquered the Ionian pandasia and it conquered the Ionian pandasia and it conquered the Ionian town and town and town and or solution and the footnote Colonia

or solution and the footnote Colonia or solution and the footnote Colonia perhaps also a cretonne e8 settlement perhaps also a cretonne e8 settlement perhaps also a cretonne e8 settlement was the most southerly akkyun colony and was the most southerly akkyun colony and was the most southerly akkyun colony and was the neighbor of the western la croix was the neighbor of the western la croix was the neighbor of the western la croix this town was founded in the territory this town was founded in the territory this town was founded in the territory of the Cecil's it is not certain by of the Cecil's it is not certain by of the Cecil's it is not certain by which of the three Locke reinstates which of the three Locke reinstates which of the three Locke reinstates perhaps it was a joint enterprise of all perhaps it was a joint enterprise of all perhaps it was a joint enterprise of all three three three it was agricultural like its akkyun it was agricultural like its akkyun it was agricultural like its akkyun neighbors and like them it pushed over neighbors and like them it pushed over neighbors and like them it pushed over to the western sea and founded Midna and to the western sea and founded Midna and to the western sea and founded Midna and hippo nian on the other coast the hippo nian on the other coast the hippo nian on the other coast the achæans and lah Koreans might quarrel achæans and lah Koreans might quarrel achæans and lah Koreans might quarrel among themselves but they had more in among themselves but they had more in among themselves but they had more in common with each other than either had common with each other than either had common with each other than either had with the Dorian's and we may with the Dorian's and we may with the Dorian's and we may conveniently include Locke ray in the conveniently include Locke ray in the conveniently include Locke ray in the Aegean group thus the southern coast of Aegean group thus the southern coast of Aegean group thus the southern coast of Italy would have been almost a Italy would have been almost a Italy would have been almost a homogeneous circle if a Dorian colony homogeneous circle if a Dorian colony homogeneous circle if a Dorian colony had not been established in a small had not been established in a small had not been established in a small sheltered Bay at the extreme north point sheltered Bay at the extreme north point sheltered Bay at the extreme north point of the Gulf to which it gave the name it of the Gulf to which it gave the name it of the Gulf to which it gave the name it still bears Terrace or 2 wrentham still bears Terrace or 2 wrentham still bears Terrace or 2 wrentham Terrace was remarkable as the only Terrace was remarkable as the only Terrace was remarkable as the only foreign settlement ever made by the foreign settlement ever made by the foreign settlement ever made by the greatest of all the Dorian peoples the greatest of all the Dorian peoples the greatest of all the Dorian peoples the town called like Sybaris after the name town called like Sybaris after the name town called like Sybaris after the name of a neighboring stream was founded by of a neighboring stream was founded by of a neighboring stream was founded by the PHA fini II a name which has not yet the PHA fini II a name which has not yet the PHA fini II a name which has not yet been explained there are reasons for been explained there are reasons for been explained there are reasons for thinking that these first founders were thinking that these first founders were thinking that these first founders were pre Dorian Greeks from the Peloponnesus pre Dorian Greeks from the Peloponnesus pre Dorian Greeks from the Peloponnesus but laconian settlers occupied the place but laconian settlers occupied the place but laconian settlers occupied the place at some unknown date and made of it a

at some unknown date and made of it a at some unknown date and made of it a Dorian City a legend then grew up which Dorian City a legend then grew up which Dorian City a legend then grew up which connected the path in EE with Sparta and connected the path in EE with Sparta and connected the path in EE with Sparta and a historical episode taking various a historical episode taking various a historical episode taking various forms was manufactured it was said that forms was manufactured it was said that forms was manufactured it was said that in a war with the Messenians when the in a war with the Messenians when the in a war with the Messenians when the Spartans were for many years absent from Spartans were for many years absent from Spartans were for many years absent from home the women bore sons to helots and home the women bore sons to helots and home the women bore sons to helots and that this progeny called puffins EE or that this progeny called puffins EE or that this progeny called puffins EE or maidens children conspired against the maidens children conspired against the maidens children conspired against the state and being driven out of the state and being driven out of the state and being driven out of the country were directed by the Oracle to country were directed by the Oracle to country were directed by the Oracle to settle at Terrace settle at Terrace settle at Terrace the here offal Anthes who seems to have the here offal Anthes who seems to have the here offal Anthes who seems to have been originally a local see God degraded been originally a local see God degraded been originally a local see God degraded to the rank of a hero at the coming of to the rank of a hero at the coming of to the rank of a hero at the coming of Poseidon was worshipped by the Poseidon was worshipped by the Poseidon was worshipped by the tarentines and his ride overseas on a tarentines and his ride overseas on a tarentines and his ride overseas on a dolphin was represented on their coins dolphin was represented on their coins dolphin was represented on their coins the framers of the story of the Puffin the framers of the story of the Puffin the framers of the story of the Puffin ee made him the leader of the colonists ee made him the leader of the colonists ee made him the leader of the colonists from Laconia the prosperity of the from Laconia the prosperity of the from Laconia the prosperity of the tarentines depended partly on the tarentines depended partly on the tarentines depended partly on the cultivation of a fruitful territory but cultivation of a fruitful territory but cultivation of a fruitful territory but mainly on their manufacturing industry mainly on their manufacturing industry mainly on their manufacturing industry their fabrics and died wolves became their fabrics and died wolves became their fabrics and died wolves became renowned and their pottery was widely renowned and their pottery was widely renowned and their pottery was widely diffused terrace in fact must be diffused terrace in fact must be diffused terrace in fact must be regarded as an industrial rather than as regarded as an industrial rather than as regarded as an industrial rather than as an agricultural state her position an agricultural state her position an agricultural state her position brought her into contact with brought her into contact with brought her into contact with inhabitants of the Calabrian Peninsula inhabitants of the Calabrian Peninsula inhabitants of the Calabrian Peninsula and she had a foe in the Miss Appian

and she had a foe in the Miss Appian and she had a foe in the Miss Appian town of Brenta seein she founded the town of Brenta seein she founded the town of Brenta seein she founded the colonies of kallipolis and hydras on the colonies of kallipolis and hydras on the colonies of kallipolis and hydras on the eastern coast where she had no Greek eastern coast where she had no Greek eastern coast where she had no Greek rivals but on the other side her rivals but on the other side her rivals but on the other side her possible advance was foreseen and possible advance was foreseen and possible advance was foreseen and hindered by the prudence of the hindered by the prudence of the hindered by the prudence of the civil-rights they feared lest the Dorian civil-rights they feared lest the Dorian civil-rights they feared lest the Dorian City might creep round the coast and City might creep round the coast and City might creep round the coast and occupy the fertile lands which are occupy the fertile lands which are occupy the fertile lands which are watered by the breed anus and the Syrus watered by the breed anus and the Syrus watered by the breed anus and the Syrus so they induced the achæans of old so they induced the achæans of old so they induced the achæans of old Greece to found the colony at met upon T Greece to found the colony at met upon T Greece to found the colony at met upon T anon the breed anus a place which had anon the breed anus a place which had anon the breed anus a place which had derived its name from Miss Appian derived its name from Miss Appian derived its name from Miss Appian settlers and this the most northerly of settlers and this the most northerly of settlers and this the most northerly of the Achaeans cities flourished as an the Achaeans cities flourished as an the Achaeans cities flourished as an agricultural community and cut off the agricultural community and cut off the agricultural community and cut off the westward expansion of terrace but in the westward expansion of terrace but in the westward expansion of terrace but in the meantime another rival sees the very meantime another rival sees the very meantime another rival sees the very place from which the appearance had place from which the appearance had place from which the appearance had desired to exclude the Dorian's in the desired to exclude the Dorian's in the desired to exclude the Dorian's in the middle of the 7th century Californians middle of the 7th century Californians middle of the 7th century Californians planted a colony at Cyrus and this planted a colony at Cyrus and this planted a colony at Cyrus and this Ionian state threatened to interrupt the Ionian state threatened to interrupt the Ionian state threatened to interrupt the akheon line of cities and cut off akheon line of cities and cut off akheon line of cities and cut off metapontum from her sisters this metapontum from her sisters this metapontum from her sisters this solitary instance of an Ionian attempt solitary instance of an Ionian attempt solitary instance of an Ionian attempt to found a colony at this period in to found a colony at this period in to found a colony at this period in these regions is rendered interesting these regions is rendered interesting these regions is rendered interesting through the probability that the poet through the probability that the poet through the probability that the poet Killa cos took part in the expedition Killa cos took part in the expedition Killa cos took part in the expedition but the attempt seems to have failed but the attempt seems to have failed but the attempt seems to have failed there are reasons for thinking though there are reasons for thinking though there are reasons for thinking though the evidence is not clear that the place the evidence is not clear that the place the evidence is not clear that the place was seized by its akkyun neighbors and

was seized by its akkyun neighbors and was seized by its akkyun neighbors and became Aniki in town cyrus like Sybaris became Aniki in town cyrus like Sybaris became Aniki in town cyrus like Sybaris Croton and Locker I had her help mate Croton and Locker I had her help mate Croton and Locker I had her help mate though not a daughter on the Tyrrhenian though not a daughter on the Tyrrhenian though not a daughter on the Tyrrhenian sea by the persuasion of common interest sea by the persuasion of common interest sea by the persuasion of common interest she formed a close connection with Pyxis she formed a close connection with Pyxis she formed a close connection with Pyxis the two cities issued common coins and the two cities issued common coins and the two cities issued common coins and perhaps organized a rival overland route perhaps organized a rival overland route perhaps organized a rival overland route thus the western coast of the Turrentine thus the western coast of the Turrentine thus the western coast of the Turrentine gulf was beset with the line of akkyun gulf was beset with the line of akkyun gulf was beset with the line of akkyun cities flanked at one extremity by cities flanked at one extremity by cities flanked at one extremity by western la croix on the other by dorian western la croix on the other by dorian western la croix on the other by dorian terrace the common feature which terrace the common feature which terrace the common feature which distinguished them from the cities distinguished them from the cities distinguished them from the cities settled by the men of Calais and Corinth settled by the men of Calais and Corinth settled by the men of Calais and Corinth was that their wealth depended on the was that their wealth depended on the was that their wealth depended on the mainland not on the sea their rich men mainland not on the sea their rich men mainland not on the sea their rich men were landowners not merchants it was not were landowners not merchants it was not were landowners not merchants it was not traffic but rich soil that had traffic but rich soil that had traffic but rich soil that had originally lured them to the Far West originally lured them to the Far West originally lured them to the Far West the unwarlike sizzles and in nutrients the unwarlike sizzles and in nutrients the unwarlike sizzles and in nutrients seemed to have laid no obstacles in the seemed to have laid no obstacles in the seemed to have laid no obstacles in the way of their settlements and to have way of their settlements and to have way of their settlements and to have submitted to their rule the aiya pigeons submitted to their rule the aiya pigeons submitted to their rule the aiya pigeons and masae pians of Calabria were of and masae pians of Calabria were of and masae pians of Calabria were of different temper and it is significant different temper and it is significant different temper and it is significant that it was men from warlike Sparta who that it was men from warlike Sparta who that it was men from warlike Sparta who succeeded in establishing Terrace these succeeded in establishing Terrace these succeeded in establishing Terrace these cities with their dependencies beyond cities with their dependencies beyond cities with their dependencies beyond the hills on the shores of the Turanian the hills on the shores of the Turanian the hills on the shores of the Turanian sea came to be regarded as a group and sea came to be regarded as a group and sea came to be regarded as a group and the country came to be called great

the country came to be called great the country came to be called great Hellas we might rather have looked to Hellas we might rather have looked to Hellas we might rather have looked to find it called great Akaya by contrast find it called great Akaya by contrast find it called great Akaya by contrast to the older qian lands in greece but to the older qian lands in greece but to the older qian lands in greece but here as in other cases it is the name of here as in other cases it is the name of here as in other cases it is the name of the lesser folk which prevails if the the lesser folk which prevails if the the lesser folk which prevails if the hélène's the old greek inhabitants of hélène's the old greek inhabitants of hélène's the old greek inhabitants of the plain of this purchase had been the plain of this purchase had been the plain of this purchase had been conquered by the Achaeans the conquest conquered by the Achaeans the conquest conquered by the Achaeans the conquest was forgotten and the two peoples had was forgotten and the two peoples had was forgotten and the two peoples had gone forth together to found new cities gone forth together to found new cities gone forth together to found new cities in the in the in the West and here the Hellenic name rose to West and here the Hellenic name rose to West and here the Hellenic name rose to celebrity and honor it was no small celebrity and honor it was no small celebrity and honor it was no small thing in itself that the belt of Greek thing in itself that the belt of Greek thing in itself that the belt of Greek settlements on the Turrentine Gulf settlements on the Turrentine Gulf settlements on the Turrentine Gulf should come to be called great Hellas should come to be called great Hellas should come to be called great Hellas but it was a small thing compared with but it was a small thing compared with but it was a small thing compared with the extension of the name Helene's to the extension of the name Helene's to the extension of the name Helene's to designate all peoples of greek race designate all peoples of greek race designate all peoples of greek race there was nothing to lead the Greeks of there was nothing to lead the Greeks of there was nothing to lead the Greeks of their own accord to fix on hélène's as a their own accord to fix on hélène's as a their own accord to fix on hélène's as a common name if they had sought such a common name if they had sought such a common name if they had sought such a name deliberately their natural choice name deliberately their natural choice name deliberately their natural choice would have been Achaeans which Homer had would have been Achaeans which Homer had would have been Achaeans which Homer had already used in a wide sense the name already used in a wide sense the name already used in a wide sense the name must have been given to them from must have been given to them from must have been given to them from without just as the barbarian peoples in without just as the barbarian peoples in without just as the barbarian peoples in central Italy had taken hold of the name central Italy had taken hold of the name central Italy had taken hold of the name of the greys of the greys of the greys so the barbarians in the southern so the barbarians in the southern so the barbarians in the southern peninsulas took hold of the name of the peninsulas took hold of the name of the peninsulas took hold of the name of the Helene's Helene's Helene's and used it to denote all settlers and and used it to denote all settlers and and used it to denote all settlers and strangers of the same race such a common strangers of the same race such a common strangers of the same race such a common name applied by barbarian lips to them

name applied by barbarian lips to them name applied by barbarian lips to them all alike brought home to Greek traders all alike brought home to Greek traders all alike brought home to Greek traders the significance of their common race the significance of their common race the significance of their common race and they adopted the name themselves as and they adopted the name themselves as and they adopted the name themselves as the conjugate of barbarians so the name the conjugate of barbarians so the name the conjugate of barbarians so the name hélène's obscure when it had gone forth hélène's obscure when it had gone forth hélène's obscure when it had gone forth to the west travelled back to the east to the west travelled back to the east to the west travelled back to the east in a new sense and won its way into in a new sense and won its way into in a new sense and won its way into universal use the fictitious ancestor universal use the fictitious ancestor universal use the fictitious ancestor Helene became the forefather of the Helene became the forefather of the Helene became the forefather of the whole Greek race and the fictitious whole Greek race and the fictitious whole Greek race and the fictitious ancestors of the Dorian's Ionians and ancestors of the Dorian's Ionians and ancestors of the Dorian's Ionians and the aliens were all derived from him the the aliens were all derived from him the the aliens were all derived from him the original hélène's lost their separate original hélène's lost their separate original hélène's lost their separate identity as completely as the originally identity as completely as the originally identity as completely as the originally aliens and Ionians have lost theirs but aliens and Ionians have lost theirs but aliens and Ionians have lost theirs but their name was destined to live forever their name was destined to live forever their name was destined to live forever in the speech of men while those of in the speech of men while those of in the speech of men while those of their greater fellows had passed into a their greater fellows had passed into a their greater fellows had passed into a memory end of chapter 2 part 3 recording memory end of chapter 2 part 3 recording memory end of chapter 2 part 3 recording by Graham Redmond chapter two parts four to eight of a chapter two parts four to eight of a history of Greece to the death of history of Greece to the death of history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great Volume one this is a Alexander the Great Volume one this is a Alexander the Great Volume one this is a librivox recording all librivox librivox recording all librivox librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public domain for

recordings are in the public domain for recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please more information or to volunteer please more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org recording by Graham visit librivox.org recording by Graham visit librivox.org recording by Graham Redman a history of Greece - the death Redman a history of Greece - the death Redman a history of Greece - the death of Alexander the Great of Alexander the Great of Alexander the Great vol 1 by John Bagnall burry vol 1 by John Bagnall burry vol 1 by John Bagnall burry chapter 2 part 4 growth of trade and chapter 2 part 4 growth of trade and chapter 2 part 4 growth of trade and maritime enterprise the age of the maritime enterprise the age of the maritime enterprise the age of the aristocratic Republic saw the face of aristocratic Republic saw the face of aristocratic Republic saw the face of the Greek world completely transformed the Greek world completely transformed the Greek world completely transformed the colonial expansion of Greece the colonial expansion of Greece the colonial expansion of Greece eastward and westward was itself part of eastward and westward was itself part of eastward and westward was itself part of this transformation but it also helped this transformation but it also helped this transformation but it also helped signally to bring about other changes signally to bring about other changes signally to bring about other changes for while the colonies were politically for while the colonies were politically for while the colonies were politically independent of their mother states they independent of their mother states they independent of their mother states they reacted in many ways on the mother reacted in many ways on the mother reacted in many ways on the mother country we have seen how the system of country we have seen how the system of country we have seen how the system of family property was favorable to family property was favorable to family property was favorable to colonial enterprise but the colonists colonial enterprise but the colonists colonial enterprise but the colonists who had suffered under that system were who had suffered under that system were who had suffered under that system were not likely to introduce it in their new not likely to introduce it in their new not likely to introduce it in their new settlements and thus the institution of settlements and thus the institution of settlements and thus the institution of personal land ownership was probably personal land ownership was probably personal land ownership was probably first established and regulated in the first established and regulated in the first established and regulated in the colonies their example reacted on the colonies their example reacted on the colonies their example reacted on the mother country where other natural mother country where other natural mother country where other natural causes were also gradually undermining causes were also gradually undermining causes were also gradually undermining the family system in the first place as the family system in the first place as the family system in the first place as the power of the state grew greater the the power of the state grew greater the the power of the state grew greater the power of the family grew less and when power of the family grew less and when power of the family grew less and when the head of the state where the king or

the head of the state where the king or the head of the state where the king or republican government was felt as a republican government was felt as a republican government was felt as a formidable Authority the prestige of the formidable Authority the prestige of the formidable Authority the prestige of the head of the family overshadowed by the head of the family overshadowed by the head of the family overshadowed by the power of the state became a insensibly power of the state became a insensibly power of the state became a insensibly weaker in the second place it was common weaker in the second place it was common weaker in the second place it was common to assign a portion of an estates to one to assign a portion of an estates to one to assign a portion of an estates to one member of the family to manage and enjoy member of the family to manage and enjoy member of the family to manage and enjoy the undivided use of it and although it the undivided use of it and although it the undivided use of it and although it did not become his and he had no power did not become his and he had no power did not become his and he had no power of disposing of it yet the natural of disposing of it yet the natural of disposing of it yet the natural tendency would have been to allow it on tendency would have been to allow it on tendency would have been to allow it on his death to pass to his son on the same his death to pass to his son on the same his death to pass to his son on the same conditions it is clear that such a conditions it is clear that such a conditions it is clear that such a practice tended to the ultimate practice tended to the ultimate practice tended to the ultimate establishment of personal proprietorship establishment of personal proprietorship establishment of personal proprietorship of the soil again side by side with the of the soil again side by side with the of the soil again side by side with the undivided family estate personal undivided family estate personal undivided family estate personal properties were actually acquired at properties were actually acquired at properties were actually acquired at this period there was much wild an this period there was much wild an this period there was much wild an allotted land which wild beasts haunt allotted land which wild beasts haunt allotted land which wild beasts haunt especially on the hill slopes and when a especially on the hill slopes and when a especially on the hill slopes and when a man of energy reclaimed a portion of man of energy reclaimed a portion of man of energy reclaimed a portion of this land for tillage the new fields this land for tillage the new fields this land for tillage the new fields became his own for they have belonged to became his own for they have belonged to became his own for they have belonged to no man we can thus see generally how no man we can thus see generally how no man we can thus see generally how inevitable it was that the old system inevitable it was that the old system inevitable it was that the old system should disappear and the large family should disappear and the large family should disappear and the large family estates break up into private domains estates break up into private domains estates break up into private domains but the change was not accomplished by but the change was not accomplished by but the change was not accomplished by legislation at the gradual process by legislation at the gradual process by legislation at the gradual process by which it was brought about is withdrawn which it was brought about is withdrawn which it was brought about is withdrawn from our eyes it was only if when from our eyes it was only if when from our eyes it was only if when private land ownership had become an

private land ownership had become an private land ownership had become an established fact that the law came in established fact that the law came in established fact that the law came in had recognized it by regulating sales of had recognized it by regulating sales of had recognized it by regulating sales of land and allowing men to bequeath it land and allowing men to bequeath it land and allowing men to bequeath it freely the B Ocean poet hesiod has given freely the B Ocean poet hesiod has given freely the B Ocean poet hesiod has given us a picture of rural life in Greece at us a picture of rural life in Greece at us a picture of rural life in Greece at this period he was a husbandmen himself this period he was a husbandmen himself this period he was a husbandmen himself near astra where his father who had come near astra where his father who had come near astra where his father who had come as a stranger from sie me in earless had as a stranger from sie me in earless had as a stranger from sie me in earless had put under cultivation a strip of put under cultivation a strip of put under cultivation a strip of wasteland on the slips of Helicon the wasteland on the slips of Helicon the wasteland on the slips of Helicon the farm was divided between his two sons farm was divided between his two sons farm was divided between his two sons Percy's and his yard but in unequal Percy's and his yard but in unequal Percy's and his yard but in unequal shares and Hesiod accuses Percy's of shares and Hesiod accuses Percy's of shares and Hesiod accuses Percy's of winning the larger moiety by bribing the winning the larger moiety by bribing the winning the larger moiety by bribing the lords of the district but Percy's lords of the district but Percy's lords of the district but Percy's managed his farm badly and it did not managed his farm badly and it did not managed his farm badly and it did not prosper Hesiod wrote his poem the works prosper Hesiod wrote his poem the works prosper Hesiod wrote his poem the works to teach such unthrifty farmers as his to teach such unthrifty farmers as his to teach such unthrifty farmers as his brother true principles of agriculture brother true principles of agriculture brother true principles of agriculture and economy his view of life is and economy his view of life is and economy his view of life is profoundly gloomy and suggests a profoundly gloomy and suggests a profoundly gloomy and suggests a condition of grave social distress in BO condition of grave social distress in BO condition of grave social distress in BO sure this must have been mainly due to sure this must have been mainly due to sure this must have been mainly due to the oppression of them the oppression of them the oppression of them Able's gift devouring Prince's as he Able's gift devouring Prince's as he Able's gift devouring Prince's as he calls them the poet looks back to the calls them the poet looks back to the calls them the poet looks back to the past with regret the golden age the past with regret the golden age the past with regret the golden age the silver and the bronze have all gone by silver and the bronze have all gone by silver and the bronze have all gone by and the age of the heroes who fought at and the age of the heroes who fought at and the age of the heroes who fought at Troy and mankind is now in the Iron Age

Troy and mankind is now in the Iron Age Troy and mankind is now in the Iron Age and will never cease by day or night and will never cease by day or night and will never cease by day or night from weariness and woe woods that I did from weariness and woe woods that I did from weariness and woe woods that I did not live in this generation woods that I not live in this generation woods that I not live in this generation woods that I had died before all were born here after had died before all were born here after had died before all were born here after the poem gives minut directions for the the poem gives minut directions for the the poem gives minut directions for the routine of the husband man's work the routine of the husband man's work the routine of the husband man's work the times and tides of sowing and reaping times and tides of sowing and reaping times and tides of sowing and reaping and the other labors of the field the and the other labors of the field the and the other labors of the field the fashion of the implements of tillage and fashion of the implements of tillage and fashion of the implements of tillage and all this is accompanied by maxims of all this is accompanied by maxims of all this is accompanied by maxims of proverbial wisdom apart from the value proverbial wisdom apart from the value proverbial wisdom apart from the value of his poem as a social picture he's yet of his poem as a social picture he's yet of his poem as a social picture he's yet has a great significance as the first has a great significance as the first has a great significance as the first spokesman of the common folk in the spokesman of the common folk in the spokesman of the common folk in the history of Europe his is the first voice history of Europe his is the first voice history of Europe his is the first voice raised from among the toiling classes raised from among the toiling classes raised from among the toiling classes and claiming the interest of mankind in and claiming the interest of mankind in and claiming the interest of mankind in their lot it is a voice indeed of their lot it is a voice indeed of their lot it is a voice indeed of acquiescence counselling fellow toilers acquiescence counselling fellow toilers acquiescence counselling fellow toilers to make the best of an evil case the to make the best of an evil case the to make the best of an evil case the stage of revolt has not yet been reached stage of revolt has not yet been reached stage of revolt has not yet been reached but the grievances are aired and the but the grievances are aired and the but the grievances are aired and the Lords who wield the power are exhorted Lords who wield the power are exhorted Lords who wield the power are exhorted to deal just judgments that the land may to deal just judgments that the land may to deal just judgments that the land may prosper the new poet is in form and prosper the new poet is in form and prosper the new poet is in form and style under the influence of the Homeric style under the influence of the Homeric style under the influence of the Homeric poems but he is acutely conscious that poems but he is acutely conscious that poems but he is acutely conscious that he is striking new notes and has new he is striking new notes and has new he is striking new notes and has new messages for men he comes forward unlike messages for men he comes forward unlike messages for men he comes forward unlike homer in his own person he contrasts

homer in his own person he contrasts homer in his own person he contrasts himself with Homer when he claims that himself with Homer when he claims that himself with Homer when he claims that the muses can teach truth as well as the muses can teach truth as well as the muses can teach truth as well as beautiful fiction in his other poem the beautiful fiction in his other poem the beautiful fiction in his other poem the Theogony he tells us that the daughters Theogony he tells us that the daughters Theogony he tells us that the daughters of Zeus toward Hesiod as he fed sheep on of Zeus toward Hesiod as he fed sheep on of Zeus toward Hesiod as he fed sheep on the hillsides of Helicon they gave him the hillsides of Helicon they gave him the hillsides of Helicon they gave him for staff a branch of Bey this for staff a branch of Bey this for staff a branch of Bey this Joff was now the minstrels emblem for Joff was now the minstrels emblem for Joff was now the minstrels emblem for the epic poems were no longer sung to the epic poems were no longer sung to the epic poems were no longer sung to the lyre but were recited by the rep's the lyre but were recited by the rep's the lyre but were recited by the rep's ode standing with the staff in his hand ode standing with the staff in his hand ode standing with the staff in his hand then the muses breathed into the then the muses breathed into the then the muses breathed into the Shepherd of Astra the wizard power of Shepherd of Astra the wizard power of Shepherd of Astra the wizard power of declaring the future and the past and declaring the future and the past and declaring the future and the past and set him the task of singing the race of set him the task of singing the race of set him the task of singing the race of the Blessed gods in the Theogony he the Blessed gods in the Theogony he the Blessed gods in the Theogony he performs this task he sings how the performs this task he sings how the performs this task he sings how the world was made the gods and the earth world was made the gods and the earth world was made the gods and the earth the rivers and the ocean the Stars and the rivers and the ocean the Stars and the rivers and the ocean the Stars and the heaven how in infinite space which the heaven how in infinite space which the heaven how in infinite space which was at the beginning there arose earth was at the beginning there arose earth was at the beginning there arose earth and Tartarus and love the cosmic and Tartarus and love the cosmic and Tartarus and love the cosmic principle and it is notable how he principle and it is notable how he principle and it is notable how he introduces amongst the eldest born introduces amongst the eldest born introduces amongst the eldest born powers of the world such abstractions as powers of the world such abstractions as powers of the world such abstractions as love itself memory sleep these love itself memory sleep these love itself memory sleep these speculations on the origin of the speculations on the origin of the speculations on the origin of the universe and the attempt to work up the universe and the attempt to work up the universe and the attempt to work up the popular myths into a system mark a new popular myths into a system mark a new popular myths into a system mark a new stage in the intellectual development of stage in the intellectual development of stage in the intellectual development of Greece the Theogony produced a whole

Greece the Theogony produced a whole Greece the Theogony produced a whole school of bards who merged their school of bards who merged their school of bards who merged their identity under the name of Hesiod and as identity under the name of Hesiod and as identity under the name of Hesiod and as we have seen these his EOTech poems had we have seen these his EOTech poems had we have seen these his EOTech poems had a decisive influence in molding the a decisive influence in molding the a decisive influence in molding the ideas of the Greeks as to the early ideas of the Greeks as to the early ideas of the Greeks as to the early history of their rates Bo Shire was history of their rates Bo Shire was history of their rates Bo Shire was always a nun enterprising country of always a nun enterprising country of always a nun enterprising country of husbandmen and he had had no sympathy husbandmen and he had had no sympathy husbandmen and he had had no sympathy with trade or foreign venture though his with trade or foreign venture though his with trade or foreign venture though his father had come from earless but the father had come from earless but the father had come from earless but the growth of trade was the most important growth of trade was the most important growth of trade was the most important fact of the time and here to the fact of the time and here to the fact of the time and here to the colonies reacted on the mother country colonies reacted on the mother country colonies reacted on the mother country by enlarging the borders of the Greek by enlarging the borders of the Greek by enlarging the borders of the Greek world they invited and facilitated the world they invited and facilitated the world they invited and facilitated the extension of Greek trade and promoted extension of Greek trade and promoted extension of Greek trade and promoted the growth of industries hitherto the the growth of industries hitherto the the growth of industries hitherto the Greeks had been mainly an agricultural Greeks had been mainly an agricultural Greeks had been mainly an agricultural and pastoral people many of them were and pastoral people many of them were and pastoral people many of them were now becoming industrial they had to now becoming industrial they had to now becoming industrial they had to supply their Western colonies with oil supply their Western colonies with oil supply their Western colonies with oil and wool with metal and pottery and wool with metal and pottery and wool with metal and pottery and they began to enter into serious and they began to enter into serious and they began to enter into serious competition with the Phoenician trader competition with the Phoenician trader competition with the Phoenician trader and to drive Eastern goods from the and to drive Eastern goods from the and to drive Eastern goods from the market Greek trade moved chiefly along market Greek trade moved chiefly along market Greek trade moved chiefly along waterways and this is illustrated by the waterways and this is illustrated by the waterways and this is illustrated by the neglect of road making in Greece there neglect of road making in Greece there neglect of road making in Greece there were no paved roads even in later times were no paved roads even in later times were no paved roads even in later times except the sacred ways to frequented except the sacred ways to frequented except the sacred ways to frequented sanctuaries like that from Athens to sanctuaries like that from Athens to sanctuaries like that from Athens to elusive sand Delphi or that from the

elusive sand Delphi or that from the elusive sand Delphi or that from the Seacoast to Olympia yet the Greeks were Seacoast to Olympia yet the Greeks were Seacoast to Olympia yet the Greeks were still timorous navigators and it was still timorous navigators and it was still timorous navigators and it was deemed hazardous to sail even in the deemed hazardous to sail even in the deemed hazardous to sail even in the most familiar waters except in the late most familiar waters except in the late most familiar waters except in the late summer summer summer Hesiod expresses in vivid verses the Hesiod expresses in vivid verses the Hesiod expresses in vivid verses the general fear of the sea for 50 days general fear of the sea for 50 days general fear of the sea for 50 days after the Solstice till the end of the after the Solstice till the end of the after the Solstice till the end of the harvest is the tide for sailing then you harvest is the tide for sailing then you harvest is the tide for sailing then you will not wreck your ship nor will the will not wreck your ship nor will the will not wreck your ship nor will the sea wash down your crew unless Poseidon sea wash down your crew unless Poseidon sea wash down your crew unless Poseidon or Zeus wills their destruction in that or Zeus wills their destruction in that or Zeus wills their destruction in that season winds are steady and ocean kind season winds are steady and ocean kind season winds are steady and ocean kind with mind at rest launch your ship and with mind at rest launch your ship and with mind at rest launch your ship and stow your freight but make all speed to stow your freight but make all speed to stow your freight but make all speed to return home and await not the new wine return home and await not the new wine return home and await not the new wine at the reign of the vintage tide when at the reign of the vintage tide when at the reign of the vintage tide when the winter approaches and the terrible the winter approaches and the terrible the winter approaches and the terrible south wind stirs the waves in fellowship south wind stirs the waves in fellowship south wind stirs the waves in fellowship with the heavy or tunnel rain of Zeus with the heavy or tunnel rain of Zeus with the heavy or tunnel rain of Zeus and makes the sea cruel about this time and makes the sea cruel about this time and makes the sea cruel about this time however an important advance was made in however an important advance was made in however an important advance was made in secret by the discovery of the anchor secret by the discovery of the anchor secret by the discovery of the anchor seafaring states found it needful to seafaring states found it needful to seafaring states found it needful to build warships for protection against build warships for protection against build warships for protection against pirates the usual type of the early pirates the usual type of the early pirates the usual type of the early Greek warship was the pentacon tur or Greek warship was the pentacon tur or Greek warship was the pentacon tur or fifty or a long narrow galley with 25 fifty or a long narrow galley with 25 fifty or a long narrow galley with 25 benches on each of which two oarsmen set benches on each of which two oarsmen set benches on each of which two oarsmen set the pentacon to hardly came into use in

the pentacon to hardly came into use in the pentacon to hardly came into use in greece before the 8th century the greece before the 8th century the greece before the 8th century the Homeric Greeks had only smaller vessels Homeric Greeks had only smaller vessels Homeric Greeks had only smaller vessels of 20 oars but we can see in the Homeric of 20 oars but we can see in the Homeric of 20 oars but we can see in the Homeric poems the pentacon tur coming within poems the pentacon tur coming within poems the pentacon tur coming within their can as a strange and wonderful their can as a strange and wonderful their can as a strange and wonderful thing thing thing the ocean deity Brea Rios called by the the ocean deity Brea Rios called by the the ocean deity Brea Rios called by the name of the Aegean appears in the Iliad name of the Aegean appears in the Iliad name of the Aegean appears in the Iliad and he is probably no other than the new and he is probably no other than the new and he is probably no other than the new racer of the Seas sped by a hundred racer of the Seas sped by a hundred racer of the Seas sped by a hundred hands in the Odyssey of the fie Asians hands in the Odyssey of the fie Asians hands in the Odyssey of the fie Asians who are the kings of sea craft have who are the kings of sea craft have who are the kings of sea craft have ships of fifty oars but before the end ships of fifty oars but before the end ships of fifty oars but before the end of the eighth century a new idea of the eighth century a new idea of the eighth century a new idea revolutionised shipbuilding in Phoenicia revolutionised shipbuilding in Phoenicia revolutionised shipbuilding in Phoenicia vessels were built with two rows of vessels were built with two rows of vessels were built with two rows of benches one above the other so that the benches one above the other so that the benches one above the other so that the number of oarsmen and the speed were number of oarsmen and the speed were number of oarsmen and the speed were increased without adding to the length increased without adding to the length increased without adding to the length of the ship the Byram however never of the ship the Byram however never of the ship the Byram however never became common in Greece for the became common in Greece for the became common in Greece for the Phoenicians had soon improved it into Phoenicians had soon improved it into Phoenicians had soon improved it into the trireme by the superposition of the trireme by the superposition of the trireme by the superposition of another Bank of all's footnote the another Bank of all's footnote the another Bank of all's footnote the secret of building this kind of galley secret of building this kind of galley secret of building this kind of galley has been lost modern ship rights cannot has been lost modern ship rights cannot has been lost modern ship rights cannot reproduce a trireme in later times the reproduce a trireme in later times the reproduce a trireme in later times the Greeks built ships of many banks 5 10 Greeks built ships of many banks 5 10 Greeks built ships of many banks 5 10 even 40 end of footnote the trireme even 40 end of footnote the trireme even 40 end of footnote the trireme propelled by a hundred and seventy propelled by a hundred and seventy propelled by a hundred and seventy rowers was ultimately to come into rowers was ultimately to come into rowers was ultimately to come into universal use as the regular Greek universal use as the regular Greek universal use as the regular Greek warship though for a long time after its

warship though for a long time after its warship though for a long time after its first introduction by the Corinthians first introduction by the Corinthians first introduction by the Corinthians the old Penta contest was still the old Penta contest was still the old Penta contest was still generally used but the unknown ship generally used but the unknown ship generally used but the unknown ship right who invented the Byram deserves right who invented the Byram deserves right who invented the Byram deserves the credit of the new idea the credit of the new idea the credit of the new idea whatever naval battles were fought in whatever naval battles were fought in whatever naval battles were fought in the 7th century were fought mainly we the 7th century were fought mainly we the 7th century were fought mainly we may be sure with Penta contas but may be sure with Penta contas but may be sure with Penta contas but pentacon ters and triremes alike were pentacon ters and triremes alike were pentacon ters and triremes alike were affected by the new invention of the affected by the new invention of the affected by the new invention of the bronze Ram on the prow a weapon of bronze Ram on the prow a weapon of bronze Ram on the prow a weapon of attack which determined the future attack which determined the future attack which determined the future character of Greek naval warfare the character of Greek naval warfare the character of Greek naval warfare the Greeks believed that the first regular Greeks believed that the first regular Greeks believed that the first regular sea fight between two Greek powers was sea fight between two Greek powers was sea fight between two Greek powers was fought before the middle of the 7th fought before the middle of the 7th fought before the middle of the 7th century between Corinth and her daughter century between Corinth and her daughter century between Corinth and her daughter city course IRA if the tradition is true city course IRA if the tradition is true city course IRA if the tradition is true we may be sure that the event was an we may be sure that the event was an we may be sure that the event was an incident in a struggle for the trade incident in a struggle for the trade incident in a struggle for the trade with Italy and Sicily and along the with Italy and Sicily and along the with Italy and Sicily and along the Adriatic coasts Adriatic coasts Adriatic coasts the chief competitors however with the chief competitors however with the chief competitors however with Corinth in the West were the ubian Corinth in the West were the ubian Corinth in the West were the ubian cities Calais and Eritrea in the traffic cities Calais and Eritrea in the traffic cities Calais and Eritrea in the traffic in eastern sea's the island city of in eastern sea's the island city of in eastern sea's the island city of Aegina though she had no colonists of Aegina though she had no colonists of Aegina though she had no colonists of her own took an active part and became her own took an active part and became her own took an active part and became one of the richest mercantile states of one of the richest mercantile states of one of the richest mercantile states of Greece Athens too had ships but her Greece Athens too had ships but her Greece Athens too had ships but her industries were still on a comparatively industries were still on a comparatively industries were still on a comparatively small scale and it was not till a much small scale and it was not till a much small scale and it was not till a much later period that her trade was later period that her trade was later period that her trade was sufficient to involve her in serious

sufficient to involve her in serious sufficient to involve her in serious rivalry with her neighbors but the most rivalry with her neighbors but the most rivalry with her neighbors but the most active of all in industry and commerce active of all in industry and commerce active of all in industry and commerce were the Greeks of Ionia end of chapter were the Greeks of Ionia end of chapter were the Greeks of Ionia end of chapter 2 part 4 chapter 2 part 5 influence of 2 part 4 chapter 2 part 5 influence of 2 part 4 chapter 2 part 5 influence of Lydia on Greece the Greeks of the Lydia on Greece the Greeks of the Lydia on Greece the Greeks of the Asiatic coasts were largely dependent Asiatic coasts were largely dependent Asiatic coasts were largely dependent for good or evil on the adjacent inland for good or evil on the adjacent inland for good or evil on the adjacent inland countries the inland trade added to countries the inland trade added to countries the inland trade added to their prosperity but at any moment if a their prosperity but at any moment if a their prosperity but at any moment if a strong barbarian power arose their strong barbarian power arose their strong barbarian power arose their independence might be gravely menaced at independence might be gravely menaced at independence might be gravely menaced at the beginning of the seventh century the beginning of the seventh century the beginning of the seventh century active intercourse was maintained active intercourse was maintained active intercourse was maintained between the Greeks and the kingdoms of between the Greeks and the kingdoms of between the Greeks and the kingdoms of Phrygia and me Anya the Phrygian King Phrygia and me Anya the Phrygian King Phrygia and me Anya the Phrygian King Midas dedicated a throne to the God of Midas dedicated a throne to the God of Midas dedicated a throne to the God of Delphi both the Phrygians and the Delphi both the Phrygians and the Delphi both the Phrygians and the Lydians adopted the Greek alphabet while Lydians adopted the Greek alphabet while Lydians adopted the Greek alphabet while the Greeks adopted their modes of music the Greeks adopted their modes of music the Greeks adopted their modes of music and admitted Phrygian legends into Greek and admitted Phrygian legends into Greek and admitted Phrygian legends into Greek mythology a considerable Phrygian mythology a considerable Phrygian mythology a considerable Phrygian element had won its way into Lydia and element had won its way into Lydia and element had won its way into Lydia and had gained the upper hand in the Homeric had gained the upper hand in the Homeric had gained the upper hand in the Homeric poems we know we're read of Lydians but poems we know we're read of Lydians but poems we know we're read of Lydians but only of minions and there can be no only of minions and there can be no only of minions and there can be no doubt that this name represents the doubt that this name represents the doubt that this name represents the Phrygian settlers or conquerors a me Oni Phrygian settlers or conquerors a me Oni Phrygian settlers or conquerors a me Oni Induna ste ruled in lydia at the

Induna ste ruled in lydia at the Induna ste ruled in lydia at the beginning of the seventh century and the beginning of the seventh century and the beginning of the seventh century and the king bears a minyan name can Dolly's king bears a minyan name can Dolly's king bears a minyan name can Dolly's hound Choka the Aryan hound Choka the Aryan hound Choka the Aryan conquerors conquerors that is who spoke conquerors conquerors that is who spoke conquerors conquerors that is who spoke an Aryan tongue had occupied the throne an Aryan tongue had occupied the throne an Aryan tongue had occupied the throne for centuries and Greek tradition for centuries and Greek tradition for centuries and Greek tradition afterwards derived the origin of the afterwards derived the origin of the afterwards derived the origin of the family of candle is from Heracles family of candle is from Heracles family of candle is from Heracles himself but they had become degenerate himself but they had become degenerate himself but they had become degenerate and gages are native Lydian of the clan and gages are native Lydian of the clan and gages are native Lydian of the clan of the Merman Adi succeeded in slaying of the Merman Adi succeeded in slaying of the Merman Adi succeeded in slaying canned Ollie's and seizing the crown canned Ollie's and seizing the crown canned Ollie's and seizing the crown this revolution assured in a new period this revolution assured in a new period this revolution assured in a new period for the Lydian as it was now called no for the Lydian as it was now called no for the Lydian as it was now called no longer my own Ian's kingdom the Dominion longer my own Ian's kingdom the Dominion longer my own Ian's kingdom the Dominion of the my own iam sovereign had probably of the my own iam sovereign had probably of the my own iam sovereign had probably extended southward to the valley of the extended southward to the valley of the extended southward to the valley of the meander guy geez extended his power meander guy geez extended his power meander guy geez extended his power northward to the shores of the Propontis northward to the shores of the Propontis northward to the shores of the Propontis where he founded the Salian and where he founded the Salian and where he founded the Salian and conquered the TRO ad but he also conquered the TRO ad but he also conquered the TRO ad but he also designed to make the Aegean his western designed to make the Aegean his western designed to make the Aegean his western boundary and bring the Greek cities boundary and bring the Greek cities boundary and bring the Greek cities under his lordship he pressed on the under his lordship he pressed on the under his lordship he pressed on the valley of the Hermus against smyrna down valley of the Hermus against smyrna down valley of the Hermus against smyrna down the valley of the Kayastha against kala the valley of the Kayastha against kala the valley of the Kayastha against kala phone down the valley of the meander phone down the valley of the meander phone down the valley of the meander against my Letus and magnesia of these against my Letus and magnesia of these against my Letus and magnesia of these enterprises only the faintest hints have enterprises only the faintest hints have enterprises only the faintest hints have come down to us it may be that kala come down to us it may be that kala come down to us it may be that kala phone was actually captured and perhaps phone was actually captured and perhaps phone was actually captured and perhaps magnesia but the other cities beat back

magnesia but the other cities beat back magnesia but the other cities beat back the enemy the poet min Ernest sings how the enemy the poet min Ernest sings how the enemy the poet min Ernest sings how a warrior perhaps his own grandfather a warrior perhaps his own grandfather a warrior perhaps his own grandfather wrought havoc in the ranks of the Lydian wrought havoc in the ranks of the Lydian wrought havoc in the ranks of the Lydian horsemen in the plane of the Hermus but horsemen in the plane of the Hermus but horsemen in the plane of the Hermus but the plans of guy G's against his Greek the plans of guy G's against his Greek the plans of guy G's against his Greek neighbors were suddenly interrupted by a neighbors were suddenly interrupted by a neighbors were suddenly interrupted by a blow which descended as it were from the blow which descended as it were from the blow which descended as it were from the other side of the world upon Greeks and other side of the world upon Greeks and other side of the world upon Greeks and Lydians alike the regions round about Lydians alike the regions round about Lydians alike the regions round about Lake myotis on the northern coast of the Lake myotis on the northern coast of the Lake myotis on the northern coast of the Black Sea were inhabited by the Black Sea were inhabited by the Black Sea were inhabited by the Sumerians who appear in the marvelous Sumerians who appear in the marvelous Sumerians who appear in the marvelous wanderings of Odysseus they were now wanderings of Odysseus they were now wanderings of Odysseus they were now driven forth from their abodes to which driven forth from their abodes to which driven forth from their abodes to which however their name clung and still however their name clung and still however their name clung and still clings by a sybian folk thus Pilate who clings by a sybian folk thus Pilate who clings by a sybian folk thus Pilate who came from the east homeless the came from the east homeless the came from the east homeless the Sumerians wandered to the Sumerians wandered to the Sumerians wandered to the opposite side of the uke sign but opposite side of the uke sign but opposite side of the uke sign but whether they traveled by the eastern or whether they traveled by the eastern or whether they traveled by the eastern or the western route by the caucasus or by the western route by the caucasus or by the western route by the caucasus or by the Danube is not known for certain on the Danube is not known for certain on the Danube is not known for certain on one hand they seemed to have appeared one hand they seemed to have appeared one hand they seemed to have appeared first in eastern Asia Minor on the other first in eastern Asia Minor on the other first in eastern Asia Minor on the other they seem to have associated with they seem to have associated with they seem to have associated with themselves some Thracian people's the themselves some Thracian people's the themselves some Thracian people's the trillions Edo nians and fine yinz the trillions Edo nians and fine yinz the trillions Edo nians and fine yinz the truth may be that they came round by the truth may be that they came round by the truth may be that they came round by the eastern coast and that afterwards when eastern coast and that afterwards when eastern coast and that afterwards when they made their incursions into Western they made their incursions into Western they made their incursions into Western Asia Minor they invited allies from Asia Minor they invited allies from Asia Minor they invited allies from Thrace to help them having defeated the

Thrace to help them having defeated the Thrace to help them having defeated the my lesions of sin o P they chose this my lesions of sin o P they chose this my lesions of sin o P they chose this place to be their chief settlement they place to be their chief settlement they place to be their chief settlement they ventured to attack the greatest Syrian ventured to attack the greatest Syrian ventured to attack the greatest Syrian Empire and King Esarhaddon himself tells Empire and King Esarhaddon himself tells Empire and King Esarhaddon himself tells how I smoked the Sumerian tu spur with how I smoked the Sumerian tu spur with how I smoked the Sumerian tu spur with all his army but they overthrew the all his army but they overthrew the all his army but they overthrew the realm of Phrygia under its last King realm of Phrygia under its last King realm of Phrygia under its last King Midas and towards the middle of the 7th Midas and towards the middle of the 7th Midas and towards the middle of the 7th century they attacked Lydia to meet this century they attacked Lydia to meet this century they attacked Lydia to meet this danger guy G's sought help from Assyria danger guy G's sought help from Assyria danger guy G's sought help from Assyria the warlike Sr hadn't had been succeeded the warlike Sr hadn't had been succeeded the warlike Sr hadn't had been succeeded at Nineveh by a subhana pal a peaceful at Nineveh by a subhana pal a peaceful at Nineveh by a subhana pal a peaceful and literary prince whose refined luxury and literary prince whose refined luxury and literary prince whose refined luxury as caricatured in the greek conception as caricatured in the greek conception as caricatured in the greek conception of sardanapalus the lord of lydia of sardanapalus the lord of lydia of sardanapalus the lord of lydia acknowledged the overlordship of the acknowledged the overlordship of the acknowledged the overlordship of the lord of assyria he gained a victory over lord of assyria he gained a victory over lord of assyria he gained a victory over the Sumerians and sent their chiefs in the Sumerians and sent their chiefs in the Sumerians and sent their chiefs in Chains to Nineveh but he did not long Chains to Nineveh but he did not long Chains to Nineveh but he did not long Brooke to be the vassal of another Brooke to be the vassal of another Brooke to be the vassal of another sovereign he threw off his allegiance to sovereign he threw off his allegiance to sovereign he threw off his allegiance to Assyria and send Ionian and carrion Assyria and send Ionian and carrion Assyria and send Ionian and carrion mercenary soldiers to Egypt to help that mercenary soldiers to Egypt to help that mercenary soldiers to Egypt to help that country also to free itself from a country also to free itself from a country also to free itself from a Syrian Dominion at this moment perhaps Syrian Dominion at this moment perhaps Syrian Dominion at this moment perhaps guy G's was at the height of his power guy G's was at the height of his power guy G's was at the height of his power his wealth was famous and he too liked his wealth was famous and he too liked his wealth was famous and he too liked Phrygian my desk sent gifts among them Phrygian my desk sent gifts among them Phrygian my desk sent gifts among them six golden mixing bowls to the Delphian six golden mixing bowls to the Delphian six golden mixing bowls to the Delphian God God God the poet our Killick us who

the poet our Killick us who the poet our Killick us who missed his Korea sings defiantly that he missed his Korea sings defiantly that he missed his Korea sings defiantly that he cares not for the wealth of guild cares not for the wealth of guild cares not for the wealth of guild engages but the sumerians presently engages but the sumerians presently engages but the sumerians presently renewed their attack and fortune changed renewed their attack and fortune changed renewed their attack and fortune changed guy G's was slain in battle his capital guy G's was slain in battle his capital guy G's was slain in battle his capital Sardis was taken except the Citadel and Sardis was taken except the Citadel and Sardis was taken except the Citadel and it was some satisfaction to a Serb Ana it was some satisfaction to a Serb Ana it was some satisfaction to a Serb Ana pal to record that Lydia was in the pal to record that Lydia was in the pal to record that Lydia was in the hands of the Cimmerians it was not long hands of the Cimmerians it was not long hands of the Cimmerians it was not long before they swooped down upon the Greek before they swooped down upon the Greek before they swooped down upon the Greek cities Colinas a poet of ephesus heard cities Colinas a poet of ephesus heard cities Colinas a poet of ephesus heard the tremble of their horses and roused the tremble of their horses and roused the tremble of their horses and roused his fellow citizens to battle ephesus his fellow citizens to battle ephesus his fellow citizens to battle ephesus defied their attack but the temple of defied their attack but the temple of defied their attack but the temple of artemis outside the walls was burned artemis outside the walls was burned artemis outside the walls was burned down they and their allies from Thrace down they and their allies from Thrace down they and their allies from Thrace destroyed magnesia on the meander the destroyed magnesia on the meander the destroyed magnesia on the meander the barbarians made a deep impression the barbarians made a deep impression the barbarians made a deep impression the swords which they swept down upon their swords which they swept down upon their swords which they swept down upon their enemies were enormous they were equipped enemies were enormous they were equipped enemies were enormous they were equipped with large Quivers and wore the curved with large Quivers and wore the curved with large Quivers and wore the curved caps of the Citians fierce hounds ran caps of the Citians fierce hounds ran caps of the Citians fierce hounds ran with their horses such was their with their horses such was their with their horses such was their appearance as they were portrayed by a appearance as they were portrayed by a appearance as they were portrayed by a Greek artist of a later generation on Greek artist of a later generation on Greek artist of a later generation on the painted sarcophagus found at Kazuma the painted sarcophagus found at Kazuma the painted sarcophagus found at Kazuma knee but the danger passed away Ardus knee but the danger passed away Ardus knee but the danger passed away Ardus succeeded guy geez on the Lydian throne succeeded guy geez on the Lydian throne succeeded guy geez on the Lydian throne and he finally not only drave out the

and he finally not only drave out the and he finally not only drave out the Sumerians from the land but perhaps Sumerians from the land but perhaps Sumerians from the land but perhaps succeeded in extending his power into succeeded in extending his power into succeeded in extending his power into Cappadocia as far as the helis in the Cappadocia as far as the helis in the Cappadocia as far as the helis in the meantime lydia had made an invention meantime lydia had made an invention meantime lydia had made an invention which revolutionized commerce it is to which revolutionized commerce it is to which revolutionized commerce it is to lydia that europe owes the invention of lydia that europe owes the invention of lydia that europe owes the invention of coinage the Babylonians Phoenicians and coinage the Babylonians Phoenicians and coinage the Babylonians Phoenicians and Egyptians made use of Wade gold and Egyptians made use of Wade gold and Egyptians made use of Wade gold and silver as a medium of exchange a certain silver as a medium of exchange a certain silver as a medium of exchange a certain ratio being fixed between the two metals ratio being fixed between the two metals ratio being fixed between the two metals a piece of Wade metal becomes a coin a piece of Wade metal becomes a coin a piece of Wade metal becomes a coin when it is stamped by the state and is when it is stamped by the state and is when it is stamped by the state and is thereby warranted to have its professed thereby warranted to have its professed thereby warranted to have its professed weight and purity weight and purity weight and purity this step was first taken in Lydia where this step was first taken in Lydia where this step was first taken in Lydia where the earliest money was coined somewhere the earliest money was coined somewhere the earliest money was coined somewhere about the beginning of the seventh about the beginning of the seventh about the beginning of the seventh century probably by guy geez these century probably by guy geez these century probably by guy geez these Lydian coins were made of the native Lydian coins were made of the native Lydian coins were made of the native white gold or electron a mixture of gold white gold or electron a mixture of gold white gold or electron a mixture of gold and silver in which the proportion of and silver in which the proportion of and silver in which the proportion of gold was greater a bar of the white gold gold was greater a bar of the white gold gold was greater a bar of the white gold of Sardis was regarded as ten times the of Sardis was regarded as ten times the of Sardis was regarded as ten times the value of the silver bar and value of the silver bar and value of the silver bar and three-fourths of the value of a gold bar three-fourths of the value of a gold bar three-fourths of the value of a gold bar of the same weight footnote the Lydians of the same weight footnote the Lydians of the same weight footnote the Lydians had two scales one for domestic had two scales one for domestic had two scales one for domestic intercourse based on the standard which intercourse based on the standard which intercourse based on the standard which they derived from Babylonia and one for they derived from Babylonia and one for they derived from Babylonia and one for foreign commerce based on a standard foreign commerce based on a standard foreign commerce based on a standard derived from Phoenicia through the derived from Phoenicia through the derived from Phoenicia through the Greeks end of footnote my Letus and

Greeks end of footnote my Letus and Greeks end of footnote my Letus and Sheamus soon adopted the new invention Sheamus soon adopted the new invention Sheamus soon adopted the new invention which then spread to other Asiatic towns which then spread to other Asiatic towns which then spread to other Asiatic towns then a joiner and the two great cities then a joiner and the two great cities then a joiner and the two great cities of Euboea instituted monetary systems of Euboea instituted monetary systems of Euboea instituted monetary systems and by degrees all the states of Greece and by degrees all the states of Greece and by degrees all the states of Greece gave up the primitive custom of gave up the primitive custom of gave up the primitive custom of estimating value in heads of cattle and estimating value in heads of cattle and estimating value in heads of cattle and most of them had their own mints as gold most of them had their own mints as gold most of them had their own mints as gold was very rare in Greece not being found was very rare in Greece not being found was very rare in Greece not being found except in the islands of Sifnos and face except in the islands of Sifnos and face except in the islands of Sifnos and face oz the greeks coined in silver this oz the greeks coined in silver this oz the greeks coined in silver this invention coming at the very moment when invention coming at the very moment when invention coming at the very moment when the Greeks were entering upon a period the Greeks were entering upon a period the Greeks were entering upon a period of great commercial activity was of of great commercial activity was of of great commercial activity was of immense importance not only in immense importance not only in immense importance not only in facilitating trade but in rendering facilitating trade but in rendering facilitating trade but in rendering possible the accumulation of capital yet possible the accumulation of capital yet possible the accumulation of capital yet it took many generations to supersede it took many generations to supersede it took many generations to supersede completely the old methods of economy by completely the old methods of economy by completely the old methods of economy by the new system the Greeks had derived the new system the Greeks had derived the new system the Greeks had derived their systems of weight from Babylonia their systems of weight from Babylonia their systems of weight from Babylonia and Phoenicia and Phoenicia and Phoenicia but when Aegina and the European cities but when Aegina and the European cities but when Aegina and the European cities fixed the standard of their silver fixed the standard of their silver fixed the standard of their silver coinage they did not adopt the silver coinage they did not adopt the silver coinage they did not adopt the silver standard of either of those countries standard of either of those countries standard of either of those countries the heaviest state here as the standard the heaviest state here as the standard the heaviest state here as the standard silver coin was named a vagina weighed a silver coin was named a vagina weighed a silver coin was named a vagina weighed a hundred and ninety-two grains and hundred and ninety-two grains and hundred and ninety-two grains and slightly exceeded a fluorine in van slightly exceeded a fluorine in van slightly exceeded a fluorine in van you and this system was adopted you and this system was adopted you and this system was adopted throughout the Peloponnese and in throughout the Peloponnese and in throughout the Peloponnese and in northern greece the lighter state here

northern greece the lighter state here northern greece the lighter state here of you beer waved 130 grains which was of you beer waved 130 grains which was of you beer waved 130 grains which was the Babylonian standard of gold this the Babylonian standard of gold this the Babylonian standard of gold this system at first confined to you beer say system at first confined to you beer say system at first confined to you beer say Moss and a few other places was adopted Moss and a few other places was adopted Moss and a few other places was adopted in the 7th century by Corinth in a in the 7th century by Corinth in a in the 7th century by Corinth in a modified form and afterwards by Athens modified form and afterwards by Athens modified form and afterwards by Athens it was highly characteristic of the it was highly characteristic of the it was highly characteristic of the Greeks that their coinage was not from Greeks that their coinage was not from Greeks that their coinage was not from the beginning by religious associations the beginning by religious associations the beginning by religious associations and it has been supposed that the and it has been supposed that the and it has been supposed that the priests of their temples had an priests of their temples had an priests of their temples had an important share in initiating the important share in initiating the important share in initiating the introduction of money it was in the introduction of money it was in the introduction of money it was in the shrines of their gods that men were shrines of their gods that men were shrines of their gods that men were accustomed to store their treasures will accustomed to store their treasures will accustomed to store their treasures will safekeeping the gods themselves safekeeping the gods themselves safekeeping the gods themselves possessed costly dedications and thus possessed costly dedications and thus possessed costly dedications and thus the science of weighing the precious the science of weighing the precious the science of weighing the precious metals was naturally studied by the metals was naturally studied by the metals was naturally studied by the priest hoods every coin which a Greek priest hoods every coin which a Greek priest hoods every coin which a Greek state issued bore upon it a reference to state issued bore upon it a reference to state issued bore upon it a reference to some deity in early times this reference some deity in early times this reference some deity in early times this reference always took the shape of a symbol in always took the shape of a symbol in always took the shape of a symbol in later times the head of the God was later times the head of the God was later times the head of the God was often represented the Lydian coins of often represented the Lydian coins of often represented the Lydian coins of Sardis the coins of Meletis and other Sardis the coins of Meletis and other Sardis the coins of Meletis and other Ionian cities bore a lion those of Ionian cities bore a lion those of Ionian cities bore a lion those of eritrea showed a cow with a sucking calf eritrea showed a cow with a sucking calf eritrea showed a cow with a sucking calf Aegina Aegina Aegina displayed a tortoise and suzuka satiny displayed a tortoise and suzuka satiny displayed a tortoise and suzuka satiny fish and all these tokens were symbols fish and all these tokens were symbols fish and all these tokens were symbols of the goddess who whether under the

of the goddess who whether under the of the goddess who whether under the name of Aphrodite or hero or Artemis was name of Aphrodite or hero or Artemis was name of Aphrodite or hero or Artemis was identified by the greeks with a star T identified by the greeks with a star T identified by the greeks with a star T of Phoenicia end of chapter 2 part 5 chapter 2 part 6 the opening of Egypt chapter 2 part 6 the opening of Egypt thus the merchants of my letters sound thus the merchants of my letters sound thus the merchants of my letters sound her fellows grew rich they were the her fellows grew rich they were the her fellows grew rich they were the intermediaries between Lydia and the intermediaries between Lydia and the intermediaries between Lydia and the Mediterranean while the Lydians carried Mediterranean while the Lydians carried Mediterranean while the Lydians carried their wares to the interior parts their wares to the interior parts their wares to the interior parts Asia Minor and the Far East there Asia Minor and the Far East there Asia Minor and the Far East there Argus's sailed to the Far West as well Argus's sailed to the Far West as well Argus's sailed to the Far West as well as to the coasts of the iewk scene but a as to the coasts of the iewk scene but a as to the coasts of the iewk scene but a new field for winning wealth was opened new field for winning wealth was opened new field for winning wealth was opened to them much about the same time as the to them much about the same time as the to them much about the same time as the invention of coinage revealed a new invention of coinage revealed a new invention of coinage revealed a new prospect to the world of Commerce the prospect to the world of Commerce the prospect to the world of Commerce the jealously guarded gates of Egypt were jealously guarded gates of Egypt were jealously guarded gates of Egypt were unbarred to Greek trade the greatest unbarred to Greek trade the greatest unbarred to Greek trade the greatest exploit of the assyrian monarch Sr exploit of the assyrian monarch Sr exploit of the assyrian monarch Sr hadn't was the conquest of Egypt the hadn't was the conquest of Egypt the hadn't was the conquest of Egypt the land had been split up into an endless land had been split up into an endless land had been split up into an endless number of small kingdoms and the kings number of small kingdoms and the kings number of small kingdoms and the kings continued to govern as vassals of continued to govern as vassals of continued to govern as vassals of Assyria but the foreign domination did Assyria but the foreign domination did Assyria but the foreign domination did not last for much more than a quarter of not last for much more than a quarter of not last for much more than a quarter of a century one of the Kings Semitic Azov a century one of the Kings Semitic Azov a century one of the Kings Semitic Azov sales in Lower Egypt probably of Libyan sales in Lower Egypt probably of Libyan sales in Lower Egypt probably of Libyan stock revolted against a Serb an epal

stock revolted against a Serb an epal stock revolted against a Serb an epal who in the last year of his reign was who in the last year of his reign was who in the last year of his reign was occupied in subduing an insurrection of occupied in subduing an insurrection of occupied in subduing an insurrection of the Elamites of susiana we have seen how the Elamites of susiana we have seen how the Elamites of susiana we have seen how mail-clad soldiers of Ionia and Korea mail-clad soldiers of Ionia and Korea mail-clad soldiers of Ionia and Korea were sent by the Lord of Lydia to assist were sent by the Lord of Lydia to assist were sent by the Lord of Lydia to assist Semitic as' with the help of these Semitic as' with the help of these Semitic as' with the help of these bronze men who came up from the sea he bronze men who came up from the sea he bronze men who came up from the sea he reduced the other Kings and brought the reduced the other Kings and brought the reduced the other Kings and brought the whole of Egypt under his sway this whole of Egypt under his sway this whole of Egypt under his sway this Libyan dynasty kept saying as their Libyan dynasty kept saying as their Libyan dynasty kept saying as their capital and their power was supported by capital and their power was supported by capital and their power was supported by foreign mercenaries Greeks and Koreans foreign mercenaries Greeks and Koreans foreign mercenaries Greeks and Koreans Syrians and Phoenicians semitic has Syrians and Phoenicians semitic has Syrians and Phoenicians semitic has built the fortress of daphne for so built the fortress of daphne for so built the fortress of daphne for so greek speech graciously altered into greek speech graciously altered into greek speech graciously altered into greek shape the Egyptian named fna and greek shape the Egyptian named fna and greek shape the Egyptian named fna and entrusted it to his Greek soldiers entrusted it to his Greek soldiers entrusted it to his Greek soldiers relics of this foreign garrison have relics of this foreign garrison have relics of this foreign garrison have been dug up among the ruins of Daphne been dug up among the ruins of Daphne been dug up among the ruins of Daphne Semitic as' and his successors Semitic as' and his successors Semitic as' and his successors completely departed from the narrow completely departed from the narrow completely departed from the narrow Egyptian policy of the Pharaohs and were Egyptian policy of the Pharaohs and were Egyptian policy of the Pharaohs and were the forerunners in some respects of the the forerunners in some respects of the the forerunners in some respects of the Greek dynasty of the Ptolemies Greek dynasty of the Ptolemies Greek dynasty of the Ptolemies who three centuries hence were to rule who three centuries hence were to rule who three centuries hence were to rule the land they opened Egypt to the trade the land they opened Egypt to the trade the land they opened Egypt to the trade of the world of the world of the world and allowed Greeks to settle permanently and allowed Greeks to settle permanently and allowed Greeks to settle permanently in the country Niko the son of Semitic in the country Niko the son of Semitic in the country Niko the son of Semitic us connected the Red Sea with the Nile us connected the Red Sea with the Nile us connected the Red Sea with the Nile by a canal and began a work which it was by a canal and began a work which it was by a canal and began a work which it was reserved for our own time to achieve the

reserved for our own time to achieve the reserved for our own time to achieve the cutting of a channel through the Isthmus cutting of a channel through the Isthmus cutting of a channel through the Isthmus which parts the Red Sea from the which parts the Red Sea from the which parts the Red Sea from the Mediterranean his war fleet sailed both Mediterranean his war fleet sailed both Mediterranean his war fleet sailed both in the cypriot and in the Arabian seas in the cypriot and in the Arabian seas in the cypriot and in the Arabian seas and a party of Phoenician explorers sent and a party of Phoenician explorers sent and a party of Phoenician explorers sent out by him accomplished the out by him accomplished the out by him accomplished the circumnavigation of Africa a feat which circumnavigation of Africa a feat which circumnavigation of Africa a feat which two thousand years later was regarded as two thousand years later was regarded as two thousand years later was regarded as a wild dream the Malaysians founded a a wild dream the Malaysians founded a a wild dream the Malaysians founded a factory on the western or konoba camel factory on the western or konoba camel factory on the western or konoba camel at the Nile not very far from say--is at the Nile not very far from say--is at the Nile not very far from say--is and around it a Greek city grew up which and around it a Greek city grew up which and around it a Greek city grew up which received the name of nor cratis sea received the name of nor cratis sea received the name of nor cratis sea Queen this colony became the haven of Queen this colony became the haven of Queen this colony became the haven of all Greek traders for though at first all Greek traders for though at first all Greek traders for though at first they seemed to have moved freely they seemed to have moved freely they seemed to have moved freely restrictions were afterwards placed upon restrictions were afterwards placed upon restrictions were afterwards placed upon them and they were not permitted to them and they were not permitted to them and they were not permitted to enter Egypt except by the cannabic mouth enter Egypt except by the cannabic mouth enter Egypt except by the cannabic mouth at no cratis the Malaysians the Samians at no cratis the Malaysians the Samians at no cratis the Malaysians the Samians and the Aegean Eaton's had each their and the Aegean Eaton's had each their and the Aegean Eaton's had each their own separate quarter and their own own separate quarter and their own own separate quarter and their own sentries all the other Greek settlers sentries all the other Greek settlers sentries all the other Greek settlers had one common enclosure called the hill had one common enclosure called the hill had one common enclosure called the hill any on dirt by a thick brick wall and any on dirt by a thick brick wall and any on dirt by a thick brick wall and capable of holding fifty thousand men capable of holding fifty thousand men capable of holding fifty thousand men here were their marketplace and their here were their marketplace and their here were their marketplace and their temples all the colonists of no cratis temples all the colonists of no cratis temples all the colonists of no cratis were Greeks of the Asiatic coasts were Greeks of the Asiatic coasts were Greeks of the Asiatic coasts whether Ionians Dorian's or aliens whether Ionians Dorian's or aliens whether Ionians Dorian's or aliens accepting alone accepting alone accepting alone the ijen Eaton's egypt as we see often a

the ijen Eaton's egypt as we see often a the ijen Eaton's egypt as we see often a field not only for traders but for field not only for traders but for field not only for traders but for adventurous soldiers and thus helped to adventurous soldiers and thus helped to adventurous soldiers and thus helped to relieve the pressure of overpopulation relieve the pressure of overpopulation relieve the pressure of overpopulation in Ionia at Abu Simbel in Upper Egypt we in Ionia at Abu Simbel in Upper Egypt we in Ionia at Abu Simbel in Upper Egypt we have a relic of the Greek mercenaries have a relic of the Greek mercenaries have a relic of the Greek mercenaries who accompanied King Semitic as the who accompanied King Semitic as the who accompanied King Semitic as the second second second Nicko successor in an expedition against Nicko successor in an expedition against Nicko successor in an expedition against Ethiopia some of them stretched their Ethiopia some of them stretched their Ethiopia some of them stretched their names on the colossal statues of names on the colossal statues of names on the colossal statues of the temple and the very triviality of the temple and the very triviality of the temple and the very triviality of this relic at such a distance of time this relic at such a distance of time this relic at such a distance of time perhaps makes it the more interesting perhaps makes it the more interesting perhaps makes it the more interesting end of chapter 2 part 6 chapter 2 part 7 end of chapter 2 part 6 chapter 2 part 7 end of chapter 2 part 6 chapter 2 part 7 Cyrene II not long after Egypt was Cyrene II not long after Egypt was Cyrene II not long after Egypt was thrown open to Greek trade there arose thrown open to Greek trade there arose thrown open to Greek trade there arose to the west of Egypt a new Greek city to the west of Egypt a new Greek city to the west of Egypt a new Greek city civil dissension in the island of Thera civil dissension in the island of Thera civil dissension in the island of Thera between the older population who called between the older population who called between the older population who called themselves by the obscure name of mine themselves by the obscure name of mine themselves by the obscure name of mine ye and the later Dorian settlers led to ye and the later Dorian settlers led to ye and the later Dorian settlers led to an emigration of the mind ye some an emigration of the mind ye some an emigration of the mind ye some Dorian's among them and the exiles Dorian's among them and the exiles Dorian's among them and the exiles having increased their band by Cretan having increased their band by Cretan having increased their band by Cretan adventurers sailed for the shores of adventurers sailed for the shores of adventurers sailed for the shores of baka they made their first settlement on baka they made their first settlement on baka they made their first settlement on the little island of Plataea off the the little island of Plataea off the the little island of Plataea off the coast their second on the opposite coast coast their second on the opposite coast coast their second on the opposite coast of the mainland and when this too proved of the mainland and when this too proved of the mainland and when this too proved a failure they founded their abiding

a failure they founded their abiding a failure they founded their abiding settlement about eight miles from the settlement about eight miles from the settlement about eight miles from the sea near an abundant spring of water on sea near an abundant spring of water on sea near an abundant spring of water on two white hills which commanded the two white hills which commanded the two white hills which commanded the encompassing plain the city was named encompassing plain the city was named encompassing plain the city was named Cyrene II and it was the only Greek Cyrene II and it was the only Greek Cyrene II and it was the only Greek colony on the coast of Africa which colony on the coast of Africa which colony on the coast of Africa which attained two eminence and wealth the man attained two eminence and wealth the man attained two eminence and wealth the man who led the island folk to their new who led the island folk to their new who led the island folk to their new home became their king his name seems to home became their king his name seems to home became their king his name seems to have been aristotle 'yes but he took the have been aristotle 'yes but he took the have been aristotle 'yes but he took the strange name of batis which is said to strange name of batis which is said to strange name of batis which is said to mean king in the libyan language while mean king in the libyan language while mean king in the libyan language while its resemblance to the Greek word for its resemblance to the Greek word for its resemblance to the Greek word for stammer gave rise to the legend that stammer gave rise to the legend that stammer gave rise to the legend that batters the first stammered in his batters the first stammered in his batters the first stammered in his speech his son was a Casillas and in the speech his son was a Casillas and in the speech his son was a Casillas and in the line of the Cyrenian Kings Bettis and AH line of the Cyrenian Kings Bettis and AH line of the Cyrenian Kings Bettis and AH Casillas succeeded each other in Casillas succeeded each other in Casillas succeeded each other in alternation under batis ii the new city alternation under batis ii the new city alternation under batis ii the new city was reinforced by a large incoming of was reinforced by a large incoming of was reinforced by a large incoming of new settlers whom he invited chiefly new settlers whom he invited chiefly new settlers whom he invited chiefly from the Peloponnese and Crete and this from the Peloponnese and Crete and this from the Peloponnese and Crete and this influx changed the character of the influx changed the character of the influx changed the character of the place since the original Mayan element place since the original Mayan element place since the original Mayan element was outnumbered was outnumbered was outnumbered the lands which the Greeks took from the the lands which the Greeks took from the the lands which the Greeks took from the Libyan inhabitants were made fruitful by Libyan inhabitants were made fruitful by Libyan inhabitants were made fruitful by the winter rains the winter rains the winter rains Pindar describes them as Plains over Pindar describes them as Plains over Pindar describes them as Plains over which dark clouds hover there was which dark clouds hover there was which dark clouds hover there was excellent pasturage and the men of excellent pasturage and the men of excellent pasturage and the men of Cyrene II became famous for rearing Cyrene II became famous for rearing Cyrene II became famous for rearing horses and for skill as riders and horses and for skill as riders and horses and for skill as riders and charioteers they were naturally the

charioteers they were naturally the charioteers they were naturally the intermediaries between Greek merchants intermediaries between Greek merchants intermediaries between Greek merchants and the Libyan natives but the chief and the Libyan natives but the chief and the Libyan natives but the chief source of the wealth of the Cyrenian source of the wealth of the Cyrenian source of the wealth of the Cyrenian Kings was the export of Sylvian a plant Kings was the export of Sylvian a plant Kings was the export of Sylvian a plant which acquired a high repute for which acquired a high repute for which acquired a high repute for medicinal virtues in those days it grew medicinal virtues in those days it grew medicinal virtues in those days it grew luxuriantly in the regions of baka now luxuriantly in the regions of baka now luxuriantly in the regions of baka now it is extinct the sale of sylveon was a it is extinct the sale of sylveon was a it is extinct the sale of sylveon was a monopoly of the King and on a fine monopoly of the King and on a fine monopoly of the King and on a fine Cyrenian cup we can see our kiss alas ii Cyrenian cup we can see our kiss alas ii Cyrenian cup we can see our kiss alas ii himself watching the herb being weighed himself watching the herb being weighed himself watching the herb being weighed and packed it was in the reign of this and packed it was in the reign of this and packed it was in the reign of this King that Baca was founded farther west King that Baca was founded farther west King that Baca was founded farther west he quarreled with his brothers they left he quarreled with his brothers they left he quarreled with his brothers they left Cyrene II and founded a town for Cyrene II and founded a town for Cyrene II and founded a town for themselves themselves themselves Cyrene II held her head high in the Cyrene II held her head high in the Cyrene II held her head high in the Greek world though she was somewhat Greek world though she was somewhat Greek world though she was somewhat apart from it apart from it apart from it ice iranian poet arose and continued the ice iranian poet arose and continued the ice iranian poet arose and continued the odyssey and described the last odyssey and described the last odyssey and described the last adventures of odysseus his poem was adventures of odysseus his poem was adventures of odysseus his poem was accepted by Greece as winding up the accepted by Greece as winding up the accepted by Greece as winding up the epic cycle which was associated with the epic cycle which was associated with the epic cycle which was associated with the name of Homer his work was distinguished name of Homer his work was distinguished name of Homer his work was distinguished by local pride and local coloring he by local pride and local coloring he by local pride and local coloring he gave a discus a Sun a kazoo Laius and gave a discus a Sun a kazoo Laius and gave a discus a Sun a kazoo Laius and connected the Royal line of Cyrene II connected the Royal line of Cyrene II connected the Royal line of Cyrene II with the great wanderer with the great wanderer with the great wanderer and he introduced a flavor of those and he introduced a flavor of those and he introduced a flavor of those Libyan influences which modified Libyan influences which modified Libyan influences which modified Cyrenian civilization just as the remote

Cyrenian civilization just as the remote Cyrenian civilization just as the remote cities of the u k-- scene received cities of the u k-- scene received cities of the u k-- scene received influences from cydia end of chapter 2 influences from cydia end of chapter 2 influences from cydia end of chapter 2 part 7 chapter 2 part 8 popular discontent in chapter 2 part 8 popular discontent in Greece the advance of the Greeks in Greece the advance of the Greeks in Greece the advance of the Greeks in trade and industry produced many trade and industry produced many trade and industry produced many consequences of moment for their consequences of moment for their consequences of moment for their political and social development the political and social development the political and social development the manufacturers required labor and a manufacturers required labor and a manufacturers required labor and a sufficient number of free laborers was sufficient number of free laborers was sufficient number of free laborers was not to be had slaves were therefore not to be had slaves were therefore not to be had slaves were therefore indispensable and they were imported in indispensable and they were imported in indispensable and they were imported in large numbers from Asia Minor and Thrace large numbers from Asia Minor and Thrace large numbers from Asia Minor and Thrace and the coasts of the uke scene the and the coasts of the uke scene the and the coasts of the uke scene the slave trade became a profitable slave trade became a profitable slave trade became a profitable enterprise and the men of chaos made it enterprise and the men of chaos made it enterprise and the men of chaos made it their chief pursuit the existence of their chief pursuit the existence of their chief pursuit the existence of household slaves generally war captives household slaves generally war captives household slaves generally war captives such as we meet in Houma was an innocent such as we meet in Houma was an innocent such as we meet in Houma was an innocent institution which would never have had institution which would never have had institution which would never have had serious results but the new organized serious results but the new organized serious results but the new organized slave system which began in the seventh slave system which began in the seventh slave system which began in the seventh century was destined to prove one of the century was destined to prove one of the century was destined to prove one of the most fatal causes of disease and decay most fatal causes of disease and decay most fatal causes of disease and decay to the states of Greece at first the to the states of Greece at first the to the states of Greece at first the privileged classes of the aristocratic privileged classes of the aristocratic privileged classes of the aristocratic Republic's benefited by the increase of Republic's benefited by the increase of Republic's benefited by the increase of Commerce for the nobles were themselves Commerce for the nobles were themselves Commerce for the nobles were themselves the cheap speculators but the wealth the cheap speculators but the wealth the cheap speculators but the wealth which they acquired by trade undermined which they acquired by trade undermined which they acquired by trade undermined their political position for in the

their political position for in the their political position for in the first place first place first place their influence depended largely on their influence depended largely on their influence depended largely on their domains of land and when their domains of land and when their domains of land and when industries arose to compete with industries arose to compete with industries arose to compete with agriculture the importance of land agriculture the importance of land agriculture the importance of land necessarily declined in the second place necessarily declined in the second place necessarily declined in the second place wealth introduced a new political wealth introduced a new political wealth introduced a new political standard and aristocracy is resting on standard and aristocracy is resting on standard and aristocracy is resting on berths tended to transform themselves berths tended to transform themselves berths tended to transform themselves into aristocracies resting on wealth the into aristocracies resting on wealth the into aristocracies resting on wealth the proverb money makes the man now came proverb money makes the man now came proverb money makes the man now came into vogue as nobility by birth cannot into vogue as nobility by birth cannot into vogue as nobility by birth cannot be acquired be acquired be acquired whereas wealth can such a change is whereas wealth can such a change is whereas wealth can such a change is always a step in the direction of always a step in the direction of always a step in the direction of democracy on the other hand the poor are democracy on the other hand the poor are democracy on the other hand the poor are free men at first suffered how heavily free men at first suffered how heavily free men at first suffered how heavily the transition from the old systems of the transition from the old systems of the transition from the old systems of exchange to the use of money bore upon exchange to the use of money bore upon exchange to the use of money bore upon them we shall find illustrative them we shall find illustrative them we shall find illustrative when we come to the special history of when we come to the special history of when we come to the special history of Athens but their distress and discontent Athens but their distress and discontent Athens but their distress and discontent drove them into striving for full drove them into striving for full drove them into striving for full political equality and in many cases political equality and in many cases political equality and in many cases they strove with success the second half they strove with success the second half they strove with success the second half of the 7th century is marked in many of the 7th century is marked in many of the 7th century is marked in many parts of Greece by struggles between the parts of Greece by struggles between the parts of Greece by struggles between the classes and the wiser and better of the classes and the wiser and better of the classes and the wiser and better of the nobles began themselves to see the nobles began themselves to see the nobles began themselves to see the necessity of extending political necessity of extending political necessity of extending political privileges to their fellow citizens the privileges to their fellow citizens the privileges to their fellow citizens the centralization in towns owing to the centralization in towns owing to the centralization in towns owing to the growth of industries and the declining growth of industries and the declining growth of industries and the declining importance of agriculture created a new

importance of agriculture created a new importance of agriculture created a new town population and doubtless helped on town population and doubtless helped on town population and doubtless helped on the democratic movement in this agitated the democratic movement in this agitated the democratic movement in this agitated period lived a poet of great genius our period lived a poet of great genius our period lived a poet of great genius our kill occurs of Parros it has been truly kill occurs of Parros it has been truly kill occurs of Parros it has been truly said that our kill occurs is the first said that our kill occurs is the first said that our kill occurs is the first Greek of flesh-and-blood whom we can Greek of flesh-and-blood whom we can Greek of flesh-and-blood whom we can grasp through the mists of antiquity son grasp through the mists of antiquity son grasp through the mists of antiquity son of a noble by a slave mother he tried of a noble by a slave mother he tried of a noble by a slave mother he tried his luck among the adventurers who went his luck among the adventurers who went his luck among the adventurers who went forth to colonize Syrus in Italy but he forth to colonize Syrus in Italy but he forth to colonize Syrus in Italy but he returned having won an experience of returned having won an experience of returned having won an experience of seafaring which taught him to sing of seafaring which taught him to sing of seafaring which taught him to sing of the bitter gifts of Poseidon and the the bitter gifts of Poseidon and the the bitter gifts of Poseidon and the Mariners prize for sweet home then he Mariners prize for sweet home then he Mariners prize for sweet home then he took part in a Parian colonization of took part in a Parian colonization of took part in a Parian colonization of thesis and was involved in party's thesis and was involved in party's thesis and was involved in party's struggles which rent the island it must struggles which rent the island it must struggles which rent the island it must have been a thesis that he witnessed an have been a thesis that he witnessed an have been a thesis that he witnessed an eclipse of the Sun at noon tide which he eclipse of the Sun at noon tide which he eclipse of the Sun at noon tide which he describes and this gives us as a date in describes and this gives us as a date in describes and this gives us as a date in the fasion period of his life the 6th of the fasion period of his life the 6th of the fasion period of his life the 6th of April 648 BC the first exact date we April 648 BC the first exact date we April 648 BC the first exact date we have bearing on the history of Greece have bearing on the history of Greece have bearing on the history of Greece all the evils of all Hellas are here he all the evils of all Hellas are here he all the evils of all Hellas are here he exclaims and they sauce is not a fair exclaims and they sauce is not a fair exclaims and they sauce is not a fair place nor a desirable like the land place nor a desirable like the land place nor a desirable like the land round the stream of cyrus he announces round the stream of cyrus he announces round the stream of cyrus he announces that he is the servant of the Lord of that he is the servant of the Lord of that he is the servant of the Lord of battle and skilled in the delicious gift

battle and skilled in the delicious gift battle and skilled in the delicious gift of the music of the music of the music but when he fought in a war which the but when he fought in a war which the but when he fought in a war which the thasians waged with the Thracians of the thasians waged with the Thracians of the thasians waged with the Thracians of the opposite coast he ran for his life and opposite coast he ran for his life and opposite coast he ran for his life and dropped his shield never mind he said I dropped his shield never mind he said I dropped his shield never mind he said I will get me another as good pour with a will get me another as good pour with a will get me another as good pour with a stain on his birth tossed about the stain on his birth tossed about the stain on his birth tossed about the world soured by adversity our kill world soured by adversity our kill world soured by adversity our kill occurs in his poetry gave full occurs in his poetry gave full occurs in his poetry gave full expression to his feelings and used it expression to his feelings and used it expression to his feelings and used it to utter his passionate hatred against to utter his passionate hatred against to utter his passionate hatred against his enemies such as the Parian like ham his enemies such as the Parian like ham his enemies such as the Parian like ham bees for instance who refused him his bees for instance who refused him his bees for instance who refused him his daughter neo Beauty had fortune favoured daughter neo Beauty had fortune favoured daughter neo Beauty had fortune favoured him he would have been a noble of the him he would have been a noble of the him he would have been a noble of the nobles ill-luck drove him to join the nobles ill-luck drove him to join the nobles ill-luck drove him to join the movement against aristocracy his poems movement against aristocracy his poems movement against aristocracy his poems present a complete contrast of the epic present a complete contrast of the epic present a complete contrast of the epic style and even to his yard he addressed style and even to his yard he addressed style and even to his yard he addressed himself to the people sang to the flute himself to the people sang to the flute himself to the people sang to the flute instead of the lyre used colloquial instead of the lyre used colloquial instead of the lyre used colloquial language and perfected iambic and language and perfected iambic and language and perfected iambic and trochaic measures for literary purposes trochaic measures for literary purposes trochaic measures for literary purposes his influence may be judged from the his influence may be judged from the his influence may be judged from the fact that his poems were recited by the fact that his poems were recited by the fact that his poems were recited by the reps ODEs along with homer and hesiod reps ODEs along with homer and hesiod reps ODEs along with homer and hesiod the ills of Greece which were reflected the ills of Greece which were reflected the ills of Greece which were reflected in the poems of our calacas were to lead in the poems of our calacas were to lead in the poems of our calacas were to lead to the development of equality and to the development of equality and to the development of equality and freedom but success in the struggle

freedom but success in the struggle freedom but success in the struggle would in most cases depend on military would in most cases depend on military would in most cases depend on military efficiency and a revolution in the art efficiency and a revolution in the art efficiency and a revolution in the art of warfare which was brought about at of warfare which was brought about at of warfare which was brought about at the same period was therefore of immense the same period was therefore of immense the same period was therefore of immense importance this takes us to the history importance this takes us to the history importance this takes us to the history of Sparta end of chapter 2 part 8 of Sparta end of chapter 2 part 8 of Sparta end of chapter 2 part 8 recording by Graham Redman