The Quantum Advantage with Dr Krysta Svore

hi I'm Scott Hanselman this is another hi I'm Scott Hanselman this is another episode of Hansel minutes today I'm episode of Hansel minutes today I'm episode of Hansel minutes today I'm talking with Dr Christa for she is an talking with Dr Christa for she is an talking with Dr Christa for she is an American Computer scientist who American Computer scientist who American Computer scientist who specializes in Quantum Computing specializes in Quantum Computing specializes in Quantum Computing technical fellow and vice president of technical fellow and vice president of technical fellow and vice president of advanced Quantum development for advanced Quantum development for advanced Quantum development for Microsoft Azure Quantum uh I had you on Microsoft Azure Quantum uh I had you on Microsoft Azure Quantum uh I had you on the show a number number of years ago uh the show a number number of years ago uh the show a number number of years ago uh trying to get my head around uh Quantum trying to get my head around uh Quantum trying to get my head around uh Quantum Computing I'm looking here in the show Computing I'm looking here in the show Computing I'm looking here in the show and it looks like it was gosh we're on and it looks like it was gosh we're on and it looks like it was gosh we're on episode 980 something and you were episode 980 something and you were episode 980 something and you were Episode 600 so it's been gosh six years Episode 600 so it's been gosh six years Episode 600 so it's been gosh six years that you've been that since the last that you've been that since the last that you've been that since the last time I've talked to you did you dedicate time I've talked to you did you dedicate time I've talked to you did you dedicate your entire career to Quantum how long your entire career to Quantum how long your entire career to Quantum how long have you been in this space yeah have you been in this space yeah have you been in this space yeah definitely it's been um a life you know definitely it's been um a life you know definitely it's been um a life you know a life's life's Pursuit um and a life's life's Pursuit um and a life's life's Pursuit um and definitely you know a real dedication of definitely you know a real dedication of definitely you know a real dedication of my career um I did spend some time uh my career um I did spend some time uh my career um I did spend some time uh early in my days at Microsoft looking at early in my days at Microsoft looking at early in my days at Microsoft looking at machine learning and helped deploy some machine learning and helped deploy some machine learning and helped deploy some of the earliest um algorithms behind for of the earliest um algorithms behind for of the earliest um algorithms behind for example what's Now Bing um and and you example what's Now Bing um and and you example what's Now Bing um and and you know of all things now that that's you know of all things now that that's you know of all things now that that's you know that's really contributed also to know that's really contributed also to know that's really contributed also to what uh we're doing in the quantum what uh we're doing in the quantum what uh we're doing in the quantum Computing space where we're thinking Computing space where we're thinking Computing space where we're thinking about how to bring and integrate about how to bring and integrate about how to bring and integrate together AI right AI machine learning uh together AI right AI machine learning uh together AI right AI machine learning uh with Quantum Computing so you know most with Quantum Computing so you know most with Quantum Computing so you know most most of my career is very much focused most of my career is very much focused most of my career is very much focused on Quantum Computing and and that on Quantum Computing and and that on Quantum Computing and and that started um started looking in this space started um started looking in this space started um started looking in this space in the in the late 90s early 2000s oh in the in the late 90s early 2000s oh in the in the late 90s early 2000s oh wow um it sounds amazing and futuristic wow um it sounds amazing and futuristic wow um it sounds amazing and futuristic to say you work in Quantum Computing in to say you work in Quantum Computing in to say you work in Quantum Computing in 2024 it must have been crazy to mention

2024 it must have been crazy to mention 2024 it must have been crazy to mention that in the that in the that in the 90s yeah absolutely it was uh it was not 90s yeah absolutely it was uh it was not 90s yeah absolutely it was uh it was not the advised path at that time right to the advised path at that time right to the advised path at that time right to go into into Quantum Computing um but uh go into into Quantum Computing um but uh go into into Quantum Computing um but uh you know really it was such a great you know really it was such a great you know really it was such a great opportunity opportunity opportunity to you know really develop some of the to you know really develop some of the to you know really develop some of the foundational thinking and and uh you foundational thinking and and uh you foundational thinking and and uh you know the early Frameworks for how we know the early Frameworks for how we know the early Frameworks for how we think about a quantum computer right think about a quantum computer right think about a quantum computer right what does it mean to program control um what does it mean to program control um what does it mean to program control um error correct a quantum computer right error correct a quantum computer right error correct a quantum computer right how do you keep it reliable how do you how do you keep it reliable how do you how do you keep it reliable how do you keep it noise-free how do you send an keep it noise-free how do you send an keep it noise-free how do you send an application to it right um we we worked application to it right um we we worked application to it right um we we worked on many of those uh many of those on many of those uh many of those on many of those uh many of those Frameworks very early right in the very Frameworks very early right in the very Frameworks very early right in the very early 2000s and now bringing them to early 2000s and now bringing them to early 2000s and now bringing them to life right we really are working on life right we really are working on life right we really are working on taking Theory uh at the time very much taking Theory uh at the time very much taking Theory uh at the time very much working on Theory and now to practice working on Theory and now to practice working on Theory and now to practice right from Theory to practice is is right from Theory to practice is is right from Theory to practice is is really our goal make Quantum Computing really our goal make Quantum Computing really our goal make Quantum Computing real and make it make it useful how long real and make it make it useful how long real and make it make it useful how long was it conceptual and when was the first was it conceptual and when was the first was it conceptual and when was the first time you like saw one or entered a room time you like saw one or entered a room time you like saw one or entered a room or like it when did it become real for or like it when did it become real for or like it when did it become real for you was there a moment or a date or a you was there a moment or a date or a you was there a moment or a date or a time that happened for you yeah I had time that happened for you yeah I had time that happened for you yeah I had the you know I had the privilege and the you know I had the privilege and the you know I had the privilege and honor of of working uh with Ike Chang at honor of of working uh with Ike Chang at honor of of working uh with Ike Chang at MIT uh during part of my my PhD work uh MIT uh during part of my my PhD work uh MIT uh during part of my my PhD work uh where there he was building an iron trap where there he was building an iron trap where there he was building an iron trap Quantum machine um you know it was Quantum machine um you know it was Quantum machine um you know it was really uh much earlier days then right really uh much earlier days then right really uh much earlier days then right fewer cubits um you know um working to

fewer cubits um you know um working to fewer cubits um you know um working to overcome you know challenges and just overcome you know challenges and just overcome you know challenges and just keeping those cubits alive and keeping keeping those cubits alive and keeping keeping those cubits alive and keeping them you know of High Fidelity uh you them you know of High Fidelity uh you them you know of High Fidelity uh you know but now fast forward right fast know but now fast forward right fast know but now fast forward right fast forward to today where we are working on forward to today where we are working on forward to today where we are working on enabling you know noise-free right very enabling you know noise-free right very enabling you know noise-free right very reliable very very reliable cubits to do reliable very very reliable cubits to do reliable very very reliable cubits to do computation right to do deeper computation right to do deeper computation right to do deeper computation that we can't do on a computation that we can't do on a computation that we can't do on a classical computer um and so now those classical computer um and so now those classical computer um and so now those machines have evolved right we work with machines have evolved right we work with machines have evolved right we work with uh a variety of Partners um including uh a variety of Partners um including uh a variety of Partners um including atom Computing we are co-building a atom Computing we are co-building a atom Computing we are co-building a machine right now with atom Computing machine right now with atom Computing machine right now with atom Computing which is a different type of Cubit which is a different type of Cubit which is a different type of Cubit Technology based on what we call neutral Technology based on what we call neutral Technology based on what we call neutral atoms um but we are also partnered at atoms um but we are also partnered at atoms um but we are also partnered at you know and working closely with quanum you know and working closely with quanum you know and working closely with quanum right to show that their machines also right to show that their machines also right to show that their machines also right that those machines can can light right that those machines can can light right that those machines can can light up um Quantum computation as well so up um Quantum computation as well so up um Quantum computation as well so really working towards what we call really working towards what we call really working towards what we call Reliable Quantum Computing right showing Reliable Quantum Computing right showing Reliable Quantum Computing right showing that we can get you know good answers that we can get you know good answers that we can get you know good answers from quantum computers but critically from quantum computers but critically from quantum computers but critically right for problems right we want to show right for problems right we want to show right for problems right we want to show it for problems that we can't solve with it for problems that we can't solve with it for problems that we can't solve with classical computers classical computers classical computers alone we talked before that we're not alone we talked before that we're not alone we talked before that we're not going to see quantum computers on our going to see quantum computers on our going to see quantum computers on our wrists this is not that kind of a wrists this is not that kind of a wrists this is not that kind of a scenario right uh you use the analogy scenario right uh you use the analogy scenario right uh you use the analogy that there's like gpus serve a purpose that there's like gpus serve a purpose that there's like gpus serve a purpose and fpga serve a purpose and now we're and fpga serve a purpose and now we're and fpga serve a purpose and now we're seeing npus this is a kind of a seeing npus this is a kind of a seeing npus this is a kind of a complimentary technology as as opposed complimentary technology as as opposed complimentary technology as as opposed to a replacement technology absolutely

to a replacement technology absolutely to a replacement technology absolutely so when we think about the applications so when we think about the applications so when we think about the applications here and really the next generation of here and really the next generation of here and really the next generation of applications in general right it's it's applications in general right it's it's applications in general right it's it's really about hybrid right you're you really about hybrid right you're you really about hybrid right you're you want to use the best processing units want to use the best processing units want to use the best processing units you know the best best processing you know the best best processing you know the best best processing capabilities you know across many types capabilities you know across many types capabilities you know across many types of processing right whether that's GPU of processing right whether that's GPU of processing right whether that's GPU CPU um you know qpu right so Quantum CPU um you know qpu right so Quantum CPU um you know qpu right so Quantum Processing Unit so we want to use the Processing Unit so we want to use the Processing Unit so we want to use the quantum computer alongside integrated quantum computer alongside integrated quantum computer alongside integrated with right your Cloud compute your high with right your Cloud compute your high with right your Cloud compute your high performance Computing and integrated performance Computing and integrated performance Computing and integrated with for example your AI capabilities with for example your AI capabilities with for example your AI capabilities and so the key is to have integration and so the key is to have integration and so the key is to have integration across you really think about these across you really think about these across you really think about these applications it's hybrid in the sense applications it's hybrid in the sense applications it's hybrid in the sense that you run for example some amount of that you run for example some amount of that you run for example some amount of say cloud compute right high performance say cloud compute right high performance say cloud compute right high performance compute processing then you send a compute processing then you send a compute processing then you send a portion of of um like a sub routine portion of of um like a sub routine portion of of um like a sub routine almost right to the quantum computer you almost right to the quantum computer you almost right to the quantum computer you get back a an answer to higher accuracy get back a an answer to higher accuracy get back a an answer to higher accuracy or a solution you can't get from the or a solution you can't get from the or a solution you can't get from the classical computer and then you classical computer and then you classical computer and then you incorporate that into your your incorporate that into your your incorporate that into your your computation pipeline there right so you computation pipeline there right so you computation pipeline there right so you might incorporate that back as data that might incorporate that back as data that might incorporate that back as data that you use to train an AI model right so you use to train an AI model right so you use to train an AI model right so it's it's really using the quantum it's it's really using the quantum it's it's really using the quantum computer for what it's really good at um computer for what it's really good at um computer for what it's really good at um one example right it's really good at one example right it's really good at one example right it's really good at quantum mechanics this is a quantum quantum mechanics this is a quantum quantum mechanics this is a quantum computer the name Quantum is there for a computer the name Quantum is there for a computer the name Quantum is there for a reason it is a quantum mechanical reason it is a quantum mechanical reason it is a quantum mechanical machine right it's it's using the machine right it's it's using the machine right it's it's using the principles of quantum mechanics um to principles of quantum mechanics um to principles of quantum mechanics um to store information and process that store information and process that store information and process that information which gives us access to

information which gives us access to information which gives us access to things we we can't do on classical things we we can't do on classical things we we can't do on classical computers alone so we want to use it for computers alone so we want to use it for computers alone so we want to use it for what it's really good at it tends to be what it's really good at it tends to be what it's really good at it tends to be um you know really the the high priority um you know really the the high priority um you know really the the high priority applications there chemistry and applications there chemistry and applications there chemistry and Material Science we want to understand Material Science we want to understand Material Science we want to understand how do electrons interact with each how do electrons interact with each how do electrons interact with each other right when they're strongly other right when they're strongly other right when they're strongly correlated how are the electrons moving correlated how are the electrons moving correlated how are the electrons moving around where are they located right we around where are they located right we around where are they located right we think about molecular structures where think about molecular structures where think about molecular structures where are the electrons in those molecular are the electrons in those molecular are the electrons in those molecular structures turns out to get really structures turns out to get really structures turns out to get really accurate information about those accurate information about those accurate information about those electrons right it's really good to have electrons right it's really good to have electrons right it's really good to have a quantum computer um so those are the a quantum computer um so those are the a quantum computer um so those are the types of problems we think about using types of problems we think about using types of problems we think about using the quantum computer 4 but in a broader the quantum computer 4 but in a broader the quantum computer 4 but in a broader pipeline right where you're also doing a pipeline right where you're also doing a pipeline right where you're also doing a lot of class iCal compute to understand lot of class iCal compute to understand lot of class iCal compute to understand that molecule to understand maybe the that molecule to understand maybe the that molecule to understand maybe the catalytic chemical reaction that you're catalytic chemical reaction that you're catalytic chemical reaction that you're looking at then you use the quantum looking at then you use the quantum looking at then you use the quantum computer for a part of it and then use computer for a part of it and then use computer for a part of it and then use the information you get from the quantum the information you get from the quantum the information you get from the quantum computer this data right use that data computer this data right use that data computer this data right use that data to then train an AI model that can be to then train an AI model that can be to then train an AI model that can be more fat you know that can be more more fat you know that can be more more fat you know that can be more accurate and faster than the AI models accurate and faster than the AI models accurate and faster than the AI models we have today and then that AI model we have today and then that AI model we have today and then that AI model might run in a GPU and the process might run in a GPU and the process might run in a GPU and the process continues so each exactly each uh continues so each exactly each uh continues so each exactly each uh processing unit to its own uh processing unit to its own uh processing unit to its own uh specialized uh needs when someone specialized uh needs when someone specialized uh needs when someone specialized technique what it exactly specialized technique what it exactly specialized technique what it exactly interesting interesting the term bit interesting interesting the term bit interesting interesting the term bit though the term quantum bit uh is is it though the term quantum bit uh is is it though the term quantum bit uh is is it the right term because the reason I the right term because the reason I the right term because the reason I asked this is that I've just been asked this is that I've just been asked this is that I've just been listening to the history of Microsoft uh listening to the history of Microsoft uh listening to the history of Microsoft uh it's a there's a uh a really interesting it's a there's a uh a really interesting it's a there's a uh a really interesting six-hour podcast uh called Acquired and

six-hour podcast uh called Acquired and six-hour podcast uh called Acquired and I'm about four hours into it and we go I'm about four hours into it and we go I'm about four hours into it and we go through 8 bit 16 bit 32 and that's all through 8 bit 16 bit 32 and that's all through 8 bit 16 bit 32 and that's all referring to like width on the bus and referring to like width on the bus and referring to like width on the bus and you know you know the the size of a unit you know you know the the size of a unit you know you know the the size of a unit of a bit of data and uh Quantum bits is of a bit of data and uh Quantum bits is of a bit of data and uh Quantum bits is is is that it's more of a processing is is that it's more of a processing is is that it's more of a processing thing more than it's a data size thing thing more than it's a data size thing thing more than it's a data size thing well you know I think you you can think well you know I think you you can think well you know I think you you can think about Quantum registers as well and how about Quantum registers as well and how about Quantum registers as well and how would you size those registers I mean would you size those registers I mean would you size those registers I mean analogous to a classical computer um you analogous to a classical computer um you analogous to a classical computer um you know really we think of you know just at know really we think of you know just at know really we think of you know just at the at that kind of lowest level of the the at that kind of lowest level of the the at that kind of lowest level of the machine um right you have this bit of machine um right you have this bit of machine um right you have this bit of information and so it is analogous to information and so it is analogous to information and so it is analogous to a classical bit it has different a classical bit it has different a classical bit it has different properties um but this this bit really properties um but this this bit really properties um but this this bit really is you know think of it um like your is you know think of it um like your is you know think of it um like your classical bit right so at the at the classical bit right so at the at the classical bit right so at the at the lowest level we are operating on Quantum lowest level we are operating on Quantum lowest level we are operating on Quantum bits these Quantum bits don't just take bits these Quantum bits don't just take bits these Quantum bits don't just take the state zero or the state one right we the state zero or the state one right we the state zero or the state one right we like you know they're not just uh simple like you know they're not just uh simple like you know they're not just uh simple binary in that sense like we think about binary in that sense like we think about binary in that sense like we think about classically um they can also take what classically um they can also take what classically um they can also take what we call a superposition of States so it we call a superposition of States so it we call a superposition of States so it can be in a uh you know you can think of can be in a uh you know you can think of can be in a uh you know you can think of this as some combination of zero and one this as some combination of zero and one this as some combination of zero and one um and and so that's one of these um and and so that's one of these um and and so that's one of these properties this superposition Quantum properties this superposition Quantum properties this superposition Quantum superposition this Quantum bit can take superposition this Quantum bit can take superposition this Quantum bit can take on that you know that state um and so on that you know that state um and so on that you know that state um and so and so when you bring many together and so when you bring many together and so when you bring many together right you can get a large Quantum right you can get a large Quantum right you can get a large Quantum superposition we can then bring you know superposition we can then bring you know superposition we can then bring you know multiple together and we can do what we

multiple together and we can do what we multiple together and we can do what we call quantum call quantum call quantum entanglement um and Quantum interference entanglement um and Quantum interference entanglement um and Quantum interference so really the whole you know the whole so really the whole you know the whole so really the whole you know the whole um specialization of the quantum um specialization of the quantum um specialization of the quantum computer is that you're taking advantage computer is that you're taking advantage computer is that you're taking advantage of these quantum mechanical properties of these quantum mechanical properties of these quantum mechanical properties to do your computation to store the to do your computation to store the to do your computation to store the information do the computation and and information do the computation and and information do the computation and and perform that processing and then the art perform that processing and then the art perform that processing and then the art is to design Quantum algorithms right is to design Quantum algorithms right is to design Quantum algorithms right applications that can take advantage of applications that can take advantage of applications that can take advantage of this kind of set of operations right this kind of set of operations right this kind of set of operations right these are different types of operations these are different types of operations these are different types of operations than what we can do classically so it's than what we can do classically so it's than what we can do classically so it's kind of the art of orchestrating these kind of the art of orchestrating these kind of the art of orchestrating these cubits um to do things we can't do cubits um to do things we can't do cubits um to do things we can't do classically and and part of that we classically and and part of that we classically and and part of that we think when we design you know design think when we design you know design think when we design you know design these applications right we want to look these applications right we want to look these applications right we want to look for cases where we don't need a lot of for cases where we don't need a lot of for cases where we don't need a lot of input um we don't want to send a lot of input um we don't want to send a lot of input um we don't want to send a lot of input to our quantum computer and we input to our quantum computer and we input to our quantum computer and we also don't want to ask a lot of output also don't want to ask a lot of output also don't want to ask a lot of output from the quantum computer so think of from the quantum computer so think of from the quantum computer so think of you know low input low output problems you know low input low output problems you know low input low output problems where you need a lot of compute um uh in where you need a lot of compute um uh in where you need a lot of compute um uh in that space right so so those are those that space right so so those are those that space right so so those are those are the ideal things to look at for um are the ideal things to look at for um are the ideal things to look at for um for run running on a quantum computer for run running on a quantum computer for run running on a quantum computer where you know where ideally you then where you know where ideally you then where you know where ideally you then can't get a solution classically for it can't get a solution classically for it can't get a solution classically for it as well right now we are in a in in a as well right now we are in a in in a as well right now we are in a in in a classical Computing era we're in the classical Computing era we're in the classical Computing era we're in the 64-bit kind of desktop era um and people 64-bit kind of desktop era um and people 64-bit kind of desktop era um and people have asked me as a I've taught at the have asked me as a I've taught at the have asked me as a I've taught at the community college level like why don't community college level like why don't community college level like why don't we have 128bit computers why don't we we have 128bit computers why don't we we have 128bit computers why don't we have 256bit computers like why doesn't

have 256bit computers like why doesn't have 256bit computers like why doesn't data width get bigger and bigger um in data width get bigger and bigger um in data width get bigger and bigger um in the quantum space I understand that the quantum space I understand that the quantum space I understand that Microsoft and atom Computing uh used 80 Microsoft and atom Computing uh used 80 Microsoft and atom Computing uh used 80 physical cubits to do a uh an algorithm physical cubits to do a uh an algorithm physical cubits to do a uh an algorithm over 20 logical cubits so this width over 20 logical cubits so this width over 20 logical cubits so this width gets bigger and bigger and then there's gets bigger and bigger and then there's gets bigger and bigger and then there's discussion of large scale problems might discussion of large scale problems might discussion of large scale problems might require millions of cubits as we're require millions of cubits as we're require millions of cubits as we're getting wider and wider in the quantum getting wider and wider in the quantum getting wider and wider in the quantum space why is that the goal and why is space why is that the goal and why is space why is that the goal and why is that necessary while in the classical that necessary while in the classical that necessary while in the classical Computing environment we are we've been Computing environment we are we've been Computing environment we are we've been 64-bit for a while and it seems like 64-bit for a while and it seems like 64-bit for a while and it seems like we're going to be 64-bit for the near we're going to be 64-bit for the near we're going to be 64-bit for the near future yeah so when we're talking about future yeah so when we're talking about future yeah so when we're talking about the number of cubits here we're thinking the number of cubits here we're thinking the number of cubits here we're thinking about you know think of it as the input about you know think of it as the input about you know think of it as the input to the quantum algorithm kind of the to the quantum algorithm kind of the to the quantum algorithm kind of the space you're using right so so it's it's space you're using right so so it's it's space you're using right so so it's it's um it's really like how much you know um it's really like how much you know um it's really like how much you know how much space do I use to store you how much space do I use to store you how much space do I use to store you know the input to my problem um I look know the input to my problem um I look know the input to my problem um I look at that instance and then also how much at that instance and then also how much at that instance and then also how much also additional scratch space I might also additional scratch space I might also additional scratch space I might need to do the calculation right so when need to do the calculation right so when need to do the calculation right so when we say you need a million physical we say you need a million physical we say you need a million physical cubits to do a problem that's looking at cubits to do a problem that's looking at cubits to do a problem that's looking at really what does this algorithm cost in really what does this algorithm cost in really what does this algorithm cost in terms terms of the input size required terms terms of the input size required terms terms of the input size required the storage space required and then the the storage space required and then the the storage space required and then the space required to do compute right you space required to do compute right you space required to do compute right you might need extra scratch space Right In might need extra scratch space Right In might need extra scratch space Right In classical Computing we assign extra classical Computing we assign extra classical Computing we assign extra variables right that that enable us to variables right that that enable us to variables right that that enable us to store information you know you write store information you know you write store information you know you write your algorithms and um and you know look your algorithms and um and you know look your algorithms and um and you know look at how you might do addition and other at how you might do addition and other at how you might do addition and other things right you need extra space to do things right you need extra space to do things right you need extra space to do calculations um and and so here we look

calculations um and and so here we look calculations um and and so here we look at you know how much space is going to at you know how much space is going to at you know how much space is going to be needed to do the actual computation be needed to do the actual computation be needed to do the actual computation and how much space is needed to process and how much space is needed to process and how much space is needed to process that input right to get the computation that input right to get the computation that input right to get the computation started so when we say you need a started so when we say you need a started so when we say you need a million physical cubits that computation million physical cubits that computation million physical cubits that computation is going to need that much space um to is going to need that much space um to is going to need that much space um to store and process the information gotcha store and process the information gotcha store and process the information gotcha so that's where that analogy of like the so that's where that analogy of like the so that's where that analogy of like the data path kind of breaks down and if I data path kind of breaks down and if I data path kind of breaks down and if I try to draw a one toone relationship try to draw a one toone relationship try to draw a one toone relationship between classical Computing and Quantum between classical Computing and Quantum between classical Computing and Quantum Computing it clearly doesn't make any Computing it clearly doesn't make any Computing it clearly doesn't make any sense so it makes me feel like Quantum sense so it makes me feel like Quantum sense so it makes me feel like Quantum Computing is almost in its serverless Computing is almost in its serverless Computing is almost in its serverless kind of an era where it's like I have a kind of an era where it's like I have a kind of an era where it's like I have a problem and I'm going to rent some problem and I'm going to rent some problem and I'm going to rent some cubits by using an Azure Quantum and cubits by using an Azure Quantum and cubits by using an Azure Quantum and this problem is a small scale problem this problem is a small scale problem this problem is a small scale problem and I'll need 10 cubits but this large and I'll need 10 cubits but this large and I'll need 10 cubits but this large scale problem I'm going to have have a scale problem I'm going to have have a scale problem I'm going to have have a real conversation about how I'm going to real conversation about how I'm going to real conversation about how I'm going to make that happen when my physical system make that happen when my physical system make that happen when my physical system from Microsoft and atom has 256 cubits from Microsoft and atom has 256 cubits from Microsoft and atom has 256 cubits or maybe in the future we'll have a or maybe in the future we'll have a or maybe in the future we'll have a thousand cubits yeah so indeed you know thousand cubits yeah so indeed you know thousand cubits yeah so indeed you know classically we also talk about the space classically we also talk about the space classically we also talk about the space and time requirements for an algorithm and time requirements for an algorithm and time requirements for an algorithm for a computation um we say you're going for a computation um we say you're going for a computation um we say you're going to need this much space right how much to need this much space right how much to need this much space right how much how much space do you need for this how much space do you need for this how much space do you need for this algorithm um it's the same thing here so algorithm um it's the same thing here so algorithm um it's the same thing here so that's what we're calculating is the that's what we're calculating is the that's what we're calculating is the space and time requirements for the space and time requirements for the space and time requirements for the algorithm or the application uh to run algorithm or the application uh to run algorithm or the application uh to run on the quantum computer and the key is on the quantum computer and the key is on the quantum computer and the key is to um you know look towards what space to um you know look towards what space to um you know look towards what space right how much space how many cubits do right how much space how many cubits do right how much space how many cubits do I need uh to do a calculation I can't do I need uh to do a calculation I can't do I need uh to do a calculation I can't do on a classical computer right that's key

on a classical computer right that's key on a classical computer right that's key um and that can start at around you know um and that can start at around you know um and that can start at around you know just just upwards of 50 cubits uh you just just upwards of 50 cubits uh you just just upwards of 50 cubits uh you can show something you can't do on a can show something you can't do on a can show something you can't do on a classical machine but really we want to classical machine but really we want to classical machine but really we want to push that towards useful calculations push that towards useful calculations push that towards useful calculations right what useful calculation it's a right what useful calculation it's a right what useful calculation it's a very nice there's a very nice um kind of very nice there's a very nice um kind of very nice there's a very nice um kind of academic problem that you can show it academic problem that you can show it academic problem that you can show it you know just upwards of 50 cubits uh you know just upwards of 50 cubits uh you know just upwards of 50 cubits uh but we want it to be useful and so but we want it to be useful and so but we want it to be useful and so that's where we need at least 100 Cubit that's where we need at least 100 Cubit that's where we need at least 100 Cubit um to show something that's useful for um to show something that's useful for um to show something that's useful for the academic or scientific SP right in the academic or scientific SP right in the academic or scientific SP right in Material Science for example uh you can Material Science for example uh you can Material Science for example uh you can start looking at quum Magnet models at start looking at quum Magnet models at start looking at quum Magnet models at around 100 cubits but there's a catch on around 100 cubits but there's a catch on around 100 cubits but there's a catch on these cubits right these cubits have to these cubits right these cubits have to these cubits right these cubits have to be very very reliable and so it's not be very very reliable and so it's not be very very reliable and so it's not just any 100 cubits it's not just your just any 100 cubits it's not just your just any 100 cubits it's not just your 100 physical cubits that exist today uh 100 physical cubits that exist today uh 100 physical cubits that exist today uh in quantum computers they those cubits in quantum computers they those cubits in quantum computers they those cubits aren't good enough to show a problem aren't good enough to show a problem aren't good enough to show a problem that outperforms a classical one at that that outperforms a classical one at that that outperforms a classical one at that 100 Cubit Mark those 100 cubits that are 100 Cubit Mark those 100 cubits that are 100 Cubit Mark those 100 cubits that are out there today um they're just not good out there today um they're just not good out there today um they're just not good enough right right now they're at about enough right right now they're at about enough right right now they're at about one err every thousand operations and one err every thousand operations and one err every thousand operations and when we talk about a a problem that we when we talk about a a problem that we when we talk about a a problem that we can't do on a classical computer at a can't do on a classical computer at a can't do on a classical computer at a 100 cubits those cubits have to be 100 cubits those cubits have to be 100 cubits those cubits have to be really good they have to be much better really good they have to be much better really good they have to be much better than one in a thousand operations than one in a thousand operations than one in a thousand operations failing we need them to be you know failing we need them to be you know failing we need them to be you know closer closer closer to something like one in 10 million to something like one in 10 million to something like one in 10 million operations only one in 10 million operations only one in 10 million operations only one in 10 million operations fail right or one in a 100

operations fail right or one in a 100 operations fail right or one in a 100 million operations fail so so the key is million operations fail so so the key is million operations fail so so the key is making these cubits better and better making these cubits better and better making these cubits better and better and to make these cubits better and and to make these cubits better and and to make these cubits better and better we use what we call Quantum error better we use what we call Quantum error better we use what we call Quantum error correction uh at Microsoft we've been correction uh at Microsoft we've been correction uh at Microsoft we've been working on this Cubit virtualization working on this Cubit virtualization working on this Cubit virtualization system this is how we make the cubits system this is how we make the cubits system this is how we make the cubits better in the machine right we use more better in the machine right we use more better in the machine right we use more cubits to make them better um and then cubits to make them better um and then cubits to make them better um and then in turn this creates these virtual in turn this creates these virtual in turn this creates these virtual cubits that you use for your application cubits that you use for your application cubits that you use for your application right in your computation itself you're right in your computation itself you're right in your computation itself you're using these virtual cubits we we've using these virtual cubits we we've using these virtual cubits we we've created sometimes they're called logical created sometimes they're called logical created sometimes they're called logical cubits these virtual cubits are used cubits these virtual cubits are used cubits these virtual cubits are used instead of the direct physical cubits instead of the direct physical cubits instead of the direct physical cubits themselves because the physical cubits themselves because the physical cubits themselves because the physical cubits themselves are just too noisy right so themselves are just too noisy right so themselves are just too noisy right so this way we can bootstrap and this way we can bootstrap and this way we can bootstrap and improve um how good the cubits are for improve um how good the cubits are for improve um how good the cubits are for the algorithm uh and that enables you to the algorithm uh and that enables you to the algorithm uh and that enables you to do more complex calculations right you do more complex calculations right you do more complex calculations right you can go through a more complicated can go through a more complicated can go through a more complicated algorithm and that's what we need right algorithm and that's what we need right algorithm and that's what we need right to show things that we can't do on a to show things that we can't do on a to show things that we can't do on a classical machine that makes a lot of classical machine that makes a lot of classical machine that makes a lot of sense the parallel that pops to my mind sense the parallel that pops to my mind sense the parallel that pops to my mind immediately is error correcting codes immediately is error correcting codes immediately is error correcting codes ECC memory where you add extra bits to ECC memory where you add extra bits to ECC memory where you add extra bits to classical data and here you are uh doing classical data and here you are uh doing classical data and here you are uh doing a similar thing with with Quantum error a similar thing with with Quantum error a similar thing with with Quantum error correction techniques so your your correction techniques so your your correction techniques so your your logical cubits have multiple backing logical cubits have multiple backing logical cubits have multiple backing physical cubits that's exactly right physical cubits that's exactly right physical cubits that's exactly right interesting okay so that explains why uh interesting okay so that explains why uh interesting okay so that explains why uh for example recently at Microsoft ignite for example recently at Microsoft ignite for example recently at Microsoft ignite uh you created 20 logical cubits from 80 uh you created 20 logical cubits from 80 uh you created 20 logical cubits from 80 physical ones and then ran an algorithm physical ones and then ran an algorithm physical ones and then ran an algorithm on it uh yes and we were able to drive on it uh yes and we were able to drive on it uh yes and we were able to drive that up to 28 logical cubits

that up to 28 logical cubits that up to 28 logical cubits right so 28 cubits that were used in an right so 28 cubits that were used in an right so 28 cubits that were used in an algorithm in a computation right and and algorithm in a computation right and and algorithm in a computation right and and we were able to show that those 28 we were able to show that those 28 we were able to show that those 28 cubits right these 28 logical cubits are cubits right these 28 logical cubits are cubits right these 28 logical cubits are better than using 28 physical cubits better than using 28 physical cubits better than using 28 physical cubits right than directly using the physical right than directly using the physical right than directly using the physical cubits in the machine and that's key cubits in the machine and that's key cubits in the machine and that's key right we we have to show that we can right we we have to show that we can right we we have to show that we can create better cubits much better than create better cubits much better than create better cubits much better than the physical ones to do bigger and the physical ones to do bigger and the physical ones to do bigger and better computations that are useful is better computations that are useful is better computations that are useful is this virtualization I mean we we've this virtualization I mean we we've this virtualization I mean we we've already reached virtualization in the already reached virtualization in the already reached virtualization in the quantum computer space yes so we're quantum computer space yes so we're quantum computer space yes so we're doing what we call we call it Cubit doing what we call we call it Cubit doing what we call we call it Cubit virtualization right because we're we're virtualization right because we're we're virtualization right because we're we're creating these virtual cubits through creating these virtual cubits through creating these virtual cubits through the use of quantum eror correction right the use of quantum eror correction right the use of quantum eror correction right which is very similar as you just uh which is very similar as you just uh which is very similar as you just uh mentioned right similar to what we do mentioned right similar to what we do mentioned right similar to what we do classically in error correction um and classically in error correction um and classically in error correction um and and and yeah and then we create these and and yeah and then we create these and and yeah and then we create these virtual cubits and use them at the virtual cubits and use them at the virtual cubits and use them at the application Level so you said that it's application Level so you said that it's application Level so you said that it's important to do useful things but then important to do useful things but then important to do useful things but then you also called out that um there's this you also called out that um there's this you also called out that um there's this moment when you are able to prove that moment when you are able to prove that moment when you are able to prove that something is better done in a Quantum something is better done in a Quantum something is better done in a Quantum space and it is in a classical Computing space and it is in a classical Computing space and it is in a classical Computing space and I hear this term quantum space and I hear this term quantum space and I hear this term quantum Supremacy used a lot I guess it was Supremacy used a lot I guess it was Supremacy used a lot I guess it was mentioned in you know a couple years ago mentioned in you know a couple years ago mentioned in you know a couple years ago and Google and IBM and all of our and Google and IBM and all of our and Google and IBM and all of our different friends that are I'm sure your different friends that are I'm sure your different friends that are I'm sure your colleagues at other companies use this colleagues at other companies use this colleagues at other companies use this term quantum Supremacy is that a uh are term quantum Supremacy is that a uh are term quantum Supremacy is that a uh are we trying to prove that quantum we trying to prove that quantum we trying to prove that quantum computers are better I thought we computers are better I thought we computers are better I thought we already proved that they are better at already proved that they are better at already proved that they are better at different things so help me understand different things so help me understand different things so help me understand that term yeah that term you know we

that term yeah that term you know we that term yeah that term you know we tend to use the term quantum Advantage tend to use the term quantum Advantage tend to use the term quantum Advantage we prefer the term quantum advantage to we prefer the term quantum advantage to we prefer the term quantum advantage to um to the term quantum Supremacy and you um to the term quantum Supremacy and you um to the term quantum Supremacy and you know because that's what what are we know because that's what what are we know because that's what what are we trying to do we're trying the whole trying to do we're trying the whole trying to do we're trying the whole point of building quantum computers is point of building quantum computers is point of building quantum computers is to do something you know new and to do something you know new and to do something you know new and different and you know better or faster different and you know better or faster different and you know better or faster than we can do with existing than we can do with existing than we can do with existing computational techniques right digital computational techniques right digital computational techniques right digital computers supercomputers computers supercomputers computers supercomputers right we want to be able to do things right we want to be able to do things right we want to be able to do things those can't do right we want access to those can't do right we want access to those can't do right we want access to to computation that's not possible today to computation that's not possible today to computation that's not possible today and we can do that by taking advantage and we can do that by taking advantage and we can do that by taking advantage of quantum computers right and what of quantum computers right and what of quantum computers right and what they're good at so we need you know the they're good at so we need you know the they're good at so we need you know the whole the whole purpose is to compute whole the whole purpose is to compute whole the whole purpose is to compute with a quantum computer and to do with a quantum computer and to do with a quantum computer and to do compute that's different or better or compute that's different or better or compute that's different or better or faster so when we talk about Quantum faster so when we talk about Quantum faster so when we talk about Quantum advantage or or you know if we want to advantage or or you know if we want to advantage or or you know if we want to look at Quantum Supremacy it's you know look at Quantum Supremacy it's you know look at Quantum Supremacy it's you know that that's an indication um you know that that's an indication um you know that that's an indication um you know that's been it's been demonstrated for that's been it's been demonstrated for that's been it's been demonstrated for physical cubits that you can do physical cubits that you can do physical cubits that you can do something with physical cubits you can't something with physical cubits you can't something with physical cubits you can't do classically um but it's still an do classically um but it's still an do classically um but it's still an academic style problem right it it it's academic style problem right it it it's academic style problem right it it it's a problem that doesn't apply um to let's a problem that doesn't apply um to let's a problem that doesn't apply um to let's say everyday scenarios right what we say everyday scenarios right what we say everyday scenarios right what we want to do with a quantum computer want to do with a quantum computer want to do with a quantum computer ultimately is is help identify how to ultimately is is help identify how to ultimately is is help identify how to capture carbon from the atmosphere right capture carbon from the atmosphere right capture carbon from the atmosphere right we want to help um you know understand we want to help um you know understand we want to help um you know understand how to make a better industrial catalyst how to make a better industrial catalyst how to make a better industrial catalyst list so that we can produce fertilizer

list so that we can produce fertilizer list so that we can produce fertilizer right in a better cheaper more efficient right in a better cheaper more efficient right in a better cheaper more efficient manner right in ways that don't harm our manner right in ways that don't harm our manner right in ways that don't harm our planet right so we quite literally want planet right so we quite literally want planet right so we quite literally want to go after problems computations that to go after problems computations that to go after problems computations that will help save and feed our planet right will help save and feed our planet right will help save and feed our planet right and that and that and that requires continuing to build better requires continuing to build better requires continuing to build better cubits right again use Cubit cubits right again use Cubit cubits right again use Cubit virtualization to enable better cubits virtualization to enable better cubits virtualization to enable better cubits so that these cubits then can compute so that these cubits then can compute so that these cubits then can compute these you know problems that are hard these you know problems that are hard these you know problems that are hard for classical computers quite literally for classical computers quite literally for classical computers quite literally intractable right for classical intractable right for classical intractable right for classical computers um and so really that that's computers um and so really that that's computers um and so really that that's where we we closely look in chemistry where we we closely look in chemistry where we we closely look in chemistry and Material Science right so and Material Science right so and Material Science right so understanding catalytic chemical understanding catalytic chemical understanding catalytic chemical reactions namely you know I add I add reactions namely you know I add I add reactions namely you know I add I add another you know molecule I you know I another you know molecule I you know I another you know molecule I you know I add a catalyst I look at that chemical add a catalyst I look at that chemical add a catalyst I look at that chemical reaction I want it to be more reaction I want it to be more reaction I want it to be more sustainable I want it to be more sustainable I want it to be more sustainable I want it to be more environmentally friendly I want it to environmentally friendly I want it to environmentally friendly I want it to help you know for example you know how help you know for example you know how help you know for example you know how can I produce clean water you know can I produce clean water you know can I produce clean water you know efficiently um clean fuel um clean air efficiently um clean fuel um clean air efficiently um clean fuel um clean air right uh so really thinking about um you right uh so really thinking about um you right uh so really thinking about um you know a lot of the problems really know a lot of the problems really know a lot of the problems really focusing there on on sustainability focusing there on on sustainability focusing there on on sustainability right these so these things these right these so these things these right these so these things these benchmarks are largely uh like you said benchmarks are largely uh like you said benchmarks are largely uh like you said they're largely academic like it's they're largely academic like it's they're largely academic like it's lovely that we can have 100 cubits that lovely that we can have 100 cubits that lovely that we can have 100 cubits that are generating a a random number are generating a a random number are generating a a random number distribution but that is not really distribution but that is not really distribution but that is not really interesting you can Generate random interesting you can Generate random interesting you can Generate random numbers classical machine you can gener numbers classical machine you can gener numbers classical machine you can gener on a Quantum machine you say yeah it was on a Quantum machine you say yeah it was on a Quantum machine you say yeah it was it would have taken 25,000 years on this

it would have taken 25,000 years on this it would have taken 25,000 years on this machine we did it in a couple hours over machine we did it in a couple hours over machine we did it in a couple hours over here yay that's right you're not here yay that's right you're not here yay that's right you're not interested in that as much as you are in interested in that as much as you are in interested in that as much as you are in this what I'm understanding to be the this what I'm understanding to be the this what I'm understanding to be the quantum ready initiative which is a quantum ready initiative which is a quantum ready initiative which is a really a focus of we we made quantum really a focus of we we made quantum really a focus of we we made quantum computers to solve real problems that's computers to solve real problems that's computers to solve real problems that's the quantum Advantage yeah the the true the quantum Advantage yeah the the true the quantum Advantage yeah the the true Quantum Advantage comes when we're Quantum Advantage comes when we're Quantum Advantage comes when we're showing that we can solve useful showing that we can solve useful showing that we can solve useful valuable practical problems right that valuable practical problems right that valuable practical problems right that that impact all of us um in a positive that impact all of us um in a positive that impact all of us um in a positive way right that that's true Quantum way right that that's true Quantum way right that that's true Quantum Advantage right that that is that is uh Advantage right that that is that is uh Advantage right that that is that is uh the core the core Mission and purpose of the core the core Mission and purpose of the core the core Mission and purpose of building a quantum computer and and you building a quantum computer and and you building a quantum computer and and you know to do that we have to have what we know to do that we have to have what we know to do that we have to have what we call level two um resilient Quantum call level two um resilient Quantum call level two um resilient Quantum Computing right we talk about level two Computing right we talk about level two Computing right we talk about level two being transitioning from using physical being transitioning from using physical being transitioning from using physical cubits directly to using these virtual cubits directly to using these virtual cubits directly to using these virtual logical cubits right and and then logical cubits right and and then logical cubits right and and then ultimately we need to scale that up ultimately we need to scale that up ultimately we need to scale that up right we need to scale up to having a right we need to scale up to having a right we need to scale up to having a thousand logical cubits virtual cubits thousand logical cubits virtual cubits thousand logical cubits virtual cubits that are really really that are really really that are really really reliable um and and underneath the hood reliable um and and underneath the hood reliable um and and underneath the hood right that that will require upwards of right that that will require upwards of right that that will require upwards of a million physical cubits you know a million physical cubits you know a million physical cubits you know ultimately we want to get to that scale ultimately we want to get to that scale ultimately we want to get to that scale so we have to continue to move um you so we have to continue to move um you so we have to continue to move um you know move towards showing that useful know move towards showing that useful know move towards showing that useful practical quum advantage and then practical quum advantage and then practical quum advantage and then continuing to scale up uh so that we're continuing to scale up uh so that we're continuing to scale up uh so that we're solving useful s with these machines now solving useful s with these machines now solving useful s with these machines now I always caution people uh who are I always caution people uh who are I always caution people uh who are taking things that they don't understand

taking things that they don't understand taking things that they don't understand and I caution them from saying just but and I caution them from saying just but and I caution them from saying just but I will say just like if we've proven I will say just like if we've proven I will say just like if we've proven that 20 is good and 40 is good why don't that 20 is good and 40 is good why don't that 20 is good and 40 is good why don't we just make one with 10,000 like is it we just make one with 10,000 like is it we just make one with 10,000 like is it going to be a uh is this going to be uh going to be a uh is this going to be uh going to be a uh is this going to be uh exponential in its growth is it just exponential in its growth is it just exponential in its growth is it just going to be got to just keep grinding going to be got to just keep grinding going to be got to just keep grinding them out got to make these cubits like them out got to make these cubits like them out got to make these cubits like why don't we just make the giant one why don't we just make the giant one why don't we just make the giant one right now well there are you know I right now well there are you know I right now well there are you know I think of the one of the key challenges think of the one of the key challenges think of the one of the key challenges why we need these what we call logical why we need these what we call logical why we need these what we call logical cubits right why we need Cubit cubits right why we need Cubit cubits right why we need Cubit ritualization is because the physical ritualization is because the physical ritualization is because the physical cubits are noisy right and when I keep cubits are noisy right and when I keep cubits are noisy right and when I keep saying you know these things can be saying you know these things can be saying you know these things can be noisy they're noisy this is part of the noisy they're noisy this is part of the noisy they're noisy this is part of the challenge of scaling up right why can't challenge of scaling up right why can't challenge of scaling up right why can't we not just all of a sudden Stamp Out a we not just all of a sudden Stamp Out a we not just all of a sudden Stamp Out a 100 thousand or a million of them it's 100 thousand or a million of them it's 100 thousand or a million of them it's because we really do need to control because we really do need to control because we really do need to control right we need to be able to control right we need to be able to control right we need to be able to control these cubits we need to control them you these cubits we need to control them you these cubits we need to control them you know very carefully right and that as we know very carefully right and that as we know very carefully right and that as we control them and we operate on them we control them and we operate on them we control them and we operate on them we don't cause too much noise in the system don't cause too much noise in the system don't cause too much noise in the system right so it takes um it really does take right so it takes um it really does take right so it takes um it really does take careful engineering to scale up that careful engineering to scale up that careful engineering to scale up that control system this is one of the control system this is one of the control system this is one of the Beauties right at Microsoft we are we Beauties right at Microsoft we are we Beauties right at Microsoft we are we are also building um what we would call are also building um what we would call are also building um what we would call a first-party Quantum machine as well a first-party Quantum machine as well a first-party Quantum machine as well right not only are we co-designing and right not only are we co-designing and right not only are we co-designing and co-building a machine with atom co-building a machine with atom co-building a machine with atom Computing together based on this neutral Computing together based on this neutral Computing together based on this neutral atom platform but we're also you know atom platform but we're also you know atom platform but we're also you know building a Quantum machine based on what building a Quantum machine based on what building a Quantum machine based on what we call topological cubits part of the we call topological cubits part of the we call topological cubits part of the part of the beauty of these these types

part of the beauty of these these types part of the beauty of these these types of cubits that we're also working on is of cubits that we're also working on is of cubits that we're also working on is that they have this nice way of being that they have this nice way of being that they have this nice way of being controlled um they have they are fast in controlled um they have they are fast in controlled um they have they are fast in their speed right we also have to look their speed right we also have to look their speed right we also have to look at the speed of operation of cubits um at the speed of operation of cubits um at the speed of operation of cubits um so they are fast they are digitally so they are fast they are digitally so they are fast they are digitally controllable right so they can be controllable right so they can be controllable right so they can be controlled with digital control which is controlled with digital control which is controlled with digital control which is very nice um and then they have the very nice um and then they have the very nice um and then they have the right size right we can fit a million of right size right we can fit a million of right size right we can fit a million of them on you know the chip on your credit them on you know the chip on your credit them on you know the chip on your credit card uh and so it's these properties card uh and so it's these properties card uh and so it's these properties right that that we uh see as enabling right that that we uh see as enabling right that that we uh see as enabling that scale right that path to scaling up that scale right that path to scaling up that scale right that path to scaling up to a million you need something that has to a million you need something that has to a million you need something that has the right controlability the right size the right controlability the right size the right controlability the right size and the right speed when I think about and the right speed when I think about and the right speed when I think about uh you know moris law and all the things uh you know moris law and all the things uh you know moris law and all the things that Intel and arm and are our classical that Intel and arm and are our classical that Intel and arm and are our classical Computing friends are doing we always Computing friends are doing we always Computing friends are doing we always start talking about and it gets so small start talking about and it gets so small start talking about and it gets so small that now the laws of physics become a that now the laws of physics become a that now the laws of physics become a problem and there's thermal fluctuations problem and there's thermal fluctuations problem and there's thermal fluctuations and Imperfections and there's are those and Imperfections and there's are those and Imperfections and there's are those kinds of the same things that cubits are kinds of the same things that cubits are kinds of the same things that cubits are noisy because of the control Electronics noisy because of the control Electronics noisy because of the control Electronics because of the environmental because of the environmental because of the environmental interactions yes like even an interactions yes like even an interactions yes like even an electromagnetic field like someone gets electromagnetic field like someone gets electromagnetic field like someone gets a phone call like Christ gets a phone a phone call like Christ gets a phone a phone call like Christ gets a phone call oh no you ruined the whole thing call oh no you ruined the whole thing call oh no you ruined the whole thing because yes electromagnetic yes we have because yes electromagnetic yes we have because yes electromagnetic yes we have to look at you know all the different to look at you know all the different to look at you know all the different ways noise might creep into the system ways noise might creep into the system ways noise might creep into the system and and you know I think you've really and and you know I think you've really and and you know I think you've really nailed it Scott right one of the ways is nailed it Scott right one of the ways is nailed it Scott right one of the ways is like the thermal environment right heat like the thermal environment right heat like the thermal environment right heat heat can make these cubits you know um heat can make these cubits you know um heat can make these cubits you know um uh feel noise right they can become uh feel noise right they can become uh feel noise right they can become noisy with the heat um and that heat noisy with the heat um and that heat noisy with the heat um and that heat comes from controlling them right we

comes from controlling them right we comes from controlling them right we need to be able to control them so we need to be able to control them so we need to be able to control them so we have to send send lines and signals to have to send send lines and signals to have to send send lines and signals to them right um so yeah indeed you have to them right um so yeah indeed you have to them right um so yeah indeed you have to look at many different mechanisms for look at many different mechanisms for look at many different mechanisms for protecting them from from different protecting them from from different protecting them from from different environmental noise which includes for environmental noise which includes for environmental noise which includes for example heat as one one possible Source example heat as one one possible Source example heat as one one possible Source now I understand that on January 14th on now I understand that on January 14th on now I understand that on January 14th on the Azure Quantum blog fol can go and the Azure Quantum blog fol can go and the Azure Quantum blog fol can go and read about the quantum ready initiative read about the quantum ready initiative read about the quantum ready initiative I know that you've talked about this for I know that you've talked about this for I know that you've talked about this for years like you talked about a Quantum years like you talked about a Quantum years like you talked about a Quantum ready ready ready Workforce five years ago yeah right now Workforce five years ago yeah right now Workforce five years ago yeah right now though I think that AI is kind of though I think that AI is kind of though I think that AI is kind of sucking up all the air in the room but sucking up all the air in the room but sucking up all the air in the room but is quantum and Ai and classical is quantum and Ai and classical is quantum and Ai and classical Computing going to be all three legs of Computing going to be all three legs of Computing going to be all three legs of the same stool yes yes exactly so these the same stool yes yes exactly so these the same stool yes yes exactly so these applications it they are you know as I applications it they are you know as I applications it they are you know as I as I mentioned earlier they're hybrid as I mentioned earlier they're hybrid as I mentioned earlier they're hybrid right it Ai and Quantum computing will right it Ai and Quantum computing will right it Ai and Quantum computing will work together right they already do work together right they already do work together right they already do we've in fact already shown and we've in fact already shown and we've in fact already shown and demonstrated an endtoend workflow right demonstrated an endtoend workflow right demonstrated an endtoend workflow right that uses logical cubits and reliable that uses logical cubits and reliable that uses logical cubits and reliable Quantum Quantum Quantum Computing with AI so we take the data Computing with AI so we take the data Computing with AI so we take the data from that quantum computer and we feed from that quantum computer and we feed from that quantum computer and we feed it to an AI model right so these are the it to an AI model right so these are the it to an AI model right so these are the types of and actually we pre-process types of and actually we pre-process types of and actually we pre-process that workload in Azure right on HBC high that workload in Azure right on HBC high that workload in Azure right on HBC high performance compute so so it really is performance compute so so it really is performance compute so so it really is truly hybrid and it has to integrate truly hybrid and it has to integrate truly hybrid and it has to integrate across all this is why we have the Azure across all this is why we have the Azure across all this is why we have the Azure Quantum platform which enables that Quantum platform which enables that Quantum platform which enables that seamless integration across the seamless integration across the seamless integration across the different types of compute there um and

different types of compute there um and different types of compute there um and you know ultimately the in terms of you you know ultimately the in terms of you you know ultimately the in terms of you know the the Skilling and the workforce know the the Skilling and the workforce know the the Skilling and the workforce and that you know what what do you learn and that you know what what do you learn and that you know what what do you learn here right you want to be able to create here right you want to be able to create here right you want to be able to create these very hybrid uh hybrid applications these very hybrid uh hybrid applications these very hybrid uh hybrid applications um but Ai and Quantum go hand um but Ai and Quantum go hand um but Ai and Quantum go hand inand they do and that's a really inand they do and that's a really inand they do and that's a really important thing to to say like the one important thing to to say like the one important thing to to say like the one what you read them what you reading the what you read them what you reading the what you read them what you reading the news about large language models there's news about large language models there's news about large language models there's going to be Quantum Computing feeding going to be Quantum Computing feeding going to be Quantum Computing feeding the data because your AI is useless the data because your AI is useless the data because your AI is useless without really good data and I you without really good data and I you without really good data and I you really you really nailed it when you really you really nailed it when you really you really nailed it when you explained to me that the Cal the result explained to me that the Cal the result explained to me that the Cal the result of these calculations will feed those of these calculations will feed those of these calculations will feed those models that will hopefully then solve models that will hopefully then solve models that will hopefully then solve real real problems yeah your models are real real problems yeah your models are real real problems yeah your models are only your AI models are only as good as only your AI models are only as good as only your AI models are only as good as the data they're trained on and now with the data they're trained on and now with the data they're trained on and now with a quantum computer and a reliable a quantum computer and a reliable a quantum computer and a reliable quantum computer right has those you quantum computer right has those you quantum computer right has those you know you need a reliable quantum know you need a reliable quantum know you need a reliable quantum computer with a reliable quantum computer with a reliable quantum computer with a reliable quantum computer you get data you do not have computer you get data you do not have computer you get data you do not have access to classically so when we talk access to classically so when we talk access to classically so when we talk about a quantum computer showing Quantum about a quantum computer showing Quantum about a quantum computer showing Quantum advantage of being able to solve advantage of being able to solve advantage of being able to solve problems we can't solve classically the problems we can't solve classically the problems we can't solve classically the other way to view that is when it solves other way to view that is when it solves other way to view that is when it solves such problems it gives data that data such problems it gives data that data such problems it gives data that data you can take and feed to an AI model you can take and feed to an AI model you can take and feed to an AI model alongside other classical data right and alongside other classical data right and alongside other classical data right and together this will produce a faster and together this will produce a faster and together this will produce a faster and more accurate AI model um for different more accurate AI model um for different more accurate AI model um for different types of problems and so it becames more types of problems and so it becames more types of problems and so it becames more predictive uh and that that's super predictive uh and that that's super predictive uh and that that's super powerful right that that you can produce powerful right that that you can produce powerful right that that you can produce data right gold kind of this golden data data right gold kind of this golden data data right gold kind of this golden data right from a quantum computer that I right from a quantum computer that I right from a quantum computer that I can't produce with any other mechanism

can't produce with any other mechanism can't produce with any other mechanism and because AI models are only as good and because AI models are only as good and because AI models are only as good as the data they're trained on this this as the data they're trained on this this as the data they're trained on this this enables that AI model to take a you know enables that AI model to take a you know enables that AI model to take a you know a a leap ahead fantastic well thank you a a leap ahead fantastic well thank you a a leap ahead fantastic well thank you so much for spending time with me today so much for spending time with me today so much for spending time with me today folks can go and learn about Quantum folks can go and learn about Quantum folks can go and learn about Quantum Computing and they can check out the Computing and they can check out the Computing and they can check out the quantum blog I'll have links in the show quantum blog I'll have links in the show quantum blog I'll have links in the show notes and I also want to encourage folks notes and I also want to encourage folks notes and I also want to encourage folks to go to Microsoft learn to learn about to go to Microsoft learn to learn about to go to Microsoft learn to learn about the quantum programming language qar you the quantum programming language qar you the quantum programming language qar you can look at a Quantum simulator build can look at a Quantum simulator build can look at a Quantum simulator build your own qar simulator and learn about your own qar simulator and learn about your own qar simulator and learn about if the problem that you have might be if the problem that you have might be if the problem that you have might be better solvable with the quantum better solvable with the quantum better solvable with the quantum advantage and we'll go off and learn advantage and we'll go off and learn advantage and we'll go off and learn about the quantum ready initiative thank about the quantum ready initiative thank about the quantum ready initiative thank you so much Dr seor for spending time you so much Dr seor for spending time you so much Dr seor for spending time with me today thank you Scott this has with me today thank you Scott this has with me today thank you Scott this has been another episode of Hansel minutes been another episode of Hansel minutes been another episode of Hansel minutes and we'll see you again next week and we'll see you again next week and we'll see you again next week la