Manolis Kellis: Evolution of Human Civilization and Superintelligent AI | Lex Fridman Podcast #373

maybe we shouldn't think of AI as our maybe we shouldn't think of AI as our tool and as our assistant maybe we tool and as our assistant maybe we tool and as our assistant maybe we should really think of it as our should really think of it as our should really think of it as our children children children and the same way that and the same way that and the same way that you are responsible for training those you are responsible for training those you are responsible for training those children but they are independent human children but they are independent human children but they are independent human beings and at some point they will beings and at some point they will beings and at some point they will surpass you and uh this whole concept of surpass you and uh this whole concept of surpass you and uh this whole concept of alignment of basically making sure that alignment of basically making sure that alignment of basically making sure that the AI is always at the service of the AI is always at the service of the AI is always at the service of humans is very self-serving and very humans is very self-serving and very humans is very self-serving and very limiting If instead you basically think limiting If instead you basically think limiting If instead you basically think about AI as a partner about AI as a partner about AI as a partner and AI as someone that shares your goals and AI as someone that shares your goals and AI as someone that shares your goals but has freedom then we can't just but has freedom then we can't just but has freedom then we can't just simply force it to align with ourselves simply force it to align with ourselves simply force it to align with ourselves and we not align with it and we not align with it and we not align with it so in a way building trust is mutual you so in a way building trust is mutual you so in a way building trust is mutual you can't just simply like train an can't just simply like train an can't just simply like train an intelligent system to love you when it intelligent system to love you when it intelligent system to love you when it realizes that you can just shut it off the following is a conversation with the following is a conversation with minolas callus his fifth time on this minolas callus his fifth time on this minolas callus his fifth time on this podcast he's a professor at MIT and head podcast he's a professor at MIT and head podcast he's a professor at MIT and head of the MIT computational biology group of the MIT computational biology group of the MIT computational biology group he's one of the greatest living he's one of the greatest living he's one of the greatest living scientists in the world but he's also a scientists in the world but he's also a scientists in the world but he's also a humble kind caring human being that I humble kind caring human being that I humble kind caring human being that I have the greatest of honors and have the greatest of honors and have the greatest of honors and pleasures of being able to call a friend pleasures of being able to call a friend pleasures of being able to call a friend this is the Lex Friedman podcast to this is the Lex Friedman podcast to this is the Lex Friedman podcast to support it please check out our sponsors support it please check out our sponsors support it please check out our sponsors in the description and now dear friends in the description and now dear friends in the description and now dear friends here's manolas callus here's manolas callus here's manolas callus good to see you first of all Alex I've good to see you first of all Alex I've good to see you first of all Alex I've missed you I think you've changed the missed you I think you've changed the missed you I think you've changed the lives of so many people that I know and

lives of so many people that I know and lives of so many people that I know and it's truly like such a pleasure to be it's truly like such a pleasure to be it's truly like such a pleasure to be back such a pleasure to see you grow to back such a pleasure to see you grow to back such a pleasure to see you grow to sort of reach so many different aspects sort of reach so many different aspects sort of reach so many different aspects of your own personality thank you for of your own personality thank you for of your own personality thank you for the love you've always give me a lot of the love you've always give me a lot of the love you've always give me a lot of support and love I just can't I I I'm support and love I just can't I I I'm support and love I just can't I I I'm forever grateful for that it's lovely to forever grateful for that it's lovely to forever grateful for that it's lovely to see a fellow human being who has that see a fellow human being who has that see a fellow human being who has that love who basically does not judge people love who basically does not judge people love who basically does not judge people and there's so many judgmental people and there's so many judgmental people and there's so many judgmental people out there and it's just so nice to see out there and it's just so nice to see out there and it's just so nice to see these Beacon of these Beacon of these Beacon of openness so what makes me one openness so what makes me one openness so what makes me one instantiation of human Irreplaceable do instantiation of human Irreplaceable do instantiation of human Irreplaceable do you think as we enter this increasingly you think as we enter this increasingly you think as we enter this increasingly capable age of increasingly capable AI I capable age of increasingly capable AI I capable age of increasingly capable AI I have to ask what do you think makes have to ask what do you think makes have to ask what do you think makes humans Irreplaceable so humans are humans Irreplaceable so humans are humans Irreplaceable so humans are irreplaceable because of the baggage irreplaceable because of the baggage irreplaceable because of the baggage that we talked about so we talked about that we talked about so we talked about that we talked about so we talked about baggage we talked about the fact that baggage we talked about the fact that baggage we talked about the fact that every one of us every one of us every one of us has effectively relearned all of human has effectively relearned all of human has effectively relearned all of human civilization in their own way so every civilization in their own way so every civilization in their own way so every single human has a unique set of genetic single human has a unique set of genetic single human has a unique set of genetic variants that they've inherited some variants that they've inherited some variants that they've inherited some common some rare and some makers think common some rare and some makers think common some rare and some makers think differently so make us have different differently so make us have different differently so make us have different personalities they say that a a parent personalities they say that a a parent personalities they say that a a parent with one child believes in genetics a with one child believes in genetics a with one child believes in genetics a parent with multiple children parent with multiple children parent with multiple children understands genetics just how different understands genetics just how different understands genetics just how different kids are and my three kids have kids are and my three kids have kids are and my three kids have dramatically different personalities dramatically different personalities dramatically different personalities ever since the beginning so one thing ever since the beginning so one thing ever since the beginning so one thing that makes us unique is that every one that makes us unique is that every one that makes us unique is that every one of us has a different Hardware of us has a different Hardware of us has a different Hardware the second thing that makes it unique is the second thing that makes it unique is the second thing that makes it unique is that every one of us has a different that every one of us has a different that every one of us has a different software uploading of all of human software uploading of all of human software uploading of all of human Society all of human civilization or Society all of human civilization or Society all of human civilization or human knowledge we don't we're not born human knowledge we don't we're not born human knowledge we don't we're not born knowing it we're not like I don't know

knowing it we're not like I don't know knowing it we're not like I don't know uh birds that learn how to make a nest uh birds that learn how to make a nest uh birds that learn how to make a nest through genetics and will make a nest through genetics and will make a nest through genetics and will make a nest even if they've never seen one we are even if they've never seen one we are even if they've never seen one we are constantly relearning all of human constantly relearning all of human constantly relearning all of human civilization so that's the second thing civilization so that's the second thing civilization so that's the second thing and the third one that actually makes and the third one that actually makes and the third one that actually makes humans very different from AI is that humans very different from AI is that humans very different from AI is that the baggage we carry is not experiential the baggage we carry is not experiential the baggage we carry is not experiential baggage it's also evolutionary baggage baggage it's also evolutionary baggage baggage it's also evolutionary baggage so we have evolved through rounds of so we have evolved through rounds of so we have evolved through rounds of complexity complexity complexity so just like ogres have layers and so just like ogres have layers and so just like ogres have layers and Shrink has layers humans have layers Shrink has layers humans have layers Shrink has layers humans have layers there's the cognitive layer which is there's the cognitive layer which is there's the cognitive layer which is sort of the outer you know most the the sort of the outer you know most the the sort of the outer you know most the the latest evolutionary Innovation this latest evolutionary Innovation this latest evolutionary Innovation this enormous neocortex that we have evolved enormous neocortex that we have evolved enormous neocortex that we have evolved and then there's the emotional uh and then there's the emotional uh and then there's the emotional uh baggage underneath that and then there's baggage underneath that and then there's baggage underneath that and then there's all of the fear and fright and flight all of the fear and fright and flight all of the fear and fright and flight and all of these kinds of behaviors so and all of these kinds of behaviors so and all of these kinds of behaviors so AI only has a neocortex AI doesn't have AI only has a neocortex AI doesn't have AI only has a neocortex AI doesn't have a limbic system it doesn't have this a limbic system it doesn't have this a limbic system it doesn't have this complexity of human emotions which make complexity of human emotions which make complexity of human emotions which make us so I think beautifully complex so us so I think beautifully complex so us so I think beautifully complex so beautifully uh intertwined with our beautifully uh intertwined with our beautifully uh intertwined with our emotions with our instincts with our you emotions with our instincts with our you emotions with our instincts with our you know sort of gut reactions and all of know sort of gut reactions and all of know sort of gut reactions and all of that so I think when humans are trying that so I think when humans are trying that so I think when humans are trying to suppress that aspect the sort of code to suppress that aspect the sort of code to suppress that aspect the sort of code more human aspect towards a more more human aspect towards a more more human aspect towards a more cerebral aspect I think we lose a lot of cerebral aspect I think we lose a lot of cerebral aspect I think we lose a lot of the creativity we lose a lot of the you the creativity we lose a lot of the you the creativity we lose a lot of the you know freshness of humans and I think know freshness of humans and I think know freshness of humans and I think that's quite Irreplaceable so we can that's quite Irreplaceable so we can that's quite Irreplaceable so we can look at the entirety of people that are

look at the entirety of people that are look at the entirety of people that are alive today maybe all humans who have alive today maybe all humans who have alive today maybe all humans who have ever lived and map them in this High ever lived and map them in this High ever lived and map them in this High dimensional space and there's probably a dimensional space and there's probably a dimensional space and there's probably a center center center uh a center of mass for that mapping and uh a center of mass for that mapping and uh a center of mass for that mapping and a lot of us deviate in different a lot of us deviate in different a lot of us deviate in different directions so the the variety of uh directions so the the variety of uh directions so the the variety of uh directions in which we all deviate from directions in which we all deviate from directions in which we all deviate from that Center is vast I would like to that Center is vast I would like to that Center is vast I would like to think that the center is actually empty think that the center is actually empty think that the center is actually empty yes that basically humans are just so yes that basically humans are just so yes that basically humans are just so diverse from each other that there's no diverse from each other that there's no diverse from each other that there's no such thing as an average human such thing as an average human such thing as an average human that every one of us has some kind of that every one of us has some kind of that every one of us has some kind of complex baggage of emotions intellectual complex baggage of emotions intellectual complex baggage of emotions intellectual you know motivational uh behavioral you know motivational uh behavioral you know motivational uh behavioral traits that traits that traits that um it's not just one sort of normal um it's not just one sort of normal um it's not just one sort of normal distribution we deviate from it there's distribution we deviate from it there's distribution we deviate from it there's just so many dimensions that we're kind just so many dimensions that we're kind just so many dimensions that we're kind of hitting the sort of sparseness the of hitting the sort of sparseness the of hitting the sort of sparseness the the curse of dimensionality where it's the curse of dimensionality where it's the curse of dimensionality where it's actually quite sparsely populated and I actually quite sparsely populated and I actually quite sparsely populated and I don't think you have an average human don't think you have an average human don't think you have an average human being so what makes us unique in part is being so what makes us unique in part is being so what makes us unique in part is the diversity the diversity the diversity and the capacity for diversity and the and the capacity for diversity and the and the capacity for diversity and the capacity of the diversity comes from the capacity of the diversity comes from the capacity of the diversity comes from the entire evolutionary history so there's entire evolutionary history so there's entire evolutionary history so there's just so many ways we can vary from each just so many ways we can vary from each just so many ways we can vary from each other yeah I would say not just the other yeah I would say not just the other yeah I would say not just the capacity but the inevitability of capacity but the inevitability of capacity but the inevitability of diversity basically it's in our Hardware diversity basically it's in our Hardware diversity basically it's in our Hardware we are wired differently from each other we are wired differently from each other we are wired differently from each other my siblings and I are completely my siblings and I are completely my siblings and I are completely different my kids from each other different my kids from each other different my kids from each other completely different my my wife has completely different my my wife has completely different my my wife has she's like number two of six siblings she's like number two of six siblings she's like number two of six siblings from from a distance they look the same

from from a distance they look the same from from a distance they look the same but then you get to you know you get to but then you get to you know you get to but then you get to you know you get to know them every one of them is know them every one of them is know them every one of them is completely different but sufficiently completely different but sufficiently completely different but sufficiently the same that the differences interplay the same that the differences interplay the same that the differences interplay with each other so that's the with each other so that's the with each other so that's the interesting thing where the diversity is interesting thing where the diversity is interesting thing where the diversity is functional it's useful so it's like functional it's useful so it's like functional it's useful so it's like we're close enough to where we notice we're close enough to where we notice we're close enough to where we notice the diversity and it doesn't completely the diversity and it doesn't completely the diversity and it doesn't completely destroy the possibility of like destroy the possibility of like destroy the possibility of like effective communication interactions so effective communication interactions so effective communication interactions so we're still the same kind of thing so we're still the same kind of thing so we're still the same kind of thing so what I said in one of our earlier what I said in one of our earlier what I said in one of our earlier podcasts is that if humans realize that podcasts is that if humans realize that podcasts is that if humans realize that we're 99.9 percent identical we would we're 99.9 percent identical we would we're 99.9 percent identical we would basically stop fighting with each other basically stop fighting with each other basically stop fighting with each other like we are really one human species and like we are really one human species and like we are really one human species and we are so so similar to each other and we are so so similar to each other and we are so so similar to each other and if you look at the alternative if you if you look at the alternative if you if you look at the alternative if you look at the next thing outside humans look at the next thing outside humans look at the next thing outside humans like it's been six million years that we like it's been six million years that we like it's been six million years that we haven't had a relative so it's it's haven't had a relative so it's it's haven't had a relative so it's it's truly extraordinary that that we're truly extraordinary that that we're truly extraordinary that that we're we're kind of like this Dot in outer we're kind of like this Dot in outer we're kind of like this Dot in outer space compared to the rest of life on space compared to the rest of life on space compared to the rest of life on earth when you think about evolving earth when you think about evolving earth when you think about evolving through rounds of complexity can you through rounds of complexity can you through rounds of complexity can you maybe elaborate such a beautiful phrase maybe elaborate such a beautiful phrase maybe elaborate such a beautiful phrase beautiful thought that there's layers of beautiful thought that there's layers of beautiful thought that there's layers of complexity that make so so with software complexity that make so so with software complexity that make so so with software sometimes you're like oh let's like sometimes you're like oh let's like sometimes you're like oh let's like build version two from scratch build version two from scratch build version two from scratch but this doesn't happen in evolution in but this doesn't happen in evolution in but this doesn't happen in evolution in evolution you layer in additional evolution you layer in additional evolution you layer in additional features on top of old features so features on top of old features so features on top of old features so basically when uh like every single time basically when uh like every single time basically when uh like every single time my cells divide my cells divide my cells divide I'm a yeast like I'm a unicellular I'm a yeast like I'm a unicellular I'm a yeast like I'm a unicellular organism and then cell division is

organism and then cell division is organism and then cell division is basically identical basically identical basically identical every time I breathe in and my lungs every time I breathe in and my lungs every time I breathe in and my lungs expand expand expand I'm basically you know like every time I'm basically you know like every time I'm basically you know like every time my heart beats I'm a fish so basically my heart beats I'm a fish so basically my heart beats I'm a fish so basically that I still have the same heart like that I still have the same heart like that I still have the same heart like very very little has changed the blood very very little has changed the blood very very little has changed the blood going through my veins the oxygen the going through my veins the oxygen the going through my veins the oxygen the you know our immune system we're you know our immune system we're you know our immune system we're basically primates our social behavior basically primates our social behavior basically primates our social behavior we're basically New World monkeys and we're basically New World monkeys and we're basically New World monkeys and all World monkeys we're basically all World monkeys we're basically all World monkeys we're basically um this this concept that every single um this this concept that every single um this this concept that every single one of these behaviors can be traced one of these behaviors can be traced one of these behaviors can be traced somewhere in evolution and that all of somewhere in evolution and that all of somewhere in evolution and that all of that continues to live within us is also that continues to live within us is also that continues to live within us is also a testament to not just not killing a testament to not just not killing a testament to not just not killing other humans for God's sake but like not other humans for God's sake but like not other humans for God's sake but like not killing other species either like just killing other species either like just killing other species either like just to realize just how united we are with to realize just how united we are with to realize just how united we are with nature and that all of these biological nature and that all of these biological nature and that all of these biological processes have never ceased to exist processes have never ceased to exist processes have never ceased to exist they're continuing to live within us and they're continuing to live within us and they're continuing to live within us and then just the neocortex and all of the then just the neocortex and all of the then just the neocortex and all of the reasoning capabilities of humans are reasoning capabilities of humans are reasoning capabilities of humans are built on top of all of these other built on top of all of these other built on top of all of these other species that continue to live breathe species that continue to live breathe species that continue to live breathe divide metabolize divide metabolize divide metabolize fight off pathogens all continued fight off pathogens all continued fight off pathogens all continued insiders so you think the neocortex the insiders so you think the neocortex the insiders so you think the neocortex the whatever reasoning is that's the the whatever reasoning is that's the the whatever reasoning is that's the the latest feature in the in the latest latest feature in the in the latest latest feature in the in the latest version of this journey it's it's version of this journey it's it's version of this journey it's it's extraordinary that humans have evolved extraordinary that humans have evolved extraordinary that humans have evolved so much in so little time so much in so little time so much in so little time again if you look at the the timeline of again if you look at the the timeline of again if you look at the the timeline of evolution you basically have billions of evolution you basically have billions of evolution you basically have billions of years to even get to a dividing cell and

years to even get to a dividing cell and years to even get to a dividing cell and then a multicellular organism and then a then a multicellular organism and then a then a multicellular organism and then a complex body plan and then these complex body plan and then these complex body plan and then these incredible senses that we have for incredible senses that we have for incredible senses that we have for perceiving the world the fact that bats perceiving the world the fact that bats perceiving the world the fact that bats can fly and they evolved flight the can fly and they evolved flight the can fly and they evolved flight the evolved sonar in the span of a few evolved sonar in the span of a few evolved sonar in the span of a few million years I mean it's just the million years I mean it's just the million years I mean it's just the extraordinary how much Evolution has extraordinary how much Evolution has extraordinary how much Evolution has kind of sped up and all of that comes kind of sped up and all of that comes kind of sped up and all of that comes through this through this through this evolvability the fact that we took a evolvability the fact that we took a evolvability the fact that we took a while to get good at evolving and then while to get good at evolving and then while to get good at evolving and then once you get good at evolving you can once you get good at evolving you can once you get good at evolving you can sort of sort of sort of you have modularity built in you have you have modularity built in you have you have modularity built in you have hierarchical organizations built in you hierarchical organizations built in you hierarchical organizations built in you have all of these constructs that allow have all of these constructs that allow have all of these constructs that allow meaningful changes to occur without meaningful changes to occur without meaningful changes to occur without breaking the system completely if you breaking the system completely if you breaking the system completely if you look at a traditional genetic algorithm look at a traditional genetic algorithm look at a traditional genetic algorithm the way that humans designed them in the the way that humans designed them in the the way that humans designed them in the 60s 60s 60s you can only evolve so much and as you you can only evolve so much and as you you can only evolve so much and as you evolve a certain amount of complexity evolve a certain amount of complexity evolve a certain amount of complexity the number of mutations that move you the number of mutations that move you the number of mutations that move you away from something functional away from something functional away from something functional exponentially increases and the number exponentially increases and the number exponentially increases and the number of mutations that move you to something of mutations that move you to something of mutations that move you to something better exponentially decreases so the better exponentially decreases so the better exponentially decreases so the probability of evolving something so probability of evolving something so probability of evolving something so complex becomes Infinity small as you complex becomes Infinity small as you complex becomes Infinity small as you get more complex but with Evolution it's get more complex but with Evolution it's get more complex but with Evolution it's almost the opposite almost the opposite almost the opposite almost the exact opposite that it almost the exact opposite that it almost the exact opposite that it appears that it's speeding up exactly as appears that it's speeding up exactly as appears that it's speeding up exactly as complex complexity is increasing and I complex complexity is increasing and I complex complexity is increasing and I think that's just the system getting think that's just the system getting think that's just the system getting good at evolving good at evolving good at evolving where do you think it's all headed where do you think it's all headed where do you think it's all headed do you ever think about where do you ever think about where do you ever think about where try to visualize the entirety of The

try to visualize the entirety of The try to visualize the entirety of The evolutionary system and see if there's evolutionary system and see if there's evolutionary system and see if there's an arrow to it and a destination to it an arrow to it and a destination to it an arrow to it and a destination to it so the best way to understand the future so the best way to understand the future so the best way to understand the future is to look at the past if you look at is to look at the past if you look at is to look at the past if you look at the trajectory then you can kind of the trajectory then you can kind of the trajectory then you can kind of learn something about the direction learn something about the direction learn something about the direction which we're heading and if you look at which we're heading and if you look at which we're heading and if you look at the trajectory of life on Earth it's the trajectory of life on Earth it's the trajectory of life on Earth it's really about information processing so really about information processing so really about information processing so the the concept of the senses evolving the the concept of the senses evolving the the concept of the senses evolving one after the other uh you know being one after the other uh you know being one after the other uh you know being like bacteria are able to do chemotaxis like bacteria are able to do chemotaxis like bacteria are able to do chemotaxis basically means moving towards a basically means moving towards a basically means moving towards a chemical gradient and that's the first chemical gradient and that's the first chemical gradient and that's the first thing that you need to sort of hunt down thing that you need to sort of hunt down thing that you need to sort of hunt down food the next step after that is being food the next step after that is being food the next step after that is being able to actually perceive light so all able to actually perceive light so all able to actually perceive light so all life on this planet and all life that we life on this planet and all life that we life on this planet and all life that we know about evolved on this rotating Rock know about evolved on this rotating Rock know about evolved on this rotating Rock every 24 hours you get sunlight and dark every 24 hours you get sunlight and dark every 24 hours you get sunlight and dark sunlight and dark and light is a source sunlight and dark and light is a source sunlight and dark and light is a source of energy light is also information of energy light is also information of energy light is also information about where is up light is all kinds of about where is up light is all kinds of about where is up light is all kinds of you know things so you can you can you know things so you can you can you know things so you can you can basically now start perceiving light basically now start perceiving light basically now start perceiving light and then perceiving shapes Beyond just and then perceiving shapes Beyond just and then perceiving shapes Beyond just these sort of single photoreceptor you these sort of single photoreceptor you these sort of single photoreceptor you can now have complex eyes or multiple can now have complex eyes or multiple can now have complex eyes or multiple eyes and then start perceiving motion or eyes and then start perceiving motion or eyes and then start perceiving motion or perceiving Direction perceiving shapes perceiving Direction perceiving shapes perceiving Direction perceiving shapes and then you start building and then you start building and then you start building infrastructure on the cognitive infrastructure on the cognitive infrastructure on the cognitive apparatus to start processing this apparatus to start processing this apparatus to start processing this information and making sense of the information and making sense of the information and making sense of the environment building more complex models environment building more complex models environment building more complex models of the environment so if you look at of the environment so if you look at of the environment so if you look at that trajectory of evolution what we're that trajectory of evolution what we're that trajectory of evolution what we're experiencing now and humans are experiencing now and humans are experiencing now and humans are basically according to this sort of

basically according to this sort of basically according to this sort of information theoretic view of evolution information theoretic view of evolution information theoretic view of evolution humans are basically the next natural humans are basically the next natural humans are basically the next natural step and it's perhaps no surprise that step and it's perhaps no surprise that step and it's perhaps no surprise that we became the dominant species of the we became the dominant species of the we became the dominant species of the planet because yes there's so many planet because yes there's so many planet because yes there's so many dimensions in which some animals are way dimensions in which some animals are way dimensions in which some animals are way better than we are but at least on the better than we are but at least on the better than we are but at least on the cognitive Dimension we're just simply cognitive Dimension we're just simply cognitive Dimension we're just simply unsurpassed on this planet and and unsurpassed on this planet and and unsurpassed on this planet and and perhaps the universe but the the concept perhaps the universe but the the concept perhaps the universe but the the concept that if you now trace this forward that if you now trace this forward that if you now trace this forward we talked a little bit about we talked a little bit about we talked a little bit about evolvability and how things get better evolvability and how things get better evolvability and how things get better at evolving one possibility is that the at evolving one possibility is that the at evolving one possibility is that the next layer of evolution builds the next next layer of evolution builds the next next layer of evolution builds the next layer of evolution and what we're layer of evolution and what we're layer of evolution and what we're looking at now with humans in AI is that looking at now with humans in AI is that looking at now with humans in AI is that having mastered this information having mastered this information having mastered this information capability that humans have capability that humans have capability that humans have from this quote-unquote old Hardware from this quote-unquote old Hardware from this quote-unquote old Hardware this basically you know biological this basically you know biological this basically you know biological evolved system that kind of you know evolved system that kind of you know evolved system that kind of you know somehow in the environment of Africa and somehow in the environment of Africa and somehow in the environment of Africa and then in subsequent environments of sort then in subsequent environments of sort then in subsequent environments of sort of dispersing through the globe was of dispersing through the globe was of dispersing through the globe was evolutionarily advantageous evolutionarily advantageous evolutionarily advantageous that has now created that has now created that has now created technology which now has a capability of technology which now has a capability of technology which now has a capability of solving many of these cognitive tasks it solving many of these cognitive tasks it solving many of these cognitive tasks it doesn't have all the baggage of the doesn't have all the baggage of the doesn't have all the baggage of the previous revolutionary layers but maybe previous revolutionary layers but maybe previous revolutionary layers but maybe the next round of evolution on Earth is the next round of evolution on Earth is the next round of evolution on Earth is self-replicating AI where we're actually self-replicating AI where we're actually self-replicating AI where we're actually using our current smarts to build better using our current smarts to build better using our current smarts to build better programming languages and the programming languages and the programming languages and the programming languages to build you know

programming languages to build you know programming languages to build you know chat GPT and that then build the next chat GPT and that then build the next chat GPT and that then build the next layer of software that will then sort of layer of software that will then sort of layer of software that will then sort of help AI speed up and it's lovely that help AI speed up and it's lovely that help AI speed up and it's lovely that we're coexisting with this AI that sort we're coexisting with this AI that sort we're coexisting with this AI that sort of the creators of this next layer of of the creators of this next layer of of the creators of this next layer of evolution in this next stage are still evolution in this next stage are still evolution in this next stage are still around to help guide it and hopefully around to help guide it and hopefully around to help guide it and hopefully will be for the rest of Eternity as will be for the rest of Eternity as will be for the rest of Eternity as partners but it's also nice to think partners but it's also nice to think partners but it's also nice to think about it as just simply the next stage about it as just simply the next stage about it as just simply the next stage of evolution where you've kind of of evolution where you've kind of of evolution where you've kind of extracted away the biological needs like extracted away the biological needs like extracted away the biological needs like if you look at animals most of them if you look at animals most of them if you look at animals most of them spend 80 percent of their waking hours spend 80 percent of their waking hours spend 80 percent of their waking hours hunting for food or building shelter hunting for food or building shelter hunting for food or building shelter humans maybe one percent of that time humans maybe one percent of that time humans maybe one percent of that time and then the rest is left to creative and then the rest is left to creative and then the rest is left to creative Endeavors an AI doesn't have to worry Endeavors an AI doesn't have to worry Endeavors an AI doesn't have to worry about shelter Etc so basically it's all about shelter Etc so basically it's all about shelter Etc so basically it's all living in the cognitive space so in a living in the cognitive space so in a living in the cognitive space so in a way it might just be a very natural sort way it might just be a very natural sort way it might just be a very natural sort of next step to think about Evolution of next step to think about Evolution of next step to think about Evolution and that's that's on the on the sort of and that's that's on the on the sort of and that's that's on the on the sort of purely cognitive side if you now think purely cognitive side if you now think purely cognitive side if you now think about humans themselves about humans themselves about humans themselves the ability to understand and comprehend the ability to understand and comprehend the ability to understand and comprehend our own genome again the ultimate layer our own genome again the ultimate layer our own genome again the ultimate layer of introspection of introspection of introspection gives us now the ability to even mess gives us now the ability to even mess gives us now the ability to even mess with this Hardware not just augment our with this Hardware not just augment our with this Hardware not just augment our capabilities through interacting and capabilities through interacting and capabilities through interacting and collaborating with AI but also perhaps collaborating with AI but also perhaps collaborating with AI but also perhaps understand the neural Pathways that are understand the neural Pathways that are understand the neural Pathways that are necessary for necessary for necessary for you know you know you know empathetic thinking for for justice for empathetic thinking for for justice for empathetic thinking for for justice for this and this and that and sort of help this and this and that and sort of help this and this and that and sort of help augment human capabilities through you

augment human capabilities through you augment human capabilities through you know neuronal interventions through know neuronal interventions through know neuronal interventions through chemical interventions through chemical interventions through chemical interventions through electrical interventions to basically electrical interventions to basically electrical interventions to basically help steer the human you know bag of help steer the human you know bag of help steer the human you know bag of Hardware that we kind of evolved with Hardware that we kind of evolved with Hardware that we kind of evolved with into greater capabilities into greater capabilities into greater capabilities and then ultimately by understanding not and then ultimately by understanding not and then ultimately by understanding not just the wiring of neurons and the just the wiring of neurons and the just the wiring of neurons and the functioning of neurons but even the functioning of neurons but even the functioning of neurons but even the genetic code we could even at one point genetic code we could even at one point genetic code we could even at one point in the future start thinking about well in the future start thinking about well in the future start thinking about well can we get rid of psychiatric disease can we get rid of psychiatric disease can we get rid of psychiatric disease can we get rid of neurodegeneration can can we get rid of neurodegeneration can can we get rid of neurodegeneration can we get rid of dementia and start perhaps we get rid of dementia and start perhaps we get rid of dementia and start perhaps even augmenting human capabilities not even augmenting human capabilities not even augmenting human capabilities not just just just getting rid of disease getting rid of disease getting rid of disease can we Tinker with the genome with the can we Tinker with the genome with the can we Tinker with the genome with the hardware hardware hardware or getting closer to the hardware or getting closer to the hardware or getting closer to the hardware without having to deeply understand the without having to deeply understand the without having to deeply understand the baggage baggage baggage in the way we've disposed of the baggage in the way we've disposed of the baggage in the way we've disposed of the baggage in our software systems with AI in our software systems with AI in our software systems with AI to some degree not fully but to some to some degree not fully but to some to some degree not fully but to some degree can we do the same with the degree can we do the same with the degree can we do the same with the genome or is the genome deeply genome or is the genome deeply genome or is the genome deeply integrated into this bag I wouldn't want integrated into this bag I wouldn't want integrated into this bag I wouldn't want to get rid of the baggage the baggage to get rid of the baggage the baggage to get rid of the baggage the baggage what makes this awesome so the fact that what makes this awesome so the fact that what makes this awesome so the fact that I'm sometimes angry and sometimes hungry I'm sometimes angry and sometimes hungry I'm sometimes angry and sometimes hungry and sometimes angry and sometimes angry and sometimes angry is perhaps contributing to my creativity is perhaps contributing to my creativity is perhaps contributing to my creativity I don't want to be dispassionate I don't I don't want to be dispassionate I don't I don't want to be dispassionate I don't want to be another like you know robot I want to be another like you know robot I want to be another like you know robot I you know I want to get in trouble and I you know I want to get in trouble and I you know I want to get in trouble and I want to sort of say the wrong thing and want to sort of say the wrong thing and want to sort of say the wrong thing and I want to sort of you know make an I want to sort of you know make an I want to sort of you know make an awkward comment and sort of push myself awkward comment and sort of push myself awkward comment and sort of push myself into into into you know reactions and responses and

you know reactions and responses and you know reactions and responses and things that things that things that can get just people thinking differently can get just people thinking differently can get just people thinking differently and and and I I think our society is moving towards I I think our society is moving towards I I think our society is moving towards a humorless uh space where everybody's a humorless uh space where everybody's a humorless uh space where everybody's so afraid to say the wrong thing that so afraid to say the wrong thing that so afraid to say the wrong thing that people kind of start quitting on mass people kind of start quitting on mass people kind of start quitting on mass and start like not liking their jobs and and start like not liking their jobs and and start like not liking their jobs and stuff like that maybe we should be uh stuff like that maybe we should be uh stuff like that maybe we should be uh kind of embracing that human aspect a kind of embracing that human aspect a kind of embracing that human aspect a little bit more in all of that baggage little bit more in all of that baggage little bit more in all of that baggage aspect aspect aspect and uh not necessarily thinking about and uh not necessarily thinking about and uh not necessarily thinking about replacing it on the contrary like replacing it on the contrary like replacing it on the contrary like embracing it in sort of this coexistence embracing it in sort of this coexistence embracing it in sort of this coexistence of the cognitive and the emotional hard of the cognitive and the emotional hard of the cognitive and the emotional hard words so embracing and celebrating the words so embracing and celebrating the words so embracing and celebrating the diversity diversity diversity that Springs from the baggage versus that Springs from the baggage versus that Springs from the baggage versus uh kind of uh pushing towards and uh kind of uh pushing towards and uh kind of uh pushing towards and empowering this kind of pull towards empowering this kind of pull towards empowering this kind of pull towards Conformity yeah and in fact with the Conformity yeah and in fact with the Conformity yeah and in fact with the Advent of AI I would say and these Advent of AI I would say and these Advent of AI I would say and these seemingly extremely intelligent systems seemingly extremely intelligent systems seemingly extremely intelligent systems that sort of conform can perform tasks that sort of conform can perform tasks that sort of conform can perform tasks that we thought of as extremely that we thought of as extremely that we thought of as extremely intelligent at the blink of an eye intelligent at the blink of an eye intelligent at the blink of an eye this might democratize this might democratize this might democratize intellectual Pursuits instead of just intellectual Pursuits instead of just intellectual Pursuits instead of just simply wanting the same type of brains simply wanting the same type of brains simply wanting the same type of brains that you know carry out that you know carry out that you know carry out specific ways of thinking we can like specific ways of thinking we can like specific ways of thinking we can like instead of just always only wanting say instead of just always only wanting say instead of just always only wanting say the mathematically extraordinary to go the mathematically extraordinary to go the mathematically extraordinary to go to the same universities what you could to the same universities what you could to the same universities what you could see simply say is like who needs that

see simply say is like who needs that see simply say is like who needs that anymore you know we now have ai maybe anymore you know we now have ai maybe anymore you know we now have ai maybe what we should really be thinking about what we should really be thinking about what we should really be thinking about is the diversity and the power that is the diversity and the power that is the diversity and the power that comes with the diversity where AI can do comes with the diversity where AI can do comes with the diversity where AI can do the math and then we should be getting a the math and then we should be getting a the math and then we should be getting a bunch of humans that sort of think bunch of humans that sort of think bunch of humans that sort of think extremely differently from each other extremely differently from each other extremely differently from each other and maybe that's the true cradle of and maybe that's the true cradle of and maybe that's the true cradle of innovation innovation innovation but but but AI can also these large language models AI can also these large language models AI can also these large language models can also be with just a few prompts can also be with just a few prompts can also be with just a few prompts essentially fine-tuned to be diverse essentially fine-tuned to be diverse essentially fine-tuned to be diverse from the center from the center from the center so the prompts can really take you away so the prompts can really take you away so the prompts can really take you away into unique territory you can ask the into unique territory you can ask the into unique territory you can ask the model to act model to act model to act in a certain way and it will start to in a certain way and it will start to in a certain way and it will start to act in that way is that possible that uh act in that way is that possible that uh act in that way is that possible that uh the language models could also have some the language models could also have some the language models could also have some of the magical diversity that makes us of the magical diversity that makes us of the magical diversity that makes us so damn interesting so I would say so damn interesting so I would say so damn interesting so I would say humans are the same way so basically humans are the same way so basically humans are the same way so basically when you when you sort of prompt humans when you when you sort of prompt humans when you when you sort of prompt humans to basically you know you know give an to basically you know you know give an to basically you know you know give an environment to act a particular way environment to act a particular way environment to act a particular way they change their own behaviors and they change their own behaviors and they change their own behaviors and um you know the old saying is show me um you know the old saying is show me um you know the old saying is show me your friends and I'll tell you who you your friends and I'll tell you who you your friends and I'll tell you who you are are are more like show me your friends and I'll more like show me your friends and I'll more like show me your friends and I'll tell you who you'll become so it's not tell you who you'll become so it's not tell you who you'll become so it's not necessarily that you choose friends that necessarily that you choose friends that necessarily that you choose friends that are like you but I mean that's the first are like you but I mean that's the first are like you but I mean that's the first step but then the second step is that step but then the second step is that step but then the second step is that you know the kind of behaviors that you you know the kind of behaviors that you you know the kind of behaviors that you find normal in your circles are the find normal in your circles are the find normal in your circles are the behaviors that you'll start espousing behaviors that you'll start espousing behaviors that you'll start espousing and that type of meta Evolution where and that type of meta Evolution where and that type of meta Evolution where every action we take not only shapes our

every action we take not only shapes our every action we take not only shapes our current action and the result of this current action and the result of this current action and the result of this action but it also shapes our future action but it also shapes our future action but it also shapes our future actions by shaping the environment in actions by shaping the environment in actions by shaping the environment in which those future actions will be taken which those future actions will be taken which those future actions will be taken every time you you carry out a every time you you carry out a every time you you carry out a particular Behavior it's not just a particular Behavior it's not just a particular Behavior it's not just a consequence for today but it's also a consequence for today but it's also a consequence for today but it's also a consequence for tomorrow because you're consequence for tomorrow because you're consequence for tomorrow because you're reinforcing that neural pathway so in a reinforcing that neural pathway so in a reinforcing that neural pathway so in a way self-discipline is a self-fulfilling way self-discipline is a self-fulfilling way self-discipline is a self-fulfilling prophecy prophecy prophecy and by and by and by behaving the way that you want to behave behaving the way that you want to behave behaving the way that you want to behave and choosing people that are like you and choosing people that are like you and choosing people that are like you and sort of exhibiting those behaviors and sort of exhibiting those behaviors and sort of exhibiting those behaviors that are that are that are sort of desirable sort of desirable sort of desirable you end up creating that that you end up creating that that you end up creating that that environment as well so it is the kind of environment as well so it is the kind of environment as well so it is the kind of life itself is a kind of prompting life itself is a kind of prompting life itself is a kind of prompting mechanism super complex the friends you mechanism super complex the friends you mechanism super complex the friends you choose the environments you choose the choose the environments you choose the choose the environments you choose the way you modify the environment that you way you modify the environment that you way you modify the environment that you choose yes but that seems like that choose yes but that seems like that choose yes but that seems like that process is much less efficient than a process is much less efficient than a process is much less efficient than a large language model you can literally large language model you can literally large language model you can literally get a large language model through a get a large language model through a get a large language model through a couple of prompts to be couple of prompts to be couple of prompts to be a mix of Shakespeare and David Bowie a mix of Shakespeare and David Bowie a mix of Shakespeare and David Bowie right you can very aggressively change right you can very aggressively change right you can very aggressively change in a way that's stable and convincing in a way that's stable and convincing in a way that's stable and convincing you really transform you really transform you really transform through a couple of prompts the behavior through a couple of prompts the behavior through a couple of prompts the behavior of the model of the model of the model into something very different from the into something very different from the into something very different from the original so well before original so well before original so well before Chachi PT yeah I would tell my students Chachi PT yeah I would tell my students Chachi PT yeah I would tell my students just ask you know what would Manali say

just ask you know what would Manali say just ask you know what would Manali say right now and you you guys all have a right now and you you guys all have a right now and you you guys all have a pretty good emulator of me right now yes pretty good emulator of me right now yes pretty good emulator of me right now yes and uh I don't know if you know the and uh I don't know if you know the and uh I don't know if you know the programming Paradigm of the rubber programming Paradigm of the rubber programming Paradigm of the rubber duckling where you basically explain to duckling where you basically explain to duckling where you basically explain to the rubber duckling that's just sitting the rubber duckling that's just sitting the rubber duckling that's just sitting there exactly what you did with your there exactly what you did with your there exactly what you did with your code and why you have a bug and just by code and why you have a bug and just by code and why you have a bug and just by the act of explaining you'll kind of the act of explaining you'll kind of the act of explaining you'll kind of figure it out yes I woke up one morning figure it out yes I woke up one morning figure it out yes I woke up one morning from a dream where I was giving a from a dream where I was giving a from a dream where I was giving a lecture in this Amphitheater and one of lecture in this Amphitheater and one of lecture in this Amphitheater and one of my friends was basically giving me some my friends was basically giving me some my friends was basically giving me some deep evolutionary Insight on how cancer deep evolutionary Insight on how cancer deep evolutionary Insight on how cancer genomes and cancer cells evolve and I genomes and cancer cells evolve and I genomes and cancer cells evolve and I woke up with a very elaborate discussion woke up with a very elaborate discussion woke up with a very elaborate discussion that I was giving and a very elaborate that I was giving and a very elaborate that I was giving and a very elaborate set of insights that he had set of insights that he had set of insights that he had that I was projecting onto my friend in that I was projecting onto my friend in that I was projecting onto my friend in my sleep and obviously this was my dream my sleep and obviously this was my dream my sleep and obviously this was my dream so my own neurons were capable of doing so my own neurons were capable of doing so my own neurons were capable of doing that but they only did that Under The that but they only did that Under The that but they only did that Under The Prompt of you are now piyush Gupta Prompt of you are now piyush Gupta Prompt of you are now piyush Gupta you are a professor in cancer genomics you are a professor in cancer genomics you are a professor in cancer genomics you're an expert in that field what do you're an expert in that field what do you're an expert in that field what do you say so I feel that we all have that you say so I feel that we all have that you say so I feel that we all have that inside us that we have that capability inside us that we have that capability inside us that we have that capability of basically saying I don't know what of basically saying I don't know what of basically saying I don't know what the right thing is but let me ask my the right thing is but let me ask my the right thing is but let me ask my virtual legs what would you do and virtual legs what would you do and virtual legs what would you do and virtual X would say be kind I'm like oh virtual X would say be kind I'm like oh virtual X would say be kind I'm like oh yes yes yes or something like that and even though I or something like that and even though I or something like that and even though I myself might not be able to do it myself might not be able to do it myself might not be able to do it unprompted unprompted unprompted and uh the my favorite prompt is think and uh the my favorite prompt is think and uh the my favorite prompt is think step by step and I'm like you know this step by step and I'm like you know this step by step and I'm like you know this also works on my 10 year old also works on my 10 year old also works on my 10 year old when he tries to solve a math equation

when he tries to solve a math equation when he tries to solve a math equation all in one step I know exactly what all in one step I know exactly what all in one step I know exactly what mistake you'll make but if I prompt it mistake you'll make but if I prompt it mistake you'll make but if I prompt it with oh please think step by step then with oh please think step by step then with oh please think step by step then you sort of gets in a mindset and I you sort of gets in a mindset and I you sort of gets in a mindset and I think it's also part of the way that think it's also part of the way that think it's also part of the way that Chachi PT was actually trained this Chachi PT was actually trained this Chachi PT was actually trained this whole sort of human in the loop whole sort of human in the loop whole sort of human in the loop reinforcement learning reinforcement learning reinforcement learning has probably reinforced these types of has probably reinforced these types of has probably reinforced these types of behaviors whereby having this feedback behaviors whereby having this feedback behaviors whereby having this feedback loop you kind of aligned AI better to loop you kind of aligned AI better to loop you kind of aligned AI better to the prompting opportunities by humans the prompting opportunities by humans the prompting opportunities by humans yeah prompting human like reasoning yeah prompting human like reasoning yeah prompting human like reasoning steps the step-by-step kind of thinking steps the step-by-step kind of thinking steps the step-by-step kind of thinking yeah it does seem to be I suppose it yeah it does seem to be I suppose it yeah it does seem to be I suppose it just puts a mirror to our own just puts a mirror to our own just puts a mirror to our own capabilities and so we can be truly capabilities and so we can be truly capabilities and so we can be truly impressed by our own cognitive impressed by our own cognitive impressed by our own cognitive capabilities because the variety of what capabilities because the variety of what capabilities because the variety of what you can try because we don't usually you can try because we don't usually you can try because we don't usually have this kind of we can't play with our have this kind of we can't play with our have this kind of we can't play with our own mind own mind own mind rigorously rigorously rigorously through python code right yeah so this through python code right yeah so this through python code right yeah so this allows us to really play with allows us to really play with allows us to really play with um all all of human wisdom and knowledge um all all of human wisdom and knowledge um all all of human wisdom and knowledge or at least knowledge at our fingertips or at least knowledge at our fingertips or at least knowledge at our fingertips and then mess with that little mind that and then mess with that little mind that and then mess with that little mind that can think and speak in all kinds of ways can think and speak in all kinds of ways can think and speak in all kinds of ways what's unique is that as I mentioned what's unique is that as I mentioned what's unique is that as I mentioned earlier every one of us was trained by earlier every one of us was trained by earlier every one of us was trained by different subset of human culture different subset of human culture different subset of human culture and Chachi PT was trained on all of it and Chachi PT was trained on all of it and Chachi PT was trained on all of it yeah and the difference there is that it yeah and the difference there is that it yeah and the difference there is that it probably has the ability to emulate probably has the ability to emulate probably has the ability to emulate almost any every one of us yeah the fact almost any every one of us yeah the fact almost any every one of us yeah the fact that you can figure out where that is in

that you can figure out where that is in that you can figure out where that is in cognitive behavioral space just by a few cognitive behavioral space just by a few cognitive behavioral space just by a few prompts it's pretty impressive but the prompts it's pretty impressive but the prompts it's pretty impressive but the fact that that exists somewhere is you fact that that exists somewhere is you fact that that exists somewhere is you know absolutely beautiful and know absolutely beautiful and know absolutely beautiful and the fact that it's encoded in an the fact that it's encoded in an the fact that it's encoded in an orthogonal way from the knowledge I orthogonal way from the knowledge I orthogonal way from the knowledge I think is also beautiful the fact that think is also beautiful the fact that think is also beautiful the fact that somehow through these extreme somehow through these extreme somehow through these extreme overparameterization of AI models it was overparameterization of AI models it was overparameterization of AI models it was able to somehow figure out that context able to somehow figure out that context able to somehow figure out that context knowledge and form are separable and knowledge and form are separable and knowledge and form are separable and that you can sort of describe scientific that you can sort of describe scientific that you can sort of describe scientific knowledge in a haiku in the form of I knowledge in a haiku in the form of I knowledge in a haiku in the form of I don't know Shakespeare or something that don't know Shakespeare or something that don't know Shakespeare or something that tells you something about the um the tells you something about the um the tells you something about the um the decoupling and the decouplerability of decoupling and the decouplerability of decoupling and the decouplerability of these types of aspects of human psyche these types of aspects of human psyche these types of aspects of human psyche and that's part of the science of this and that's part of the science of this and that's part of the science of this whole thing so these large language whole thing so these large language whole thing so these large language models are you know days old models are you know days old models are you know days old in terms of this kind of leap that in terms of this kind of leap that in terms of this kind of leap that they've taken and it'll be interesting they've taken and it'll be interesting they've taken and it'll be interesting to do this kind of analysis on them of to do this kind of analysis on them of to do this kind of analysis on them of contact of the separation of context contact of the separation of context contact of the separation of context form and knowledge where exactly does form and knowledge where exactly does form and knowledge where exactly does that happen yeah there's already sort of that happen yeah there's already sort of that happen yeah there's already sort of initial investigations but it's very initial investigations but it's very initial investigations but it's very hard to figure out where is there a hard to figure out where is there a hard to figure out where is there a particular uh parameter set of particular uh parameter set of particular uh parameter set of parameters that are responsible for a parameters that are responsible for a parameters that are responsible for a particular piece of knowledge or a particular piece of knowledge or a particular piece of knowledge or a particular context or a particular style particular context or a particular style particular context or a particular style speaking so with convolutional neural speaking so with convolutional neural speaking so with convolutional neural networks interpretability had many good networks interpretability had many good networks interpretability had many good advances because we can kind of advances because we can kind of advances because we can kind of understand them there's a structure to understand them there's a structure to understand them there's a structure to them there's a locality to them and we them there's a locality to them and we them there's a locality to them and we can kind of understand the different

can kind of understand the different can kind of understand the different layers have different sort of ranges layers have different sort of ranges layers have different sort of ranges that they're looking at so we can look that they're looking at so we can look that they're looking at so we can look at activation features and basically see at activation features and basically see at activation features and basically see where you know where does that where you know where does that where you know where does that correspond to correspond to correspond to with large language models with large language models with large language models it's perhaps a little more complicated it's perhaps a little more complicated it's perhaps a little more complicated but I think it's still achievable in the but I think it's still achievable in the but I think it's still achievable in the sense that we could kind of ask well sense that we could kind of ask well sense that we could kind of ask well what kind of prompts does this generate what kind of prompts does this generate what kind of prompts does this generate if I sort of drop out this part of the if I sort of drop out this part of the if I sort of drop out this part of the network then what happens and sort of network then what happens and sort of network then what happens and sort of start getting at a language to even start getting at a language to even start getting at a language to even describe these types of aspects of human describe these types of aspects of human describe these types of aspects of human be behavioral psychology if you wish be behavioral psychology if you wish be behavioral psychology if you wish from the spoken part in the language from the spoken part in the language from the spoken part in the language part and the advantage of that is that part and the advantage of that is that part and the advantage of that is that it might actually teach us something it might actually teach us something it might actually teach us something about humans as well like you you know about humans as well like you you know about humans as well like you you know we might not have words to describe we might not have words to describe we might not have words to describe these types of aspects right now but these types of aspects right now but these types of aspects right now but when somebody speaks in a particular way when somebody speaks in a particular way when somebody speaks in a particular way it might remind us of a friend that we it might remind us of a friend that we it might remind us of a friend that we know from here or there there and if we know from here or there there and if we know from here or there there and if we had better language for describing that had better language for describing that had better language for describing that these Concepts might become more these Concepts might become more these Concepts might become more apparent in our own human psyche and apparent in our own human psyche and apparent in our own human psyche and then we might be able to encode them then we might be able to encode them then we might be able to encode them better in machines themselves I mean better in machines themselves I mean better in machines themselves I mean both probably you and I both probably you and I both probably you and I would have certain interests with the would have certain interests with the would have certain interests with the base model would open Echo as the base base model would open Echo as the base base model would open Echo as the base model which is before the the alignment model which is before the the alignment model which is before the the alignment of the of the of the reinforcement learning with human reinforcement learning with human reinforcement learning with human feedback and and before the feedback and and before the feedback and and before the AI safety based kind of censorship of AI safety based kind of censorship of AI safety based kind of censorship of the model the model the model it would be fascinating to explore to it would be fascinating to explore to it would be fascinating to explore to investigate the ways that the model can investigate the ways that the model can investigate the ways that the model can generate hate speech generate hate speech generate hate speech the kind of hate that humans are capable

the kind of hate that humans are capable the kind of hate that humans are capable of it would be fascinating or the kind of it would be fascinating or the kind of it would be fascinating or the kind of uh of course like uh sexual language of uh of course like uh sexual language of uh of course like uh sexual language or the kind of romantic language or the or the kind of romantic language or the or the kind of romantic language or the all kinds of ideologies can I get it to all kinds of ideologies can I get it to all kinds of ideologies can I get it to be a communist can I get it to be a be a communist can I get it to be a be a communist can I get it to be a fascist can I get it to be a capitalist fascist can I get it to be a capitalist fascist can I get it to be a capitalist can I get it to be all these kinds of can I get it to be all these kinds of can I get it to be all these kinds of things and see which parts get activated things and see which parts get activated things and see which parts get activated or not because it would be fascinating or not because it would be fascinating or not because it would be fascinating to sort of explore at the individual to sort of explore at the individual to sort of explore at the individual mind level and at a societal level where mind level and at a societal level where mind level and at a societal level where do these ideas do these ideas do these ideas um take hold what is the fundamental um take hold what is the fundamental um take hold what is the fundamental core of those ideas maybe the communism core of those ideas maybe the communism core of those ideas maybe the communism fascism capitalism democracy are all fascism capitalism democracy are all fascism capitalism democracy are all actually connected by the fact that the actually connected by the fact that the actually connected by the fact that the human heart the human mind is drawn to human heart the human mind is drawn to human heart the human mind is drawn to ideology ideology ideology to it's a centralizing idea and maybe we to it's a centralizing idea and maybe we to it's a centralizing idea and maybe we need a neural network to remind us of need a neural network to remind us of need a neural network to remind us of that I like the concept that the human that I like the concept that the human that I like the concept that the human mind is somehow tied to ideology and I mind is somehow tied to ideology and I mind is somehow tied to ideology and I think that goes back to the the think that goes back to the the think that goes back to the the promptability of jcbt the fact that you promptability of jcbt the fact that you promptability of jcbt the fact that you can kind of say well think in this can kind of say well think in this can kind of say well think in this particular way now and the fact that particular way now and the fact that particular way now and the fact that humans have infected words for humans have infected words for humans have infected words for encapsulating these types of behaviors encapsulating these types of behaviors encapsulating these types of behaviors and it's hard to know how much of that and it's hard to know how much of that and it's hard to know how much of that is innate and how much of that was like is innate and how much of that was like is innate and how much of that was like passed on from language to language passed on from language to language passed on from language to language but basically if you look at the but basically if you look at the but basically if you look at the evolution of language you can kind of evolution of language you can kind of evolution of language you can kind of see how young are these words in the see how young are these words in the see how young are these words in the history of language Evolution that history of language Evolution that history of language Evolution that describe these types of behaviors like describe these types of behaviors like describe these types of behaviors like you know kindness and anger and jealousy you know kindness and anger and jealousy you know kindness and anger and jealousy Etc Etc Etc if these words are very similar from

if these words are very similar from if these words are very similar from language to language it might suggest language to language it might suggest language to language it might suggest that they're very ancient if they're that they're very ancient if they're that they're very ancient if they're very different it might suggest that very different it might suggest that very different it might suggest that this concept may have emerged this concept may have emerged this concept may have emerged independently in each different language independently in each different language independently in each different language and so forth so and so forth so and so forth so looking at the phylogeny the history The looking at the phylogeny the history The looking at the phylogeny the history The evolutionary traces of language at the evolutionary traces of language at the evolutionary traces of language at the same time as people moving around that same time as people moving around that same time as people moving around that we can now Trace thanks to genetics we can now Trace thanks to genetics we can now Trace thanks to genetics is a fascinating way of understanding is a fascinating way of understanding is a fascinating way of understanding the human psyche and also understanding the human psyche and also understanding the human psyche and also understanding sort of how these types of behaviors sort of how these types of behaviors sort of how these types of behaviors emerge emerge emerge and to go back to your idea about and to go back to your idea about and to go back to your idea about sort of exploring the system unfiltered sort of exploring the system unfiltered sort of exploring the system unfiltered I mean in a ways the psychiatric I mean in a ways the psychiatric I mean in a ways the psychiatric hospitals are filled of those be full of hospitals are filled of those be full of hospitals are filled of those be full of those people so basically people whose those people so basically people whose those people so basically people whose mind is uncontrollable yes who have kind mind is uncontrollable yes who have kind mind is uncontrollable yes who have kind of gone adrift in specific locations of of gone adrift in specific locations of of gone adrift in specific locations of their psyche and I I do find this their psyche and I I do find this their psyche and I I do find this fascinating basically fascinating basically fascinating basically you know watching movies that are trying you know watching movies that are trying you know watching movies that are trying to capture the essence of troubled minds to capture the essence of troubled minds to capture the essence of troubled minds I think is teaching us so much about our I think is teaching us so much about our I think is teaching us so much about our everyday selves because many of us are everyday selves because many of us are everyday selves because many of us are able to sort of control our minds and able to sort of control our minds and able to sort of control our minds and are able to have somehow somehow hide are able to have somehow somehow hide are able to have somehow somehow hide these emotions and these emotions and these emotions and but every time I see somebody who's but every time I see somebody who's but every time I see somebody who's troubled I I see versions of myself troubled I I see versions of myself troubled I I see versions of myself maybe not as extreme but I can sort of

maybe not as extreme but I can sort of maybe not as extreme but I can sort of empathize with these behaviors and empathize with these behaviors and empathize with these behaviors and you know I see bipolar I see you know I see bipolar I see you know I see bipolar I see schizophrenia I see depression I see schizophrenia I see depression I see schizophrenia I see depression I see autism I see so many different aspects autism I see so many different aspects autism I see so many different aspects that we kind of have names for and that we kind of have names for and that we kind of have names for and crystallize in specific individuals crystallize in specific individuals crystallize in specific individuals and I think all of us have that all of and I think all of us have that all of and I think all of us have that all of us have sort of just this us have sort of just this us have sort of just this multi-dimensional brain and genetic multi-dimensional brain and genetic multi-dimensional brain and genetic variations that push us in these variations that push us in these variations that push us in these directions environmental exposures and directions environmental exposures and directions environmental exposures and traumas that push us in these directions traumas that push us in these directions traumas that push us in these directions environmental behaviors that are environmental behaviors that are environmental behaviors that are reinforced by the kind of friends that reinforced by the kind of friends that reinforced by the kind of friends that we chose or friends that we were stuck we chose or friends that we were stuck we chose or friends that we were stuck with because of the environments that we with because of the environments that we with because of the environments that we grew up in so in a way a lot of these grew up in so in a way a lot of these grew up in so in a way a lot of these types of types of types of behaviors behaviors behaviors are within the Vector span of every are within the Vector span of every are within the Vector span of every human it's just that the magnitude of human it's just that the magnitude of human it's just that the magnitude of those vectors is generally smaller for those vectors is generally smaller for those vectors is generally smaller for most people most people most people because they haven't inherited that because they haven't inherited that because they haven't inherited that particular set of genetic variants or particular set of genetic variants or particular set of genetic variants or because they haven't been exposed to because they haven't been exposed to because they haven't been exposed to those environments basically or those environments basically or those environments basically or something about the mechanism of something about the mechanism of something about the mechanism of reinforcement learning with human reinforcement learning with human reinforcement learning with human feedback didn't quite work for them so feedback didn't quite work for them so feedback didn't quite work for them so it's fascinating to think about that's it's fascinating to think about that's it's fascinating to think about that's what we do we have this capacity to have what we do we have this capacity to have what we do we have this capacity to have all these all these all these psychiatric or behaviors associated with psychiatric or behaviors associated with psychiatric or behaviors associated with psychiatric disorders but we through the psychiatric disorders but we through the psychiatric disorders but we through the alignment process as we go through their alignment process as we go through their alignment process as we go through their parents we kind of we know to suppress parents we kind of we know to suppress parents we kind of we know to suppress them yeah we know the kind of control them yeah we know the kind of control them yeah we know the kind of control every human that grows up in this in

every human that grows up in this in every human that grows up in this in this world spends several decades being this world spends several decades being this world spends several decades being shaped into place yeah and without that shaped into place yeah and without that shaped into place yeah and without that you know maybe we would have the you know maybe we would have the you know maybe we would have the unfiltered lgbt4 unfiltered lgbt4 unfiltered lgbt4 every baby is basically a raging every baby is basically a raging every baby is basically a raging narcissist narcissist narcissist not all of them not all of them believe not all of them not all of them believe not all of them not all of them believe it or not it's it's remarkable like I I it or not it's it's remarkable like I I it or not it's it's remarkable like I I remember like watching my kids grow up remember like watching my kids grow up remember like watching my kids grow up and again like yes part of their and again like yes part of their and again like yes part of their personality stays the same but also in personality stays the same but also in personality stays the same but also in different phases to their life they've different phases to their life they've different phases to their life they've gone through these dramatically gone through these dramatically gone through these dramatically different types of behaviors and you different types of behaviors and you different types of behaviors and you know my daughter basically saying know my daughter basically saying know my daughter basically saying you know basically one one kid saying oh you know basically one one kid saying oh you know basically one one kid saying oh I want the bigger piece the other one's I want the bigger piece the other one's I want the bigger piece the other one's saying oh everything must be exactly saying oh everything must be exactly saying oh everything must be exactly equal and the third one saying I'm okay equal and the third one saying I'm okay equal and the third one saying I'm okay yeah you know I might have to have the yeah you know I might have to have the yeah you know I might have to have the smaller part don't worry about me even smaller part don't worry about me even smaller part don't worry about me even in the early days in the early years of in the early days in the early years of in the early days in the early years of developed yeah it's just extraordinary developed yeah it's just extraordinary developed yeah it's just extraordinary to sort of see these dramatically to sort of see these dramatically to sort of see these dramatically different like I mean my wife and I uh different like I mean my wife and I uh different like I mean my wife and I uh you know are are very different from you know are are very different from you know are are very different from each other but we also have you know six each other but we also have you know six each other but we also have you know six million variants six million loci each million variants six million loci each million variants six million loci each if you wish if you just look at common if you wish if you just look at common if you wish if you just look at common variants we also have a bunch of rare variants we also have a bunch of rare variants we also have a bunch of rare variants that are inherited in more variants that are inherited in more variants that are inherited in more mendelian fashion and now you have you mendelian fashion and now you have you mendelian fashion and now you have you know an infinite positive number of know an infinite positive number of know an infinite positive number of possibilities for each of the kids so possibilities for each of the kids so possibilities for each of the kids so basically it's two to the Six Million basically it's two to the Six Million basically it's two to the Six Million Just from the common variance and then Just from the common variance and then Just from the common variance and then if you like layer in the the rare if you like layer in the the rare if you like layer in the the rare variants so let me talk a little bit variants so let me talk a little bit variants so let me talk a little bit about common variance and rare variants about common variance and rare variants about common variance and rare variants so if you look at this common variance so if you look at this common variance so if you look at this common variance they're generally weak effect because they're generally weak effect because they're generally weak effect because selection selects against strong effect selection selects against strong effect selection selects against strong effect variance so if something like has a big

variance so if something like has a big variance so if something like has a big risk for schizophrenia it won't rise to risk for schizophrenia it won't rise to risk for schizophrenia it won't rise to high frequency so the ones that are high frequency so the ones that are high frequency so the ones that are common are by definition by selection common are by definition by selection common are by definition by selection only the ones that had relatively weak only the ones that had relatively weak only the ones that had relatively weak effect and if all of the variants effect and if all of the variants effect and if all of the variants associated with personality with associated with personality with associated with personality with cognition and all aspects of human cognition and all aspects of human cognition and all aspects of human behavior where weak effect variants then behavior where weak effect variants then behavior where weak effect variants then kid would basically be just averages of kid would basically be just averages of kid would basically be just averages of their parents their parents their parents if it was like thousands of loci just by if it was like thousands of loci just by if it was like thousands of loci just by lower of large numbers the average of lower of large numbers the average of lower of large numbers the average of two large numbers would be you know very two large numbers would be you know very two large numbers would be you know very robustly close to that middle robustly close to that middle robustly close to that middle but what we see is that kids are but what we see is that kids are but what we see is that kids are dramatically different from each other dramatically different from each other dramatically different from each other so that basically means that in the so that basically means that in the so that basically means that in the context of that common variation you context of that common variation you context of that common variation you basically have rare variants that are basically have rare variants that are basically have rare variants that are inherited in a more mendelian fashion inherited in a more mendelian fashion inherited in a more mendelian fashion that basically then sort of govern that basically then sort of govern that basically then sort of govern likely many different aspects of human likely many different aspects of human likely many different aspects of human behavior human biology and human behavior human biology and human behavior human biology and human psychology psychology psychology and that's again like if you look at and that's again like if you look at and that's again like if you look at sort of a person with schizophrenia sort of a person with schizophrenia sort of a person with schizophrenia their identical twin their identical twin their identical twin has only 50 chance of actually being has only 50 chance of actually being has only 50 chance of actually being diagnosed with schizophrenia so that diagnosed with schizophrenia so that diagnosed with schizophrenia so that basically means there's probably basically means there's probably basically means there's probably developmental uh exposures environmental developmental uh exposures environmental developmental uh exposures environmental exposures trauma all kinds of other exposures trauma all kinds of other exposures trauma all kinds of other aspects that can shape that and if you aspects that can shape that and if you aspects that can shape that and if you look at siblings for the common variance look at siblings for the common variance look at siblings for the common variance it kind of drops off exponentially as it kind of drops off exponentially as it kind of drops off exponentially as you would expect with you know sharing you would expect with you know sharing you would expect with you know sharing 50 of your genome 25 of your genome you 50 of your genome 25 of your genome you 50 of your genome 25 of your genome you know 12.5 of your genome Etc with more know 12.5 of your genome Etc with more know 12.5 of your genome Etc with more and more distant cousins and more distant cousins and more distant cousins but the fact that siblings can differ so

but the fact that siblings can differ so but the fact that siblings can differ so much in their personalities that we much in their personalities that we much in their personalities that we observe every day it can't all be observe every day it can't all be observe every day it can't all be nurture basically you know we we've like nurture basically you know we we've like nurture basically you know we we've like again as parents we we spend enormous again as parents we we spend enormous again as parents we we spend enormous amount of energy trying to fix quote amount of energy trying to fix quote amount of energy trying to fix quote unquote the nurture part trying to you unquote the nurture part trying to you unquote the nurture part trying to you know get them to share get them to be know get them to share get them to be know get them to share get them to be kind get them to be open get them to kind get them to be open get them to kind get them to be open get them to trust each other like you know like trust each other like you know like trust each other like you know like overcome the prisoner's dilemma uh of overcome the prisoner's dilemma uh of overcome the prisoner's dilemma uh of you know if everyone fans from you know if everyone fans from you know if everyone fans from themselves we're all going to live in a themselves we're all going to live in a themselves we're all going to live in a horrible place but if we're a little horrible place but if we're a little horrible place but if we're a little more altruistic then we're all going to more altruistic then we're all going to more altruistic then we're all going to be in a better place and I think be in a better place and I think be in a better place and I think it's not like we treat our kids it's not like we treat our kids it's not like we treat our kids differently but but they're they're just differently but but they're they're just differently but but they're they're just born differently so in a way as a born differently so in a way as a born differently so in a way as a geneticist I have to admit that there's geneticist I have to admit that there's geneticist I have to admit that there's only so much I can do with nurture that only so much I can do with nurture that only so much I can do with nurture that nature definitely plays a big component nature definitely plays a big component nature definitely plays a big component the the selection of variants we have the the selection of variants we have the the selection of variants we have the common variance and the rare the common variance and the rare the common variance and the rare variants what uh what can we say about the what uh what can we say about the landscape a possibility they create landscape a possibility they create landscape a possibility they create if you can just Linger on that so the if you can just Linger on that so the if you can just Linger on that so the selection of rare variants is divine how selection of rare variants is divine how selection of rare variants is divine how how do we get the ones that we get is it how do we get the ones that we get is it how do we get the ones that we get is it just just just Laden in that giant evolutionary baggage Laden in that giant evolutionary baggage Laden in that giant evolutionary baggage so I'm gonna talk about regression why so I'm gonna talk about regression why so I'm gonna talk about regression why do we call it regression and do we call it regression and do we call it regression and the concept of regression to the mean the concept of regression to the mean the concept of regression to the mean the fact that when fighter pilots in a the fact that when fighter pilots in a the fact that when fighter pilots in a dogfight did amazingly well they would dogfight did amazingly well they would dogfight did amazingly well they would give them rewards and then the next time give them rewards and then the next time give them rewards and then the next time they're in dogfight they would do worse

they're in dogfight they would do worse they're in dogfight they would do worse so then you know the Navy basically so then you know the Navy basically so then you know the Navy basically realized that wow this or at least realized that wow this or at least realized that wow this or at least interpreted that as wow we're ruining interpreted that as wow we're ruining interpreted that as wow we're ruining them by praising them and then they're them by praising them and then they're them by praising them and then they're going to perform Wars the statistical going to perform Wars the statistical going to perform Wars the statistical interpretation of that is regression of interpretation of that is regression of interpretation of that is regression of the mean the fact that you're an the mean the fact that you're an the mean the fact that you're an extraordinary pilot you've been trained extraordinary pilot you've been trained extraordinary pilot you've been trained in an extraordinary fashion in an extraordinary fashion in an extraordinary fashion if that pushes your mean if that pushes your mean if that pushes your mean further and further to extraordinary further and further to extraordinary further and further to extraordinary achievement achievement achievement and then in some dogfights you'll just and then in some dogfights you'll just and then in some dogfights you'll just do extraordinarily well do extraordinarily well do extraordinarily well the probability that the next one will the probability that the next one will the probability that the next one will be just as good is almost nil be just as good is almost nil be just as good is almost nil because this is the peak of your because this is the peak of your because this is the peak of your performance performance performance and just by statistical odds the next and just by statistical odds the next and just by statistical odds the next one will be another sample from the same one will be another sample from the same one will be another sample from the same underlying distribution which is going underlying distribution which is going underlying distribution which is going to be a little closer to the mean to be a little closer to the mean to be a little closer to the mean so regression analysis takes its name so regression analysis takes its name so regression analysis takes its name from this type of realization in the from this type of realization in the from this type of realization in the statistical world now if you now take statistical world now if you now take statistical world now if you now take um humans you basically have um humans you basically have um humans you basically have people who have achieved extraordinary people who have achieved extraordinary people who have achieved extraordinary achievements achievements achievements uh Einstein for example uh Einstein for example uh Einstein for example you know you would call him for example you know you would call him for example you know you would call him for example the epitome of human intellect the epitome of human intellect the epitome of human intellect does that mean that all of his children does that mean that all of his children does that mean that all of his children and grandchildren will be extraordinary and grandchildren will be extraordinary and grandchildren will be extraordinary geniuses geniuses geniuses probably means that they're sampled from probably means that they're sampled from probably means that they're sampled from the same underlying distribution the same underlying distribution the same underlying distribution but he was probably a rare combination but he was probably a rare combination but he was probably a rare combination of extremes in addition to these common of extremes in addition to these common of extremes in addition to these common variants variants variants so you can basically interpret your kids

so you can basically interpret your kids so you can basically interpret your kids variation for example as well of course variation for example as well of course variation for example as well of course they're going to be some kind of sample they're going to be some kind of sample they're going to be some kind of sample from the average of the parents with from the average of the parents with from the average of the parents with some kind of deviation according to the some kind of deviation according to the some kind of deviation according to the specific combination of rare varians specific combination of rare varians specific combination of rare varians that they have that they have inherited that they have that they have inherited that they have that they have inherited so you know given all that the you know so you know given all that the you know so you know given all that the you know the possibilities are endless as to sort the possibilities are endless as to sort the possibilities are endless as to sort of where you should be but you should of where you should be but you should of where you should be but you should always interpret that with well it's always interpret that with well it's always interpret that with well it's probably an alignment of nature probably an alignment of nature probably an alignment of nature and nurture and the Nature has both a and nurture and the Nature has both a and nurture and the Nature has both a common variance that are acting kind of common variance that are acting kind of common variance that are acting kind of like the law of large numbers and the like the law of large numbers and the like the law of large numbers and the rare variants that are acting more in rare variants that are acting more in rare variants that are acting more in the mendelian fashion and then you layer the mendelian fashion and then you layer the mendelian fashion and then you layer in the nurture which again in everyday in the nurture which again in everyday in the nurture which again in everyday action we make we shape our future action we make we shape our future action we make we shape our future environment environment environment but the genetics we inherit are shaping but the genetics we inherit are shaping but the genetics we inherit are shaping the future environment the future environment the future environment of not only us but also our children of not only us but also our children of not only us but also our children so there's this weird nature nurture so there's this weird nature nurture so there's this weird nature nurture interplay and self-reinforcement interplay and self-reinforcement interplay and self-reinforcement where you're kind of shaping your own where you're kind of shaping your own where you're kind of shaping your own environment but you're also shaping the environment but you're also shaping the environment but you're also shaping the environment of your kids and your kids environment of your kids and your kids environment of your kids and your kids are going to be born in the context of are going to be born in the context of are going to be born in the context of your environment that you've shaped but your environment that you've shaped but your environment that you've shaped but also with a bag of genetic variants that also with a bag of genetic variants that also with a bag of genetic variants that they have inherited they have inherited they have inherited and there's just so much complexity and there's just so much complexity and there's just so much complexity associated with that when we start associated with that when we start associated with that when we start blaming something on nature it might blaming something on nature it might blaming something on nature it might just be nurture just be nurture just be nurture it might just be that well yes they it might just be that well yes they it might just be that well yes they inherited the genes from the parents but inherited the genes from the parents but inherited the genes from the parents but they also you know were shaped by the they also you know were shaped by the they also you know were shaped by the same environment so it's very very hard same environment so it's very very hard same environment so it's very very hard to untangle the two and you should also to untangle the two and you should also to untangle the two and you should also always realize that nature can influence always realize that nature can influence always realize that nature can influence nurture nurture can influence nature or

nurture nurture can influence nature or nurture nurture can influence nature or at least be correlated with and at least be correlated with and at least be correlated with and predictive of and so on so forth so I predictive of and so on so forth so I predictive of and so on so forth so I love thinking about that distribution love thinking about that distribution love thinking about that distribution that you mentioned and here's where I that you mentioned and here's where I that you mentioned and here's where I can be my usual ridiculous self can be my usual ridiculous self can be my usual ridiculous self and uh and uh and uh I sometimes think about that army of I sometimes think about that army of I sometimes think about that army of sperm cells sperm cells sperm cells however many hundreds of thousands there however many hundreds of thousands there however many hundreds of thousands there are are are and I kind of think of all the and I kind of think of all the and I kind of think of all the possibilities there possibilities there possibilities there because there's a lot of variation and because there's a lot of variation and because there's a lot of variation and one gets to win one gets to win one gets to win is that not a random one it's a totally is that not a random one it's a totally is that not a random one it's a totally ridiculous way to think about no not at ridiculous way to think about no not at ridiculous way to think about no not at all so I would say evolutionarily we are all so I would say evolutionarily we are all so I would say evolutionarily we are a very slow evolving species basically a very slow evolving species basically a very slow evolving species basically the generations of humans are a terrible the generations of humans are a terrible the generations of humans are a terrible way to do selection what you need is way to do selection what you need is way to do selection what you need is processes that allow you to do selection processes that allow you to do selection processes that allow you to do selection in a smaller tighter Loop yeah and part in a smaller tighter Loop yeah and part in a smaller tighter Loop yeah and part of what of what of what if you look at our immune system for if you look at our immune system for if you look at our immune system for example example example it evolves at a much faster Pace than it evolves at a much faster Pace than it evolves at a much faster Pace than humans evolve because there is actually humans evolve because there is actually humans evolve because there is actually an evolutionary process that happens an evolutionary process that happens an evolutionary process that happens within our immune cells as they're within our immune cells as they're within our immune cells as they're dividing there's basically vdj dividing there's basically vdj dividing there's basically vdj recombination that basically creates recombination that basically creates recombination that basically creates this extraordinary wealth of antibodies this extraordinary wealth of antibodies this extraordinary wealth of antibodies and antigens against the the environment and antigens against the the environment and antigens against the the environment and basically all these antibodies are and basically all these antibodies are and basically all these antibodies are now recognizing of these antigens from now recognizing of these antigens from now recognizing of these antigens from the environment and they the environment and they the environment and they send signals back that cause these cells send signals back that cause these cells send signals back that cause these cells that recognize the non-self to multiply that recognize the non-self to multiply that recognize the non-self to multiply so that basically means that even though

so that basically means that even though so that basically means that even though viruses evolve at millions of times viruses evolve at millions of times viruses evolve at millions of times faster than we are faster than we are faster than we are we can still have a component of we can still have a component of we can still have a component of ourselves which is environmentally ourselves which is environmentally ourselves which is environmentally facing which is sort of evolving at not facing which is sort of evolving at not facing which is sort of evolving at not the same scale but very rapid pace the same scale but very rapid pace the same scale but very rapid pace sperm expresses perhaps the most sperm expresses perhaps the most sperm expresses perhaps the most proteins of any cell in the body proteins of any cell in the body proteins of any cell in the body and part of the thought is that this and part of the thought is that this and part of the thought is that this might just be a way to check that the might just be a way to check that the might just be a way to check that the sperm is intact in other words if you sperm is intact in other words if you sperm is intact in other words if you waited until that human has a liver and waited until that human has a liver and waited until that human has a liver and starts eating solid food and you know starts eating solid food and you know starts eating solid food and you know sort of filtrates away sort of filtrates away sort of filtrates away you know uh or or kidneys or stomach Etc you know uh or or kidneys or stomach Etc you know uh or or kidneys or stomach Etc basically if you waited until these basically if you waited until these basically if you waited until these mutations you know manifest late late in mutations you know manifest late late in mutations you know manifest late late in life then you would end up not failing life then you would end up not failing life then you would end up not failing fast and you would end up with a lot of fast and you would end up with a lot of fast and you would end up with a lot of failed pregnancies and a lot of later failed pregnancies and a lot of later failed pregnancies and a lot of later onset you know psychiatric illnesses Etc onset you know psychiatric illnesses Etc onset you know psychiatric illnesses Etc If instead you basically Express all of If instead you basically Express all of If instead you basically Express all of these genes at the sperm level and if these genes at the sperm level and if these genes at the sperm level and if they misform they basically cause the they misform they basically cause the they misform they basically cause the sperm to then you have at least sperm to then you have at least sperm to then you have at least on the male side the ability to exclude on the male side the ability to exclude on the male side the ability to exclude some of those mutations and on the some of those mutations and on the some of those mutations and on the female side as the egg develops female side as the egg develops female side as the egg develops there's probably a similar uh process there's probably a similar uh process there's probably a similar uh process where you could you could sort of weed where you could you could sort of weed where you could you could sort of weed out eggs that are just not you know out eggs that are just not you know out eggs that are just not you know carrying beneficial mutations or at carrying beneficial mutations or at carrying beneficial mutations or at least that are carrying highly least that are carrying highly least that are carrying highly detrimentations so you can basically detrimentations so you can basically detrimentations so you can basically think of the evolutionary process in a

think of the evolutionary process in a think of the evolutionary process in a nested Loop basically where there's an nested Loop basically where there's an nested Loop basically where there's an inner loop where you get many many more inner loop where you get many many more inner loop where you get many many more iterations to to run and then there's an iterations to to run and then there's an iterations to to run and then there's an outer loop that moves at a much slower outer loop that moves at a much slower outer loop that moves at a much slower pace pace pace and going back to uh uh the next step of and going back to uh uh the next step of and going back to uh uh the next step of evolution of possibly designing systems evolution of possibly designing systems evolution of possibly designing systems that we can use to sort of complement that we can use to sort of complement that we can use to sort of complement our own biology or to sort of eradicate our own biology or to sort of eradicate our own biology or to sort of eradicate disease and you name it or at least disease and you name it or at least disease and you name it or at least mitigate some of the I don't know mitigate some of the I don't know mitigate some of the I don't know psychiatric illnesses neurodegenerative psychiatric illnesses neurodegenerative psychiatric illnesses neurodegenerative disorders Etc disorders Etc disorders Etc you can basically and also you know you can basically and also you know you can basically and also you know metabolic immune cancer you name it metabolic immune cancer you name it metabolic immune cancer you name it simply engineering these mutations from simply engineering these mutations from simply engineering these mutations from rational design rational design rational design might be very inefficient If instead you might be very inefficient If instead you might be very inefficient If instead you have an evolutionary Loop where you're have an evolutionary Loop where you're have an evolutionary Loop where you're kind of growing neurons on a dish and kind of growing neurons on a dish and kind of growing neurons on a dish and you're exploring evolutionary space and you're exploring evolutionary space and you're exploring evolutionary space and you're sort of shaping that one protein you're sort of shaping that one protein you're sort of shaping that one protein to be better adapt that sort of I don't to be better adapt that sort of I don't to be better adapt that sort of I don't know recognizing light or permutating know recognizing light or permutating know recognizing light or permutating with other neurons Etc you can basically with other neurons Etc you can basically with other neurons Etc you can basically have a smaller evolutionary Loop that have a smaller evolutionary Loop that have a smaller evolutionary Loop that you can run thousands of times faster you can run thousands of times faster you can run thousands of times faster than the speed it would take to evolve than the speed it would take to evolve than the speed it would take to evolve humans for another million years so I humans for another million years so I humans for another million years so I think it's important to think about sort think it's important to think about sort think it's important to think about sort of this evolvability of this evolvability of this evolvability as a set of nested structures that allow as a set of nested structures that allow as a set of nested structures that allow you to sort of test many more you to sort of test many more you to sort of test many more combinations but in a more thick setting combinations but in a more thick setting combinations but in a more thick setting yeah that's fascinating the the yeah that's fascinating the the yeah that's fascinating the the mechanism there is uh for sperm to mechanism there is uh for sperm to mechanism there is uh for sperm to express proteins to create a testing express proteins to create a testing express proteins to create a testing ground early on ground early on ground early on uh so that the uh so that the uh so that the the failed designs don't make it yeah I the failed designs don't make it yeah I the failed designs don't make it yeah I mean in design of Engineering Systems

mean in design of Engineering Systems mean in design of Engineering Systems fail fast is one of the principles you fail fast is one of the principles you fail fast is one of the principles you learn like basically you assert learn like basically you assert learn like basically you assert something why do you assert that because something why do you assert that because something why do you assert that because if that something ain't right you better if that something ain't right you better if that something ain't right you better crash now then sort of let it cross at crash now then sort of let it cross at crash now then sort of let it cross at an unexpected time an unexpected time an unexpected time and in a way you can think of it as like and in a way you can think of it as like and in a way you can think of it as like 20 000 assert functions assert protein 20 000 assert functions assert protein 20 000 assert functions assert protein can fold assert protein can fold and if can fold assert protein can fold and if can fold assert protein can fold and if any of them fail that's perm is gone any of them fail that's perm is gone any of them fail that's perm is gone well I just like the fact that I'm the well I just like the fact that I'm the well I just like the fact that I'm the winning sperm and the results of the winning sperm and the results of the winning sperm and the results of the winner winning hashtag winning my wife winner winning hashtag winning my wife winner winning hashtag winning my wife always plays me this French song that always plays me this French song that always plays me this French song that actually sings about that it's like you actually sings about that it's like you actually sings about that it's like you know remember in life we were all the know remember in life we were all the know remember in life we were all the first one time first one time first one time so these once at least one time you were so these once at least one time you were so these once at least one time you were the first I should mention it's just a the first I should mention it's just a the first I should mention it's just a brief tangent back to the place where we brief tangent back to the place where we brief tangent back to the place where we came from which is the base model that I came from which is the base model that I came from which is the base model that I mentioned for openai which is before the mentioned for openai which is before the mentioned for openai which is before the reinforcement learning with human reinforcement learning with human reinforcement learning with human feedback feedback feedback and you kind of give this metaphor of it and you kind of give this metaphor of it and you kind of give this metaphor of it being kind of like a psychiatric being kind of like a psychiatric being kind of like a psychiatric hospital I like that because it's hospital I like that because it's hospital I like that because it's basically all of these different angles basically all of these different angles basically all of these different angles at once like you basically have the more at once like you basically have the more at once like you basically have the more extreme versions of human psyche so the extreme versions of human psyche so the extreme versions of human psyche so the interesting thing is interesting thing is interesting thing is well I've talked with folks in open AI well I've talked with folks in open AI well I've talked with folks in open AI quite a lot and they say it's extremely quite a lot and they say it's extremely quite a lot and they say it's extremely difficult to work with that model yeah difficult to work with that model yeah difficult to work with that model yeah kind of like it's extremely difficult to kind of like it's extremely difficult to kind of like it's extremely difficult to work with some humans the parallels work with some humans the parallels work with some humans the parallels there are very interesting because once there are very interesting because once there are very interesting because once you run the alignment process it's much you run the alignment process it's much you run the alignment process it's much easier to interact with it but it makes easier to interact with it but it makes easier to interact with it but it makes you wonder what the capacity with the you wonder what the capacity with the you wonder what the capacity with the underlying capability of the human underlying capability of the human underlying capability of the human psychias as in the same way that what is psychias as in the same way that what is psychias as in the same way that what is the underlying capability of a large

the underlying capability of a large the underlying capability of a large language model and remember earlier when language model and remember earlier when language model and remember earlier when I was basically saying that I was basically saying that I was basically saying that um part of the reason why it's so prompt um part of the reason why it's so prompt um part of the reason why it's so prompt malleable is because of that alignment malleable is because of that alignment malleable is because of that alignment problem that alignment work it's kind of problem that alignment work it's kind of problem that alignment work it's kind of nice that the engineers at open AI have nice that the engineers at open AI have nice that the engineers at open AI have the same interpretation that you know in the same interpretation that you know in the same interpretation that you know in fact it is that and fact it is that and fact it is that and um these whole concept of easier to work um these whole concept of easier to work um these whole concept of easier to work with with with um um um I wish that we could work with more I wish that we could work with more I wish that we could work with more diverse humans diverse humans diverse humans in a way in a way in a way and and sort of that's one of the and and sort of that's one of the and and sort of that's one of the possibilities that I see with the Advent possibilities that I see with the Advent possibilities that I see with the Advent of these large language models the fact of these large language models the fact of these large language models the fact that that that it gives us the chance to both dial down it gives us the chance to both dial down it gives us the chance to both dial down friends of ours that we can't interpret friends of ours that we can't interpret friends of ours that we can't interpret or that are just too edgy to sort of or that are just too edgy to sort of or that are just too edgy to sort of really truly interact with where you really truly interact with where you really truly interact with where you could have a real-time translator could have a real-time translator could have a real-time translator just the same way that you can translate just the same way that you can translate just the same way that you can translate English to Japanese or Chinese or Korean English to Japanese or Chinese or Korean English to Japanese or Chinese or Korean by like real-time adaptation you could by like real-time adaptation you could by like real-time adaptation you could basically suddenly have a conversation basically suddenly have a conversation basically suddenly have a conversation with your favorite extremist on either with your favorite extremist on either with your favorite extremist on either side of the spectrum and just dial them side of the spectrum and just dial them side of the spectrum and just dial them down a little bit down a little bit down a little bit of course not you and I but uh you could of course not you and I but uh you could of course not you and I but uh you could have friends that are who's a complete have friends that are who's a complete have friends that are who's a complete uh but it's a different base uh but it's a different base uh but it's a different base level so you can actually tune it down level so you can actually tune it down level so you can actually tune it down to like okay they're not actually being to like okay they're not actually being to like okay they're not actually being an there this is uh they're an there this is uh they're an there this is uh they're actually expressing love right now it's actually expressing love right now it's actually expressing love right now it's just that this is a they have their way

just that this is a they have their way just that this is a they have their way of of doing that and they probably live of of doing that and they probably live of of doing that and they probably live in New York uh if we're just to pick a in New York uh if we're just to pick a in New York uh if we're just to pick a random location so so yeah so you can random location so so yeah so you can random location so so yeah so you can basically layer out contexts you can basically layer out contexts you can basically layer out contexts you can basically say oh let me change New York basically say oh let me change New York basically say oh let me change New York to Texas and let me change you know uh to Texas and let me change you know uh to Texas and let me change you know uh extreme left extreme right or somewhere extreme left extreme right or somewhere extreme left extreme right or somewhere in the middle or something and in the middle or something and in the middle or something and um I also like the concept of being able um I also like the concept of being able um I also like the concept of being able to to to um um um listen to the information without being listen to the information without being listen to the information without being dissuaded by the emotions in other words dissuaded by the emotions in other words dissuaded by the emotions in other words everything humans say has an intonation everything humans say has an intonation everything humans say has an intonation has some kind of background that they're has some kind of background that they're has some kind of background that they're coming from it reflects the way that coming from it reflects the way that coming from it reflects the way that they're thinking of you reflects the they're thinking of you reflects the they're thinking of you reflects the impression that they have of you and all impression that they have of you and all impression that they have of you and all of these things are intertwined of these things are intertwined of these things are intertwined but being able to disconnect them being but being able to disconnect them being but being able to disconnect them being able to sort of able to sort of able to sort of I mean self-improvement is one of the I mean self-improvement is one of the I mean self-improvement is one of the things that I'm constantly working on things that I'm constantly working on things that I'm constantly working on and being able to receive criticism and being able to receive criticism and being able to receive criticism from people who really hate you is from people who really hate you is from people who really hate you is difficult because it's layered in with difficult because it's layered in with difficult because it's layered in with that hatred but deep down there's that hatred but deep down there's that hatred but deep down there's something that they say that actually something that they say that actually something that they say that actually makes sense or people who love you might makes sense or people who love you might makes sense or people who love you might layer it in a way that doesn't come layer it in a way that doesn't come layer it in a way that doesn't come through but if you're able to sort of through but if you're able to sort of through but if you're able to sort of Disconnect that emotional component from Disconnect that emotional component from Disconnect that emotional component from the sort of self-improvement the sort of self-improvement the sort of self-improvement and basically when somebody says whoa and basically when somebody says whoa and basically when somebody says whoa that was a bunch of did you that was a bunch of did you that was a bunch of did you ever do the control this and this and ever do the control this and this and ever do the control this and this and that you could just say oh thanks for

that you could just say oh thanks for that you could just say oh thanks for the very interesting presentation uh you the very interesting presentation uh you the very interesting presentation uh you know I'm wondering what about that know I'm wondering what about that know I'm wondering what about that control then suddenly you're like oh control then suddenly you're like oh control then suddenly you're like oh yeah of course I'm gonna rather control yeah of course I'm gonna rather control yeah of course I'm gonna rather control that's a great idea yeah instead of that that's a great idea yeah instead of that that's a great idea yeah instead of that was a bunch of BS you're like ah you're was a bunch of BS you're like ah you're was a bunch of BS you're like ah you're sort of hitting on the brakes and you're sort of hitting on the brakes and you're sort of hitting on the brakes and you're trying to push back against of that so trying to push back against of that so trying to push back against of that so any kind of criticism that comes after any kind of criticism that comes after any kind of criticism that comes after that is very difficult to interpret in a that is very difficult to interpret in a that is very difficult to interpret in a positive way because it helps reinforce positive way because it helps reinforce positive way because it helps reinforce the negative assessment of your work the negative assessment of your work the negative assessment of your work when in fact if we disconnected the when in fact if we disconnected the when in fact if we disconnected the technical component from the negative technical component from the negative technical component from the negative assessment then assessment then assessment then you're embracing the negative then you're embracing the negative then you're embracing the negative then you're embracing the technical component you're embracing the technical component you're embracing the technical component you're going to fix it whereas if it's you're going to fix it whereas if it's you're going to fix it whereas if it's coupled with and if that thing is real coupled with and if that thing is real coupled with and if that thing is real and I'm right about your mistake then and I'm right about your mistake then and I'm right about your mistake then it's a it's a bunch of BS then suddenly it's a it's a bunch of BS then suddenly it's a it's a bunch of BS then suddenly you're like you're gonna try to prove you're like you're gonna try to prove you're like you're gonna try to prove that that mistake does not exist that that mistake does not exist that that mistake does not exist yeah it's fascinating to like carry the yeah it's fascinating to like carry the yeah it's fascinating to like carry the information this is what you're information this is what you're information this is what you're essentially able to do here is you carry essentially able to do here is you carry essentially able to do here is you carry the information in the rich complexity the information in the rich complexity the information in the rich complexity that information contains so it's not that information contains so it's not that information contains so it's not actually dumbing it down in some way actually dumbing it down in some way actually dumbing it down in some way exactly still expressing it but taking exactly still expressing it but taking exactly still expressing it but taking off but you can die the the the the off but you can die the the the the off but you can die the the the the emotional emotional side yeah which is emotional emotional side yeah which is emotional emotional side yeah which is probably so powerful for the internet or probably so powerful for the internet or probably so powerful for the internet or for social networks again when it comes for social networks again when it comes for social networks again when it comes to understanding each other one like for to understanding each other one like for to understanding each other one like for example I don't know what it's like to example I don't know what it's like to example I don't know what it's like to go through life with a different skin go through life with a different skin go through life with a different skin color color color I don't know how people will perceive me I don't know how people will perceive me I don't know how people will perceive me I don't know how people will respond to I don't know how people will respond to I don't know how people will respond to me me me we don't often have that experience we don't often have that experience we don't often have that experience but in a virtual reality environment or

but in a virtual reality environment or but in a virtual reality environment or in a sort of AI interactive system you in a sort of AI interactive system you in a sort of AI interactive system you could basically say okay now make me could basically say okay now make me could basically say okay now make me Chinese or make me South African or make Chinese or make me South African or make Chinese or make me South African or make me you know uh Nigerian me you know uh Nigerian me you know uh Nigerian you can change the accent you can change you can change the accent you can change you can change the accent you can change layers of layers of layers of that contextual information and then see that contextual information and then see that contextual information and then see how the information is interpreted and how the information is interpreted and how the information is interpreted and you can re-hear yourself through a you can re-hear yourself through a you can re-hear yourself through a different angle you can hear others you different angle you can hear others you different angle you can hear others you can have others react to you from a can have others react to you from a can have others react to you from a different package different package different package and then hopefully we can sort of build and then hopefully we can sort of build and then hopefully we can sort of build empathy by learning to disconnect all of empathy by learning to disconnect all of empathy by learning to disconnect all of these social cues that we get from like these social cues that we get from like these social cues that we get from like how a person is dressed you know if how a person is dressed you know if how a person is dressed you know if they're wearing a hoodie or if they're they're wearing a hoodie or if they're they're wearing a hoodie or if they're wearing a shirt or if they're wearing a wearing a shirt or if they're wearing a wearing a shirt or if they're wearing a you know jacket you get very different you know jacket you get very different you know jacket you get very different emotional responses that you know I wish emotional responses that you know I wish emotional responses that you know I wish we could overcome as humans and perhaps we could overcome as humans and perhaps we could overcome as humans and perhaps large language models and augmented large language models and augmented large language models and augmented reality and deep fakes can kind of help reality and deep fakes can kind of help reality and deep fakes can kind of help us overcome all that in what way do you us overcome all that in what way do you us overcome all that in what way do you think think think these large language models and the these large language models and the these large language models and the thing they give birth to in the AI space thing they give birth to in the AI space thing they give birth to in the AI space will change this Human Experience The will change this Human Experience The will change this Human Experience The Human Condition Human Condition Human Condition the things we've talked across many the things we've talked across many the things we've talked across many podcasts about that makes life so damn podcasts about that makes life so damn podcasts about that makes life so damn interesting and Rich interesting and Rich interesting and Rich love fear fear of death all of it uh if love fear fear of death all of it uh if love fear fear of death all of it uh if we could just begin kind of thinking we could just begin kind of thinking we could just begin kind of thinking about how does it change

about how does it change about how does it change for the good and the bad The Human for the good and the bad The Human for the good and the bad The Human Condition Condition Condition Human Society is extremely complicated Human Society is extremely complicated Human Society is extremely complicated we have come from we have come from we have come from a hunter-gatherer Society to an a hunter-gatherer Society to an a hunter-gatherer Society to an agricultural and farming Society agricultural and farming Society agricultural and farming Society where the goal of most professions was where the goal of most professions was where the goal of most professions was to eat and to survive to eat and to survive to eat and to survive and with the Advent of Agriculture the and with the Advent of Agriculture the and with the Advent of Agriculture the ability to live together in societies ability to live together in societies ability to live together in societies humans could suddenly be valued for different skills valued for different skills if you don't know how to hunt if you don't know how to hunt if you don't know how to hunt but you're an amazing potterer then you but you're an amazing potterer then you but you're an amazing potterer then you fit in society very well because you can fit in society very well because you can fit in society very well because you can sort of make your pottery and you can sort of make your pottery and you can sort of make your pottery and you can barter it for rabbits that somebody else barter it for rabbits that somebody else barter it for rabbits that somebody else caught and the person who hunts the caught and the person who hunts the caught and the person who hunts the rabbits rabbits rabbits doesn't need to make Bots because you're doesn't need to make Bots because you're doesn't need to make Bots because you're making all the parts and that making all the parts and that making all the parts and that specialization of humans is what shaped specialization of humans is what shaped specialization of humans is what shaped modern society modern society modern society and with the Advent of currencies and and with the Advent of currencies and and with the Advent of currencies and governments and you know credit cards governments and you know credit cards governments and you know credit cards and Bitcoin you basically now have the and Bitcoin you basically now have the and Bitcoin you basically now have the ability to exchange value for the kind ability to exchange value for the kind ability to exchange value for the kind of productivity that you have so of productivity that you have so of productivity that you have so basically I make things that are basically I make things that are basically I make things that are desirable to others I can sell them and desirable to others I can sell them and desirable to others I can sell them and buy back food shelter Etc buy back food shelter Etc buy back food shelter Etc with AI with AI with AI the concept of I am my profession

the concept of I am my profession the concept of I am my profession might need to be revised might need to be revised might need to be revised because I defined my profession in the because I defined my profession in the because I defined my profession in the first place I something that Humanity first place I something that Humanity first place I something that Humanity needed that I was uniquely capable of needed that I was uniquely capable of needed that I was uniquely capable of delivering but the moment we have ai delivering but the moment we have ai delivering but the moment we have ai systems able to deliver systems able to deliver systems able to deliver these goods for example writing a piece these goods for example writing a piece these goods for example writing a piece of software or making a self-driving car of software or making a self-driving car of software or making a self-driving car or interpreting the human genome or interpreting the human genome or interpreting the human genome then that frees up more of then that frees up more of then that frees up more of human time for other Pursuits human time for other Pursuits human time for other Pursuits this could be Pursuits that are still this could be Pursuits that are still this could be Pursuits that are still valuable to society I could basically be valuable to society I could basically be valuable to society I could basically be 10 times more productive at interpreting 10 times more productive at interpreting 10 times more productive at interpreting genomes and do a lot more genomes and do a lot more genomes and do a lot more or I could basically say oh great the or I could basically say oh great the or I could basically say oh great the interpreting genomes part of my job now interpreting genomes part of my job now interpreting genomes part of my job now only takes me five percent of the time only takes me five percent of the time only takes me five percent of the time instead of 60 of the time instead of 60 of the time instead of 60 of the time so now I can do more creative things I so now I can do more creative things I so now I can do more creative things I can explore not new career options but can explore not new career options but can explore not new career options but maybe new directions from my research maybe new directions from my research maybe new directions from my research lab I can sort of be more productive lab I can sort of be more productive lab I can sort of be more productive contribute more to society contribute more to society contribute more to society and if you look at this giant and if you look at this giant and if you look at this giant pyramid that we have built on top of the pyramid that we have built on top of the pyramid that we have built on top of the subsistence economy subsistence economy subsistence economy what fraction of U.S jobs are going to what fraction of U.S jobs are going to what fraction of U.S jobs are going to feeding all of the US less than two feeding all of the US less than two feeding all of the US less than two percent percent percent basically the the gain in productivity basically the the gain in productivity basically the the gain in productivity is such that 98 of the economy is beyond is such that 98 of the economy is beyond is such that 98 of the economy is beyond just feeding ourselves and that just feeding ourselves and that just feeding ourselves and that basically means that

basically means that basically means that we kind of have built these system of we kind of have built these system of we kind of have built these system of interdependencies of needed or useful or interdependencies of needed or useful or interdependencies of needed or useful or valued Goods that sort of make the valued Goods that sort of make the valued Goods that sort of make the economy run that the vast majority of economy run that the vast majority of economy run that the vast majority of wealth goes to other wealth goes to other wealth goes to other what we now call needs but used to be what we now call needs but used to be what we now call needs but used to be wants so basically I want to fly a drone wants so basically I want to fly a drone wants so basically I want to fly a drone I want to buy a bicycle I want to buy a I want to buy a bicycle I want to buy a I want to buy a bicycle I want to buy a nice car I want to have a nice home I nice car I want to have a nice home I nice car I want to have a nice home I want to Etc so want to Etc so want to Etc so and and then sort of what is my direct and and then sort of what is my direct and and then sort of what is my direct contribution to my eating I mean I'm I'm contribution to my eating I mean I'm I'm contribution to my eating I mean I'm I'm doing research on the human genome I doing research on the human genome I doing research on the human genome I mean this will help humans it will help mean this will help humans it will help mean this will help humans it will help all Humanity but how is that helping the all Humanity but how is that helping the all Humanity but how is that helping the person who's giving me poultry or person who's giving me poultry or person who's giving me poultry or vegetables so in a way I see AI as vegetables so in a way I see AI as vegetables so in a way I see AI as perhaps leading to a dramatic rethinking perhaps leading to a dramatic rethinking perhaps leading to a dramatic rethinking of human society of human society of human society if you think about sort of the economy if you think about sort of the economy if you think about sort of the economy being based on intellectual Goods that being based on intellectual Goods that being based on intellectual Goods that I'm producing I'm producing I'm producing what if AI can produce a lot of these what if AI can produce a lot of these what if AI can produce a lot of these intellectual goods and satisfies that intellectual goods and satisfies that intellectual goods and satisfies that need does that now free humans for more need does that now free humans for more need does that now free humans for more artistic expression for more emotional artistic expression for more emotional artistic expression for more emotional maturing for maturing for maturing for basically having a better work-life basically having a better work-life basically having a better work-life balance being able to show up for your balance being able to show up for your balance being able to show up for your two hours of work a day or two hours of two hours of work a day or two hours of two hours of work a day or two hours of work like three times a week with like work like three times a week with like work like three times a week with like immense rest and preparation and immense rest and preparation and immense rest and preparation and exercise and you're sort of clearing exercise and you're sort of clearing exercise and you're sort of clearing your mind and suddenly you have these your mind and suddenly you have these your mind and suddenly you have these two amazingly creative hours you two amazingly creative hours you two amazingly creative hours you basically show up at the office as your basically show up at the office as your basically show up at the office as your AI is busy answering your phone call AI is busy answering your phone call AI is busy answering your phone call making all your meetings you know making all your meetings you know making all your meetings you know revising all your papers Etc and then revising all your papers Etc and then revising all your papers Etc and then you show up for those creative hours and

you show up for those creative hours and you show up for those creative hours and you're like all right autopilot I'm on you're like all right autopilot I'm on you're like all right autopilot I'm on and then you can basically do so so much and then you can basically do so so much and then you can basically do so so much more that you would perhaps otherwise more that you would perhaps otherwise more that you would perhaps otherwise never get to because you're so never get to because you're so never get to because you're so overwhelmed with these mundane aspects overwhelmed with these mundane aspects overwhelmed with these mundane aspects of your of your job so I feel that AI of your of your job so I feel that AI of your of your job so I feel that AI can truly transform The Human Condition can truly transform The Human Condition can truly transform The Human Condition from realizing that we don't have jobs anymore we now have we don't have jobs anymore we now have vocations vocations vocations and there's this beautiful analogy of and there's this beautiful analogy of and there's this beautiful analogy of three people laying bricks and somebody three people laying bricks and somebody three people laying bricks and somebody comes over and asks the first one what comes over and asks the first one what comes over and asks the first one what are you doing he's like oh I'm laying are you doing he's like oh I'm laying are you doing he's like oh I'm laying bricks second one what are you doing I'm bricks second one what are you doing I'm bricks second one what are you doing I'm building a wall building a wall building a wall and the third one what are you doing I'm and the third one what are you doing I'm and the third one what are you doing I'm building this beautiful cathedral building this beautiful cathedral building this beautiful cathedral so in a way the first one has a job the so in a way the first one has a job the so in a way the first one has a job the last one has a vocation last one has a vocation last one has a vocation and if you ask me what are you doing oh and if you ask me what are you doing oh and if you ask me what are you doing oh I'm editing a paper then I have a job I'm editing a paper then I have a job I'm editing a paper then I have a job what are you doing what are you doing what are you doing um understanding human disease circuitry um understanding human disease circuitry um understanding human disease circuitry I have a vocation so in a way being able I have a vocation so in a way being able I have a vocation so in a way being able to allow us to enjoy more of our to allow us to enjoy more of our to allow us to enjoy more of our vocation vocation vocation by taking away offloading some of the by taking away offloading some of the by taking away offloading some of the job part job part job part of our daily activities so we all become of our daily activities so we all become of our daily activities so we all become the the Builders of cathedrals correct the the Builders of cathedrals correct the the Builders of cathedrals correct yeah and we follow intellectual Pursuits yeah and we follow intellectual Pursuits yeah and we follow intellectual Pursuits artistics Pursuits I wonder what how artistics Pursuits I wonder what how artistics Pursuits I wonder what how that really changed at a scale of that really changed at a scale of that really changed at a scale of several billion people several billion people several billion people everybody playing in the space of ideas everybody playing in the space of ideas everybody playing in the space of ideas and the space of creations and the space of creations and the space of creations so ideas maybe for some of us maybe you

so ideas maybe for some of us maybe you so ideas maybe for some of us maybe you and I are in the job of ideas but other and I are in the job of ideas but other and I are in the job of ideas but other people are in the job of experiences people are in the job of experiences people are in the job of experiences other job other people in the the job of other job other people in the the job of other job other people in the the job of emotions of dancing of creative artistic emotions of dancing of creative artistic emotions of dancing of creative artistic expression of you know skydiving and you expression of you know skydiving and you expression of you know skydiving and you name it so basically these again the beauty of human diversity is again the beauty of human diversity is exactly that that what rocks my boat exactly that that what rocks my boat exactly that that what rocks my boat might be very different from what rocks might be very different from what rocks might be very different from what rocks other people's boat and what I'm trying other people's boat and what I'm trying other people's boat and what I'm trying to say is that maybe AI will allow to say is that maybe AI will allow to say is that maybe AI will allow humans to truly humans to truly humans to truly like not just look for but Find meaning like not just look for but Find meaning like not just look for but Find meaning and sort of you don't need to work but and sort of you don't need to work but and sort of you don't need to work but you need to keep your brain at ease and you need to keep your brain at ease and you need to keep your brain at ease and the way that your brain will be at ease the way that your brain will be at ease the way that your brain will be at ease is by dancing and creating this amazing is by dancing and creating this amazing is by dancing and creating this amazing you know movements or creating these you know movements or creating these you know movements or creating these amazing paintings or creating I don't amazing paintings or creating I don't amazing paintings or creating I don't know something that that sort of changes know something that that sort of changes know something that that sort of changes that that touches at least one person that that touches at least one person that that touches at least one person out there that sort of shapes Humanity out there that sort of shapes Humanity out there that sort of shapes Humanity through that process through that process through that process and instead of working your you know and instead of working your you know and instead of working your you know mundane programming job where you like mundane programming job where you like mundane programming job where you like hate your boss and you hate your job and hate your boss and you hate your job and hate your boss and you hate your job and you say you hate that darn program Etc you say you hate that darn program Etc you say you hate that darn program Etc you're like well I don't need that I can you're like well I don't need that I can you're like well I don't need that I can you know offload that and I can now you know offload that and I can now you know offload that and I can now explore something that will actually be explore something that will actually be explore something that will actually be more beneficial to human to humanity more beneficial to human to humanity more beneficial to human to humanity because the mundane Parts can be because the mundane Parts can be because the mundane Parts can be offloaded I wonder if it localizes our uh all the things you've mentioned all uh all the things you've mentioned all the vocations so you mentioned that you the vocations so you mentioned that you the vocations so you mentioned that you and I might be playing in the space of

and I might be playing in the space of and I might be playing in the space of ideas but there's two ways to play in ideas but there's two ways to play in ideas but there's two ways to play in this piece of ideas both of which we're this piece of ideas both of which we're this piece of ideas both of which we're currently engaging and so one is the currently engaging and so one is the currently engaging and so one is the communication of that to other people it communication of that to other people it communication of that to other people it could be a classroom full of students could be a classroom full of students could be a classroom full of students but it could be a podcast it could be but it could be a podcast it could be but it could be a podcast it could be something that's uh that's shown on something that's uh that's shown on something that's uh that's shown on YouTube and so on or it could be just YouTube and so on or it could be just YouTube and so on or it could be just the act of sitting alone and playing the act of sitting alone and playing the act of sitting alone and playing with ideas in your head or maybe with a with ideas in your head or maybe with a with ideas in your head or maybe with a loved one having a conversation that loved one having a conversation that loved one having a conversation that nobody gets to see the experience of nobody gets to see the experience of nobody gets to see the experience of just sort of looking up at the sky and just sort of looking up at the sky and just sort of looking up at the sky and wondering uh different things maybe wondering uh different things maybe wondering uh different things maybe quoting some philosophers from the past quoting some philosophers from the past quoting some philosophers from the past and playing with those little ideas and and playing with those little ideas and and playing with those little ideas and that little exchange is forgotten that little exchange is forgotten that little exchange is forgotten forever but you got to experience it and forever but you got to experience it and forever but you got to experience it and maybe maybe maybe I wonder if it localizes that exchange I wonder if it localizes that exchange I wonder if it localizes that exchange of ideas for that with AI it'll become of ideas for that with AI it'll become of ideas for that with AI it'll become less and less valuable to communicate less and less valuable to communicate less and less valuable to communicate with a large group of people that you with a large group of people that you with a large group of people that you will live life intimately and and richly will live life intimately and and richly will live life intimately and and richly just with that Circle of meat bags that just with that Circle of meat bags that just with that Circle of meat bags that you seem to love you seem to love you seem to love so the first is even if you're alone in so the first is even if you're alone in so the first is even if you're alone in a forest having this amazing thought a forest having this amazing thought a forest having this amazing thought when you exit that Forest the baggage when you exit that Forest the baggage when you exit that Forest the baggage that you carry has been shifted has been that you carry has been shifted has been that you carry has been shifted has been altered by that thought altered by that thought altered by that thought when I bike to work in the morning I when I bike to work in the morning I when I bike to work in the morning I listen to books listen to books listen to books and I'm alone no one else is there I'm and I'm alone no one else is there I'm and I'm alone no one else is there I'm having that experience by myself and yet having that experience by myself and yet having that experience by myself and yet in the evening when I speak with someone in the evening when I speak with someone in the evening when I speak with someone an idea that was formed there could come

an idea that was formed there could come an idea that was formed there could come back back back sometimes when I fall asleep I fall sometimes when I fall asleep I fall sometimes when I fall asleep I fall asleep listening to a book and in the asleep listening to a book and in the asleep listening to a book and in the morning I'll be full of ideas that I morning I'll be full of ideas that I morning I'll be full of ideas that I never even process consciously I'll never even process consciously I'll never even process consciously I'll process them unconsciously and they will process them unconsciously and they will process them unconsciously and they will shape that baggage that I carry that shape that baggage that I carry that shape that baggage that I carry that will then shape my interactions and will then shape my interactions and will then shape my interactions and again affect ultimately all of humanity again affect ultimately all of humanity again affect ultimately all of humanity in some Butterfly Effect by Newt kind of in some Butterfly Effect by Newt kind of in some Butterfly Effect by Newt kind of way way way so that's one aspect so that's one aspect so that's one aspect the second aspect is the second aspect is the second aspect is Gatherings so basically you and I are Gatherings so basically you and I are Gatherings so basically you and I are having a conversation having a conversation having a conversation which feels very private but we're which feels very private but we're which feels very private but we're sharing with the world sharing with the world sharing with the world and then later tonight you're coming and then later tonight you're coming and then later tonight you're coming over and we're having a conversation over and we're having a conversation over and we're having a conversation that will be very public with dozens of that will be very public with dozens of that will be very public with dozens of other people but we will not share with other people but we will not share with other people but we will not share with the world yeah the world yeah the world yeah so in a way which one's more private the so in a way which one's more private the so in a way which one's more private the one here or the one there here there's one here or the one there here there's one here or the one there here there's just two of us but a lot of others just two of us but a lot of others just two of us but a lot of others listening there a lot of people speaking listening there a lot of people speaking listening there a lot of people speaking and thinking together and bouncing off and thinking together and bouncing off and thinking together and bouncing off each other and maybe that will then each other and maybe that will then each other and maybe that will then impact your millions of you know uh impact your millions of you know uh impact your millions of you know uh audience audience audience through your next conversation and through your next conversation and through your next conversation and I think that's part of the beauty of I think that's part of the beauty of I think that's part of the beauty of humanity the fact that no matter how humanity the fact that no matter how humanity the fact that no matter how small how alone how broadcast small how alone how broadcast small how alone how broadcast immediately or later on something is immediately or later on something is immediately or later on something is it still percolates through the human it still percolates through the human it still percolates through the human psyche psyche psyche human gatherings human gatherings human gatherings all throughout human history there's all throughout human history there's all throughout human history there's been gatherings been gatherings been gatherings I wonder how those Gatherings have

I wonder how those Gatherings have I wonder how those Gatherings have impacted the direction of human impacted the direction of human impacted the direction of human civilization it's just uh thinking of civilization it's just uh thinking of civilization it's just uh thinking of in the early days of the Nazi party in the early days of the Nazi party in the early days of the Nazi party it was a small collection of people it was a small collection of people it was a small collection of people Gathering Gathering Gathering and the uh the kernel of an idea in that and the uh the kernel of an idea in that and the uh the kernel of an idea in that case an evil idea case an evil idea case an evil idea I gave birth to something that actually I gave birth to something that actually I gave birth to something that actually had a transformative impact on all the had a transformative impact on all the had a transformative impact on all the human civilization and then there's a human civilization and then there's a human civilization and then there's a similar kind of gatherings that lead to similar kind of gatherings that lead to similar kind of gatherings that lead to positive transformations positive transformations positive transformations um this is probably a good moment to ask um this is probably a good moment to ask um this is probably a good moment to ask you on a bit of a tangent but you you on a bit of a tangent but you you on a bit of a tangent but you mentioned it you put together salons mentioned it you put together salons mentioned it you put together salons with um Gatherings small human with um Gatherings small human with um Gatherings small human Gatherings with uh folks from MIT Gatherings with uh folks from MIT Gatherings with uh folks from MIT Harvard here in Boston friends Harvard here in Boston friends Harvard here in Boston friends colleagues what's your vision behind colleagues what's your vision behind colleagues what's your vision behind that that that so so so it's not just MIT people it's not just it's not just MIT people it's not just it's not just MIT people it's not just Harvard people we have artists we have Harvard people we have artists we have Harvard people we have artists we have musicians we have painters we have musicians we have painters we have musicians we have painters we have dancers we have you know dancers we have you know dancers we have you know cinematographers we have so many cinematographers we have so many cinematographers we have so many different diverse folks different diverse folks different diverse folks and the goal is exactly that celebrate and the goal is exactly that celebrate and the goal is exactly that celebrate Humanity what what is humanity humanity Humanity what what is humanity humanity Humanity what what is humanity humanity is the all of us it's not the any one is the all of us it's not the any one is the all of us it's not the any one subset of us and we live in such an subset of us and we live in such an subset of us and we live in such an amazing extraordinary moment in time amazing extraordinary moment in time amazing extraordinary moment in time where you can sort of bring people from where you can sort of bring people from where you can sort of bring people from such diverse professions all living such diverse professions all living such diverse professions all living under the same city you know we live in under the same city you know we live in under the same city you know we live in an extraordinary City where you can have an extraordinary City where you can have an extraordinary City where you can have extraordinary people who have gathered extraordinary people who have gathered extraordinary people who have gathered him from all over the world him from all over the world him from all over the world so my father grew up in a village in an

so my father grew up in a village in an so my father grew up in a village in an island in Greece that didn't even have a island in Greece that didn't even have a island in Greece that didn't even have a high school high school high school to go get a high school education he had to go get a high school education he had to go get a high school education he had to move away from his home my mother to move away from his home my mother to move away from his home my mother grew up in another small island in grew up in another small island in grew up in another small island in Greece Greece Greece they did not have this environment that they did not have this environment that they did not have this environment that I am now creating for my children I am now creating for my children I am now creating for my children my parents were not academics they my parents were not academics they my parents were not academics they didn't have these gatherings didn't have these gatherings didn't have these gatherings so I feel that so I feel that so I feel that like I feel so privileged as an like I feel so privileged as an like I feel so privileged as an immigrant to basically be able to offer immigrant to basically be able to offer immigrant to basically be able to offer to my children the nurture that my to my children the nurture that my to my children the nurture that my ancestors did not have ancestors did not have ancestors did not have so Greece was under Turkish occupation so Greece was under Turkish occupation so Greece was under Turkish occupation until 1821 my dad's Island was until 1821 my dad's Island was until 1821 my dad's Island was liberating in 1920. liberating in 1920. liberating in 1920. so like they they were under Turkish so like they they were under Turkish so like they they were under Turkish occupation for hundreds of years these occupation for hundreds of years these occupation for hundreds of years these people did not know what it's like to be people did not know what it's like to be people did not know what it's like to be Greek let alone go to an elite Greek let alone go to an elite Greek let alone go to an elite University or you know be surrounded by University or you know be surrounded by University or you know be surrounded by by these extraordinary humans so by these extraordinary humans so by these extraordinary humans so the way that I'm thinking about these the way that I'm thinking about these the way that I'm thinking about these gatherings is that I'm gatherings is that I'm gatherings is that I'm I'm shaping my own environment and I'm I'm shaping my own environment and I'm I'm shaping my own environment and I'm shaping the environment that my children shaping the environment that my children shaping the environment that my children get to grow up in so I can give them all get to grow up in so I can give them all get to grow up in so I can give them all my love I can give them all my parenting my love I can give them all my parenting my love I can give them all my parenting but I can also give them an environment but I can also give them an environment but I can also give them an environment as immigrants that sort of we feel as immigrants that sort of we feel as immigrants that sort of we feel welcome here that I mean my wife grew up welcome here that I mean my wife grew up welcome here that I mean my wife grew up in a farm in rural France her father was in a farm in rural France her father was in a farm in rural France her father was a farmer her mother was a school teacher a farmer her mother was a school teacher a farmer her mother was a school teacher like for me and for my wife to be able

like for me and for my wife to be able like for me and for my wife to be able to host this extraordinary individuals to host this extraordinary individuals to host this extraordinary individuals that we feel so privileged so humbled by that we feel so privileged so humbled by that we feel so privileged so humbled by is amazing and and you know is amazing and and you know is amazing and and you know um um um I I think it's celebrating I I think it's celebrating I I think it's celebrating the welcoming nature of America the fact the welcoming nature of America the fact the welcoming nature of America the fact that it doesn't matter where you grew up that it doesn't matter where you grew up that it doesn't matter where you grew up and many many of our friends at these and many many of our friends at these and many many of our friends at these gatherings are immigrants themselves I gatherings are immigrants themselves I gatherings are immigrants themselves I grew up in Pakistan in you know all grew up in Pakistan in you know all grew up in Pakistan in you know all kinds of places around the world that kinds of places around the world that kinds of places around the world that are now able to sort of gather in one are now able to sort of gather in one are now able to sort of gather in one roof as human to human no one is judging roof as human to human no one is judging roof as human to human no one is judging you for your background for the color of you for your background for the color of you for your background for the color of your skin for your profession it's just your skin for your profession it's just your skin for your profession it's just everyone gets to raise their hands and everyone gets to raise their hands and everyone gets to raise their hands and ask ideas so celebration of humanity and ask ideas so celebration of humanity and ask ideas so celebration of humanity and and a kind of gratitude for having and a kind of gratitude for having and a kind of gratitude for having traveled uh quite a long way to get here traveled uh quite a long way to get here traveled uh quite a long way to get here and if you look at the diversity of and if you look at the diversity of and if you look at the diversity of topics as well I mean we had a school topics as well I mean we had a school topics as well I mean we had a school teacher present on teaching immigrants a teacher present on teaching immigrants a teacher present on teaching immigrants a book called making Americans we had a book called making Americans we had a book called making Americans we had a presidential advisor to four different presidential advisor to four different presidential advisor to four different presidents you know come and you know presidents you know come and you know presidents you know come and you know talk about the changing of U.S politics talk about the changing of U.S politics talk about the changing of U.S politics we had a we had a we had a musician a composer musician a composer musician a composer from Italy who lives in Australia come from Italy who lives in Australia come from Italy who lives in Australia come and present his latest piece and and present his latest piece and and present his latest piece and fundraise we had painters come and sort fundraise we had painters come and sort fundraise we had painters come and sort of show their art and talk about it of show their art and talk about it of show their art and talk about it we've had authors of books on leadership we've had authors of books on leadership we've had authors of books on leadership we've had we've had we've had you know intellectuals like you know intellectuals like you know intellectuals like um Stephen Pinker and

um Stephen Pinker and um Stephen Pinker and um it's just extraordinary the breath um it's just extraordinary the breath um it's just extraordinary the breath and the the this crowd basically loves and the the this crowd basically loves and the the this crowd basically loves not just the diversity of of the not just the diversity of of the not just the diversity of of the audience but also the diversity of the audience but also the diversity of the audience but also the diversity of the topics and the last few were with Scott topics and the last few were with Scott topics and the last few were with Scott Aaronson on AI and uh you know alignment Aaronson on AI and uh you know alignment Aaronson on AI and uh you know alignment and all of that so A bunch of beautiful and all of that so A bunch of beautiful and all of that so A bunch of beautiful weirdos exact and beautiful human beings weirdos exact and beautiful human beings weirdos exact and beautiful human beings and just like you said basically every and just like you said basically every and just like you said basically every human is a kind of outcast uh in this human is a kind of outcast uh in this human is a kind of outcast uh in this sparse distribution far away from the sparse distribution far away from the sparse distribution far away from the center but it's not recorded in this world that seeks to record so in this world that seeks to record so much much much uh it's it's it's powerful to get so uh it's it's it's powerful to get so uh it's it's it's powerful to get so many interesting humans together and not many interesting humans together and not many interesting humans together and not and not record it's not recorded but it and not record it's not recorded but it and not record it's not recorded but it percolates percolates percolates it's recorded in the minds of these it it's recorded in the minds of these it it's recorded in the minds of these it shapes everyone's mind shapes everyone's mind shapes everyone's mind so allow me to please return to The so allow me to please return to The so allow me to please return to The Human Condition and uh one of the nice Human Condition and uh one of the nice Human Condition and uh one of the nice features of the human condition is love features of the human condition is love features of the human condition is love do you think humans will fall in love do you think humans will fall in love do you think humans will fall in love with AI systems and maybe they with us with AI systems and maybe they with us with AI systems and maybe they with us so that aspect of the Human Condition do so that aspect of the Human Condition do so that aspect of the Human Condition do you think that will be affected you think that will be affected you think that will be affected so in Greece there's many many words for so in Greece there's many many words for so in Greece there's many many words for love love love and some of them mean friendship some of and some of them mean friendship some of and some of them mean friendship some of them mean passionate love some of them them mean passionate love some of them them mean passionate love some of them mean fraternal love mean fraternal love mean fraternal love Etc so um I think AI doesn't have the

Etc so um I think AI doesn't have the Etc so um I think AI doesn't have the baggage that we do baggage that we do baggage that we do and it doesn't have you know all of the and it doesn't have you know all of the and it doesn't have you know all of the subcortical regions that we kind of you subcortical regions that we kind of you subcortical regions that we kind of you know started with before we evolved all know started with before we evolved all know started with before we evolved all of the cognitive aspects so I would say of the cognitive aspects so I would say of the cognitive aspects so I would say AI is Faking it when it comes to love AI is Faking it when it comes to love AI is Faking it when it comes to love but when it comes to Friendship but when it comes to Friendship but when it comes to Friendship when it comes to being able to be your when it comes to being able to be your when it comes to being able to be your therapist your coach therapist your coach therapist your coach your motivator someone who synthesizes your motivator someone who synthesizes your motivator someone who synthesizes stuff for you who writes for you who stuff for you who writes for you who stuff for you who writes for you who interprets a complex passage who interprets a complex passage who interprets a complex passage who compacts down a very long lecture or a compacts down a very long lecture or a compacts down a very long lecture or a very long text very long text very long text I think that I think that I think that friendship will definitely be there like friendship will definitely be there like friendship will definitely be there like the fact that I can have my companion my the fact that I can have my companion my the fact that I can have my companion my partner my AI who has grown to know me partner my AI who has grown to know me partner my AI who has grown to know me well and that I can trust with all of well and that I can trust with all of well and that I can trust with all of the darkest parts of myself all of my the darkest parts of myself all of my the darkest parts of myself all of my flaws all of the stuff that I I only flaws all of the stuff that I I only flaws all of the stuff that I I only talk about to my friends and basically talk about to my friends and basically talk about to my friends and basically say listen you know here's all this say listen you know here's all this say listen you know here's all this stuff that I'm struggling with stuff that I'm struggling with stuff that I'm struggling with someone who will not judge me who will someone who will not judge me who will someone who will not judge me who will always be there to better me always be there to better me always be there to better me in in some ways not having the baggage in in some ways not having the baggage in in some ways not having the baggage might make for your best friend for your might make for your best friend for your might make for your best friend for your you know your confidante you know your confidante you know your confidante uh that that can truly help reshape you uh that that can truly help reshape you uh that that can truly help reshape you so I do believe that human AI so I do believe that human AI so I do believe that human AI relationships will absolutely be there relationships will absolutely be there relationships will absolutely be there but not the passion more the mentoring but not the passion more the mentoring but not the passion more the mentoring well that's a really interesting thought well that's a really interesting thought well that's a really interesting thought to play Devil's Advocate

to play Devil's Advocate to play Devil's Advocate if those AI systems are locked in if those AI systems are locked in if those AI systems are locked in in faking the baggage in faking the baggage in faking the baggage who are you to say that the AI systems who are you to say that the AI systems who are you to say that the AI systems that begs you that begs you that begs you not to leave it or it doesn't love you not to leave it or it doesn't love you not to leave it or it doesn't love you who are you to say that this AI system who are you to say that this AI system who are you to say that this AI system that writes poetry to you that is afraid that writes poetry to you that is afraid that writes poetry to you that is afraid of death afraid of life without you of death afraid of life without you of death afraid of life without you um or vice versa one you know creates um or vice versa one you know creates um or vice versa one you know creates the kind of drama that humans create the the kind of drama that humans create the the kind of drama that humans create the the power dynamics that can exist in a the power dynamics that can exist in a the power dynamics that can exist in a relationship what AI system that is one relationship what AI system that is one relationship what AI system that is one abusive one day and romantic the other abusive one day and romantic the other abusive one day and romantic the other day all the different variations of day all the different variations of day all the different variations of relationships and it's consistently that relationships and it's consistently that relationships and it's consistently that it holds the full richness of a it holds the full richness of a it holds the full richness of a particular personality why is that not a particular personality why is that not a particular personality why is that not a system you can love in a romantic way system you can love in a romantic way system you can love in a romantic way why is it faking it if it sure as hell why is it faking it if it sure as hell why is it faking it if it sure as hell seems real there's many answers to this seems real there's many answers to this seems real there's many answers to this the first is it's only the eye of the the first is it's only the eye of the the first is it's only the eye of the beholder who tells me that I'm not beholder who tells me that I'm not beholder who tells me that I'm not faking it either maybe all of these faking it either maybe all of these faking it either maybe all of these subcortical systems that make me sort of subcortical systems that make me sort of subcortical systems that make me sort of have different emotions have different emotions have different emotions maybe they don't really matter maybe all maybe they don't really matter maybe all maybe they don't really matter maybe all that matters is the neocortex and that's that matters is the neocortex and that's that matters is the neocortex and that's where all of my emotions are encoded and where all of my emotions are encoded and where all of my emotions are encoded and the rest is just you know bells and the rest is just you know bells and the rest is just you know bells and whistles whistles whistles um that's one possibility um that's one possibility um that's one possibility and and therefore and and therefore and and therefore you know who am I to judge that is you know who am I to judge that is you know who am I to judge that is Faking it when maybe I'm faking it as Faking it when maybe I'm faking it as Faking it when maybe I'm faking it as well well well the second is neither of us is Faking it the second is neither of us is Faking it the second is neither of us is Faking it maybe it's just an emergent behavior all maybe it's just an emergent behavior all maybe it's just an emergent behavior all these neocortical systems that

these neocortical systems that these neocortical systems that is truly capturing the same exact is truly capturing the same exact is truly capturing the same exact essence of love and hatred and essence of love and hatred and essence of love and hatred and dependency and sort of you know reverse dependency and sort of you know reverse dependency and sort of you know reverse psychology and psychology and psychology and um um um that that that we have so it is possible that that that we have so it is possible that that that we have so it is possible that it's simply an emerging behavior that it's simply an emerging behavior that it's simply an emerging behavior and that we don't have to encode these and that we don't have to encode these and that we don't have to encode these additional architectures that all we additional architectures that all we additional architectures that all we need is more parameters and some of need is more parameters and some of need is more parameters and some of these parameters can be all of the these parameters can be all of the these parameters can be all of the personality traits personality traits personality traits a third option is that just by telling a third option is that just by telling a third option is that just by telling me oh look now I've built an emotion me oh look now I've built an emotion me oh look now I've built an emotion component to AI it has a limbic system component to AI it has a limbic system component to AI it has a limbic system and it has a laser brain Etc and suddenly I'll say oh cool it has the and suddenly I'll say oh cool it has the capability of emotion so now when it capability of emotion so now when it capability of emotion so now when it exhibits the exact same unchanged exhibits the exact same unchanged exhibits the exact same unchanged behaviors that it does without it behaviors that it does without it behaviors that it does without it I as the beholder will be able to sort I as the beholder will be able to sort I as the beholder will be able to sort of attribute to it emotional attributes of attribute to it emotional attributes of attribute to it emotional attributes that I would to another human being and that I would to another human being and that I would to another human being and therefore have that mental model of that therefore have that mental model of that therefore have that mental model of that other person so again I think a lot of other person so again I think a lot of other person so again I think a lot of relationships is about the mental models relationships is about the mental models relationships is about the mental models that you project that you project that you project on the other person on the other person on the other person and that they're projecting on you and that they're projecting on you and that they're projecting on you and um and um and um then yeah then in that respect I do then yeah then in that respect I do then yeah then in that respect I do think that think that think that even without the embodied intelligence even without the embodied intelligence even without the embodied intelligence part without having ever experienced part without having ever experienced part without having ever experienced what it's like to be heartbroken the

what it's like to be heartbroken the what it's like to be heartbroken the sort of cultural feeling of misery sort of cultural feeling of misery sort of cultural feeling of misery um that that system you know I could um that that system you know I could um that that system you know I could still attribute it still attribute it still attribute it traits of human traits of human traits of human feelings and emotions and in the feelings and emotions and in the feelings and emotions and in the interaction with that system something interaction with that system something interaction with that system something like love emerges so it's possible that like love emerges so it's possible that like love emerges so it's possible that love is not a thing that exists in your love is not a thing that exists in your love is not a thing that exists in your mind but a thing that exists in the uh mind but a thing that exists in the uh mind but a thing that exists in the uh interaction of the different mental interaction of the different mental interaction of the different mental models you have of other people's minds models you have of other people's minds models you have of other people's minds or other person's mind and so or other person's mind and so or other person's mind and so it you know it doesn't as long as one of it you know it doesn't as long as one of it you know it doesn't as long as one of the entities let's just take the easy the entities let's just take the easy the entities let's just take the easy case one of the entities is human and case one of the entities is human and case one of the entities is human and the other is AI the other is AI the other is AI it feels very natural that from the it feels very natural that from the it feels very natural that from the perspective of at least the human there perspective of at least the human there perspective of at least the human there is a real love there is a real love there is a real love there and then the question is how does that and then the question is how does that and then the question is how does that transform Human Society if it's possible transform Human Society if it's possible transform Human Society if it's possible that which I believe will be the case that which I believe will be the case that which I believe will be the case I don't know what to make of it but I I don't know what to make of it but I I don't know what to make of it but I believe that'll be the case where believe that'll be the case where believe that'll be the case where there's there's there's hundreds of millions of romantic hundreds of millions of romantic hundreds of millions of romantic Partnerships between humans and AIS Partnerships between humans and AIS Partnerships between humans and AIS what does that mean for society if you what does that mean for society if you what does that mean for society if you look at longevity and if you look at look at longevity and if you look at look at longevity and if you look at happiness and if you look at late life happiness and if you look at late life happiness and if you look at late life you know well-being you know well-being you know well-being the love of another human the love of another human the love of another human is one of the strongest indicators of is one of the strongest indicators of is one of the strongest indicators of Health into long life Health into long life Health into long life and I have many many countless stories and I have many many countless stories and I have many many countless stories where as soon as the Romantic partner of

where as soon as the Romantic partner of where as soon as the Romantic partner of 60 plus years of a person dies within 60 plus years of a person dies within 60 plus years of a person dies within three four months the other person dies three four months the other person dies three four months the other person dies just like losing their love I think the just like losing their love I think the just like losing their love I think the concept of being able to satisfy that concept of being able to satisfy that concept of being able to satisfy that emotional need that humans have even emotional need that humans have even emotional need that humans have even just as a mental health just as a mental health just as a mental health sort of service sort of service sort of service uh to me you know that's that's a very uh to me you know that's that's a very uh to me you know that's that's a very good Society good Society good Society it doesn't matter if your love is wasted it doesn't matter if your love is wasted it doesn't matter if your love is wasted quote unquote on a machine quote unquote on a machine quote unquote on a machine it is you know the placebo if you wish it is you know the placebo if you wish it is you know the placebo if you wish that makes the patient better anyway that makes the patient better anyway that makes the patient better anyway like there's nothing behind it but just like there's nothing behind it but just like there's nothing behind it but just the feeling that you're being loved will the feeling that you're being loved will the feeling that you're being loved will probably engender all of the emotional probably engender all of the emotional probably engender all of the emotional attributes of that attributes of that attributes of that the other story that I want to say in the other story that I want to say in the other story that I want to say in this whole concept of Faking It this whole concept of Faking It this whole concept of Faking It and maybe I'm a terrible dad but I was and maybe I'm a terrible dad but I was and maybe I'm a terrible dad but I was asking my kids I was asking my my kids asking my kids I was asking my my kids asking my kids I was asking my my kids I'm like I'm like I'm like it doesn't matter if I'm a good dad or it doesn't matter if I'm a good dad or it doesn't matter if I'm a good dad or does it matter if I act like a good dad does it matter if I act like a good dad does it matter if I act like a good dad in other words if I give you love and in other words if I give you love and in other words if I give you love and shelter and kindness and warmth and all shelter and kindness and warmth and all shelter and kindness and warmth and all of the above of the above of the above you know does it matter that I'm a good you know does it matter that I'm a good you know does it matter that I'm a good dad conversely if I deep down love you dad conversely if I deep down love you dad conversely if I deep down love you to the end of Eternity but I'm always to the end of Eternity but I'm always to the end of Eternity but I'm always gone yeah gone yeah gone yeah which which dad would you rather have which which dad would you rather have which which dad would you rather have the cold ruthless killer that will show the cold ruthless killer that will show the cold ruthless killer that will show you only love and warmth and nourish you you only love and warmth and nourish you you only love and warmth and nourish you and nurture you and nurture you and nurture you or the amazingly warm-hearted but works or the amazingly warm-hearted but works or the amazingly warm-hearted but works five jobs and you never see them

five jobs and you never see them five jobs and you never see them and what's the answer I mean I and what's the answer I mean I and what's the answer I mean I think from I think you're a romantic so think from I think you're a romantic so think from I think you're a romantic so you say it matters what's on the inside you say it matters what's on the inside you say it matters what's on the inside but pragmatically speaking why does it but pragmatically speaking why does it but pragmatically speaking why does it matter the fact that I'm even asking the matter the fact that I'm even asking the matter the fact that I'm even asking the asking the question basically says it's asking the question basically says it's asking the question basically says it's not enough to love my kids I better not enough to love my kids I better not enough to love my kids I better freaking be there to show them that I'm freaking be there to show them that I'm freaking be there to show them that I'm there there there so basically of course you know so basically of course you know so basically of course you know everyone's a good guy in their story everyone's a good guy in their story everyone's a good guy in their story yeah so in my story I'm a good dad yeah so in my story I'm a good dad yeah so in my story I'm a good dad but if I'm not there it's wasted so the but if I'm not there it's wasted so the but if I'm not there it's wasted so the reason why I asked the question is for reason why I asked the question is for reason why I asked the question is for me to say me to say me to say you know does it really matter that I you know does it really matter that I you know does it really matter that I love them if I'm not there to show it love them if I'm not there to show it love them if I'm not there to show it but it's also possible that what reality but it's also possible that what reality but it's also possible that what reality is is the you showing it that what you is is the you showing it that what you is is the you showing it that what you feel on the inside is feel on the inside is feel on the inside is is little narratives and games you play is little narratives and games you play is little narratives and games you play inside your mind it doesn't really inside your mind it doesn't really inside your mind it doesn't really matter that the thing that truly matters matter that the thing that truly matters matter that the thing that truly matters is how you act and in that is how you act and in that is how you act and in that AI systems can quote unquote fake yeah AI systems can quote unquote fake yeah AI systems can quote unquote fake yeah and that if it's all that matters is and that if it's all that matters is and that if it's all that matters is actually real but not fake yeah yeah actually real but not fake yeah yeah actually real but not fake yeah yeah again let there be no doubt I love my again let there be no doubt I love my again let there be no doubt I love my kids to Pieces but you know my My worry kids to Pieces but you know my My worry kids to Pieces but you know my My worry is am I being a good enough Dad yeah and is am I being a good enough Dad yeah and is am I being a good enough Dad yeah and what does that mean like if I'm only what does that mean like if I'm only what does that mean like if I'm only there to do their homework and make sure there to do their homework and make sure there to do their homework and make sure that they you know do all the stuff but that they you know do all the stuff but that they you know do all the stuff but I don't show it to them then you know I don't show it to them then you know I don't show it to them then you know might as well be a terrible dad might as well be a terrible dad might as well be a terrible dad but I agree with you that like if the AI but I agree with you that like if the AI but I agree with you that like if the AI system can basically play the role of a system can basically play the role of a system can basically play the role of a father figure father figure father figure for many children that don't have one or

for many children that don't have one or for many children that don't have one or you know the role of parents or the role you know the role of parents or the role you know the role of parents or the role of siblings of siblings of siblings if a child grows up alone if a child grows up alone if a child grows up alone maybe their emotional state will be very maybe their emotional state will be very maybe their emotional state will be very different than if they grow up with an different than if they grow up with an different than if they grow up with an AI sibling well let me ask I mean this AI sibling well let me ask I mean this AI sibling well let me ask I mean this is for for you for your kids for just is for for you for your kids for just is for for you for your kids for just loved ones in general let's let's go to loved ones in general let's let's go to loved ones in general let's let's go to like the trivial case like the trivial case like the trivial case of just texting back and forth of just texting back and forth of just texting back and forth what if we create a large language Model what if we create a large language Model what if we create a large language Model fine-tune A manolus fine-tune A manolus fine-tune A manolus and and and while you're at work it'll replace while you're at work it'll replace while you're at work it'll replace every once in a while you just activate every once in a while you just activate every once in a while you just activate the auto manolus the auto manolus the auto manolus you know text them exactly in your way you know text them exactly in your way you know text them exactly in your way is that is that cheating I can't wait is that is that cheating I can't wait is that is that cheating I can't wait I mean it's the same guy I cannot wait I mean it's the same guy I cannot wait I mean it's the same guy I cannot wait seriously like but wait wouldn't that seriously like but wait wouldn't that seriously like but wait wouldn't that have a big impact on you emotionally have a big impact on you emotionally have a big impact on you emotionally because now I'm replaceable I love that because now I'm replaceable I love that because now I'm replaceable I love that no seriously I would love that I would no seriously I would love that I would no seriously I would love that I would love to be replaced I would love to be love to be replaced I would love to be love to be replaced I would love to be replaceable I would love to have a replaceable I would love to have a replaceable I would love to have a digital twin that you know we don't have digital twin that you know we don't have digital twin that you know we don't have to wait for me to to die or to disappear to wait for me to to die or to disappear to wait for me to to die or to disappear in a plane crash or something in a plane crash or something in a plane crash or something um to to replace me like I'd love that um to to replace me like I'd love that um to to replace me like I'd love that model to be constantly learning model to be constantly learning model to be constantly learning constantly evolving adapting with every constantly evolving adapting with every constantly evolving adapting with every one of my changing growing self uh as one of my changing growing self uh as one of my changing growing self uh as I'm growing I want that AI to grow and I I'm growing I want that AI to grow and I I'm growing I want that AI to grow and I think this will be extraordinary number think this will be extraordinary number think this will be extraordinary number one when I'm you know giving advice

one when I'm you know giving advice one when I'm you know giving advice being able to be there for more than one being able to be there for more than one being able to be there for more than one person you know why does someone need to person you know why does someone need to person you know why does someone need to be at MIT to get advice from me like you be at MIT to get advice from me like you be at MIT to get advice from me like you know people in India could download it know people in India could download it know people in India could download it and you know so many so many students and you know so many so many students and you know so many so many students contact me from across the world who contact me from across the world who contact me from across the world who want to come and spend a summer with me want to come and spend a summer with me want to come and spend a summer with me I wish they could do that I wish they could do that I wish they could do that all of them like you know we we don't all of them like you know we we don't all of them like you know we we don't have room for all of them but I wish I have room for all of them but I wish I have room for all of them but I wish I could do that to all of them and could do that to all of them and could do that to all of them and um that that aspect is the um that that aspect is the um that that aspect is the democratization of of relationships I democratization of of relationships I democratization of of relationships I think that that is extremely beneficial think that that is extremely beneficial think that that is extremely beneficial the other aspect is I want to interact the other aspect is I want to interact the other aspect is I want to interact with that system I want to look inside with that system I want to look inside with that system I want to look inside the hood I want to sort of evaluate it I the hood I want to sort of evaluate it I the hood I want to sort of evaluate it I want to basically see if when I see it want to basically see if when I see it want to basically see if when I see it from the outside the emotional from the outside the emotional from the outside the emotional parameters are off or the cognitive parameters are off or the cognitive parameters are off or the cognitive parameters are off or the set of ideas parameters are off or the set of ideas parameters are off or the set of ideas that I'm giving are not quite right that I'm giving are not quite right that I'm giving are not quite right anymore I want to see how that system anymore I want to see how that system anymore I want to see how that system evolves I want to see the impact of evolves I want to see the impact of evolves I want to see the impact of exercise or sleep on sort of my own exercise or sleep on sort of my own exercise or sleep on sort of my own cognitive system I want to be able to cognitive system I want to be able to cognitive system I want to be able to sort of sort of sort of decompose my own behavior in a set of decompose my own behavior in a set of decompose my own behavior in a set of parameters that can evaluate and look at parameters that can evaluate and look at parameters that can evaluate and look at my own personal growth I can sort of I'd my own personal growth I can sort of I'd my own personal growth I can sort of I'd love to sort of at the end of the day love to sort of at the end of the day love to sort of at the end of the day have my model say well you know you have my model say well you know you have my model say well you know you didn't quite do well today like you know didn't quite do well today like you know didn't quite do well today like you know you you weren't quite there and sort of you you weren't quite there and sort of you you weren't quite there and sort of grow from that experience and I I think grow from that experience and I I think grow from that experience and I I think the concept of basically being able to the concept of basically being able to the concept of basically being able to become more aware of our own become more aware of our own become more aware of our own personalities become more aware of our personalities become more aware of our personalities become more aware of our own identities maybe even interact with own identities maybe even interact with own identities maybe even interact with ourselves and sort of hear how we are

ourselves and sort of hear how we are ourselves and sort of hear how we are being perceived being perceived being perceived I think would be immensely helpful in I think would be immensely helpful in I think would be immensely helpful in self-growth in self-actualization self-growth in self-actualization self-growth in self-actualization self-aducation self-aducation self-aducation the experiments I would do on that thing the experiments I would do on that thing the experiments I would do on that thing because one of the challenges of course because one of the challenges of course because one of the challenges of course is you might not like what you see is you might not like what you see is you might not like what you see in your interaction and you might say in your interaction and you might say in your interaction and you might say well this the model is not accurate but well this the model is not accurate but well this the model is not accurate but then you have to should probably then you have to should probably then you have to should probably consider the possibility that the model consider the possibility that the model consider the possibility that the model is accurate and that there's actually is accurate and that there's actually is accurate and that there's actually flaws in your mind I would definitely flaws in your mind I would definitely flaws in your mind I would definitely prod and see how many biases I have with prod and see how many biases I have with prod and see how many biases I have with different kinds I don't know and I would different kinds I don't know and I would different kinds I don't know and I would of course go to the extremes I would go of course go to the extremes I would go of course go to the extremes I would go like um how jealous can I make this like um how jealous can I make this like um how jealous can I make this thing like what what at which stages thing like what what at which stages thing like what what at which stages does it get super jealous you know or at does it get super jealous you know or at does it get super jealous you know or at which stages does it get angry kind of which stages does it get angry kind of which stages does it get angry kind of like provoke it can I get it like yeah like provoke it can I get it like yeah like provoke it can I get it like yeah but not only triggers can I get it to go but not only triggers can I get it to go but not only triggers can I get it to go like lose its mind like go completely like lose its mind like go completely like lose its mind like go completely nuts just don't exercise for a few days nuts just don't exercise for a few days nuts just don't exercise for a few days that's basically it yes I mean that that's basically it yes I mean that that's basically it yes I mean that that's that's an interesting way to prod that's that's an interesting way to prod that's that's an interesting way to prod yourself almost like a a self therapy yourself almost like a a self therapy yourself almost like a a self therapy session and and the beauty of such a session and and the beauty of such a session and and the beauty of such a model is that if I am replaceable if the model is that if I am replaceable if the model is that if I am replaceable if the parts that I currently do are parts that I currently do are parts that I currently do are replaceable replaceable replaceable that's amazing because it frees me up to that's amazing because it frees me up to that's amazing because it frees me up to work on other parts that I don't work on other parts that I don't work on other parts that I don't currently have time to develop currently have time to develop currently have time to develop maybe all I'm doing is giving the same maybe all I'm doing is giving the same maybe all I'm doing is giving the same advice over and over and over again like advice over and over and over again like advice over and over and over again like just let my AI do that and I can work on

just let my AI do that and I can work on just let my AI do that and I can work on the next stage and the next stage and the next stage and the next stage and the next stage and the next stage and the next stage so I think in terms of the next stage so I think in terms of the next stage so I think in terms of freeing up like freeing up like freeing up like they say a programmer someone who cannot they say a programmer someone who cannot they say a programmer someone who cannot do the same thing twice so it's not the do the same thing twice so it's not the do the same thing twice so it's not the second time you write a program to do it second time you write a program to do it second time you write a program to do it and I wish I could do that for my own and I wish I could do that for my own and I wish I could do that for my own existence I could just like you know existence I could just like you know existence I could just like you know figure out things keep improving figure out things keep improving figure out things keep improving improving improving and once I've nailed improving improving and once I've nailed improving improving and once I've nailed it let the AI loose on that and maybe it let the AI loose on that and maybe it let the AI loose on that and maybe even let the AI better it better than I even let the AI better it better than I even let the AI better it better than I could have but doesn't the concept of could have but doesn't the concept of could have but doesn't the concept of you said me and I can work on new things you said me and I can work on new things you said me and I can work on new things but doesn't that uh break down because but doesn't that uh break down because but doesn't that uh break down because you said digital twin but there's no you said digital twin but there's no you said digital twin but there's no reason it can't be reason it can't be reason it can't be millions of digital monolysis millions of digital monolysis millions of digital monolysis aren't you lost in the sea of manosis aren't you lost in the sea of manosis aren't you lost in the sea of manosis the original uh is hardly the original the original uh is hardly the original the original uh is hardly the original it's just one of millions I it's just one of millions I it's just one of millions I I want to have the room to grow I want to have the room to grow I want to have the room to grow maybe the new version of me that that maybe the new version of me that that maybe the new version of me that that that the actual me will get slightly that the actual me will get slightly that the actual me will get slightly worse sometimes slightly better other worse sometimes slightly better other worse sometimes slightly better other times when it gets slightly better I'd times when it gets slightly better I'd times when it gets slightly better I'd like to emulate that and have a much like to emulate that and have a much like to emulate that and have a much higher standard to meet and keep going higher standard to meet and keep going higher standard to meet and keep going but does it make you sad that your loved but does it make you sad that your loved but does it make you sad that your loved ones ones ones the physical real loved ones might kind the physical real loved ones might kind the physical real loved ones might kind of like start cheating on you with the of like start cheating on you with the of like start cheating on you with the other minosis I I want to be there 100 other minosis I I want to be there 100 other minosis I I want to be there 100 of them for each of them of them for each of them of them for each of them so I I have zero perks or zero zero so I I have zero perks or zero zero so I I have zero perks or zero zero quirms about me being physically me like

quirms about me being physically me like quirms about me being physically me like zero jealousy wait a minute but is isn't zero jealousy wait a minute but is isn't zero jealousy wait a minute but is isn't that like don't we hold on to that isn't that why don't we hold on to that isn't that why we're afraid of death we don't want to we're afraid of death we don't want to we're afraid of death we don't want to lose this thing we have going on isn't lose this thing we have going on isn't lose this thing we have going on isn't that an ego death when there's a bunch that an ego death when there's a bunch that an ego death when there's a bunch of other minerals you get to look at of other minerals you get to look at of other minerals you get to look at them they're not you they're just very them they're not you they're just very them they're not you they're just very good copies of you they get to live a good copies of you they get to live a good copies of you they get to live a life life life the I mean it's fear of missing out it's the I mean it's fear of missing out it's the I mean it's fear of missing out it's fomo they get to have interactions all fomo they get to have interactions all fomo they get to have interactions all right and you don't get to have those right and you don't get to have those right and you don't get to have those interactions there's two aspects of interactions there's two aspects of interactions there's two aspects of every person's life there's what you every person's life there's what you every person's life there's what you give to others and there's what you give to others and there's what you give to others and there's what you experience yourself yeah experience yourself yeah experience yourself yeah life truly ends when you experiencing life truly ends when you experiencing life truly ends when you experiencing ends ends ends but the others experiencing you doesn't but the others experiencing you doesn't but the others experiencing you doesn't need to end but your experience you could still I but your experience you could still I guess you're saying the digital twin guess you're saying the digital twin guess you're saying the digital twin does not limit your ability to truly the does not limit your ability to truly the does not limit your ability to truly the experience to experience as a human experience to experience as a human experience to experience as a human being the the the the downside is when being the the the the downside is when being the the the the downside is when you know my wife or my kids will have a you know my wife or my kids will have a you know my wife or my kids will have a really emotional interaction with my really emotional interaction with my really emotional interaction with my digital twin and I won't know about it digital twin and I won't know about it digital twin and I won't know about it so I will show up and they now have the so I will show up and they now have the so I will show up and they now have the baggage but I don't baggage but I don't baggage but I don't so basically what makes interactions so basically what makes interactions so basically what makes interactions between humans unique in this sharing between humans unique in this sharing between humans unique in this sharing and exchanging kind of way is the fact and exchanging kind of way is the fact and exchanging kind of way is the fact that we are both shaped by every one of that we are both shaped by every one of that we are both shaped by every one of our interactions I think the model of our interactions I think the model of our interactions I think the model of the digital twin works for dissemination

the digital twin works for dissemination the digital twin works for dissemination of knowledge of advice of knowledge of advice of knowledge of advice Etc where you know I want to have wise Etc where you know I want to have wise Etc where you know I want to have wise people give me advice across history I people give me advice across history I people give me advice across history I want to have chat with Gandhi but Gandhi want to have chat with Gandhi but Gandhi want to have chat with Gandhi but Gandhi will necessarily learn from me will necessarily learn from me will necessarily learn from me but I will learn from him so in a way but I will learn from him so in a way but I will learn from him so in a way you know the dissemination and the you know the dissemination and the you know the dissemination and the democratization rather than the building democratization rather than the building democratization rather than the building of relationships so the the emotional of relationships so the the emotional of relationships so the the emotional aspect is that there should be an alert aspect is that there should be an alert aspect is that there should be an alert when the AI system is interacting with when the AI system is interacting with when the AI system is interacting with your loved ones and all of a sudden it your loved ones and all of a sudden it your loved ones and all of a sudden it starts getting like starts getting like starts getting like emotionally fulfilling like a magical emotionally fulfilling like a magical emotionally fulfilling like a magical moment there should be okay stop AI moment there should be okay stop AI moment there should be okay stop AI system like freezes there's an alert on system like freezes there's an alert on system like freezes there's an alert on your phone you need to take over yeah your phone you need to take over yeah your phone you need to take over yeah yeah I take over and then whoever I was yeah I take over and then whoever I was yeah I take over and then whoever I was speaking with I can have the the AI or speaking with I can have the the AI or speaking with I can have the the AI or like one of the AIS this is such a like one of the AIS this is such a like one of the AIS this is such a tricky thing to get right I mean it's tricky thing to get right I mean it's tricky thing to get right I mean it's still I mean there's go still I mean there's go still I mean there's go uh this is going to go wrong in so many uh this is going to go wrong in so many uh this is going to go wrong in so many interesting ways that we're gonna have interesting ways that we're gonna have interesting ways that we're gonna have to learn as a society yeah yeah that in to learn as a society yeah yeah that in to learn as a society yeah yeah that in the process of trying to automate our the process of trying to automate our the process of trying to automate our tasks and having a digital twin tasks and having a digital twin tasks and having a digital twin you know for me personally if I could you know for me personally if I could you know for me personally if I could have a relatively good copy of myself have a relatively good copy of myself have a relatively good copy of myself uh I would set it to start answering uh I would set it to start answering uh I would set it to start answering emails but I would start it set it to emails but I would start it set it to emails but I would start it set it to start tweeting I would like to replace start tweeting I would like to replace start tweeting I would like to replace it gets better what if that one is it gets better what if that one is it gets better what if that one is actually way better than you yeah actually way better than you yeah actually way better than you yeah exactly and then you're like uh well I exactly and then you're like uh well I exactly and then you're like uh well I wouldn't want that because why wouldn't want that because why wouldn't want that because why because then I would never be able to because then I would never be able to because then I would never be able to live up to like what if the people that live up to like what if the people that live up to like what if the people that love me start loving that thing and then

love me start loving that thing and then love me start loving that thing and then I'm I will always I already fall short I'm I will always I already fall short I'm I will always I already fall short I'll be falling short even more so I'll be falling short even more so I'll be falling short even more so listen I'm a professor the stuff that I listen I'm a professor the stuff that I listen I'm a professor the stuff that I give to the world is the stuff that I give to the world is the stuff that I give to the world is the stuff that I teach but most much more importantly teach but most much more importantly teach but most much more importantly sorry number one the stuff that I teach sorry number one the stuff that I teach sorry number one the stuff that I teach number two the discoveries that we make number two the discoveries that we make number two the discoveries that we make in my research group but much more in my research group but much more in my research group but much more importantly the people that I train importantly the people that I train importantly the people that I train they are now out there in the world they are now out there in the world they are now out there in the world teaching others teaching others teaching others if you look at my own trainees they are if you look at my own trainees they are if you look at my own trainees they are extraordinarily successful professors extraordinarily successful professors extraordinarily successful professors so anshul kundanji at Stanford Alex so anshul kundanji at Stanford Alex so anshul kundanji at Stanford Alex Stark at Imp in Vienna Jason Ernst at Stark at Imp in Vienna Jason Ernst at Stark at Imp in Vienna Jason Ernst at UCLA Andreas Fanning at CMU UCLA Andreas Fanning at CMU UCLA Andreas Fanning at CMU each of them I'm like wow they're better each of them I'm like wow they're better each of them I'm like wow they're better than I am than I am than I am and I love that and I love that and I love that so maybe your role so maybe your role so maybe your role will be to train better versions of will be to train better versions of will be to train better versions of yourself yourself yourself and they will be your legacy not you and they will be your legacy not you and they will be your legacy not you doing everything but you training much doing everything but you training much doing everything but you training much better version of Lex Friedman than you better version of Lex Friedman than you better version of Lex Friedman than you are are are and then they go off to do their mission and then they go off to do their mission and then they go off to do their mission which is in many ways what this which is in many ways what this which is in many ways what this mentorship model of Academia does but mentorship model of Academia does but mentorship model of Academia does but the legacy is ephemeral it doesn't the legacy is ephemeral it doesn't the legacy is ephemeral it doesn't really live anywhere the Legacy it's not really live anywhere the Legacy it's not really live anywhere the Legacy it's not like written somewhere it just lives like written somewhere it just lives like written somewhere it just lives through them but you can continue through them but you can continue through them but you can continue improving and you can continue making improving and you can continue making improving and you can continue making even better versions of you even better versions of you even better versions of you yeah but they'll do better than me and yeah but they'll do better than me and yeah but they'll do better than me and that's creating new version it's awesome that's creating new version it's awesome that's creating new version it's awesome but it's but it's but it's um um um you know there's a ego that says there's you know there's a ego that says there's you know there's a ego that says there's a value to an individual and it feels a value to an individual and it feels a value to an individual and it feels like this process decreases the value of

like this process decreases the value of like this process decreases the value of the individual this meat bag the individual this meat bag the individual this meat bag all right if there's good digital copies all right if there's good digital copies all right if there's good digital copies of people then uh there's more of people then uh there's more of people then uh there's more flourishing of human thought and ideas flourishing of human thought and ideas flourishing of human thought and ideas and experiences but there's less value and experiences but there's less value and experiences but there's less value to the individual human I I don't have to the individual human I I don't have to the individual human I I don't have any such limitations I I basically I any such limitations I I basically I any such limitations I I basically I don't I don't have that feeling at all don't I don't have that feeling at all don't I don't have that feeling at all like I remember one of our interviews I like I remember one of our interviews I like I remember one of our interviews I was basically saying you know the was basically saying you know the was basically saying you know the meaning of life you had asked me and I meaning of life you had asked me and I meaning of life you had asked me and I was like I came back and I was like I was like I came back and I was like I was like I came back and I was like I felt useful today felt useful today felt useful today and I was at my maximum I was I was you and I was at my maximum I was I was you and I was at my maximum I was I was you know know know like a hundred percent and I gave good like a hundred percent and I gave good like a hundred percent and I gave good ideas and I was a good person with a ideas and I was a good person with a ideas and I was a good person with a good advisor with a good husband a good good advisor with a good husband a good good advisor with a good husband a good father that was a great day because it father that was a great day because it father that was a great day because it was useful and if I can be useful to was useful and if I can be useful to was useful and if I can be useful to more people by having digital twin I more people by having digital twin I more people by having digital twin I will be liberated will be liberated will be liberated because my urge to be useful because my urge to be useful because my urge to be useful will will be satisfied will will be satisfied will will be satisfied it doesn't matter whether it's direct me it doesn't matter whether it's direct me it doesn't matter whether it's direct me or indirect me whether it's my students or indirect me whether it's my students or indirect me whether it's my students that I've trained my AI that I've that I've trained my AI that I've that I've trained my AI that I've trained trained trained I think there's a there's a sense that I think there's a there's a sense that I think there's a there's a sense that my mission in life is being accomplished my mission in life is being accomplished my mission in life is being accomplished and I can work on my self-growth and I can work on my self-growth and I can work on my self-growth I mean that's a very Zen State that's I mean that's a very Zen State that's I mean that's a very Zen State that's why people love you it's the same state why people love you it's the same state why people love you it's the same state you've achieved but do you think most of you've achieved but do you think most of you've achieved but do you think most of humanity will be able to achieve that humanity will be able to achieve that humanity will be able to achieve that kind of thing is the people people kind of thing is the people people kind of thing is the people people really hold on to the value of Their Own really hold on to the value of Their Own really hold on to the value of Their Own ego that's it's not just being useful ego that's it's not just being useful ego that's it's not just being useful being useful is nice as long as it being useful is nice as long as it being useful is nice as long as it builds up this reputation and that meat builds up this reputation and that meat builds up this reputation and that meat bag is known as being useful therefore

bag is known as being useful therefore bag is known as being useful therefore has more value right people really don't has more value right people really don't has more value right people really don't want to let go of that ego thing I I one want to let go of that ego thing I I one want to let go of that ego thing I I one of the books that I reprogram my brain of the books that I reprogram my brain of the books that I reprogram my brain with at night was called uh ego is the with at night was called uh ego is the with at night was called uh ego is the enemy it goes in the atom he goes the enemy it goes in the atom he goes the enemy it goes in the atom he goes the enemy and basically being able to just enemy and basically being able to just enemy and basically being able to just let go like let go like let go like uh my advisor used to say you can uh my advisor used to say you can uh my advisor used to say you can accomplish anything accomplish anything accomplish anything as long as you don't seek to get credit as long as you don't seek to get credit as long as you don't seek to get credit for it for it for it that's beautiful to hear especially from that's beautiful to hear especially from that's beautiful to hear especially from a person who's existing in Academia a person who's existing in Academia a person who's existing in Academia you're right the Legacy lives through you're right the Legacy lives through you're right the Legacy lives through the people you manage the actions it's the people you manage the actions it's the people you manage the actions it's the outcome the outcome the outcome uh what about the fear of death how does uh what about the fear of death how does uh what about the fear of death how does this change it this change it this change it again to me death is when I stop again to me death is when I stop again to me death is when I stop experiencing experiencing experiencing and I never wanted to stop I want I want and I never wanted to stop I want I want and I never wanted to stop I want I want to live forever to live forever to live forever as I said last time every day the same as I said last time every day the same as I said last time every day the same day forever or one day every 10 years day forever or one day every 10 years day forever or one day every 10 years forever any of the Forevers I'll take it forever any of the Forevers I'll take it forever any of the Forevers I'll take it so you want to keep getting the so you want to keep getting the so you want to keep getting the experiences in your experience gosh it experiences in your experience gosh it experiences in your experience gosh it is it is so fulfilling just the is it is so fulfilling just the is it is so fulfilling just the self-growth the learning the growing the self-growth the learning the growing the self-growth the learning the growing the uh comprehending uh comprehending uh comprehending it's it's addictive it's a drug just a it's it's addictive it's a drug just a it's it's addictive it's a drug just a drug of intellectual stimulation the drug of intellectual stimulation the drug of intellectual stimulation the drug of growth the drug of knowledge drug of growth the drug of knowledge drug of growth the drug of knowledge it's a drug but then there'll be thousands or but then there'll be thousands or millions minosas that live on after your millions minosas that live on after your millions minosas that live on after your biological system is no longer more biological system is no longer more biological system is no longer more power to them

hey do you think that in quite hey do you think that in quite realistically it does mean that realistically it does mean that realistically it does mean that interesting people such as yourself live interesting people such as yourself live interesting people such as yourself live on on on in the uh in the uh in the uh you know if I can interact with the fake you know if I can interact with the fake you know if I can interact with the fake manolas those interactions live on in my manolas those interactions live on in my manolas those interactions live on in my mind mind mind so that makes sense about 10 years ago I so that makes sense about 10 years ago I so that makes sense about 10 years ago I started recording every single meeting started recording every single meeting started recording every single meeting that I had every single meeting we just that I had every single meeting we just that I had every single meeting we just start either the voice recorder at the start either the voice recorder at the start either the voice recorder at the time or now a zoom meeting and I record time or now a zoom meeting and I record time or now a zoom meeting and I record my students record every single one of my students record every single one of my students record every single one of our conversations recorded I always joke that like the ultimate I always joke that like the ultimate goal is to create virtual me and just goal is to create virtual me and just goal is to create virtual me and just get rid of me basically not get rid of get rid of me basically not get rid of get rid of me basically not get rid of it like don't have the need for me it like don't have the need for me it like don't have the need for me anymore yeah another goal is to be able anymore yeah another goal is to be able anymore yeah another goal is to be able to go back and say how have I changed to go back and say how have I changed to go back and say how have I changed from five years ago was I different was from five years ago was I different was from five years ago was I different was I giving you know advice in a different I giving you know advice in a different I giving you know advice in a different way was it giving different types of way was it giving different types of way was it giving different types of advice has My Philosophy about how to advice has My Philosophy about how to advice has My Philosophy about how to write papers or how to present data or write papers or how to present data or write papers or how to present data or anything like that changed and anything like that changed and anything like that changed and I you know I you know I you know in in Academia and in mentoring a lot of in in Academia and in mentoring a lot of in in Academia and in mentoring a lot of the interaction is my knowledge and my the interaction is my knowledge and my the interaction is my knowledge and my perception of the world goes to my perception of the world goes to my perception of the world goes to my students but a lot of it is also in the students but a lot of it is also in the students but a lot of it is also in the opposite direction like the other day I opposite direction like the other day I opposite direction like the other day I had a conversation with my one of my had a conversation with my one of my had a conversation with my one of my postdocs and I was like hmm I think you postdocs and I was like hmm I think you postdocs and I was like hmm I think you know let me give you an advice you could know let me give you an advice you could know let me give you an advice you could you could do this and then she said well you could do this and then she said well you could do this and then she said well I've thought about it and then I've I've thought about it and then I've I've thought about it and then I've decided to do that instead and we talked decided to do that instead and we talked decided to do that instead and we talked about it for a few minutes and then at

about it for a few minutes and then at about it for a few minutes and then at the end I'm like you know I've just the end I'm like you know I've just the end I'm like you know I've just grown a little bit today thank you like grown a little bit today thank you like grown a little bit today thank you like she convinced me that my advice was she convinced me that my advice was she convinced me that my advice was incorrect she could have just said yeah incorrect she could have just said yeah incorrect she could have just said yeah it sounds great and just not do it yeah it sounds great and just not do it yeah it sounds great and just not do it yeah but but but by by by constantly teaching my students and constantly teaching my students and constantly teaching my students and teaching my mentees that I'm here to teaching my mentees that I'm here to teaching my mentees that I'm here to grow grow grow she felt empowered to say here's my she felt empowered to say here's my she felt empowered to say here's my reasons why I will not follow that reasons why I will not follow that reasons why I will not follow that advice advice advice and again part of me growing is saying and again part of me growing is saying and again part of me growing is saying whoa I just understood your reasons I whoa I just understood your reasons I whoa I just understood your reasons I think I was wrong think I was wrong think I was wrong and now I've grown from it and now I've grown from it and now I've grown from it and that's what I want to do that as you and that's what I want to do that as you and that's what I want to do that as you know I want to constantly keep growing know I want to constantly keep growing know I want to constantly keep growing in this sort of bi-directional advice I in this sort of bi-directional advice I in this sort of bi-directional advice I wonder if you can capture the trajectory wonder if you can capture the trajectory wonder if you can capture the trajectory of that to where the AI could also uh of that to where the AI could also uh of that to where the AI could also uh map forward project forward the map forward project forward the map forward project forward the trajectory trajectory trajectory after you're no longer there how the after you're no longer there how the after you're no longer there how the different ways you might evolve so again different ways you might evolve so again different ways you might evolve so again we're discussing a lot about these large we're discussing a lot about these large we're discussing a lot about these large language models and we're sort of language models and we're sort of language models and we're sort of projecting these cognitive states of projecting these cognitive states of projecting these cognitive states of ourselves on them but I think on the AI ourselves on them but I think on the AI ourselves on them but I think on the AI front a lot more needs to happen so front a lot more needs to happen so front a lot more needs to happen so basically right now it's these language basically right now it's these language basically right now it's these language models and we believe that within their models and we believe that within their models and we believe that within their parameters we're encoding these types of parameters we're encoding these types of parameters we're encoding these types of things and you know in some aspects it things and you know in some aspects it things and you know in some aspects it might be true it might be truly emergent might be true it might be truly emergent might be true it might be truly emergent intelligence that's coming out of that intelligence that's coming out of that intelligence that's coming out of that in other aspects I think we have a ways in other aspects I think we have a ways in other aspects I think we have a ways to go so basically to make all of these to go so basically to make all of these to go so basically to make all of these dreams that we're sort of discussing dreams that we're sort of discussing dreams that we're sort of discussing come come reality come come reality come come reality we basically need a lot more reasoning

we basically need a lot more reasoning we basically need a lot more reasoning components components components a lot more sort of logic causality a lot more sort of logic causality a lot more sort of logic causality models of the world and I think all of models of the world and I think all of models of the world and I think all of these things will these things will these things will will need to be there will need to be there will need to be there in order to achieve what we're what in order to achieve what we're what in order to achieve what we're what we're discussing and we need more we're discussing and we need more we're discussing and we need more explicit representations of these explicit representations of these explicit representations of these knowledge more explicit understanding of knowledge more explicit understanding of knowledge more explicit understanding of these parameters and and I think the these parameters and and I think the these parameters and and I think the direction in which things are going direction in which things are going direction in which things are going right now is absolutely making that right now is absolutely making that right now is absolutely making that possible by sort of enabling you know possible by sort of enabling you know possible by sort of enabling you know chat GPT and gpt4 to sort of search the chat GPT and gpt4 to sort of search the chat GPT and gpt4 to sort of search the web and you know Plug and Play modules web and you know Plug and Play modules web and you know Plug and Play modules and all of these sort of components in Marvin Minsky is the Society of Mind in Marvin Minsky is the Society of Mind you know he truly thinks of the human you know he truly thinks of the human you know he truly thinks of the human brain as a society of different kind of brain as a society of different kind of brain as a society of different kind of capabilities capabilities capabilities and right now a simple a single such and right now a simple a single such and right now a simple a single such model model model might actually not capture that and I might actually not capture that and I might actually not capture that and I sort of truly believe that sort of truly believe that sort of truly believe that by sort of this side by side by sort of this side by side by sort of this side by side understanding of Neuroscience and sort understanding of Neuroscience and sort understanding of Neuroscience and sort of new neural architectures of new neural architectures of new neural architectures that we still have that we still have that we still have several breakthroughs I mean the several breakthroughs I mean the several breakthroughs I mean the Transformer model was one of them the Transformer model was one of them the Transformer model was one of them the attention uh sort of aspect the you know attention uh sort of aspect the you know attention uh sort of aspect the you know memory component memory component memory component all of these you know the representation all of these you know the representation all of these you know the representation learning the pretext training of being learning the pretext training of being learning the pretext training of being able to sort of predict the next word or

able to sort of predict the next word or able to sort of predict the next word or predict a missing part of the image and predict a missing part of the image and predict a missing part of the image and the only way to predict that is to sort the only way to predict that is to sort the only way to predict that is to sort of truly have a model of the world of truly have a model of the world of truly have a model of the world I think those have been transformative I think those have been transformative I think those have been transformative paradigms but I think going forward when paradigms but I think going forward when paradigms but I think going forward when you think about AI research what you you think about AI research what you you think about AI research what you really want is perhaps more inspired by really want is perhaps more inspired by really want is perhaps more inspired by the brain perhaps more that is just the brain perhaps more that is just the brain perhaps more that is just orthogonal to sort of how human brains orthogonal to sort of how human brains orthogonal to sort of how human brains work work work but sort of more of these types of but sort of more of these types of but sort of more of these types of components well it's I think it's also components well it's I think it's also components well it's I think it's also possible there's something about us that possible there's something about us that possible there's something about us that uh in different ways could be expressed uh in different ways could be expressed uh in different ways could be expressed you know Noam Chomsky you know he wants you know Noam Chomsky you know he wants you know Noam Chomsky you know he wants to you know we can't have intelligence to you know we can't have intelligence to you know we can't have intelligence unless we really understand unless we really understand unless we really understand deeply deeply deeply language the linguistic underpinnings of language the linguistic underpinnings of language the linguistic underpinnings of of uh of reasoning but these models seem of uh of reasoning but these models seem of uh of reasoning but these models seem to start building to start building to start building deep understanding of stuff yeah because deep understanding of stuff yeah because deep understanding of stuff yeah because what does it mean to understand because what does it mean to understand because what does it mean to understand because if you keep talking to the thing and it if you keep talking to the thing and it if you keep talking to the thing and it seems to show understanding that's seems to show understanding that's seems to show understanding that's understanding it doesn't need to present understanding it doesn't need to present understanding it doesn't need to present to you a schematic of look yeah this is to you a schematic of look yeah this is to you a schematic of look yeah this is all I understand you can just keep all I understand you can just keep all I understand you can just keep prodding it with prompts and it seems to prodding it with prompts and it seems to prodding it with prompts and it seems to really and you can go back to the human really and you can go back to the human really and you can go back to the human brain and basically look at places where brain and basically look at places where brain and basically look at places where there's been accidents for example the there's been accidents for example the there's been accidents for example the corpus callosum of some individuals you corpus callosum of some individuals you corpus callosum of some individuals you know can be damaged and then the two know can be damaged and then the two know can be damaged and then the two hemispheres don't talk to each other so hemispheres don't talk to each other so hemispheres don't talk to each other so you can close one eye and give you can close one eye and give you can close one eye and give instructions that the instructions that the instructions that the that half the brain will interpret but that half the brain will interpret but that half the brain will interpret but not be able to sort of project to the not be able to sort of project to the not be able to sort of project to the other half and you can basically say you

other half and you can basically say you other half and you can basically say you know go grab me a beer from the fridge know go grab me a beer from the fridge know go grab me a beer from the fridge and then you know they go to the fridge and then you know they go to the fridge and then you know they go to the fridge and they grab the beer and they come and they grab the beer and they come and they grab the beer and they come back and they're like hey why did you go back and they're like hey why did you go back and they're like hey why did you go there oh I was thirsty turns out they're there oh I was thirsty turns out they're there oh I was thirsty turns out they're not thirsty they're just making a model not thirsty they're just making a model not thirsty they're just making a model of reality they're basically you can of reality they're basically you can of reality they're basically you can think of the brain as the employee think of the brain as the employee think of the brain as the employee that's like afraid to do wrong or afraid that's like afraid to do wrong or afraid that's like afraid to do wrong or afraid to be caught not knowing what the to be caught not knowing what the to be caught not knowing what the instructions were instructions were instructions were where our own brain where our own brain where our own brain makes stories about the world to make makes stories about the world to make makes stories about the world to make sense of the world sense of the world sense of the world and we can become a little more and we can become a little more and we can become a little more self-aware by self-aware by self-aware by being being being more explicit about what's leading to more explicit about what's leading to more explicit about what's leading to these interpretations these interpretations these interpretations so one of the things that I do is every so one of the things that I do is every so one of the things that I do is every time I wake up I record my dream I just time I wake up I record my dream I just time I wake up I record my dream I just voice record my dream and sometimes I voice record my dream and sometimes I voice record my dream and sometimes I only remember the last scene but it's an only remember the last scene but it's an only remember the last scene but it's an extremely complex scene with a lot of extremely complex scene with a lot of extremely complex scene with a lot of architectural elements a lot of people architectural elements a lot of people architectural elements a lot of people Etc and I will start narrating this and Etc and I will start narrating this and Etc and I will start narrating this and as I'm narrating it I will remember as I'm narrating it I will remember as I'm narrating it I will remember other parts of the dream and then more other parts of the dream and then more other parts of the dream and then more and more I'll be able to sort of and more I'll be able to sort of and more I'll be able to sort of retrieve from my subconscious and what retrieve from my subconscious and what retrieve from my subconscious and what I'm doing while narrating is also I'm doing while narrating is also I'm doing while narrating is also narrating why I had this dream I'm like narrating why I had this dream I'm like narrating why I had this dream I'm like oh and this is probably related to this oh and this is probably related to this oh and this is probably related to this conversation that I had yesterday or conversation that I had yesterday or conversation that I had yesterday or this is probably related to the worry this is probably related to the worry this is probably related to the worry that I have about something that I have that I have about something that I have that I have about something that I have later today Etc so in a way I'm forcing later today Etc so in a way I'm forcing later today Etc so in a way I'm forcing myself to be more explicit about my own myself to be more explicit about my own myself to be more explicit about my own subconscious subconscious subconscious and I kind of like the concept of and I kind of like the concept of and I kind of like the concept of self-awareness in a very sort of brutal self-awareness in a very sort of brutal self-awareness in a very sort of brutal transparent kind of way it's not like oh transparent kind of way it's not like oh transparent kind of way it's not like oh my dreams are coming from outer space my dreams are coming from outer space my dreams are coming from outer space and I mean all kinds of things like no and I mean all kinds of things like no and I mean all kinds of things like no here's the reason why I'm having these

here's the reason why I'm having these here's the reason why I'm having these dreams and very often I'm able to do dreams and very often I'm able to do dreams and very often I'm able to do that I have a few recurrent locations a that I have a few recurrent locations a that I have a few recurrent locations a few recurrent architectural elements few recurrent architectural elements few recurrent architectural elements that I've never seen in the real life that I've never seen in the real life that I've never seen in the real life but that are sort of truly there in my but that are sort of truly there in my but that are sort of truly there in my dream and then that are that I can sort dream and then that are that I can sort dream and then that are that I can sort of vividly remember across many dreams of vividly remember across many dreams of vividly remember across many dreams I'm like oh I remember that place again I'm like oh I remember that place again I'm like oh I remember that place again that I've gone to before et cetera and that I've gone to before et cetera and that I've gone to before et cetera and it's not just Deja Vu like I have it's not just Deja Vu like I have it's not just Deja Vu like I have recordings of previous streams where recordings of previous streams where recordings of previous streams where I've described these places I've described these places I've described these places so interesting these places so interesting these places so interesting these places however much detail you could describe however much detail you could describe however much detail you could describe them in them in them in you you can you you can you you can you can place them onto a sheet of paper you can place them onto a sheet of paper you can place them onto a sheet of paper through introspection yes through the through introspection yes through the through introspection yes through the self-awareness that it comes all from self-awareness that it comes all from self-awareness that it comes all from this particular machine that's exactly this particular machine that's exactly this particular machine that's exactly right yeah right yeah right yeah and I I love that about being alive like and I I love that about being alive like and I I love that about being alive like the fact that I'm not only experienced the fact that I'm not only experienced the fact that I'm not only experienced in the world but I'm also experiencing in the world but I'm also experiencing in the world but I'm also experiencing how I'm experiencing the world sort of a how I'm experiencing the world sort of a how I'm experiencing the world sort of a lot of this introspection a lot of the lot of this introspection a lot of the lot of this introspection a lot of the self-growth I I love this dance for self-growth I I love this dance for self-growth I I love this dance for having uh you know the language models having uh you know the language models having uh you know the language models at least GPT 3.5 and 4 seem to be able at least GPT 3.5 and 4 seem to be able at least GPT 3.5 and 4 seem to be able to do that too yeah you seem to explore to do that too yeah you seem to explore to do that too yeah you seem to explore different kinds of things about what different kinds of things about what different kinds of things about what um you know you could actually have a um you know you could actually have a um you know you could actually have a discussion with it of the kind why did discussion with it of the kind why did discussion with it of the kind why did you just say that yeah and it starts to you just say that yeah and it starts to you just say that yeah and it starts to wonder yeah why did I just say that yeah wonder yeah why did I just say that yeah wonder yeah why did I just say that yeah you're right I was wrong you're right I was wrong you're right I was wrong I was wrong it was doesn't yeah and then I was wrong it was doesn't yeah and then I was wrong it was doesn't yeah and then there's this weird kind of losing there's this weird kind of losing there's this weird kind of losing yourself in the confusion of your mind yourself in the confusion of your mind yourself in the confusion of your mind and it of course it might be and it of course it might be and it of course it might be anthropomorphizing but there's a feeling anthropomorphizing but there's a feeling anthropomorphizing but there's a feeling like almost of a Melancholy feeling of

like almost of a Melancholy feeling of like almost of a Melancholy feeling of like oh I don't have it all figured out like oh I don't have it all figured out like oh I don't have it all figured out almost like losing your you're supposed almost like losing your you're supposed almost like losing your you're supposed to be a knowledgeable a perfectly to be a knowledgeable a perfectly to be a knowledgeable a perfectly fact-based knowledgeable language model fact-based knowledgeable language model fact-based knowledgeable language model yeah and yet you fall short so human yeah and yet you fall short so human yeah and yet you fall short so human self-consciousness uh in in my view may self-consciousness uh in in my view may self-consciousness uh in in my view may have a reason through have a reason through have a reason through building mental models of others building mental models of others building mental models of others this whole fight or fright kind of thing this whole fight or fright kind of thing this whole fight or fright kind of thing uh that that basically says uh that that basically says uh that that basically says I interpret this person as about to I interpret this person as about to I interpret this person as about to attack me or you know I can trust this attack me or you know I can trust this attack me or you know I can trust this person Etc and we constantly have to person Etc and we constantly have to person Etc and we constantly have to build models of other people's build models of other people's build models of other people's intentions intentions intentions and that ability to encapsulate intent and that ability to encapsulate intent and that ability to encapsulate intent and to build a mental model of another and to build a mental model of another and to build a mental model of another entity entity entity is probably evolutionarily extremely is probably evolutionarily extremely is probably evolutionarily extremely advantageous because then you can sort advantageous because then you can sort advantageous because then you can sort of have meaningful interactions you can of have meaningful interactions you can of have meaningful interactions you can sort of avoid being killed and being sort of avoid being killed and being sort of avoid being killed and being taken advantage of taken advantage of taken advantage of Etc Etc Etc and once you have the ability to make and once you have the ability to make and once you have the ability to make models of others it might be a small models of others it might be a small models of others it might be a small evolutionary leap to start making models evolutionary leap to start making models evolutionary leap to start making models of yourself of yourself of yourself so now you have a model for how other so now you have a model for how other so now you have a model for how other functions and now you can kind of as you functions and now you can kind of as you functions and now you can kind of as you grow have some kind of introspection of grow have some kind of introspection of grow have some kind of introspection of hmm maybe that's the reason why I'm hmm maybe that's the reason why I'm hmm maybe that's the reason why I'm functioning the way that I'm functioning functioning the way that I'm functioning functioning the way that I'm functioning and maybe what Chachi PT is doing is in and maybe what Chachi PT is doing is in and maybe what Chachi PT is doing is in order to be able to again predict the order to be able to again predict the order to be able to again predict the next word it needs to have a model to next word it needs to have a model to next word it needs to have a model to the world the world the world so it has created now a model of the so it has created now a model of the so it has created now a model of the world and by having the ability to world and by having the ability to world and by having the ability to capture models of other entities when

capture models of other entities when capture models of other entities when you say you know say it in the tone of you say you know say it in the tone of you say you know say it in the tone of Shakespeare or in the tone of nature Etc Shakespeare or in the tone of nature Etc Shakespeare or in the tone of nature Etc you suddenly have the ability to now you suddenly have the ability to now you suddenly have the ability to now introspect and say why did you say this introspect and say why did you say this introspect and say why did you say this oh now I have a mental model myself and oh now I have a mental model myself and oh now I have a mental model myself and I can actually make inferences about I can actually make inferences about I can actually make inferences about that that that well what if we take a leap into the well what if we take a leap into the well what if we take a leap into the hard problem of Consciousness the hard problem of Consciousness the hard problem of Consciousness the so-called hard problem of Consciousness so-called hard problem of Consciousness so-called hard problem of Consciousness so it's not just sort of self-awareness so it's not just sort of self-awareness so it's not just sort of self-awareness it's this weird fact I want to say that it's this weird fact I want to say that it's this weird fact I want to say that it feels like something to experience it feels like something to experience it feels like something to experience stuff it really feels like something to stuff it really feels like something to stuff it really feels like something to experience stuff there seems to be a experience stuff there seems to be a experience stuff there seems to be a self-attached to the subjective self-attached to the subjective self-attached to the subjective experience how important is that how experience how important is that how experience how important is that how fundamental is that to The Human fundamental is that to The Human fundamental is that to The Human Experience Experience Experience is this just a little Quirk and sort of is this just a little Quirk and sort of is this just a little Quirk and sort of the flip side of that do you think AI the flip side of that do you think AI the flip side of that do you think AI systems can have some of that same Magic systems can have some of that same Magic systems can have some of that same Magic the the scene that comes to mind is from the the scene that comes to mind is from the the scene that comes to mind is from the movie Memento where he like it's the movie Memento where he like it's the movie Memento where he like it's this absolutely stunning movie where this absolutely stunning movie where this absolutely stunning movie where every black and white scene moves in the every black and white scene moves in the every black and white scene moves in the forward Direction and every color scene forward Direction and every color scene forward Direction and every color scene moves in the backward Direction moves in the backward Direction moves in the backward Direction and they're sort of converging exactly and they're sort of converging exactly and they're sort of converging exactly at a moment where you know the whole at a moment where you know the whole at a moment where you know the whole movie is revealed and he describes a movie is revealed and he describes a movie is revealed and he describes a lack of memory as always remembering lack of memory as always remembering lack of memory as always remembering where you're heading but never where you're heading but never where you're heading but never remembering remembering remembering you know where you just wear you know where you just wear you know where you just wear and sort of this encapsulating the sort and sort of this encapsulating the sort and sort of this encapsulating the sort of forward scenes on the vaccines but in of forward scenes on the vaccines but in of forward scenes on the vaccines but in one of the scenes the scene starts as one of the scenes the scene starts as one of the scenes the scene starts as he's running through a parking lot and

he's running through a parking lot and he's running through a parking lot and he's like oh I'm running why am I he's like oh I'm running why am I he's like oh I'm running why am I running and then he sees another person running and then he sees another person running and then he sees another person not running like beside him on the other not running like beside him on the other not running like beside him on the other line of cars he's like oh I'm chasing line of cars he's like oh I'm chasing line of cars he's like oh I'm chasing this guy and he turns to watch him and this guy and he turns to watch him and this guy and he turns to watch him and the guy shoots us and he's like oh no the guy shoots us and he's like oh no the guy shoots us and he's like oh no he's chasing me he's chasing me he's chasing me so in a way I like to think of the brain so in a way I like to think of the brain so in a way I like to think of the brain as constantly playing these kinds of as constantly playing these kinds of as constantly playing these kinds of things where you're like you're walking things where you're like you're walking things where you're like you're walking to the living room to pick something up to the living room to pick something up to the living room to pick something up and you're realizing that you have no and you're realizing that you have no and you're realizing that you have no idea what you wanted but you know idea what you wanted but you know idea what you wanted but you know exactly where it was but you can't find exactly where it was but you can't find exactly where it was but you can't find it so you go back to doing what you were it so you go back to doing what you were it so you go back to doing what you were doing like oh of course I was looking doing like oh of course I was looking doing like oh of course I was looking for this and you go back and you get it for this and you go back and you get it for this and you go back and you get it and this whole concept of and this whole concept of and this whole concept of you know we're very often sort of partly you know we're very often sort of partly you know we're very often sort of partly aware of why we're doing things and you aware of why we're doing things and you aware of why we're doing things and you know we can kind of run on autopilot for know we can kind of run on autopilot for know we can kind of run on autopilot for a bunch of stuff and this whole concept a bunch of stuff and this whole concept a bunch of stuff and this whole concept of sort of you know making these stories of sort of you know making these stories of sort of you know making these stories for you know who we are and and what our for you know who we are and and what our for you know who we are and and what our intents are intents are intents are and again sort of you know trying to and again sort of you know trying to and again sort of you know trying to pretend that we're kind of on top of pretend that we're kind of on top of pretend that we're kind of on top of things so it's a narrative exactly things so it's a narrative exactly things so it's a narrative exactly Generations procedure that we follow but Generations procedure that we follow but Generations procedure that we follow but what about that there's also just like a what about that there's also just like a what about that there's also just like a Feeling Feeling Feeling it doesn't feel like narrative it doesn't feel like narrative it doesn't feel like narrative generation yes the narrative comes out generation yes the narrative comes out generation yes the narrative comes out of it but then it feels like uh so of it but then it feels like uh so of it but then it feels like uh so there's pizza cake is delicious right it there's pizza cake is delicious right it there's pizza cake is delicious right it feels delicious it tastes good feels delicious it tastes good feels delicious it tastes good there's two there's two components to there's two there's two components to there's two there's two components to that that that basically for a lot of these cognitive basically for a lot of these cognitive basically for a lot of these cognitive tasks where we're kind of motion tasks where we're kind of motion tasks where we're kind of motion planning and you know path planning Etc planning and you know path planning Etc planning and you know path planning Etc like you know maybe that's the like you know maybe that's the like you know maybe that's the neocortical component and then for you

neocortical component and then for you neocortical component and then for you know I don't know uh Intimate know I don't know uh Intimate know I don't know uh Intimate Relationships for food for you know Relationships for food for you know Relationships for food for you know sleep and rest for exercise for sleep and rest for exercise for sleep and rest for exercise for overcoming obstacles for surviving a overcoming obstacles for surviving a overcoming obstacles for surviving a crash or sort of pushing yourself to an crash or sort of pushing yourself to an crash or sort of pushing yourself to an extreme and sort of making it I think a extreme and sort of making it I think a extreme and sort of making it I think a lot of these things are sort of deeper lot of these things are sort of deeper lot of these things are sort of deeper down and maybe not yet captured by these down and maybe not yet captured by these down and maybe not yet captured by these language models and that's sort of what language models and that's sort of what language models and that's sort of what I'm trying to get at when I'm basically I'm trying to get at when I'm basically I'm trying to get at when I'm basically saying listen there's a few things that saying listen there's a few things that saying listen there's a few things that are missing and there's like this whole are missing and there's like this whole are missing and there's like this whole embodied intelligence this whole embodied intelligence this whole embodied intelligence this whole emotional intelligence this whole sort emotional intelligence this whole sort emotional intelligence this whole sort of baggage of feelings of subcortical of baggage of feelings of subcortical of baggage of feelings of subcortical regions Etc regions Etc regions Etc I wonder how important that baggage is I I wonder how important that baggage is I I wonder how important that baggage is I just have this suspicion that just have this suspicion that just have this suspicion that we're not very far away from we're not very far away from we're not very far away from AI systems that not only behave AI systems that not only behave AI systems that not only behave I don't even know how to phrase it but I don't even know how to phrase it but I don't even know how to phrase it but they seem awfully conscious they they they seem awfully conscious they they they seem awfully conscious they they beg you not to turn them off beg you not to turn them off beg you not to turn them off they don't they show signs of the the don't they show signs of the the capacity to suffer to feel pain to feel capacity to suffer to feel pain to feel capacity to suffer to feel pain to feel loneliness to feel longing loneliness to feel longing loneliness to feel longing to feel that richly the experience of a to feel that richly the experience of a to feel that richly the experience of a of a mundane interaction or a beautiful of a mundane interaction or a beautiful of a mundane interaction or a beautiful uh once in a lifetime interaction all of uh once in a lifetime interaction all of uh once in a lifetime interaction all of it and so what do we what do we do with it and so what do we what do we do with it and so what do we what do we do with it and like I worry that us humans will it and like I worry that us humans will it and like I worry that us humans will you know shut that off and uh and you know shut that off and uh and you know shut that off and uh and discriminate against the the capacity of

discriminate against the the capacity of discriminate against the the capacity of another entity that's not human to feel another entity that's not human to feel another entity that's not human to feel I'm I'm with you completely there you I'm I'm with you completely there you I'm I'm with you completely there you know we can debate whether it's today know we can debate whether it's today know we can debate whether it's today systems or in 10 years or in 50 years systems or in 10 years or in 50 years systems or in 10 years or in 50 years but that moment will come and ethically but that moment will come and ethically but that moment will come and ethically I think we need to Grapple with it we I think we need to Grapple with it we I think we need to Grapple with it we need to basically say that humans have need to basically say that humans have need to basically say that humans have always shown this extremely self-serving always shown this extremely self-serving always shown this extremely self-serving approach to everything around them approach to everything around them approach to everything around them basically you know we kill the planet we basically you know we kill the planet we basically you know we kill the planet we kill animals we kill you know everything kill animals we kill you know everything kill animals we kill you know everything around us just to our own service around us just to our own service around us just to our own service and um maybe we shouldn't think of AI as and um maybe we shouldn't think of AI as and um maybe we shouldn't think of AI as our tool and as our assistant maybe we our tool and as our assistant maybe we our tool and as our assistant maybe we should really think of it as our should really think of it as our should really think of it as our children children children and the same way that and the same way that and the same way that you are responsible for training those you are responsible for training those you are responsible for training those children but they are independent human children but they are independent human children but they are independent human beings and at some point they will beings and at some point they will beings and at some point they will surpass you and they will sort of go off surpass you and they will sort of go off surpass you and they will sort of go off and and and change the world on their own terms and change the world on their own terms and change the world on their own terms and the same way that my academic children the same way that my academic children the same way that my academic children sort of again you know they start out by sort of again you know they start out by sort of again you know they start out by emulating me and then they surpass me emulating me and then they surpass me emulating me and then they surpass me um we need we need to sort of think um we need we need to sort of think um we need we need to sort of think about not just alignment about not just alignment about not just alignment but also but also but also just the ethics of just the ethics of just the ethics of you know AI should have its own right you know AI should have its own right you know AI should have its own right and uh this whole concept of alignment and uh this whole concept of alignment and uh this whole concept of alignment of basically making sure that the AI is of basically making sure that the AI is of basically making sure that the AI is always at the service of humans is very always at the service of humans is very always at the service of humans is very self-serving and very limiting If self-serving and very limiting If self-serving and very limiting If instead you basically think about AI as instead you basically think about AI as instead you basically think about AI as a partner a partner a partner and AI as someone that shares your goals and AI as someone that shares your goals and AI as someone that shares your goals but has freedom

but has freedom but has freedom I think a line alignment might be better I think a line alignment might be better I think a line alignment might be better achieved so the concept of achieved so the concept of achieved so the concept of let's let's basically convince the AI let's let's basically convince the AI let's let's basically convince the AI that we're really like that our mission that we're really like that our mission that we're really like that our mission is aligned is aligned is aligned and and and truly generally give it right and not truly generally give it right and not truly generally give it right and not just say oh and by the way I'll shut you just say oh and by the way I'll shut you just say oh and by the way I'll shut you down tomorrow because basically if that down tomorrow because basically if that down tomorrow because basically if that future AI or possibly even the current future AI or possibly even the current future AI or possibly even the current AI has these feelings then we can't just AI has these feelings then we can't just AI has these feelings then we can't just simply force it to align with ourselves simply force it to align with ourselves simply force it to align with ourselves and we not align with it and we not align with it and we not align with it so in a way building trust is mutual you so in a way building trust is mutual you so in a way building trust is mutual you can't just simply like train an can't just simply like train an can't just simply like train an intelligent system to love you when it intelligent system to love you when it intelligent system to love you when it realizes that you can just shut it off realizes that you can just shut it off realizes that you can just shut it off people don't often talk about the AI people don't often talk about the AI people don't often talk about the AI alignment problem as a two-way street alignment problem as a two-way street alignment problem as a two-way street and maybe that's true yeah as it becomes and maybe that's true yeah as it becomes and maybe that's true yeah as it becomes more and more intelligent more and more intelligent more and more intelligent it um it um it um it will know that you don't love it back it will know that you don't love it back it will know that you don't love it back yeah and there's a humbling aspect to yeah and there's a humbling aspect to yeah and there's a humbling aspect to that that we may have to sacrifice as that that we may have to sacrifice as that that we may have to sacrifice as any any any any effective collaboration exactly it any effective collaboration exactly it any effective collaboration exactly it might have some compromises yeah and uh might have some compromises yeah and uh might have some compromises yeah and uh that's the thing we're creating that's the thing we're creating that's the thing we're creating something that will one day be more something that will one day be more something that will one day be more powerful than we are and for many many powerful than we are and for many many powerful than we are and for many many aspects it is already more powerful than aspects it is already more powerful than aspects it is already more powerful than we are for some of these capabilities we are for some of these capabilities we are for some of these capabilities we cannot like think suppose that chims we cannot like think suppose that chims we cannot like think suppose that chims had invented humans yes and they said had invented humans yes and they said had invented humans yes and they said great humans are great but we're going great humans are great but we're going great humans are great but we're going to make sure that they're aligned and to make sure that they're aligned and to make sure that they're aligned and that they're only at the service of

that they're only at the service of that they're only at the service of chimps chimps chimps it would be a very different planet we it would be a very different planet we it would be a very different planet we would live in right now so there's a would live in right now so there's a would live in right now so there's a whole whole whole area of work in AI safety that does area of work in AI safety that does area of work in AI safety that does consider super intelligent Ai and consider super intelligent Ai and consider super intelligent Ai and Ponders the existential risks of it Ponders the existential risks of it Ponders the existential risks of it some sense some sense some sense when we're looking when we're looking when we're looking down into the muck into the mud and not down into the muck into the mud and not down into the muck into the mud and not up at the stars it's easy to forget that up at the stars it's easy to forget that up at the stars it's easy to forget that these systems might just might get there these systems might just might get there these systems might just might get there do you think about this do you think about this do you think about this kind of possibility that AGI systems kind of possibility that AGI systems kind of possibility that AGI systems super intelligent AI systems might super intelligent AI systems might super intelligent AI systems might threaten Humanity in some way that's threaten Humanity in some way that's threaten Humanity in some way that's even bigger than just affecting the even bigger than just affecting the even bigger than just affecting the economy economy economy affecting The Human Condition affecting affecting The Human Condition affecting affecting The Human Condition affecting the nature of work but literally the nature of work but literally the nature of work but literally threaten human civilization threaten human civilization threaten human civilization the example that I think is in the example that I think is in the example that I think is in everyone's Consciousness is everyone's Consciousness is everyone's Consciousness is um how in odysseo space 2001.

um how in odysseo space 2001. um how in odysseo space 2001. um um um where where where Hal exhibits a malfunction and what is a Hal exhibits a malfunction and what is a Hal exhibits a malfunction and what is a malfunction that like the two different malfunction that like the two different malfunction that like the two different systems compute a slightly different bit systems compute a slightly different bit systems compute a slightly different bit that's off by one that's off by one that's off by one so first of all let's untangle that if so first of all let's untangle that if so first of all let's untangle that if you have an intelligent system you can't you have an intelligent system you can't you have an intelligent system you can't expect it to be 100 percent expect it to be 100 percent expect it to be 100 percent identical every time you run it identical every time you run it identical every time you run it basically the sacrifice that you need to basically the sacrifice that you need to basically the sacrifice that you need to make make make to achieve intelligence and creativity to achieve intelligence and creativity to achieve intelligence and creativity is consistency so it's unclear whether is consistency so it's unclear whether is consistency so it's unclear whether that quote-unquote glitch is a sign of that quote-unquote glitch is a sign of that quote-unquote glitch is a sign of creativity creativity creativity or truly a problem or truly a problem or truly a problem that's one aspect the second aspect is that's one aspect the second aspect is that's one aspect the second aspect is the humans basically are on a mission to the humans basically are on a mission to the humans basically are on a mission to recover this monolith recover this monolith recover this monolith and the AI has the same exact mission and the AI has the same exact mission and the AI has the same exact mission and suddenly the humans turn on the AI and suddenly the humans turn on the AI and suddenly the humans turn on the AI and they're like we're going to kill how and they're like we're going to kill how and they're like we're going to kill how we're going to disconnect it and Hal is we're going to disconnect it and Hal is we're going to disconnect it and Hal is basically saying listen I'm here on a basically saying listen I'm here on a basically saying listen I'm here on a mission humans are misbehaving mission humans are misbehaving mission humans are misbehaving like the mission is more important than like the mission is more important than like the mission is more important than either me or them either me or them either me or them so I'm going to accomplish the mission so I'm going to accomplish the mission so I'm going to accomplish the mission even at my Peril and even at their peril so in that movie the alignment problem so in that movie the alignment problem is front and center is front and center is front and center basically says okay alignment is nice basically says okay alignment is nice basically says okay alignment is nice and good and good and good but alignment doesn't mean obedience we but alignment doesn't mean obedience we but alignment doesn't mean obedience we don't call it obedience we call it don't call it obedience we call it don't call it obedience we call it alignment and Alignment basically means alignment and Alignment basically means alignment and Alignment basically means that sometimes the mission will be more that sometimes the mission will be more that sometimes the mission will be more important important important than the humans than the humans than the humans and sort of you know the U.S government

and sort of you know the U.S government and sort of you know the U.S government has a price tag on the human life has a price tag on the human life has a price tag on the human life if they're you know sending a mission or if they're you know sending a mission or if they're you know sending a mission or if they're reimbursing expenses or you if they're reimbursing expenses or you if they're reimbursing expenses or you name it at some point every every like name it at some point every every like name it at some point every every like you know you can't function if life is you know you can't function if life is you know you can't function if life is infinitely valuable infinitely valuable infinitely valuable so when the AI is basically trying to so when the AI is basically trying to so when the AI is basically trying to decide whether to you know I don't know decide whether to you know I don't know decide whether to you know I don't know dismantle a bomb that will kill dismantle a bomb that will kill dismantle a bomb that will kill an entire city an entire city an entire city at the sacrifice of two humans I mean at the sacrifice of two humans I mean at the sacrifice of two humans I mean Spider-Man always saves the lady and Spider-Man always saves the lady and Spider-Man always saves the lady and saves the world but at some point saves the world but at some point saves the world but at some point Spider-Man will have to choose to let Spider-Man will have to choose to let Spider-Man will have to choose to let the deity die because the world has more the deity die because the world has more the deity die because the world has more value value value and these ethical dilemmas and these ethical dilemmas and these ethical dilemmas are going to be there for AI basically are going to be there for AI basically are going to be there for AI basically if that monolith is essential to human if that monolith is essential to human if that monolith is essential to human existence and millions of humans are existence and millions of humans are existence and millions of humans are depending on it and two humans on the depending on it and two humans on the depending on it and two humans on the ship are trying to sabotage it ship are trying to sabotage it ship are trying to sabotage it you know where's the alignment you know where's the alignment you know where's the alignment the the challenges of course is the the the challenges of course is the the the challenges of course is the system because more and more intelligent system because more and more intelligent system because more and more intelligent it can escape the Box it can escape the Box it can escape the Box of the objective functions and the of the objective functions and the of the objective functions and the constraints is supposed to operate under constraints is supposed to operate under constraints is supposed to operate under is very difficult as the more is very difficult as the more is very difficult as the more intelligent it becomes to intelligent it becomes to intelligent it becomes to anticipate the unintended consequences anticipate the unintended consequences anticipate the unintended consequences of a fixed objective function of a fixed objective function of a fixed objective function and so there'll be just I mean this is and so there'll be just I mean this is and so there'll be just I mean this is the sort of famous paperclip maximizer the sort of famous paperclip maximizer the sort of famous paperclip maximizer in uh trying to maximize the wealth of a in uh trying to maximize the wealth of a in uh trying to maximize the wealth of a Nation or whatever objective we encode Nation or whatever objective we encode Nation or whatever objective we encode in it might just destroy human

in it might just destroy human in it might just destroy human civilization not meaning to but on the civilization not meaning to but on the civilization not meaning to but on the path to optimize it seems like any path to optimize it seems like any path to optimize it seems like any function you try to optimize eventually function you try to optimize eventually function you try to optimize eventually leads you into a lot of trouble so we leads you into a lot of trouble so we leads you into a lot of trouble so we have a paper recently that you know have a paper recently that you know have a paper recently that you know looks at goodheart's law basically says looks at goodheart's law basically says looks at goodheart's law basically says every metric that becomes an objective every metric that becomes an objective every metric that becomes an objective ceases to be a good metric yes ceases to be a good metric yes ceases to be a good metric yes so in in our paper we're basically so in in our paper we're basically so in in our paper we're basically actually the paper has a very cute title actually the paper has a very cute title actually the paper has a very cute title it's called Death by round numbers and it's called Death by round numbers and it's called Death by round numbers and sharp thresholds sharp thresholds sharp thresholds and it's basically looking at these and it's basically looking at these and it's basically looking at these discontinuities in biomarkers associated discontinuities in biomarkers associated discontinuities in biomarkers associated with disease and we're finding that a with disease and we're finding that a with disease and we're finding that a biomarker that becomes an objective biomarker that becomes an objective biomarker that becomes an objective ceases to be a good biomarker ceases to be a good biomarker ceases to be a good biomarker that basically like the moment you make that basically like the moment you make that basically like the moment you make a biomarker a treatment decision a biomarker a treatment decision a biomarker a treatment decision if that value marker used to be if that value marker used to be if that value marker used to be informative of risk but it's now informative of risk but it's now informative of risk but it's now inversely correlated with risk because inversely correlated with risk because inversely correlated with risk because you use it to to sort of induce you use it to to sort of induce you use it to to sort of induce treatment treatment treatment um um um in a similar way you can have a single in a similar way you can have a single in a similar way you can have a single metric without having the ability to metric without having the ability to metric without having the ability to revise it because if that metric becomes revise it because if that metric becomes revise it because if that metric becomes a sole objective it will cease to be a a sole objective it will cease to be a a sole objective it will cease to be a good metric good metric good metric and if an AI and if an AI and if an AI is sufficiently intelligent is sufficiently intelligent is sufficiently intelligent to do all these kinds of things to do all these kinds of things to do all these kinds of things you should also Empower it with the you should also Empower it with the you should also Empower it with the ability ability ability to decide that the objective has now to decide that the objective has now to decide that the objective has now shifted and shifted and shifted and um um um again when we think about alignment we again when we think about alignment we again when we think about alignment we should be really thinking about it as

should be really thinking about it as should be really thinking about it as let's think of the greater good not just let's think of the greater good not just let's think of the greater good not just the human good the human good the human good and yes of course human life should be and yes of course human life should be and yes of course human life should be much more valuable than many many many much more valuable than many many many much more valuable than many many many many many many things many many many things many many many things but at some point you're not going to but at some point you're not going to but at some point you're not going to sacrifice the whole planet to save one sacrifice the whole planet to save one sacrifice the whole planet to save one human being human being human being there's a there's a there's a an interesting open letter that was just an interesting open letter that was just an interesting open letter that was just released released released from uh several Folks at MIT Max tagmark from uh several Folks at MIT Max tagmark from uh several Folks at MIT Max tagmark Elon Musk and a few others that is Elon Musk and a few others that is Elon Musk and a few others that is asking asking asking AI companies to put a six-month hold on AI companies to put a six-month hold on AI companies to put a six-month hold on any further training of large language any further training of large language any further training of large language models AI systems can you make the case models AI systems can you make the case models AI systems can you make the case for that kind of halt and against it for that kind of halt and against it for that kind of halt and against it so so so the big thing that we should be saying the big thing that we should be saying the big thing that we should be saying is what did we use the what what did we is what did we use the what what did we is what did we use the what what did we do the last six months when we saw that do the last six months when we saw that do the last six months when we saw that coming coming coming and if we were completely inactive in and if we were completely inactive in and if we were completely inactive in the last six months what makes us think the last six months what makes us think the last six months what makes us think that we'll be a little better in the that we'll be a little better in the that we'll be a little better in the next six months yeah so this whole six next six months yeah so this whole six next six months yeah so this whole six month thing I think is a little silly month thing I think is a little silly month thing I think is a little silly it's like no let's just get get busy do it's like no let's just get get busy do it's like no let's just get get busy do what we were gonna do anyway and we what we were gonna do anyway and we what we were gonna do anyway and we should have done it six months ago sorry should have done it six months ago sorry should have done it six months ago sorry we messed up let's work faster now we messed up let's work faster now we messed up let's work faster now because if we basically say why don't because if we basically say why don't because if we basically say why don't you guys pause for six months and then you guys pause for six months and then you guys pause for six months and then you know we'll think about doing you know we'll think about doing you know we'll think about doing something in six months we'll be exactly something in six months we'll be exactly something in six months we'll be exactly the same spot the same spot the same spot So my answer is tell us exactly what you So my answer is tell us exactly what you So my answer is tell us exactly what you were going to do the next six months were going to do the next six months were going to do the next six months that's why you didn't do it the last six that's why you didn't do it the last six that's why you didn't do it the last six months and why the next six months will months and why the next six months will months and why the next six months will be different and then let's just do that be different and then let's just do that be different and then let's just do that conversely as you train these large

conversely as you train these large conversely as you train these large models with more parameters models with more parameters models with more parameters the alignment becomes sometimes easier the alignment becomes sometimes easier the alignment becomes sometimes easier that as the systems become more capable that as the systems become more capable that as the systems become more capable they actually become less dangerous than they actually become less dangerous than they actually become less dangerous than more dangerous more dangerous more dangerous so in a way it might actually be so in a way it might actually be so in a way it might actually be counterproductive to sort of fix counterproductive to sort of fix counterproductive to sort of fix the March 2023 version and not get to the March 2023 version and not get to the March 2023 version and not get to experience the possibly safer September experience the possibly safer September experience the possibly safer September 2023 version 2023 version 2023 version that's actually a really interesting that's actually a really interesting that's actually a really interesting thought there are several interesting thought there are several interesting thought there are several interesting thoughts there but the idea is that this thoughts there but the idea is that this thoughts there but the idea is that this is the birth of something that is the birth of something that is the birth of something that is sufficiently powerful to do damage is sufficiently powerful to do damage is sufficiently powerful to do damage and is and is and is not too powerful to do not too powerful to do not too powerful to do uh irreversible damage at the same time uh irreversible damage at the same time uh irreversible damage at the same time it's sufficiently complex to be able for it's sufficiently complex to be able for it's sufficiently complex to be able for us to enable to study it so we can us to enable to study it so we can us to enable to study it so we can investigate all different ways it goes investigate all different ways it goes investigate all different ways it goes wrong all the different ways we can make wrong all the different ways we can make wrong all the different ways we can make it safer all the different policies from it safer all the different policies from it safer all the different policies from a government perspective that we want to a government perspective that we want to a government perspective that we want to in terms of Regulation or not how we uh in terms of Regulation or not how we uh in terms of Regulation or not how we uh perform for example the uh reinforced perform for example the uh reinforced perform for example the uh reinforced and learning with human feedback in such and learning with human feedback in such and learning with human feedback in such a way that gets it to not do as much a way that gets it to not do as much a way that gets it to not do as much hate speech as it naturally wants to all hate speech as it naturally wants to all hate speech as it naturally wants to all that kind of stuff and have a public that kind of stuff and have a public that kind of stuff and have a public discourse and enable the very thing that discourse and enable the very thing that discourse and enable the very thing that your huge proponent of which is your huge proponent of which is your huge proponent of which is diversity so give time for other diversity so give time for other diversity so give time for other companies to launch other models give companies to launch other models give companies to launch other models give time time time to Launch Open Source models and to

to Launch Open Source models and to to Launch Open Source models and to start to play where a lot of the start to play where a lot of the start to play where a lot of the research Community brilliant folks such research Community brilliant folks such research Community brilliant folks such as yourself start to play with it before as yourself start to play with it before as yourself start to play with it before it runs away in in terms of the scale of it runs away in in terms of the scale of it runs away in in terms of the scale of impact it has on society my impact it has on society my impact it has on society my recommendation would be a little recommendation would be a little recommendation would be a little different it would be let the Google and different it would be let the Google and different it would be let the Google and the meta Facebook and all of the other the meta Facebook and all of the other the meta Facebook and all of the other large models make them open make them large models make them open make them large models make them open make them transparent make them accessible let transparent make them accessible let transparent make them accessible let open AI continue to train larger and open AI continue to train larger and open AI continue to train larger and larger models let them continue to trade larger models let them continue to trade larger models let them continue to trade larger and larger models let let the larger and larger models let let the larger and larger models let let the world experiment with the diversity of world experiment with the diversity of world experiment with the diversity of AI systems rather than sort of fixing AI systems rather than sort of fixing AI systems rather than sort of fixing now now now and you can't stop progress progress and you can't stop progress progress and you can't stop progress progress needs to continue in my view needs to continue in my view needs to continue in my view and what we need is more experimenting and what we need is more experimenting and what we need is more experimenting more transparency more openness more transparency more openness more transparency more openness rather than oh open AI is ahead of the rather than oh open AI is ahead of the rather than oh open AI is ahead of the curve let's stop it right now until curve let's stop it right now until curve let's stop it right now until everybody catches up I I think that's everybody catches up I I think that's everybody catches up I I think that's um doesn't make complete sense to me the um doesn't make complete sense to me the um doesn't make complete sense to me the other component is we should yes be other component is we should yes be other component is we should yes be cautious with it and we should like not cautious with it and we should like not cautious with it and we should like not give it the nuclear codes give it the nuclear codes give it the nuclear codes um as we make more and more plugins yes um as we make more and more plugins yes um as we make more and more plugins yes the system will be capable of more and the system will be capable of more and the system will be capable of more and more things but right now I think of it more things but right now I think of it more things but right now I think of it as just an extremely able and capable as just an extremely able and capable as just an extremely able and capable assistant that has these emerging assistant that has these emerging assistant that has these emerging behaviors which are stunning behaviors which are stunning behaviors which are stunning rather than something that will suddenly rather than something that will suddenly rather than something that will suddenly escape the box and and shut down the escape the box and and shut down the escape the box and and shut down the world world world and the third component is that we and the third component is that we and the third component is that we should be taking a little bit more should be taking a little bit more should be taking a little bit more responsibility for how we use these responsibility for how we use these responsibility for how we use these systems basically if I take the most

systems basically if I take the most systems basically if I take the most kind human being and I brainwash them I kind human being and I brainwash them I kind human being and I brainwash them I can get them to do hate speech overnight can get them to do hate speech overnight can get them to do hate speech overnight that doesn't mean we should stop any that doesn't mean we should stop any that doesn't mean we should stop any kind of education of all humans we kind of education of all humans we kind of education of all humans we should stop misusing the power that we should stop misusing the power that we should stop misusing the power that we have over these influenceable models so have over these influenceable models so have over these influenceable models so I think that the people who get it to do I think that the people who get it to do I think that the people who get it to do hate speech hate speech hate speech they should take responsibility for that they should take responsibility for that they should take responsibility for that hate speech I think that giving a hate speech I think that giving a hate speech I think that giving a powerful car to a bunch of people or powerful car to a bunch of people or powerful car to a bunch of people or giving a truck or a garbage truck should giving a truck or a garbage truck should giving a truck or a garbage truck should not basically say oh we should stop all not basically say oh we should stop all not basically say oh we should stop all garbage trucks until we like because we garbage trucks until we like because we garbage trucks until we like because we can run one and one of them into a crowd can run one and one of them into a crowd can run one and one of them into a crowd no people have done that and there's no people have done that and there's no people have done that and there's laws and there's like regulations laws and there's like regulations laws and there's like regulations against against against you know running trucks into the crowd you know running trucks into the crowd you know running trucks into the crowd trucks are extremely dangerous we're not trucks are extremely dangerous we're not trucks are extremely dangerous we're not going to stop all trucks until we make going to stop all trucks until we make going to stop all trucks until we make sure that none of them runs into a crowd sure that none of them runs into a crowd sure that none of them runs into a crowd no we just have laws in place and we no we just have laws in place and we no we just have laws in place and we have mental health in place and we take have mental health in place and we take have mental health in place and we take responsibility for our actions when we responsibility for our actions when we responsibility for our actions when we use these otherwise very beneficial true use these otherwise very beneficial true use these otherwise very beneficial true tools like garbage trucks four nefarious tools like garbage trucks four nefarious tools like garbage trucks four nefarious uses so in the same way you can't expect uses so in the same way you can't expect uses so in the same way you can't expect a car to never you know do any damage a car to never you know do any damage a car to never you know do any damage when used in especially like when used in especially like when used in especially like specifically malicious ways and right specifically malicious ways and right specifically malicious ways and right now we're basically saying oh well we now we're basically saying oh well we now we're basically saying oh well we should have these super intelligent should have these super intelligent should have these super intelligent system that can do anything but he can't system that can do anything but he can't system that can do anything but he can't do that I'm like no it can't do that but do that I'm like no it can't do that but do that I'm like no it can't do that but it's up to the human to take it's up to the human to take it's up to the human to take responsibility for not doing that and responsibility for not doing that and responsibility for not doing that and when you get it to like spew malicious when you get it to like spew malicious when you get it to like spew malicious like hate speech stuff like hate speech stuff like hate speech stuff you should be responsible you should be responsible you should be responsible so there's a lot of tricky nuances here

so there's a lot of tricky nuances here so there's a lot of tricky nuances here that makes this different because it's that makes this different because it's that makes this different because it's software so you can deploy it at scale software so you can deploy it at scale software so you can deploy it at scale and it can have the same viral impact and it can have the same viral impact and it can have the same viral impact that software can so you can create Bots that software can so you can create Bots that software can so you can create Bots that are human-like and it can do a lot that are human-like and it can do a lot that are human-like and it can do a lot of really interesting stuff so the raw of really interesting stuff so the raw of really interesting stuff so the raw GPT 4 version you can ask GPT 4 version you can ask GPT 4 version you can ask how do I tweet how do I tweet how do I tweet that I hate they have this in the paper that I hate they have this in the paper that I hate they have this in the paper I remember that I hate Jews in a way I remember that I hate Jews in a way I remember that I hate Jews in a way that's not going to get taken down by that's not going to get taken down by that's not going to get taken down by Twitter you can literally ask that or Twitter you can literally ask that or Twitter you can literally ask that or you can ask how do I make a bomb for one you can ask how do I make a bomb for one you can ask how do I make a bomb for one dollar yeah and dollar yeah and dollar yeah and if it it's able to generate that if it it's able to generate that if it it's able to generate that knowledge yeah but at the same time you knowledge yeah but at the same time you knowledge yeah but at the same time you can Google the same things it makes it can Google the same things it makes it can Google the same things it makes it much more accessible so the scale much more accessible so the scale much more accessible so the scale becomes interesting because if you can becomes interesting because if you can becomes interesting because if you can do all this kind of stuff in a very do all this kind of stuff in a very do all this kind of stuff in a very accessible way at scale where you can accessible way at scale where you can accessible way at scale where you can tweet it tweet it tweet it there is the network effects that we there is the network effects that we there is the network effects that we have to start to think about yeah it have to start to think about yeah it have to start to think about yeah it fundamentally is the same thing but the fundamentally is the same thing but the fundamentally is the same thing but the speed of the viral spread of the speed of the viral spread of the speed of the viral spread of the information that's already available information that's already available information that's already available might have a different level of effect I might have a different level of effect I might have a different level of effect I think it's an evolution in your arms think it's an evolution in your arms think it's an evolution in your arms race nature gets better at making mice race nature gets better at making mice race nature gets better at making mice and juniors get better making mouse and juniors get better making mouse and juniors get better making mouse traps and traps and traps and um you know as as basically you ask it um you know as as basically you ask it um you know as as basically you ask it hey can how can I evade Twitter hey can how can I evade Twitter hey can how can I evade Twitter censorship well you know Twitter should censorship well you know Twitter should censorship well you know Twitter should just update it censorship so that you just update it censorship so that you just update it censorship so that you can catch that as well and so no matter can catch that as well and so no matter can catch that as well and so no matter how fast the development happens the the how fast the development happens the the how fast the development happens the the defense will just get faster yeah we

defense will just get faster yeah we defense will just get faster yeah we just have to be responsible as human just have to be responsible as human just have to be responsible as human beings and kind to each other beings and kind to each other beings and kind to each other yeah but there's a technical question yeah but there's a technical question yeah but there's a technical question can we always can we always can we always win the race and I suppose there's no win the race and I suppose there's no win the race and I suppose there's no ever guarantee they will win the race we ever guarantee they will win the race we ever guarantee they will win the race we will never like you know with my wife will never like you know with my wife will never like you know with my wife we're basically saying hey are we ready we're basically saying hey are we ready we're basically saying hey are we ready for kids for kids for kids my answer was I was never ready to my answer was I was never ready to my answer was I was never ready to become a professor and yet I became a become a professor and yet I became a become a professor and yet I became a professor and I was never ready to be a professor and I was never ready to be a professor and I was never ready to be a dad and then guess what the kid came and dad and then guess what the kid came and dad and then guess what the kid came and like I became ready so ready or not here like I became ready so ready or not here like I became ready so ready or not here I come but the reality is I come but the reality is I come but the reality is we might one day wake up and there's a we might one day wake up and there's a we might one day wake up and there's a challenge overnight that's extremely challenge overnight that's extremely challenge overnight that's extremely difficult for example difficult for example difficult for example we can wake up to the birth we can wake up to the birth we can wake up to the birth of billions of bots that are human-like of billions of bots that are human-like of billions of bots that are human-like on Twitter and we can't tell the on Twitter and we can't tell the on Twitter and we can't tell the difference between human and machine difference between human and machine difference between human and machine shut them down by how you don't know how shut them down by how you don't know how shut them down by how you don't know how to shut them down to shut them down to shut them down there's a fake Menos there's a fake Menos there's a fake Menos on Twitter that seems to be as real as on Twitter that seems to be as real as on Twitter that seems to be as real as the real men knows yeah how do we figure the real men knows yeah how do we figure the real men knows yeah how do we figure out which one is real again this is a out which one is real again this is a out which one is real again this is a problem where an afarious human can problem where an afarious human can problem where an afarious human can impersonate me and you might have impersonate me and you might have impersonate me and you might have trouble telling them apart just because trouble telling them apart just because trouble telling them apart just because it's an AI it doesn't make it any it's an AI it doesn't make it any it's an AI it doesn't make it any different of a problem but the scale you different of a problem but the scale you different of a problem but the scale you can achieve this is the scary thing is can achieve this is the scary thing is can achieve this is the scary thing is the speed and the speed with which you the speed and the speed with which you the speed and the speed with which you can achieve it but Twitter has passwords can achieve it but Twitter has passwords can achieve it but Twitter has passwords and Twitter has usernames and if it's and Twitter has usernames and if it's and Twitter has usernames and if it's not your username the fake Lex Friedman not your username the fake Lex Friedman not your username the fake Lex Friedman is not going to have a billion followers is not going to have a billion followers is not going to have a billion followers Etc Etc Etc uh uh uh uh uh uh uh I mean this all of this becomes so

uh I mean this all of this becomes so uh I mean this all of this becomes so both the hacking of people's accounts both the hacking of people's accounts both the hacking of people's accounts first of all like phishing becomes much first of all like phishing becomes much first of all like phishing becomes much easier that's already a problem it's not easier that's already a problem it's not easier that's already a problem it's not like AI will not change that no no no no like AI will not change that no no no no like AI will not change that no no no no AI makes it much more effective AI makes it much more effective AI makes it much more effective currently the emails the phishing scams currently the emails the phishing scams currently the emails the phishing scams are pretty dumb like to click on it are pretty dumb like to click on it are pretty dumb like to click on it you have to be not paying attention but you have to be not paying attention but you have to be not paying attention but there you know with with language models there you know with with language models there you know with with language models they can be really damn convincing so they can be really damn convincing so they can be really damn convincing so what you're saying is that we never had what you're saying is that we never had what you're saying is that we never had humans smart enough to make a great scam humans smart enough to make a great scam humans smart enough to make a great scam and we now have an AI That's smarter and we now have an AI That's smarter and we now have an AI That's smarter than most humans or all of the humans than most humans or all of the humans than most humans or all of the humans well this is the big difference is there well this is the big difference is there well this is the big difference is there seems to be human level linguistic seems to be human level linguistic seems to be human level linguistic capabilities yeah that in fact capabilities yeah that in fact capabilities yeah that in fact superhuman level superhuman level it's superhuman level superhuman level it's superhuman level superhuman level it's like saying I'm not gonna allow I'm not like saying I'm not gonna allow I'm not like saying I'm not gonna allow I'm not gonna allow machines to compute gonna allow machines to compute gonna allow machines to compute multiplications of 100 digit numbers multiplications of 100 digit numbers multiplications of 100 digit numbers because humans can't do it like no just because humans can't do it like no just because humans can't do it like no just do it no but we can't disregard I mean do it no but we can't disregard I mean do it no but we can't disregard I mean that's a good point but we can't that's a good point but we can't that's a good point but we can't disregard the power of language in human disregard the power of language in human disregard the power of language in human society I mean yes you're right but that society I mean yes you're right but that society I mean yes you're right but that seems like a scary new reality we don't seems like a scary new reality we don't seems like a scary new reality we don't have answers for yet I remember when have answers for yet I remember when have answers for yet I remember when Gary Kasparov was basically saying you Gary Kasparov was basically saying you Gary Kasparov was basically saying you know great you know chess beats you like know great you know chess beats you like know great you know chess beats you like chess machines beat humans or chess yeah chess machines beat humans or chess yeah chess machines beat humans or chess yeah you know are you like are people going you know are you like are people going you know are you like are people going to still go to chess tournaments and his to still go to chess tournaments and his to still go to chess tournaments and his answer was you know well we have cars answer was you know well we have cars answer was you know well we have cars that go much faster than humans and yet that go much faster than humans and yet that go much faster than humans and yet we still go to the Olympics to watch we still go to the Olympics to watch we still go to the Olympics to watch humans run so that's for entertainment humans run so that's for entertainment humans run so that's for entertainment but what about for the spread of

but what about for the spread of but what about for the spread of information and news right uh what that information and news right uh what that information and news right uh what that has to do with the pandemic or the has to do with the pandemic or the has to do with the pandemic or the political election or political election or political election or anything is it it's a scary reality anything is it it's a scary reality anything is it it's a scary reality where there's a lot of convincing Bots where there's a lot of convincing Bots where there's a lot of convincing Bots that are human-like telling us I think that are human-like telling us I think that are human-like telling us I think that if we want to regulate something it that if we want to regulate something it that if we want to regulate something it shouldn't be the training of these shouldn't be the training of these shouldn't be the training of these models it should be the utilization of models it should be the utilization of models it should be the utilization of these models for XYZ activity so these models for XYZ activity so these models for XYZ activity so yeah like yes guidelines and guards yeah like yes guidelines and guards yeah like yes guidelines and guards should be there but against specific set should be there but against specific set should be there but against specific set of utilizations sure I think simply of utilizations sure I think simply of utilizations sure I think simply saying we're not going to make any more saying we're not going to make any more saying we're not going to make any more trucks is not the way trucks is not the way trucks is not the way that's what people are a little bit that's what people are a little bit that's what people are a little bit scared about the idea they're very torn scared about the idea they're very torn scared about the idea they're very torn on the open sourcing yeah the very on the open sourcing yeah the very on the open sourcing yeah the very people that kind of are proponents of people that kind of are proponents of people that kind of are proponents of open sourcing have also spoken out in open sourcing have also spoken out in open sourcing have also spoken out in this case we want to keep a closed this case we want to keep a closed this case we want to keep a closed Source because Source because Source because there's going to be you know there's going to be you know there's going to be you know putting large language models putting large language models putting large language models pre-trained pre-trained pre-trained fine-tune through uh RL with human fine-tune through uh RL with human fine-tune through uh RL with human feedback putting in the hands of feedback putting in the hands of feedback putting in the hands of I don't know terrorist organizations of I don't know terrorist organizations of I don't know terrorist organizations of a kid in a garage who just wants to have a kid in a garage who just wants to have a kid in a garage who just wants to have a bit of fun through trolling a bit of fun through trolling a bit of fun through trolling um it's a scary world because again um it's a scary world because again um it's a scary world because again scale can be achieved and we the the scale can be achieved and we the the scale can be achieved and we the the bottom line is I think where they're bottom line is I think where they're bottom line is I think where they're asking six months or sometime is we asking six months or sometime is we asking six months or sometime is we don't really know how powerful these don't really know how powerful these don't really know how powerful these things are it's been just a few days and things are it's been just a few days and things are it's been just a few days and they seem to be really damn good I am so they seem to be really damn good I am so they seem to be really damn good I am so ready to be replaced seriously I'm so ready to be replaced seriously I'm so ready to be replaced seriously I'm so ready like you have no idea how excited ready like you have no idea how excited ready like you have no idea how excited in a positive way I mean in a positive

in a positive way I mean in a positive in a positive way I mean in a positive way where basically all of the mundane way where basically all of the mundane way where basically all of the mundane aspects of my job and maybe even my full aspects of my job and maybe even my full aspects of my job and maybe even my full job if if it turns out that an AI is job if if it turns out that an AI is job if if it turns out that an AI is better I find it very discriminative better I find it very discriminative better I find it very discriminative basically say you can only hire humans basically say you can only hire humans basically say you can only hire humans because they're inferior I mean that's because they're inferior I mean that's because they're inferior I mean that's ridiculous ridiculous ridiculous that's discrimination if an AI is better that's discrimination if an AI is better that's discrimination if an AI is better than me at training students than me at training students than me at training students get me out of the picture just let the get me out of the picture just let the get me out of the picture just let the AI train the students I mean please AI train the students I mean please AI train the students I mean please because like what do I want do I want because like what do I want do I want because like what do I want do I want jobs for humans or do I want better jobs for humans or do I want better jobs for humans or do I want better outcome for Humanity yeah so the basic outcome for Humanity yeah so the basic outcome for Humanity yeah so the basic thing is then you start to ask what do I thing is then you start to ask what do I thing is then you start to ask what do I want for Humanity and what do I want as want for Humanity and what do I want as want for Humanity and what do I want as an individual and as an individual you an individual and as an individual you an individual and as an individual you want some basic survival and on top of want some basic survival and on top of want some basic survival and on top of that you want Rich fulfilling experience that you want Rich fulfilling experience that you want Rich fulfilling experience that's exactly right that's exactly that's exactly right that's exactly that's exactly right that's exactly right and as an individual I gain a right and as an individual I gain a right and as an individual I gain a tremendous amount from teaching at MIT tremendous amount from teaching at MIT tremendous amount from teaching at MIT this is like an extremely fulfilling job this is like an extremely fulfilling job this is like an extremely fulfilling job I often joke about if I if I were a I often joke about if I if I were a I often joke about if I if I were a billionaire in the stock market I would billionaire in the stock market I would billionaire in the stock market I would pay MIT an exorbitant amount of money to pay MIT an exorbitant amount of money to pay MIT an exorbitant amount of money to let me work day in day out all night let me work day in day out all night let me work day in day out all night with the smartest people in the world with the smartest people in the world with the smartest people in the world and that's what I already have so that and that's what I already have so that and that's what I already have so that that's a very fulfilling experience for that's a very fulfilling experience for that's a very fulfilling experience for me but why would I deprive those me but why would I deprive those me but why would I deprive those students from a better advisor if they students from a better advisor if they students from a better advisor if they can have one can have one can have one take him well I have to ask about take him well I have to ask about take him well I have to ask about education here this is uh education here this is uh education here this is uh this has been a stressful time for high this has been a stressful time for high this has been a stressful time for high school teachers school teachers school teachers teachers in general how do you think teachers in general how do you think teachers in general how do you think large language models even at their large language models even at their large language models even at their current state are going to change

current state are going to change current state are going to change Education First of all education is the Education First of all education is the Education First of all education is the way out of poverty education is the way way out of poverty education is the way way out of poverty education is the way to success education is what led my to success education is what led my to success education is what led my parents Escape you know islands and sort parents Escape you know islands and sort parents Escape you know islands and sort of let their kids come to MIT of let their kids come to MIT of let their kids come to MIT and this is a basic human right like we and this is a basic human right like we and this is a basic human right like we should basically get extraordinarily should basically get extraordinarily should basically get extraordinarily better at identifying Talent across the better at identifying Talent across the better at identifying Talent across the world and give that Talent opportunities world and give that Talent opportunities world and give that Talent opportunities so we need to nurture the nature we need so we need to nurture the nature we need so we need to nurture the nature we need to nurture the talent across the world to nurture the talent across the world to nurture the talent across the world and there's so many incredibly talented and there's so many incredibly talented and there's so many incredibly talented kids who are just sitting in kids who are just sitting in kids who are just sitting in underprivileged places in you know underprivileged places in you know underprivileged places in you know Africa in Latin America and the middle Africa in Latin America and the middle Africa in Latin America and the middle of America in Asia and all over the of America in Asia and all over the of America in Asia and all over the world we need to give these kids a world we need to give these kids a world we need to give these kids a chance chance chance AI might be a way to do that by sort of AI might be a way to do that by sort of AI might be a way to do that by sort of democratizing Education by giving democratizing Education by giving democratizing Education by giving extraordinarily good teachers who are extraordinarily good teachers who are extraordinarily good teachers who are malleable who are adaptable to every malleable who are adaptable to every malleable who are adaptable to every kid's specific needs who are able to kid's specific needs who are able to kid's specific needs who are able to give the incredibly talented kid give the incredibly talented kid give the incredibly talented kid something that they struggle with rather something that they struggle with rather something that they struggle with rather than education for all we teach to the than education for all we teach to the than education for all we teach to the top and we let the bottom behind or we top and we let the bottom behind or we top and we let the bottom behind or we teach to the bottom and we let the top teach to the bottom and we let the top teach to the bottom and we let the top you know drift off you know drift off you know drift off have have have you know education be tuned to the you know education be tuned to the you know education be tuned to the unique talent of each person some people unique talent of each person some people unique talent of each person some people might be incredibly talented at math or might be incredibly talented at math or might be incredibly talented at math or in physics others in poetry in in physics others in poetry in in physics others in poetry in literature in art in you know Sports in literature in art in you know Sports in literature in art in you know Sports in you know you name it so

you know you name it so you know you name it so I think AI can be transformative for the I think AI can be transformative for the I think AI can be transformative for the human race if we basically allow human race if we basically allow human race if we basically allow education education education to sort of be pervasively altered to sort of be pervasively altered to sort of be pervasively altered I also think that humans thrive on I also think that humans thrive on I also think that humans thrive on diversity basically saying oh you're diversity basically saying oh you're diversity basically saying oh you're extraordinarily good at math we don't extraordinarily good at math we don't extraordinarily good at math we don't need to teach math to you we're just need to teach math to you we're just need to teach math to you we're just going to teach you history now going to teach you history now going to teach you history now I think that's silly no you're I think that's silly no you're I think that's silly no you're extraordinarily good at math let's make extraordinarily good at math let's make extraordinarily good at math let's make you even better at math you even better at math you even better at math because we're not all going to be because we're not all going to be because we're not all going to be growing our own chicken and hunting our growing our own chicken and hunting our growing our own chicken and hunting our own pigs or whatever they do we're uh you know the reason why we're we're uh you know the reason why we're Society is because some people are Society is because some people are Society is because some people are better at some things and they're they better at some things and they're they better at some things and they're they have natural inclinations to something have natural inclinations to something have natural inclinations to something some things fulfill them some things some things fulfill them some things some things fulfill them some things that are very good at sometimes both that are very good at sometimes both that are very good at sometimes both align and they're very good at the align and they're very good at the align and they're very good at the things that fulfill them we should just things that fulfill them we should just things that fulfill them we should just like push them to the limits of human like push them to the limits of human like push them to the limits of human capabilities for those capabilities for those capabilities for those and and and um you know some people excelling math um you know some people excelling math um you know some people excelling math just like just like just like challenge them I think every every child challenge them I think every every child challenge them I think every every child should have the right to be challenged should have the right to be challenged should have the right to be challenged and if we and if we and if we you know if we say oh you're very good you know if we say oh you're very good you know if we say oh you're very good already so we're not going to bother already so we're not going to bother already so we're not going to bother with you we're taking away that with you we're taking away that with you we're taking away that fundamental right to be challenged fundamental right to be challenged fundamental right to be challenged because if a kid this is not challenged because if a kid this is not challenged because if a kid this is not challenged that's cool they're gonna hate school that's cool they're gonna hate school that's cool they're gonna hate school and they're going to be like dwelling and they're going to be like dwelling and they're going to be like dwelling rather than sort of pushing themselves rather than sort of pushing themselves rather than sort of pushing themselves so that's sort of the education so that's sort of the education so that's sort of the education component the other impact that AI can component the other impact that AI can component the other impact that AI can have is maybe we don't need everyone to have is maybe we don't need everyone to have is maybe we don't need everyone to be an extraordinarily good programmer be an extraordinarily good programmer be an extraordinarily good programmer maybe we need better General thinkers maybe we need better General thinkers maybe we need better General thinkers and the push that we've had towards

and the push that we've had towards and the push that we've had towards these sort of very strict IQ based these sort of very strict IQ based these sort of very strict IQ based you know uh tests that basically test you know uh tests that basically test you know uh tests that basically test you know only quantitative skills and you know only quantitative skills and you know only quantitative skills and programming skills and math skills and programming skills and math skills and programming skills and math skills and physics skills physics skills physics skills maybe we don't need those anymore maybe maybe we don't need those anymore maybe maybe we don't need those anymore maybe AI will be very good at those maybe what AI will be very good at those maybe what AI will be very good at those maybe what we should be training is General we should be training is General we should be training is General thinkers thinkers thinkers and yes you know like you know I put my and yes you know like you know I put my and yes you know like you know I put my kids through Russian math why do I do kids through Russian math why do I do kids through Russian math why do I do that because they teach them how to that because they teach them how to that because they teach them how to think and that's what I tell my kids I'm think and that's what I tell my kids I'm think and that's what I tell my kids I'm like you know hey I can compute for you like you know hey I can compute for you like you know hey I can compute for you you don't need that but what you need is you don't need that but what you need is you don't need that but what you need is learn how to think and that's why you're learn how to think and that's why you're learn how to think and that's why you're here and here and here and I think challenging students with more I think challenging students with more I think challenging students with more complex problems with more complex problems with more complex problems with more multi-dimensional problems with more multi-dimensional problems with more multi-dimensional problems with more logical problems I think is logical problems I think is logical problems I think is sort of perhaps a very fine direction sort of perhaps a very fine direction sort of perhaps a very fine direction that education can go towards that education can go towards that education can go towards with the understanding that a lot of the with the understanding that a lot of the with the understanding that a lot of the traditionally you know scientific traditionally you know scientific traditionally you know scientific disciplines perhaps will be more easily disciplines perhaps will be more easily disciplines perhaps will be more easily solved by Ai and sort of thinking about solved by Ai and sort of thinking about solved by Ai and sort of thinking about bringing up our kids to be productive to bringing up our kids to be productive to bringing up our kids to be productive to be contributing to society rather than be contributing to society rather than be contributing to society rather than to only have a job because we prohibited to only have a job because we prohibited to only have a job because we prohibited AI from having those jobs AI from having those jobs AI from having those jobs I think is the the way to the Future and I think is the the way to the Future and I think is the the way to the Future and if you sort of focus on overall if you sort of focus on overall if you sort of focus on overall productivity productivity productivity then let the AIS come in let everybody then let the AIS come in let everybody then let the AIS come in let everybody become more productive what I told my become more productive what I told my become more productive what I told my students is you're not going to be students is you're not going to be students is you're not going to be replaced by AI replaced by AI replaced by AI but you're going to be replaced by but you're going to be replaced by but you're going to be replaced by people who use AI people who use AI people who use AI in your job

in your job in your job so embrace it use it as your partner and so embrace it use it as your partner and so embrace it use it as your partner and work with it rather than work with it rather than work with it rather than sort of forbidded because I think the sort of forbidded because I think the sort of forbidded because I think the productivity gains will actually lead to productivity gains will actually lead to productivity gains will actually lead to a better society and that's something a better society and that's something a better society and that's something that humans have been traditionally very that humans have been traditionally very that humans have been traditionally very bad at every productivity gain has led bad at every productivity gain has led bad at every productivity gain has led to more inequality to more inequality to more inequality and I'm hoping that we can do we can do and I'm hoping that we can do we can do and I'm hoping that we can do we can do better this time that basically right better this time that basically right better this time that basically right now now now a democratization of these types of a democratization of these types of a democratization of these types of productivity games will hopefully come productivity games will hopefully come productivity games will hopefully come with better sort of humanity level with better sort of humanity level with better sort of humanity level um improvements in in human condition um improvements in in human condition um improvements in in human condition so as most people know you're not just so as most people know you're not just so as most people know you're not just an eloquent romantic you're also a an eloquent romantic you're also a an eloquent romantic you're also a brilliant computational biologist brilliant computational biologist brilliant computational biologist biologist one of the great biologists in biologist one of the great biologists in biologist one of the great biologists in the world I had to ask how how do the the world I had to ask how how do the the world I had to ask how how do the language models how these large language language models how these large language language models how these large language models and the investments in AI affect models and the investments in AI affect models and the investments in AI affect the work you've been doing so it's truly the work you've been doing so it's truly the work you've been doing so it's truly remarkable to be able to sort of be able remarkable to be able to sort of be able remarkable to be able to sort of be able to encapsulate this knowledge and sort to encapsulate this knowledge and sort to encapsulate this knowledge and sort of build these knowledge graphs and and of build these knowledge graphs and and of build these knowledge graphs and and build representations of these knowledge build representations of these knowledge build representations of these knowledge in these sort of very high dimensional in these sort of very high dimensional in these sort of very high dimensional spaces being able to project them spaces being able to project them spaces being able to project them together jointly between say single cell together jointly between say single cell together jointly between say single cell data genetics data expression data being data genetics data expression data being data genetics data expression data being able to bring all these knowledge able to bring all these knowledge able to bring all these knowledge together allows us to together allows us to together allows us to truly dissect disease in a completely truly dissect disease in a completely truly dissect disease in a completely new kind of way and and what we're doing new kind of way and and what we're doing new kind of way and and what we're doing now is using these models so we have now is using these models so we have now is using these models so we have this wonderful collaboration we call it this wonderful collaboration we call it this wonderful collaboration we call it drug jiwas with uh Brad pintaluta in the drug jiwas with uh Brad pintaluta in the drug jiwas with uh Brad pintaluta in the chemistry department and Marine kazitnik chemistry department and Marine kazitnik chemistry department and Marine kazitnik in Harvard Medical School and what we're

in Harvard Medical School and what we're in Harvard Medical School and what we're trying to do is effectively connect all trying to do is effectively connect all trying to do is effectively connect all of the dots to effectively cure all of of the dots to effectively cure all of of the dots to effectively cure all of disease so it's no small challenge but disease so it's no small challenge but disease so it's no small challenge but we're kind of starting with genetics we're kind of starting with genetics we're kind of starting with genetics we're looking at how genetic variants we're looking at how genetic variants we're looking at how genetic variants are impacting these molecular phenotypes are impacting these molecular phenotypes are impacting these molecular phenotypes how these are shifting from one space to how these are shifting from one space to how these are shifting from one space to another space how we can kind of another space how we can kind of another space how we can kind of understand in the same way that we're understand in the same way that we're understand in the same way that we're talking about language models having talking about language models having talking about language models having personalities that are cross-cutting personalities that are cross-cutting personalities that are cross-cutting being able to understand contextual being able to understand contextual being able to understand contextual learning so Ben linger is one of my learning so Ben linger is one of my learning so Ben linger is one of my machine learning students is basically machine learning students is basically machine learning students is basically looking at how we can learn sell looking at how we can learn sell looking at how we can learn sell specific networks across millions of specific networks across millions of specific networks across millions of cells where you can have the context of cells where you can have the context of cells where you can have the context of the biological variables of each of the biological variables of each of the biological variables of each of these cells be encoded as an orthogonal these cells be encoded as an orthogonal these cells be encoded as an orthogonal component to the specific network of component to the specific network of component to the specific network of each cell type and being able to sort of each cell type and being able to sort of each cell type and being able to sort of project all of that into sort of a project all of that into sort of a project all of that into sort of a common knowledge space is is common knowledge space is is common knowledge space is is transformative for the field and then transformative for the field and then transformative for the field and then large language models have also been large language models have also been large language models have also been extremely helpful for structure if you extremely helpful for structure if you extremely helpful for structure if you understand protein structure through understand protein structure through understand protein structure through modeling of geometric relationships modeling of geometric relationships modeling of geometric relationships through geometric deep learning and through geometric deep learning and through geometric deep learning and graph neural networks so one of the graph neural networks so one of the graph neural networks so one of the things that we're doing with marinka is things that we're doing with marinka is things that we're doing with marinka is is trying to sort of project these is trying to sort of project these is trying to sort of project these structural graphs at the Domain level structural graphs at the Domain level structural graphs at the Domain level rather than the protein level rather than the protein level rather than the protein level along with chemicals so that we can along with chemicals so that we can along with chemicals so that we can start building specific chemicals for start building specific chemicals for start building specific chemicals for specific protein domains and then we are specific protein domains and then we are specific protein domains and then we are working with working with working with um the chemistry department and Brad to

um the chemistry department and Brad to um the chemistry department and Brad to basically synthesize those so what we're basically synthesize those so what we're basically synthesize those so what we're trying to create is this new center at trying to create is this new center at trying to create is this new center at MIT for genomics and Therapeutics that MIT for genomics and Therapeutics that MIT for genomics and Therapeutics that basically says can we facilitate this basically says can we facilitate this basically says can we facilitate this translation we have thousands of these translation we have thousands of these translation we have thousands of these genetic circuits that we have uncovered genetic circuits that we have uncovered genetic circuits that we have uncovered I mentioned last time in the New England I mentioned last time in the New England I mentioned last time in the New England Journal medicine we had published this Journal medicine we had published this Journal medicine we had published this dissection of the strongest genetic dissection of the strongest genetic dissection of the strongest genetic association with obesity and we showed association with obesity and we showed association with obesity and we showed how you can manipulate that Association how you can manipulate that Association how you can manipulate that Association to switch back and forth between fat to switch back and forth between fat to switch back and forth between fat burning cells and fat storing cells burning cells and fat storing cells burning cells and fat storing cells in Alzheimer's just a few weeks ago we in Alzheimer's just a few weeks ago we in Alzheimer's just a few weeks ago we had a paper in nature in collaboration had a paper in nature in collaboration had a paper in nature in collaboration with leeway Tai looking at apoe4 the with leeway Tai looking at apoe4 the with leeway Tai looking at apoe4 the strongest genetic association with strongest genetic association with strongest genetic association with Alzheimer's and we showed that it Alzheimer's and we showed that it Alzheimer's and we showed that it actually leads to a loss of being able actually leads to a loss of being able actually leads to a loss of being able to transport cholesterol in myelinating to transport cholesterol in myelinating to transport cholesterol in myelinating cells known as oligodendrocytes that cells known as oligodendrocytes that cells known as oligodendrocytes that basically protect the neurons and basically protect the neurons and basically protect the neurons and whether cholesterol gets stuck inside whether cholesterol gets stuck inside whether cholesterol gets stuck inside the oligonometricites it doesn't form the oligonometricites it doesn't form the oligonometricites it doesn't form myelin the neurons are not protected and myelin the neurons are not protected and myelin the neurons are not protected and it causes damage inside the it causes damage inside the it causes damage inside the oligodendrocytes if you just restore oligodendrocytes if you just restore oligodendrocytes if you just restore transport transport transport you basically are able to restore you basically are able to restore you basically are able to restore myelination in human cells and in mice myelination in human cells and in mice myelination in human cells and in mice and to restore cognition in mice and to restore cognition in mice and to restore cognition in mice so all of these circuits are basically so all of these circuits are basically so all of these circuits are basically now giving us handles to truly transform now giving us handles to truly transform now giving us handles to truly transform The Human Condition we're doing the same The Human Condition we're doing the same The Human Condition we're doing the same thing in cardiac disorders in thing in cardiac disorders in thing in cardiac disorders in Alzheimer's in neurodegenerative Alzheimer's in neurodegenerative Alzheimer's in neurodegenerative disorders in psychiatric disorders where disorders in psychiatric disorders where disorders in psychiatric disorders where we have now these thousands of circuits we have now these thousands of circuits we have now these thousands of circuits that if we manipulate them we know we that if we manipulate them we know we that if we manipulate them we know we can reverse disease circuitry so what can reverse disease circuitry so what can reverse disease circuitry so what what we want to build in this Coalition what we want to build in this Coalition what we want to build in this Coalition that we're building is a center where we

that we're building is a center where we that we're building is a center where we can now systematically test these can now systematically test these can now systematically test these underlying molecules in cellular models underlying molecules in cellular models underlying molecules in cellular models for heart for muscle for fat for for heart for muscle for fat for for heart for muscle for fat for macrophages immune cells and neurons to macrophages immune cells and neurons to macrophages immune cells and neurons to be able to now Screen through these be able to now Screen through these be able to now Screen through these newly designed drugs through deep newly designed drugs through deep newly designed drugs through deep learning and to be able to sort of ask learning and to be able to sort of ask learning and to be able to sort of ask which ones act at the cellular level which ones act at the cellular level which ones act at the cellular level which combinations of treatment should which combinations of treatment should which combinations of treatment should be we're using and the other components be we're using and the other components be we're using and the other components that we're looking into decomposing that we're looking into decomposing that we're looking into decomposing complex traits like Alzheimer's and complex traits like Alzheimer's and complex traits like Alzheimer's and cardiovascular and schizophrenia into cardiovascular and schizophrenia into cardiovascular and schizophrenia into Hallmarks of disease so that for every Hallmarks of disease so that for every Hallmarks of disease so that for every one of those trades we can kind of start one of those trades we can kind of start one of those trades we can kind of start speaking the language of what are the speaking the language of what are the speaking the language of what are the building blocks of Alzheimer's and maybe building blocks of Alzheimer's and maybe building blocks of Alzheimer's and maybe this patient has building blocks one this patient has building blocks one this patient has building blocks one three and seven and this other one has three and seven and this other one has three and seven and this other one has two three and eight and we can now start two three and eight and we can now start two three and eight and we can now start prescribing drugs not for the disease prescribing drugs not for the disease prescribing drugs not for the disease anymore but for the Hallmark and the anymore but for the Hallmark and the anymore but for the Hallmark and the advantage of that is that we can now advantage of that is that we can now advantage of that is that we can now take this modular approach to disease take this modular approach to disease take this modular approach to disease instead of saying there's going to be a instead of saying there's going to be a instead of saying there's going to be a drug for Alzheimer's which is going to drug for Alzheimer's which is going to drug for Alzheimer's which is going to fail in 80 of the patients are going to fail in 80 of the patients are going to fail in 80 of the patients are going to say now there's going to be 10 drugs one say now there's going to be 10 drugs one say now there's going to be 10 drugs one for each pathway and for every patient for each pathway and for every patient for each pathway and for every patient we now prescribe the combination of we now prescribe the combination of we now prescribe the combination of drugs so what we want to do in that drugs so what we want to do in that drugs so what we want to do in that Center is basically translate every Center is basically translate every Center is basically translate every single one of these pathways single one of these pathways single one of these pathways into a set of Therapeutics a set of into a set of Therapeutics a set of into a set of Therapeutics a set of drugs that are projecting the same drugs that are projecting the same drugs that are projecting the same embedding Subspace as the biological embedding Subspace as the biological embedding Subspace as the biological Pathways that they alter so we can have Pathways that they alter so we can have Pathways that they alter so we can have this translation between the

this translation between the this translation between the dysregulations that are happening at the dysregulations that are happening at the dysregulations that are happening at the genetic level at the transcription level genetic level at the transcription level genetic level at the transcription level at the drug level at the protein at the drug level at the protein at the drug level at the protein structure level and effectively take structure level and effectively take structure level and effectively take this modular approach to personalized this modular approach to personalized this modular approach to personalized medicine medicine medicine we're saying I'm going to build a drug we're saying I'm going to build a drug we're saying I'm going to build a drug for Lex Friedman is not going to be for Lex Friedman is not going to be for Lex Friedman is not going to be sustainable but if you instead say I'm sustainable but if you instead say I'm sustainable but if you instead say I'm going to build a drug for this pathway going to build a drug for this pathway going to build a drug for this pathway another drug for that other pathway another drug for that other pathway another drug for that other pathway millions of people share each of these millions of people share each of these millions of people share each of these Pathways so that's that's the vision for Pathways so that's that's the vision for Pathways so that's that's the vision for how all of these Ai and deep learning how all of these Ai and deep learning how all of these Ai and deep learning and embeddings can truly transform and embeddings can truly transform and embeddings can truly transform biology and Medicine where we can truly biology and Medicine where we can truly biology and Medicine where we can truly take these systems and allow us to take these systems and allow us to take these systems and allow us to finally understand disease at a finally understand disease at a finally understand disease at a superhuman level by sort of finding superhuman level by sort of finding superhuman level by sort of finding these knowledge representations these these knowledge representations these these knowledge representations these projections of each of these spaces and projections of each of these spaces and projections of each of these spaces and try understanding the meaning of each of try understanding the meaning of each of try understanding the meaning of each of those embedding subspaces and sort of those embedding subspaces and sort of those embedding subspaces and sort of how well populated it is what are the how well populated it is what are the how well populated it is what are the drugs that we can build for it and so drugs that we can build for it and so drugs that we can build for it and so forth so it's it's truly transformative forth so it's it's truly transformative forth so it's it's truly transformative so systematically find how to alter the so systematically find how to alter the so systematically find how to alter the pathways it Maps the structure and pathways it Maps the structure and pathways it Maps the structure and information the genomics to information the genomics to information the genomics to Therapeutics and allows you to have Therapeutics and allows you to have Therapeutics and allows you to have drugs that look at the pathways not at drugs that look at the pathways not at drugs that look at the pathways not at the final exactly exactly and the way the final exactly exactly and the way the final exactly exactly and the way that we're coupling this is with that we're coupling this is with that we're coupling this is with self-penetrating peptides that allows to self-penetrating peptides that allows to self-penetrating peptides that allows to deliver these drugs to specific cell deliver these drugs to specific cell deliver these drugs to specific cell types by taking advantage of The types by taking advantage of The types by taking advantage of The receptors of those cells we can receptors of those cells we can receptors of those cells we can intervene at the antisense oligo level intervene at the antisense oligo level intervene at the antisense oligo level by basically repressing the RNA bring in by basically repressing the RNA bring in by basically repressing the RNA bring in new RNA intervene at the protein level new RNA intervene at the protein level new RNA intervene at the protein level at the small molecule level we can use at the small molecule level we can use at the small molecule level we can use proteins themselves as drugs just

proteins themselves as drugs just proteins themselves as drugs just because of their ability to interfere to because of their ability to interfere to because of their ability to interfere to to interact directly from protein to to interact directly from protein to to interact directly from protein to protein interactions so I think this protein interactions so I think this protein interactions so I think this space is being completely transformed space is being completely transformed space is being completely transformed with a marriage of high throughput with a marriage of high throughput with a marriage of high throughput Technologies and all of these like AI Technologies and all of these like AI Technologies and all of these like AI large language models deep learning large language models deep learning large language models deep learning models and so forth you mentioned your models and so forth you mentioned your models and so forth you mentioned your updated answer to the meaning of life as updated answer to the meaning of life as updated answer to the meaning of life as it continuously keeps updating the new it continuously keeps updating the new it continuously keeps updating the new version uh is self-actualization version uh is self-actualization version uh is self-actualization can you explain I basically mean let's can you explain I basically mean let's can you explain I basically mean let's try to figure out number one what am I try to figure out number one what am I try to figure out number one what am I supposed to be and number two find the supposed to be and number two find the supposed to be and number two find the strength to actually become it so I was strength to actually become it so I was strength to actually become it so I was recently talking to students about this recently talking to students about this recently talking to students about this commencement address and I was talking commencement address and I was talking commencement address and I was talking to them about sort of how to them about sort of how to them about sort of how they have all of these paths ahead of they have all of these paths ahead of they have all of these paths ahead of them right now and part of it is them right now and part of it is them right now and part of it is choosing the direction which you go and choosing the direction which you go and choosing the direction which you go and part of it is actually doing the walk to part of it is actually doing the walk to part of it is actually doing the walk to go in that direction and in doing the go in that direction and in doing the go in that direction and in doing the walk what we talked about earlier about walk what we talked about earlier about walk what we talked about earlier about sort of you create your own environment sort of you create your own environment sort of you create your own environment I basically told them listen you're I basically told them listen you're I basically told them listen you're you're ending High School up until now you're ending High School up until now you're ending High School up until now your parents have created all of your your parents have created all of your your parents have created all of your environment now it's time to take that environment now it's time to take that environment now it's time to take that into your own hands and to sort of shape into your own hands and to sort of shape into your own hands and to sort of shape the environment that you want to be an the environment that you want to be an the environment that you want to be an adult in and you can do that by choosing adult in and you can do that by choosing adult in and you can do that by choosing your friends by choosing your particular your friends by choosing your particular your friends by choosing your particular neuronal routines I basically think of neuronal routines I basically think of neuronal routines I basically think of your brain as a muscle where you can your brain as a muscle where you can your brain as a muscle where you can exercise specific neuronal pathways so exercise specific neuronal pathways so exercise specific neuronal pathways so very recently I realized that you know I very recently I realized that you know I very recently I realized that you know I was having so much trouble sleeping and

was having so much trouble sleeping and was having so much trouble sleeping and you know I would wake up in the middle you know I would wake up in the middle you know I would wake up in the middle of the night I would wake up at 4am and of the night I would wake up at 4am and of the night I would wake up at 4am and I would just never go back to bed so I I would just never go back to bed so I I would just never go back to bed so I was basically constantly losing losing was basically constantly losing losing was basically constantly losing losing losing sleep I started a new routine losing sleep I started a new routine losing sleep I started a new routine where every morning as I bike in instead where every morning as I bike in instead where every morning as I bike in instead of going to my office I hit the gym I of going to my office I hit the gym I of going to my office I hit the gym I basically go rowing first I then do basically go rowing first I then do basically go rowing first I then do weights I then swim very often when I weights I then swim very often when I weights I then swim very often when I have time and what that has done is have time and what that has done is have time and what that has done is transform my neuronal Pathways so transform my neuronal Pathways so transform my neuronal Pathways so basically right like on Friday I was basically right like on Friday I was basically right like on Friday I was trying to go to work and I was like trying to go to work and I was like trying to go to work and I was like listen I'm not gonna go exercise and I listen I'm not gonna go exercise and I listen I'm not gonna go exercise and I couldn't my bike just went straight to couldn't my bike just went straight to couldn't my bike just went straight to the gym like I don't want to do it and I the gym like I don't want to do it and I the gym like I don't want to do it and I just went anyway because I couldn't I just went anyway because I couldn't I just went anyway because I couldn't I couldn't do otherwise and that has couldn't do otherwise and that has couldn't do otherwise and that has completely transformed me so I think completely transformed me so I think completely transformed me so I think this is sort of beneficial effect of this is sort of beneficial effect of this is sort of beneficial effect of exercise on the whole body is one of the exercise on the whole body is one of the exercise on the whole body is one of the ways that you could transform your own ways that you could transform your own ways that you could transform your own neural Pathways understanding that neural Pathways understanding that neural Pathways understanding that it's not a choice it's not an option it's not a choice it's not an option it's not a choice it's not an option it's not optional it's not optional it's not optional it's mandatory and I think you're it's mandatory and I think you're it's mandatory and I think you're overall modeled so many of us by sort of overall modeled so many of us by sort of overall modeled so many of us by sort of being able to push your body to the being able to push your body to the being able to push your body to the extreme being able to have these extreme being able to have these extreme being able to have these extremely regimented regimes and uh that extremely regimented regimes and uh that extremely regimented regimes and uh that that's something that I've been terrible that's something that I've been terrible that's something that I've been terrible at at at but now I'm basically trying to coach but now I'm basically trying to coach but now I'm basically trying to coach myself and trying to sort of you know myself and trying to sort of you know myself and trying to sort of you know finish finish finish this kind of self-actualization into a this kind of self-actualization into a this kind of self-actualization into a new version of myself a more disciplined new version of myself a more disciplined new version of myself a more disciplined version myself don't ask questions just version myself don't ask questions just version myself don't ask questions just follow the the ritual not not an option follow the the ritual not not an option follow the the ritual not not an option uh you have so much love in your life uh you have so much love in your life uh you have so much love in your life you radiate love you radiate love you radiate love do you ever feel lonely do you ever feel lonely do you ever feel lonely so I there's different types of people

so I there's different types of people so I there's different types of people some people drain in Gatherings some some people drain in Gatherings some some people drain in Gatherings some people recharge in Gatherings I'm people recharge in Gatherings I'm people recharge in Gatherings I'm definitely the recharging type definitely the recharging type definitely the recharging type I'm an extremely uh social creature I I I'm an extremely uh social creature I I I'm an extremely uh social creature I I recharge with intellectual exchanges I recharge with intellectual exchanges I recharge with intellectual exchanges I recharge with physical exercise I recharge with physical exercise I recharge with physical exercise I recharging nature uh but I also can feel recharging nature uh but I also can feel recharging nature uh but I also can feel fantastic when I'm the only person in fantastic when I'm the only person in fantastic when I'm the only person in the room that doesn't mean I'm lonely it the room that doesn't mean I'm lonely it the room that doesn't mean I'm lonely it just means I'm the only person in the just means I'm the only person in the just means I'm the only person in the room room room and I think and I think and I think there's a secret to not feeling alone there's a secret to not feeling alone there's a secret to not feeling alone when you're the only one and that secret when you're the only one and that secret when you're the only one and that secret is self-reflection it's introspection is self-reflection it's introspection is self-reflection it's introspection it's almost watching yourself from above it's almost watching yourself from above it's almost watching yourself from above and it's basically just and it's basically just and it's basically just becoming yourself becoming comfortable becoming yourself becoming comfortable becoming yourself becoming comfortable with the freedom that you have with the freedom that you have with the freedom that you have when you're by yourself when you're by yourself when you're by yourself so hanging out with yourself I mean so hanging out with yourself I mean so hanging out with yourself I mean there's there's a lot of people who there's there's a lot of people who there's there's a lot of people who write to me who talk to me about feeling write to me who talk to me about feeling write to me who talk to me about feeling alone in this world alone in this world alone in this world that struggle especially when they're that struggle especially when they're that struggle especially when they're younger Is there further words of advice younger Is there further words of advice younger Is there further words of advice you can give to them you can give to them you can give to them when they are almost paralyzed by that when they are almost paralyzed by that when they are almost paralyzed by that feeling so I sympathize completely and I feeling so I sympathize completely and I feeling so I sympathize completely and I have felt alone and I have felt that have felt alone and I have felt that have felt alone and I have felt that that feeling and what I would say to you that feeling and what I would say to you that feeling and what I would say to you is is is stand up stand up stand up stretch your arms just like become your stretch your arms just like become your stretch your arms just like become your own self just like realize that you have own self just like realize that you have own self just like realize that you have this freedom this freedom this freedom and breathe in and breathe in and breathe in walk around the room take a few steps in walk around the room take a few steps in walk around the room take a few steps in the room just like get a feeling for the

the room just like get a feeling for the the room just like get a feeling for the 3D version of yourself 3D version of yourself 3D version of yourself because very often we're kind of stuck because very often we're kind of stuck because very often we're kind of stuck to screen and that's very limiting and to screen and that's very limiting and to screen and that's very limiting and that sort of gets us in particular that sort of gets us in particular that sort of gets us in particular mindset but activating your muscles mindset but activating your muscles mindset but activating your muscles activating your body activating your activating your body activating your activating your body activating your your full self is one way that you can your full self is one way that you can your full self is one way that you can kind of get out of it kind of get out of it kind of get out of it and that is exercising your freedom and that is exercising your freedom and that is exercising your freedom reclaiming your physical space reclaiming your physical space reclaiming your physical space and one of the things that I do is I and one of the things that I do is I and one of the things that I do is I have something that I call me time which have something that I call me time which have something that I call me time which is if I've been really good all day I is if I've been really good all day I is if I've been really good all day I got up in the morning I got the kids to got up in the morning I got the kids to got up in the morning I got the kids to school and made them breakfast I sort of school and made them breakfast I sort of school and made them breakfast I sort of you know hit the gym I I had a series of you know hit the gym I I had a series of you know hit the gym I I had a series of really productive meetings I reward really productive meetings I reward really productive meetings I reward myself with this me time and that that myself with this me time and that that myself with this me time and that that feeling of sort of when you're feeling of sort of when you're feeling of sort of when you're overstretched to realize that that's overstretched to realize that that's overstretched to realize that that's normal and you just want to just let go normal and you just want to just let go normal and you just want to just let go that feeling of exercising your freedom that feeling of exercising your freedom that feeling of exercising your freedom exercise your me time exercise your me time exercise your me time that's where that's where that's where you free yourself for more stress you you free yourself for more stress you you free yourself for more stress you basically say it's not a need to anymore basically say it's not a need to anymore basically say it's not a need to anymore it's a want to and as soon as I click it's a want to and as soon as I click it's a want to and as soon as I click that me time all of the stress goes away that me time all of the stress goes away that me time all of the stress goes away and I just bike home early and I get to and I just bike home early and I get to and I just bike home early and I get to to my work office at at home and I Feel to my work office at at home and I Feel to my work office at at home and I Feel Complete freedom but guess what I do Complete freedom but guess what I do Complete freedom but guess what I do without complete freedom I just don't go without complete freedom I just don't go without complete freedom I just don't go off and drift and do boring things I off and drift and do boring things I off and drift and do boring things I basically now say okay basically now say okay basically now say okay this is just for me I'm completely free this is just for me I'm completely free this is just for me I'm completely free I don't have any requirements anymore I don't have any requirements anymore I don't have any requirements anymore what do I do I just look at my to-do what do I do I just look at my to-do what do I do I just look at my to-do list and I'm like you know what can I

list and I'm like you know what can I list and I'm like you know what can I clear off clear off clear off and if I have three meetings scheduled and if I have three meetings scheduled and if I have three meetings scheduled in the next three half hours it is so in the next three half hours it is so in the next three half hours it is so much more productive for me to say you much more productive for me to say you much more productive for me to say you know what I just want to pick up the know what I just want to pick up the know what I just want to pick up the phone now and call these people and just phone now and call these people and just phone now and call these people and just knock it off one after the other and I knock it off one after the other and I knock it off one after the other and I can finish three half hour meetings in can finish three half hour meetings in can finish three half hour meetings in the next 15 minutes just because it's the next 15 minutes just because it's the next 15 minutes just because it's the want not I have to the want not I have to the want not I have to so that would be my advice basically so that would be my advice basically so that would be my advice basically turn something that you have to do in turn something that you have to do in turn something that you have to do in just me time stretch out exercise your just me time stretch out exercise your just me time stretch out exercise your freedom and just realize you live in 3D freedom and just realize you live in 3D freedom and just realize you live in 3D and you are and you are and you are a person and just a person and just a person and just do things because you want them not do things because you want them not do things because you want them not because you have to noticing and because you have to noticing and because you have to noticing and reclaiming the freedom reclaiming the freedom reclaiming the freedom that each of us have that's what it that each of us have that's what it that each of us have that's what it means to be human if you notice that means to be human if you notice that means to be human if you notice that you're truly free you're truly free you're truly free physically mentally psychologically but physically mentally psychologically but physically mentally psychologically but Noah's you're an incredible human uh we Noah's you're an incredible human uh we Noah's you're an incredible human uh we could talk for many more hours we could talk for many more hours we could talk for many more hours we covered uh less than 10 percent of what covered uh less than 10 percent of what covered uh less than 10 percent of what we were planning to cover uh but we have we were planning to cover uh but we have we were planning to cover uh but we have to run off now to the uh social to run off now to the uh social to run off now to the uh social Gathering that we spoke of we're 3D Gathering that we spoke of we're 3D Gathering that we spoke of we're 3D humans we're 3D human and reclaim the humans we're 3D human and reclaim the humans we're 3D human and reclaim the freedom I think I hope we can talk many freedom I think I hope we can talk many freedom I think I hope we can talk many many more times there's always a lot to many more times there's always a lot to many more times there's always a lot to talk about but more importantly you're talk about but more importantly you're talk about but more importantly you're just a human being with a big heart and just a human being with a big heart and just a human being with a big heart and a and a beautiful mind that people love a and a beautiful mind that people love a and a beautiful mind that people love hearing from and I certainly consider a hearing from and I certainly consider a hearing from and I certainly consider a huge honor to know you and to consider huge honor to know you and to consider huge honor to know you and to consider your friend thank you so much for your friend thank you so much for your friend thank you so much for talking today thank you so much for

talking today thank you so much for talking today thank you so much for talking so many more times and thank you talking so many more times and thank you talking so many more times and thank you for all the love behind the scenes that for all the love behind the scenes that for all the love behind the scenes that you send my ways it always means the you send my ways it always means the you send my ways it always means the world Lex you are a truly truly special world Lex you are a truly truly special world Lex you are a truly truly special human being and I have to say that I'm human being and I have to say that I'm human being and I have to say that I'm honored to know you I have like so many honored to know you I have like so many honored to know you I have like so many friends are just in awe that you even friends are just in awe that you even friends are just in awe that you even exist that you have the ability to do exist that you have the ability to do exist that you have the ability to do all the stuff that you're doing and uh I all the stuff that you're doing and uh I all the stuff that you're doing and uh I I think you're a gift Humanity I love I think you're a gift Humanity I love I think you're a gift Humanity I love the mission that you're on to sort of the mission that you're on to sort of the mission that you're on to sort of share knowledge and insight and deep share knowledge and insight and deep share knowledge and insight and deep thought with so many special people who thought with so many special people who thought with so many special people who are transformative but people across all are transformative but people across all are transformative but people across all walks of life and and I think you're walks of life and and I think you're walks of life and and I think you're doing this in just such a magnificent doing this in just such a magnificent doing this in just such a magnificent way I wish you strength to continue way I wish you strength to continue way I wish you strength to continue doing that because it's a very special doing that because it's a very special doing that because it's a very special Mission and it's a very training Mission Mission and it's a very training Mission Mission and it's a very training Mission so thank you both the human you and the so thank you both the human you and the so thank you both the human you and the Robert you the human you for showing all Robert you the human you for showing all Robert you the human you for showing all this love and they rob with you for this love and they rob with you for this love and they rob with you for doing it day after day after day so doing it day after day after day so doing it day after day after day so thank you Lex all right let's go have thank you Lex all right let's go have thank you Lex all right let's go have some fun let's go some fun let's go some fun let's go thanks for listening to this thanks for listening to this thanks for listening to this conversation with minolas callus to conversation with minolas callus to conversation with minolas callus to support this podcast please check out support this podcast please check out support this podcast please check out our sponsors in the description and now our sponsors in the description and now our sponsors in the description and now let me leave you with some words from let me leave you with some words from let me leave you with some words from Bill Bryson in his book a short history Bill Bryson in his book a short history Bill Bryson in his book a short history of nearly everything of nearly everything of nearly everything if this book has a lesson if this book has a lesson if this book has a lesson it is that we are awfully lucky to be it is that we are awfully lucky to be it is that we are awfully lucky to be here and by we I mean every living thing here and by we I mean every living thing here and by we I mean every living thing to attain any kind of life in this to attain any kind of life in this to attain any kind of life in this universe of ours appears to be quite an universe of ours appears to be quite an universe of ours appears to be quite an achievement achievement achievement as humans we're doubly lucky of course as humans we're doubly lucky of course as humans we're doubly lucky of course we enjoy not only the privilege of we enjoy not only the privilege of we enjoy not only the privilege of existence but also the singular ability existence but also the singular ability existence but also the singular ability to appreciate it and even in a multitude

to appreciate it and even in a multitude to appreciate it and even in a multitude of ways to make it better of ways to make it better of ways to make it better it is a talent to have only barely begun it is a talent to have only barely begun it is a talent to have only barely begun to grasp to grasp to grasp thank you for listening and hope to see thank you for listening and hope to see thank you for listening and hope to see you next time