Dan Carlin's Hardcore History 71 - Mania for Subjugation

December December 7th 1941 a date which will 1941 a date which will live in infamy it's history one small live in infamy it's history one small live in infamy it's history one small step for step for step for man one the one the [Music] events would have not quite to the mo events would have not quite to the mo man let the word man let the word man let the word go from this time and place take pride go from this time and place take pride go from this time and place take pride in the words ish in the words ish in the words ish Bina Mr Bina Mr Bina Mr gorbachov tear down this world the gorbachov tear down this world the gorbachov tear down this world the drama urgent Marine six power 2 has had drama urgent Marine six power 2 has had drama urgent Marine six power 2 has had a major explosion and what appears to be a major explosion and what appears to be a major explosion and what appears to be a complete collapse surrounding the a complete collapse surrounding the a complete collapse surrounding the entire area I welcome this kind of entire area I welcome this kind of entire area I welcome this kind of examination because people have got to examination because people have got to examination because people have got to know whether or not they president TR know whether or not they president TR know whether or not they president TR the the the if we dig deep in our history and our if we dig deep in our history and our if we dig deep in our history and our doct and remember that we are not doct and remember that we are not doct and remember that we are not descended from fearful [Music] [Music] men it's Hardcore men it's Hardcore men it's Hardcore [Music] [Music] [Music] History like many of you I am a fan of History like many of you I am a fan of History like many of you I am a fan of ancient ancient ancient mythology the stories of creation or how mythology the stories of creation or how mythology the stories of creation or how human beings came to be or tales that

human beings came to be or tales that human beings came to be or tales that involve gods and heroes and monsters and involve gods and heroes and monsters and involve gods and heroes and monsters and sometimes just regular people who go sometimes just regular people who go sometimes just regular people who go through interesting sorts of events or through interesting sorts of events or through interesting sorts of events or travels or travels or travels or whatnot and often times these whatnot and often times these whatnot and often times these mythological stories are meant to impart mythological stories are meant to impart mythological stories are meant to impart lessons we're supposed to learn lessons we're supposed to learn lessons we're supposed to learn something from them what to do what not something from them what to do what not something from them what to do what not to to to do you're tempted to almost say at the do you're tempted to almost say at the do you're tempted to almost say at the end of all of them and the moral of the end of all of them and the moral of the end of all of them and the moral of the story is right what are we supposed to story is right what are we supposed to story is right what are we supposed to learn from this Hunter S Thompson used learn from this Hunter S Thompson used learn from this Hunter S Thompson used to call it in his columns the to call it in his columns the to call it in his columns the [Music] [Music] [Music] wisdom and some of my favorite wisdom and some of my favorite wisdom and some of my favorite mythological stories are cautionary mythological stories are cautionary mythological stories are cautionary tales examples of what can happen if tales examples of what can happen if tales examples of what can happen if we're not careful and one of my favorite we're not careful and one of my favorite we're not careful and one of my favorite versions of that kind of story that kind versions of that kind of story that kind versions of that kind of story that kind of of of mythological teaching tool is the famous mythological teaching tool is the famous mythological teaching tool is the famous story of datalis an story of datalis an story of datalis an Icarus if you know your ancient Greek Icarus if you know your ancient Greek Icarus if you know your ancient Greek philosophy you will recall that datus is philosophy you will recall that datus is philosophy you will recall that datus is a master Craftsman an a master Craftsman an a master Craftsman an inventor he can seemingly make anything inventor he can seemingly make anything inventor he can seemingly make anything he's the one who built the famous he's the one who built the famous he's the one who built the famous Labyrinth that held the minitar and it Labyrinth that held the minitar and it Labyrinth that held the minitar and it was the king of minoa the crean area on was the king of minoa the crean area on was the king of minoa the crean area on the island of CIT that had datalis build the island of CIT that had datalis build the island of CIT that had datalis build this for him but at a certain point he this for him but at a certain point he this for him but at a certain point he turns against datus and imprisons datus turns against datus and imprisons datus turns against datus and imprisons datus in Icarus in Icarus in Icarus but of course when you imprison one of

but of course when you imprison one of but of course when you imprison one of the great inventors of all time he's the great inventors of all time he's the great inventors of all time he's going to try to invent a way to get out going to try to invent a way to get out going to try to invent a way to get out and in this case he does he creates and in this case he does he creates and in this case he does he creates wings for he and his wings for he and his wings for he and his son Wings made of multiple different son Wings made of multiple different son Wings made of multiple different materials including things like feathers materials including things like feathers materials including things like feathers and Beeswax and he and his son are going and Beeswax and he and his son are going and Beeswax and he and his son are going to be able to fly out of this to be able to fly out of this to be able to fly out of this prison but datus warns his son before prison but datus warns his son before prison but datus warns his son before doing doing doing so he tells him not to get complacent so he tells him not to get complacent so he tells him not to get complacent and allow himself to fly too close to and allow himself to fly too close to and allow himself to fly too close to the water cuz if you're too low the the water cuz if you're too low the the water cuz if you're too low the moisture he says from the sea will ruin moisture he says from the sea will ruin moisture he says from the sea will ruin the wings and you'll lose your power of the wings and you'll lose your power of the wings and you'll lose your power of flight and you'll crash flight and you'll crash flight and you'll crash conversely he warns him about getting conversely he warns him about getting conversely he warns him about getting filled with hubris and forgetting how filled with hubris and forgetting how filled with hubris and forgetting how dangerous this is and allowing himself dangerous this is and allowing himself dangerous this is and allowing himself to fly too high because if he does that to fly too high because if he does that to fly too high because if he does that the sun will melt the beeswax that hold the sun will melt the beeswax that hold the sun will melt the beeswax that hold these Wings together and you'll plummet these Wings together and you'll plummet these Wings together and you'll plummet and fall and fall and fall and of course being an ancient Greek and of course being an ancient Greek and of course being an ancient Greek mythological tale how would it work if mythological tale how would it work if mythological tale how would it work if everything just went fine and of course everything just went fine and of course everything just went fine and of course it doesn't Icarus forgets his father's it doesn't Icarus forgets his father's it doesn't Icarus forgets his father's warnings gets taken sort of over by the warnings gets taken sort of over by the warnings gets taken sort of over by the enthusiasm that happens when a human enthusiasm that happens when a human enthusiasm that happens when a human being gets a chance to Fly Like a Bird being gets a chance to Fly Like a Bird being gets a chance to Fly Like a Bird allows himself to fly too high and the allows himself to fly too high and the allows himself to fly too high and the sun melts the bees wax the wings fall sun melts the bees wax the wings fall sun melts the bees wax the wings fall apart and Icarus plunges into the sea apart and Icarus plunges into the sea apart and Icarus plunges into the sea and dies the moral of the story The takeaway from

the moral of the story The takeaway from all this is supposed to be a warning all this is supposed to be a warning all this is supposed to be a warning about about about ambition and allowing oneself to get too ambition and allowing oneself to get too ambition and allowing oneself to get too ambitious right to forget that there is ambitious right to forget that there is ambitious right to forget that there is a middle ground that everyone should a middle ground that everyone should a middle ground that everyone should shoot for in philosophy this is shoot for in philosophy this is shoot for in philosophy this is sometimes called the golden mean and it sometimes called the golden mean and it sometimes called the golden mean and it involves things that are considered to involves things that are considered to involves things that are considered to be virtues when you have them in the be virtues when you have them in the be virtues when you have them in the right amount but if you have them in the right amount but if you have them in the right amount but if you have them in the wrong amount can turn into wrong amount can turn into wrong amount can turn into vices and one of the examples that's vices and one of the examples that's vices and one of the examples that's often used in the ancient Greek often used in the ancient Greek often used in the ancient Greek philosophies is courage the right amount philosophies is courage the right amount philosophies is courage the right amount of Courage is a virtue if you have too of Courage is a virtue if you have too of Courage is a virtue if you have too little of it it's cowardice and that's a little of it it's cowardice and that's a little of it it's cowardice and that's a vice but if you have too much of it it's vice but if you have too much of it it's vice but if you have too much of it it's recklessness and that's a vice recklessness and that's a vice recklessness and that's a vice too the question of ambition is an too the question of ambition is an too the question of ambition is an equally interesting one it's a very equally interesting one it's a very equally interesting one it's a very Goldilocks type concept this golden mean Goldilocks type concept this golden mean Goldilocks type concept this golden mean right this porridge is too hot this right this porridge is too hot this right this porridge is too hot this porridge is too cold this porridge is porridge is too cold this porridge is porridge is too cold this porridge is just right well if you're dealing with just right well if you're dealing with just right well if you're dealing with ambition and not porridge where is the ambition and not porridge where is the ambition and not porridge where is the just right point it's not easy to pin just right point it's not easy to pin just right point it's not easy to pin down is it the dictionary defines ambition as an it the dictionary defines ambition as an Ardent desire for rank fame or power Ardent desire for rank fame or power Ardent desire for rank fame or power it's described as a character trait it's described as a character trait it's described as a character trait that involves people who are driven to

that involves people who are driven to that involves people who are driven to succeed at lofty goals right it involves succeed at lofty goals right it involves succeed at lofty goals right it involves Drive ambition tenacity the pursuit of Drive ambition tenacity the pursuit of Drive ambition tenacity the pursuit of Excellence the desire to be the Excellence the desire to be the Excellence the desire to be the best the interesting thing about the best the interesting thing about the best the interesting thing about the desire to be the best though is that desire to be the best though is that desire to be the best though is that that's a competitive thing it means that's a competitive thing it means that's a competitive thing it means you're competing with other people who you're competing with other people who you're competing with other people who also want to be the best you're seeking also want to be the best you're seeking also want to be the best you're seeking distinction right distinction right distinction right Fame you want to be seen as better than Fame you want to be seen as better than Fame you want to be seen as better than other people there's an interesting line people there's an interesting line Edmund Burke once said that Fame is the Edmund Burke once said that Fame is the Edmund Burke once said that Fame is the passion which is the Instinct of all passion which is the Instinct of all passion which is the Instinct of all great Souls right they seek great Souls right they seek great Souls right they seek distinction and to a certain degree this distinction and to a certain degree this distinction and to a certain degree this is positive unless it gets too is positive unless it gets too is positive unless it gets too intense to steal a phrase that was intense to steal a phrase that was intense to steal a phrase that was originally used for something else originally used for something else originally used for something else ambition is a bit like fire a dangerous ambition is a bit like fire a dangerous ambition is a bit like fire a dangerous servant and a cruel master and you can servant and a cruel master and you can servant and a cruel master and you can see what happens when it gets out of see what happens when it gets out of see what happens when it gets out of control in the case of a mythological control in the case of a mythological control in the case of a mythological figure like figure like figure like Icarus his over ambition or his hubris Icarus his over ambition or his hubris Icarus his over ambition or his hubris obviously cost him his obviously cost him his obviously cost him his life and in most cases where something life and in most cases where something life and in most cases where something like ambition is out of balance right like ambition is out of balance right like ambition is out of balance right where you have too much of it it only where you have too much of it it only where you have too much of it it only burns the person who's trying to achieve burns the person who's trying to achieve burns the person who's trying to achieve the fame and distinction right if you're the fame and distinction right if you're the fame and distinction right if you're a runner and you want to be the fastest a runner and you want to be the fastest a runner and you want to be the fastest human being in the world maybe you cut

human being in the world maybe you cut human being in the world maybe you cut Corners maybe you cheat maybe you take Corners maybe you cheat maybe you take Corners maybe you cheat maybe you take performance-enhancing drugs but at the performance-enhancing drugs but at the performance-enhancing drugs but at the end of the day the person who paid the end of the day the person who paid the end of the day the person who paid the price for that is price for that is price for that is you but what if when icarus's hubris you but what if when icarus's hubris you but what if when icarus's hubris gets the best of him and the sun melts gets the best of him and the sun melts gets the best of him and the sun melts his beeswax holding the wings together his beeswax holding the wings together his beeswax holding the wings together and he falls when what if he falls on a and he falls when what if he falls on a and he falls when what if he falls on a crowd of crowd of crowd of people what if it isn't just about people what if it isn't just about people what if it isn't just about Icarus anymore what if the area where Icarus anymore what if the area where Icarus anymore what if the area where you seek Fame and success and you seek Fame and success and you seek Fame and success and distinction involves the lives and distinction involves the lives and distinction involves the lives and destinies of lots and lots of destinies of lots and lots of destinies of lots and lots of people that's when this question people that's when this question people that's when this question of this virtue of ambition or desire to of this virtue of ambition or desire to of this virtue of ambition or desire to be the best can become be the best can become be the best can become ultimately at times ultimately at times ultimately at times genocidal I mean take for example a genocidal I mean take for example a genocidal I mean take for example a figure like Julius Caesar from the Roman figure like Julius Caesar from the Roman figure like Julius Caesar from the Roman Republican era Republican era Republican era right there's a great story about Caesar right there's a great story about Caesar right there's a great story about Caesar and it very well may not be true it's and it very well may not be true it's and it very well may not be true it's recounted in a couple of different recounted in a couple of different recounted in a couple of different sources which doesn't mean it's true the sources which doesn't mean it's true the sources which doesn't mean it's true the Roman writer suus recounts a version of Roman writer suus recounts a version of Roman writer suus recounts a version of this tale as does the Greek author this tale as does the Greek author this tale as does the Greek author plutar but they they talk about when plutar but they they talk about when plutar but they they talk about when Julius Caesar was stationed in Spain he Julius Caesar was stationed in Spain he Julius Caesar was stationed in Spain he was about 32 years old at the time Su was about 32 years old at the time Su was about 32 years old at the time Su tonius says he's reading a history of tonius says he's reading a history of tonius says he's reading a history of Alexander the Great Plutarch says he's

Alexander the Great Plutarch says he's Alexander the Great Plutarch says he's sitting at the foot of a statue of sitting at the foot of a statue of sitting at the foot of a statue of Alexander the Great who lived a couple Alexander the Great who lived a couple Alexander the Great who lived a couple of centuries before Caesar suton says he of centuries before Caesar suton says he of centuries before Caesar suton says he was sighing and had a vexing look on his was sighing and had a vexing look on his was sighing and had a vexing look on his face Plutarch says he's out and out face Plutarch says he's out and out face Plutarch says he's out and out weeping and when somebody says why are weeping and when somebody says why are weeping and when somebody says why are you crying Caesar is supposed to have you crying Caesar is supposed to have you crying Caesar is supposed to have replied don't I have good reason to replied don't I have good reason to replied don't I have good reason to at the age that I am now Alexander the at the age that I am now Alexander the at the age that I am now Alexander the Great had conquered you know all these Great had conquered you know all these Great had conquered you know all these kingdoms and what have I done of kingdoms and what have I done of kingdoms and what have I done of Distinction showing that in Caesar's Distinction showing that in Caesar's Distinction showing that in Caesar's mind he's not just competing with the mind he's not just competing with the mind he's not just competing with the other August figures of his own era other August figures of his own era other August figures of his own era right the other great human beings who right the other great human beings who right the other great human beings who are pushing the envelope of Distinction are pushing the envelope of Distinction are pushing the envelope of Distinction and fame and notoriety and Power in the and fame and notoriety and Power in the and fame and notoriety and Power in the ancient Roman Republic Julius Caesar's ancient Roman Republic Julius Caesar's ancient Roman Republic Julius Caesar's competing on a Celestial level competing on a Celestial level competing on a Celestial level he wants to be the best that ever was he wants to be the best that ever was he wants to be the best that ever was and when you're playing on that level of and when you're playing on that level of and when you're playing on that level of rarified turf you're up against people rarified turf you're up against people rarified turf you're up against people like Alexander the like Alexander the like Alexander the Great but when you're over Great but when you're over Great but when you're over ambition sends you crashing to the ambition sends you crashing to the ambition sends you crashing to the ground if you're Julius Caesar you land ground if you're Julius Caesar you land ground if you're Julius Caesar you land on a lot of on a lot of on a lot of people as author Tom Holland said about people as author Tom Holland said about people as author Tom Holland said about Caesar he said Caesar's own Ambitions Caesar he said Caesar's own Ambitions Caesar he said Caesar's own Ambitions were one day to consume the entire were one day to consume the entire were one day to consume the entire Republic well clearly that never would Republic well clearly that never would Republic well clearly that never would have happened if Caesar's Ambitions had have happened if Caesar's Ambitions had have happened if Caesar's Ambitions had been to become the best flute player in been to become the best flute player in been to become the best flute player in ancient Rome but he wanted to be the

ancient Rome but he wanted to be the ancient Rome but he wanted to be the great ruler great ruler great ruler conqueror Empire conqueror Empire conqueror Empire Builder and when that's what you want to Builder and when that's what you want to Builder and when that's what you want to be famous for it means you're going to be famous for it means you're going to be famous for it means you're going to have to kill a lot of people to win the have to kill a lot of people to win the have to kill a lot of people to win the gold medal in fact if you look at the gold medal in fact if you look at the gold medal in fact if you look at the way the Roman Republic is set up it's way the Roman Republic is set up it's way the Roman Republic is set up it's set up to enourage distinction between set up to enourage distinction between set up to enourage distinction between its greatest figures and that worked for its greatest figures and that worked for its greatest figures and that worked for Rome for a long time was almost part of Rome for a long time was almost part of Rome for a long time was almost part of the plan right get your greatest figures the plan right get your greatest figures the plan right get your greatest figures Desiring to outdo one another and when Desiring to outdo one another and when Desiring to outdo one another and when they do great Deeds they pull the they do great Deeds they pull the they do great Deeds they pull the Republic with Republic with Republic with them there's also a built-in mechanism them there's also a built-in mechanism them there's also a built-in mechanism to keep it from getting out of control to keep it from getting out of control to keep it from getting out of control it's sort of a crabs in a bucket Dynamic it's sort of a crabs in a bucket Dynamic it's sort of a crabs in a bucket Dynamic where if any one figure starts to become where if any one figure starts to become where if any one figure starts to become too successful and almost climb out of too successful and almost climb out of too successful and almost climb out of the bucket the other great figures the the bucket the other great figures the the bucket the other great figures the other crabs pull them back down and other crabs pull them back down and other crabs pull them back down and works until it works until it works until it doesn't and eventually somebody doesn't and eventually somebody doesn't and eventually somebody barbecues the Republic and that's Julia barbecues the Republic and that's Julia barbecues the Republic and that's Julia Caesar and the number of people who die Caesar and the number of people who die Caesar and the number of people who die because of that is Legion the reasons for this are Legion the reasons for this are recognized by other people who tried to recognized by other people who tried to recognized by other people who tried to compete in this same kind of celestial compete in this same kind of celestial compete in this same kind of celestial historical event there's a very historical event there's a very historical event there's a very interesting line from Napoleon bonapart interesting line from Napoleon bonapart interesting line from Napoleon bonapart written in the 1790s where he talks written in the 1790s where he talks written in the 1790s where he talks about the danger of ambition and about the danger of ambition and about the danger of ambition and remember bonapart is one of the few remember bonapart is one of the few remember bonapart is one of the few people that you could call a peer of a people that you could call a peer of a people that you could call a peer of a guy like Alexander or Julia Caesar if guy like Alexander or Julia Caesar if guy like Alexander or Julia Caesar if they were going to be tried in the they were going to be tried in the they were going to be tried in the celestial Court of historical Justice celestial Court of historical Justice celestial Court of historical Justice and you had to have a jury of your peers

and you had to have a jury of your peers and you had to have a jury of your peers Napoleon could be one of those people Napoleon could be one of those people Napoleon could be one of those people sitting on the jury and he once said sitting on the jury and he once said sitting on the jury and he once said that ambition which overthrows that ambition which overthrows that ambition which overthrows governments and private fortunes which governments and private fortunes which governments and private fortunes which feeds on blood and crimes ambition is feeds on blood and crimes ambition is feeds on blood and crimes ambition is like all inordinate passions he wrote a like all inordinate passions he wrote a like all inordinate passions he wrote a violent and unthinking fever that ceases violent and unthinking fever that ceases violent and unthinking fever that ceases only when life ceases like a only when life ceases like a only when life ceases like a conflagration which fanned by a pess conflagration which fanned by a pess conflagration which fanned by a pess wind ends only after all as been wind ends only after all as been wind ends only after all as been consumed and the poster child for the consumed and the poster child for the consumed and the poster child for the dangers associated with out size outof dangers associated with out size outof dangers associated with out size outof control ambition right the control ambition right the control ambition right the geopolitical real life example of an geopolitical real life example of an geopolitical real life example of an Icarus in global Icarus in global Icarus in global Affairs is Alexander the the great of course Icarus clearly failed at great of course Icarus clearly failed at what he was trying to do if you're what he was trying to do if you're what he was trying to do if you're trying to fly across the water and trying to fly across the water and trying to fly across the water and instead you crash into the sea and die instead you crash into the sea and die instead you crash into the sea and die that's not that's not that's not success in Alexander's case measuring success in Alexander's case measuring success in Alexander's case measuring how well he did depends on what he was how well he did depends on what he was how well he did depends on what he was trying to do in the first place doesn't trying to do in the first place doesn't trying to do in the first place doesn't it if he was trying to become eternally it if he was trying to become eternally it if he was trying to become eternally famous achieve Glory conquer lots of famous achieve Glory conquer lots of famous achieve Glory conquer lots of places and right write his name in The places and right write his name in The places and right write his name in The Sands of Time more deeply and enduringly Sands of Time more deeply and enduringly Sands of Time more deeply and enduringly than anyone else ever you might have to than anyone else ever you might have to than anyone else ever you might have to give the guy an give the guy an give the guy an A+ after all he lived more than 2,300 A+ after all he lived more than 2,300 A+ after all he lived more than 2,300 years ago and he's probably I mean years ago and he's probably I mean years ago and he's probably I mean Biblical personages aside the most

Biblical personages aside the most Biblical personages aside the most famous early figure in history that most famous early figure in history that most famous early figure in history that most people if you brought a microphone and people if you brought a microphone and people if you brought a microphone and started asking them on the street of any started asking them on the street of any started asking them on the street of any major city in the world that most people major city in the world that most people major city in the world that most people would recognize don't you think would recognize don't you think would recognize don't you think the guy still has books coming out about the guy still has books coming out about the guy still has books coming out about him or some aspect of his life or career him or some aspect of his life or career him or some aspect of his life or career every year regularly has movies and TV every year regularly has movies and TV every year regularly has movies and TV shows and all kinds of things like that shows and all kinds of things like that shows and all kinds of things like that coming out podcasts too it must be coming out podcasts too it must be coming out podcasts too it must be said and he's fascinated people ever said and he's fascinated people ever said and he's fascinated people ever since his life um Yours Truly clearly since his life um Yours Truly clearly since his life um Yours Truly clearly also there's a ton of reasons for this also there's a ton of reasons for this also there's a ton of reasons for this first of all we should notice that he's first of all we should notice that he's first of all we should notice that he's one of the better examples you can use one of the better examples you can use one of the better examples you can use to prove something that his iians have to prove something that his iians have to prove something that his iians have understood for a very long time which is understood for a very long time which is understood for a very long time which is that you interpret people through the that you interpret people through the that you interpret people through the lens and the morality and the standards lens and the morality and the standards lens and the morality and the standards and ethics of the time that you live in and ethics of the time that you live in and ethics of the time that you live in right so Alexander has been seen any right so Alexander has been seen any right so Alexander has been seen any number of different ways based on who's number of different ways based on who's number of different ways based on who's doing the viewing in some eras he's been doing the viewing in some eras he's been doing the viewing in some eras he's been seen as a almost philosopher king in seen as a almost philosopher king in seen as a almost philosopher king in others he's been seen as a great others he's been seen as a great others he's been seen as a great representative of the idea of the you representative of the idea of the you representative of the idea of the you know civiliz izing force uh he's we've know civiliz izing force uh he's we've know civiliz izing force uh he's we've used the term historical arsonist before used the term historical arsonist before used the term historical arsonist before in some eras you know Alexander was seen in some eras you know Alexander was seen in some eras you know Alexander was seen as someone who had to come along to you as someone who had to come along to you as someone who had to come along to you know break the Log Jam that was keeping know break the Log Jam that was keeping know break the Log Jam that was keeping the world from moving forward a great the world from moving forward a great the world from moving forward a great blender of civilizations a great blender of civilizations a great blender of civilizations a great spreader of

helenismo doing the viewing right guys helenismo doing the viewing right guys like Alexander are the equivalent of like Alexander are the equivalent of like Alexander are the equivalent of holding a mirror up to the society holding a mirror up to the society holding a mirror up to the society that's assessing them like so many great that's assessing them like so many great that's assessing them like so many great figures in history who did amazing figures in history who did amazing figures in history who did amazing things Alexander benefited from things Alexander benefited from things Alexander benefited from nepotism he is the son of a king right nepotism he is the son of a king right nepotism he is the son of a king right he's in a he's in a he's in a monarchy that's the best kind of monarchy that's the best kind of monarchy that's the best kind of nepotism if you're trying to start your nepotism if you're trying to start your nepotism if you're trying to start your career off with a great Advantage I mean career off with a great Advantage I mean career off with a great Advantage I mean what's the old line that you know they what's the old line that you know they what's the old line that you know they start off on Third and think they hit a start off on Third and think they hit a start off on Third and think they hit a triple I mean don't you think a guy like triple I mean don't you think a guy like triple I mean don't you think a guy like Caesar or Napoleon or a jenus Khan would Caesar or Napoleon or a jenus Khan would Caesar or Napoleon or a jenus Khan would have loved that sort of a head start have loved that sort of a head start have loved that sort of a head start right when Caesar's crime right when Caesar's crime right when Caesar's crime supposedly at the foot of Alexander's supposedly at the foot of Alexander's supposedly at the foot of Alexander's statue because he hasn't achieved as statue because he hasn't achieved as statue because he hasn't achieved as much by the same age as Alexander did much by the same age as Alexander did much by the same age as Alexander did well Alexander had a huge Head Start well Alexander had a huge Head Start well Alexander had a huge Head Start didn't didn't didn't he a lot of guys who have uh the words he a lot of guys who have uh the words he a lot of guys who have uh the words the great after their name fall into the great after their name fall into the great after their name fall into that category I mean you can look at a that category I mean you can look at a that category I mean you can look at a guy like Frederick the great of guy like Frederick the great of guy like Frederick the great of Prussia he had a father who did a lot of Prussia he had a father who did a lot of Prussia he had a father who did a lot of the heavy lifting of building all of the the heavy lifting of building all of the the heavy lifting of building all of the you know the edifice for Conquest that you know the edifice for Conquest that you know the edifice for Conquest that would come later he he centralized a would come later he he centralized a would come later he he centralized a state he organized a taxation system he state he organized a taxation system he state he organized a taxation system he built a bureaucracy and oh yeah he built a bureaucracy and oh yeah he built a bureaucracy and oh yeah he created a Maserati of an army and then created a Maserati of an army and then created a Maserati of an army and then handed the keys to the sports car to his handed the keys to the sports car to his handed the keys to the sports car to his son to go off and do amazing things and son to go off and do amazing things and son to go off and do amazing things and then get the you know the title The then get the you know the title The then get the you know the title The Great added to his name probably should Great added to his name probably should Great added to his name probably should have been his dad's title when you think have been his dad's title when you think have been his dad's title when you think about it and you can say similar things about it and you can say similar things about it and you can say similar things for

for for Alexander Alexander's father was an Alexander Alexander's father was an Alexander Alexander's father was an amazing figure he is such an incredible amazing figure he is such an incredible amazing figure he is such an incredible person that had Alexander not lived we person that had Alexander not lived we person that had Alexander not lived we would probably know his dad's name would probably know his dad's name would probably know his dad's name instead and maybe his dad would have instead and maybe his dad would have instead and maybe his dad would have been called the Great instead his dad been called the Great instead his dad been called the Great instead his dad was called Philip II of a place called was called Philip II of a place called was called Philip II of a place called macadonia macadonia macadonia quick word on pronunciation here or quick word on pronunciation here or quick word on pronunciation here or mispronunciation as the case may be I'm mispronunciation as the case may be I'm mispronunciation as the case may be I'm one of those people who've long been a one of those people who've long been a one of those people who've long been a heretic on the matter and pronounce heretic on the matter and pronounce heretic on the matter and pronounce Macedonia with the hard sea sound Macedonia with the hard sea sound Macedonia with the hard sea sound instead of the more common in English instead of the more common in English instead of the more common in English soft sea sound I have a lot of read soft sea sound I have a lot of read soft sea sound I have a lot of read reasons for that if you'd like to read a reasons for that if you'd like to read a reasons for that if you'd like to read a long-winded account of my thinking we long-winded account of my thinking we long-winded account of my thinking we will link to a written article in the will link to a written article in the will link to a written article in the show notes about it but I've been a show notes about it but I've been a show notes about it but I've been a heretic since I first encountered some heretic since I first encountered some heretic since I first encountered some of the history writing in the 1980s of the history writing in the 1980s of the history writing in the 1980s where some of those historians simply where some of those historians simply where some of those historians simply took the question out of the hands of took the question out of the hands of took the question out of the hands of the reader by substituting a K foresy in the reader by substituting a K foresy in the reader by substituting a K foresy in the words like Macedonian or skythian the words like Macedonian or skythian the words like Macedonian or skythian once you follow the tumbling eological once you follow the tumbling eological once you follow the tumbling eological Dominoes on this question uh you might Dominoes on this question uh you might Dominoes on this question uh you might find yourself a heretic too find yourself a heretic too find yourself a heretic too but if I'm mispronouncing the word in but if I'm mispronouncing the word in but if I'm mispronouncing the word in your mind just know that I'm doing it your mind just know that I'm doing it your mind just know that I'm doing it intentionally macadonia though is an intentionally macadonia though is an intentionally macadonia though is an area north of Greece and whether or not area north of Greece and whether or not area north of Greece and whether or not it's composed of people you should call it's composed of people you should call it's composed of people you should call Greek has been an ongoing issue from Greek has been an ongoing issue from Greek has been an ongoing issue from Philip II's time until now for different Philip II's time until now for different Philip II's time until now for different reasons though in Philip II's time you reasons though in Philip II's time you reasons though in Philip II's time you couldn't participate for example in the

couldn't participate for example in the couldn't participate for example in the Olympic Games unless you were considered Olympic Games unless you were considered Olympic Games unless you were considered Greek and the Greeks during the time Greek and the Greeks during the time Greek and the Greeks during the time period had debates about this and II period had debates about this and II period had debates about this and II amongst other Macedonian Kings worked amongst other Macedonian Kings worked amongst other Macedonian Kings worked hard to try to make sure he was and his hard to try to make sure he was and his hard to try to make sure he was and his people were considered meeting the people were considered meeting the people were considered meeting the criteria that would classify them as criteria that would classify them as criteria that would classify them as Greek these days the question is still Greek these days the question is still Greek these days the question is still an open one but a lot of it revolves an open one but a lot of it revolves an open one but a lot of it revolves around all of the DNA that has moved around all of the DNA that has moved around all of the DNA that has moved into the region north of Greece over all into the region north of Greece over all into the region north of Greece over all the centuries since Alexander the the centuries since Alexander the the centuries since Alexander the Great's time right 23 centuries or more Great's time right 23 centuries or more Great's time right 23 centuries or more a lot of different peoples move into a lot of different peoples move into a lot of different peoples move into that area how does that affect the that area how does that affect the that area how does that affect the ethnic makeup well people still talk ethnic makeup well people still talk ethnic makeup well people still talk about it one thing you can say though is that it one thing you can say though is that this area north of Greece in classical this area north of Greece in classical this area north of Greece in classical Greek times wasn't very much like Greek times wasn't very much like Greek times wasn't very much like Classical Greece Classical Greece of Classical Greece Classical Greece of Classical Greece Classical Greece of course is the Greece of the Greek and course is the Greece of the Greek and course is the Greece of the Greek and Persian Wars the pipian wars so think Persian Wars the pipian wars so think Persian Wars the pipian wars so think 500 BC BCE 400 300 that whole range 500 BC BCE 400 300 that whole range 500 BC BCE 400 300 that whole range populated of course by city populated of course by city populated of course by city states the famous ones right Athens states the famous ones right Athens states the famous ones right Athens Sparta Corinth Argos Sparta Corinth Argos Sparta Corinth Argos thieves all these places could almost be thieves all these places could almost be thieves all these places could almost be likened to small scale countries you likened to small scale countries you likened to small scale countries you know where the people were patriotic know where the people were patriotic know where the people were patriotic towards their cities where the cities towards their cities where the cities towards their cities where the cities went to war with one another they went to war with one another they went to war with one another they usually controlled a decent chunk of the usually controlled a decent chunk of the usually controlled a decent chunk of the surrounding territory and the people who surrounding territory and the people who surrounding territory and the people who lived there were considered to be sort lived there were considered to be sort lived there were considered to be sort of the members of a country but the

of the members of a country but the of the members of a country but the countries were small scale countries were small scale countries were small scale places all of these places tended to places all of these places tended to places all of these places tended to have thriving middle have thriving middle have thriving middle classes the citizens up until a certain classes the citizens up until a certain classes the citizens up until a certain time period usually made up the time period usually made up the time period usually made up the militaries of these places and these militaries of these places and these militaries of these places and these City States fought each City States fought each City States fought each other these armies were often militia other these armies were often militia other these armies were often militia armies in terms of their armies in terms of their armies in terms of their organization so if you were a farmer in organization so if you were a farmer in organization so if you were a farmer in thieves and all of a sudden you guys thieves and all of a sudden you guys thieves and all of a sudden you guys were going to go to war against Corinth were going to go to war against Corinth were going to go to war against Corinth well you were going to go grab your well you were going to go grab your well you were going to go grab your armor from Over the fireplace and it armor from Over the fireplace and it armor from Over the fireplace and it might have been the same armor your dad might have been the same armor your dad might have been the same armor your dad and your granddad used grab your three- and your granddad used grab your three- and your granddad used grab your three- foot diameter round Shield put the sword foot diameter round Shield put the sword foot diameter round Shield put the sword in your belt get your you know six to n in your belt get your you know six to n in your belt get your you know six to n foot long long Spear and run down the foot long long Spear and run down the foot long long Spear and run down the hill to join your neighbors in the local hill to join your neighbors in the local hill to join your neighbors in the local fail lanks right the closed body of fail lanks right the closed body of fail lanks right the closed body of troops who stood shoulder toosh shoulder troops who stood shoulder toosh shoulder troops who stood shoulder toosh shoulder five or eight ranks deep and you know five or eight ranks deep and you know five or eight ranks deep and you know met the other citizens of the other city met the other citizens of the other city met the other citizens of the other city state and when the fighting was done and state and when the fighting was done and state and when the fighting was done and the decision had youd go back home put the decision had youd go back home put the decision had youd go back home put the armor back over the fireplace grab the armor back over the fireplace grab the armor back over the fireplace grab the plow and get back to the the plow and get back to the the plow and get back to the farm things were very different though farm things were very different though farm things were very different though north of Greece and Macedonia where they north of Greece and Macedonia where they north of Greece and Macedonia where they really didn't have a thriving middle really didn't have a thriving middle really didn't have a thriving middle class and they didn't have any city class and they didn't have any city class and they didn't have any city states they had Villages and towns and states they had Villages and towns and states they had Villages and towns and hamlets instead of a thriving middle hamlets instead of a thriving middle hamlets instead of a thriving middle class they sort of had a group that class they sort of had a group that class they sort of had a group that tilled the land I'm not sure if you tilled the land I'm not sure if you tilled the land I'm not sure if you called them peasants that would be called them peasants that would be called them peasants that would be exactly right but you definitely had a

exactly right but you definitely had a exactly right but you definitely had a nobility that was often referred to by a nobility that was often referred to by a nobility that was often referred to by a Greek word that's often translated to Greek word that's often translated to Greek word that's often translated to Knights or Knights or Knights or Barons and these people owed their Barons and these people owed their Barons and these people owed their allegiance to a King now even the idea allegiance to a King now even the idea allegiance to a King now even the idea of having a king to the Greeks of this of having a king to the Greeks of this of having a king to the Greeks of this time period was a sign a mark of time period was a sign a mark of time period was a sign a mark of barbarism Kings were what the Egyptians barbarism Kings were what the Egyptians barbarism Kings were what the Egyptians had with a pharaoh kings were what the had with a pharaoh kings were what the had with a pharaoh kings were what the Persians had with their great king of Persians had with their great king of Persians had with their great king of kings in the Greek city state often had kings in the Greek city state often had kings in the Greek city state often had all kinds of different governments but all kinds of different governments but all kinds of different governments but Kings weren't usually a part of it and Kings weren't usually a part of it and Kings weren't usually a part of it and one of the states that had Kings Sparta one of the states that had Kings Sparta one of the states that had Kings Sparta famously had two of them kind of takes famously had two of them kind of takes famously had two of them kind of takes the whole you know absolute ruler side the whole you know absolute ruler side the whole you know absolute ruler side of the question out of the equation of the question out of the equation of the question out of the equation doesn't it if you have two of doesn't it if you have two of doesn't it if you have two of them reminds me a little of the Roman them reminds me a little of the Roman them reminds me a little of the Roman Republic's concept of having not one Republic's concept of having not one Republic's concept of having not one Consul but two consules right divides Consul but two consules right divides Consul but two consules right divides the power and authority a little bit but the power and authority a little bit but the power and authority a little bit but if you had a king that was a sure sign if you had a king that was a sure sign if you had a king that was a sure sign that you probably weren't Greek that you probably weren't Greek that you probably weren't Greek and if your king was polygamous well and if your king was polygamous well and if your king was polygamous well that was another sure sign it probably that was another sure sign it probably that was another sure sign it probably was in the Greek place because in you was in the Greek place because in you was in the Greek place because in you know Greece of the time period we're know Greece of the time period we're know Greece of the time period we're talking about polygamy was another sure talking about polygamy was another sure talking about polygamy was another sure sign of barbarism add to that the fact that barbarism add to that the fact that these macedonians lived a much more sort these macedonians lived a much more sort these macedonians lived a much more sort of a rustic existence than your average of a rustic existence than your average of a rustic existence than your average Cosmopolitan Greek city state Cosmopolitan Greek city state Cosmopolitan Greek city state Cosmopolitan by Cosmopolitan by Cosmopolitan by comparison you look at Macedonian Royal

comparison you look at Macedonian Royal comparison you look at Macedonian Royal Society and and it looks more like a Society and and it looks more like a Society and and it looks more like a mafia crime family than anything you can mafia crime family than anything you can mafia crime family than anything you can think of a mafia crime family if you think of a mafia crime family if you think of a mafia crime family if you combined it with a daytime soap opera a combined it with a daytime soap opera a combined it with a daytime soap opera a mafia crime family with some more mafia crime family with some more mafia crime family with some more homosexuality and sorcery than most homosexuality and sorcery than most homosexuality and sorcery than most Mafia crime families are known Mafia crime families are known Mafia crime families are known for I wrote down some of the adjectives for I wrote down some of the adjectives for I wrote down some of the adjectives used by historians to describe you know used by historians to describe you know used by historians to describe you know the Macedonian royal family situation the Macedonian royal family situation the Macedonian royal family situation and they talked about assassinations and they talked about assassinations and they talked about assassinations executions Civil Wars hostage taking executions Civil Wars hostage taking executions Civil Wars hostage taking incest drunken murders adultery incest drunken murders adultery incest drunken murders adultery witchcraft witchcraft witchcraft makes for great reading but you might makes for great reading but you might makes for great reading but you might not want to live not want to live not want to live there it does mean that the kings of there it does mean that the kings of there it does mean that the kings of Macedonia who came of age and managed to Macedonia who came of age and managed to Macedonia who came of age and managed to rule were in a sort of a darwinian sense rule were in a sort of a darwinian sense rule were in a sort of a darwinian sense pretty tough pretty tough pretty tough survivors in fact Philip II had two survivors in fact Philip II had two survivors in fact Philip II had two older brothers uh it's interesting to older brothers uh it's interesting to older brothers uh it's interesting to note that Philip II's mother gave birth note that Philip II's mother gave birth note that Philip II's mother gave birth to three sons all three became to three sons all three became to three sons all three became Kings and um all three died violently Kings and um all three died violently Kings and um all three died violently one was killed in Wars fighting one was killed in Wars fighting one was killed in Wars fighting macedonia's enemies another was macedonia's enemies another was macedonia's enemies another was assassinated which is a pretty normal assassinated which is a pretty normal assassinated which is a pretty normal thing to happen actually two of them thing to happen actually two of them thing to happen actually two of them were were were assassinated Macedonia was a territory assassinated Macedonia was a territory assassinated Macedonia was a territory with powerful enemies all around them with powerful enemies all around them with powerful enemies all around them they had the yyan tribes in One they had the yyan tribes in One they had the yyan tribes in One Direction which again the Greeks Direction which again the Greeks Direction which again the Greeks considered to be barbarians they had the considered to be barbarians they had the considered to be barbarians they had the thran tribes and there were like 40 of thran tribes and there were like 40 of thran tribes and there were like 40 of different thian tribes also to the north different thian tribes also to the north different thian tribes also to the north in the other direction

in the other direction in the other direction what this meant was twofold one they what this meant was twofold one they what this meant was twofold one they were always fighting these people but were always fighting these people but were always fighting these people but two they were often intermarrying their two they were often intermarrying their two they were often intermarrying their royal families to try to cement royal families to try to cement royal families to try to cement deals and there is strong strains of uh deals and there is strong strains of uh deals and there is strong strains of uh thian yyan and um epit blood that runs thian yyan and um epit blood that runs thian yyan and um epit blood that runs through the royal families of the macedonians traditionally Philip II is macedonians traditionally Philip II is seen as a guy who brings macadonia to seen as a guy who brings macadonia to seen as a guy who brings macadonia to power from nothing that is probably not power from nothing that is probably not power from nothing that is probably not true considering the new fangled true considering the new fangled true considering the new fangled histories about him because one of the histories about him because one of the histories about him because one of the great things that revisionist historians great things that revisionist historians great things that revisionist historians have figured out in a lot of these cases have figured out in a lot of these cases have figured out in a lot of these cases is that anytime the history sort of is that anytime the history sort of is that anytime the history sort of portrays someone as you know creating portrays someone as you know creating portrays someone as you know creating something from nothing it probably something from nothing it probably something from nothing it probably wasn't true that there were probably wasn't true that there were probably wasn't true that there were probably foundational things bubbling up under foundational things bubbling up under foundational things bubbling up under the surface that didn't make their the surface that didn't make their the surface that didn't make their appearance felt in the history books appearance felt in the history books appearance felt in the history books until someone was able to reach a until someone was able to reach a until someone was able to reach a critical mass and that's probably the critical mass and that's probably the critical mass and that's probably the case with Philip II who was probably case with Philip II who was probably case with Philip II who was probably building upon you know State formation building upon you know State formation building upon you know State formation and development that his ancestors had and development that his ancestors had and development that his ancestors had been able to sort of lay down right lay been able to sort of lay down right lay been able to sort of lay down right lay down a few levels of solidity that a guy down a few levels of solidity that a guy down a few levels of solidity that a guy like Philip II could finally you know like Philip II could finally you know like Philip II could finally you know run with in the same way that he laid run with in the same way that he laid run with in the same way that he laid down um the Maserati type situation that down um the Maserati type situation that down um the Maserati type situation that his son got to run his son got to run his son got to run with and one of the reasons that Philip with and one of the reasons that Philip with and one of the reasons that Philip is so able to is so able to is so able to exploit these Maneuvers done by some of

exploit these Maneuvers done by some of exploit these Maneuvers done by some of his predecessors is the stability he his predecessors is the stability he his predecessors is the stability he brings to the leadership question I mean brings to the leadership question I mean brings to the leadership question I mean that's the key issue if you look at it that's the key issue if you look at it that's the key issue if you look at it in hindsight that's keeping Macedonia in hindsight that's keeping Macedonia in hindsight that's keeping Macedonia from doing better they can't keep from doing better they can't keep from doing better they can't keep competent leaders on the throne for very competent leaders on the throne for very competent leaders on the throne for very long at one point before Philip takes long at one point before Philip takes long at one point before Philip takes over macadonia is going to have five over macadonia is going to have five over macadonia is going to have five Kings in six years and most of them die Kings in six years and most of them die Kings in six years and most of them die violently that's a difficult situation violently that's a difficult situation violently that's a difficult situation to overcome even with a lot of to overcome even with a lot of to overcome even with a lot of advantages and what sort of advantages advantages and what sort of advantages advantages and what sort of advantages are we talking are we talking are we talking about well one is that macadonia has got about well one is that macadonia has got about well one is that macadonia has got quite a bit of arable land compare that quite a bit of arable land compare that quite a bit of arable land compare that to the powerful Greek city states in the to the powerful Greek city states in the to the powerful Greek city states in the South who are you know splitting up the South who are you know splitting up the South who are you know splitting up the land between all the different city land between all the different city land between all the different city states right so no citystate controls at states right so no citystate controls at states right so no citystate controls at all they've been cutting down trees for all they've been cutting down trees for all they've been cutting down trees for hundreds of years in um Greece proper hundreds of years in um Greece proper hundreds of years in um Greece proper which isn't fantastic tree growing which isn't fantastic tree growing which isn't fantastic tree growing territory to begin with well macadonia territory to begin with well macadonia territory to begin with well macadonia has got a lot of trees in fact the has got a lot of trees in fact the has got a lot of trees in fact the ancient sources record that the best and ancient sources record that the best and ancient sources record that the best and most important timber in this period and most important timber in this period and most important timber in this period and remember Timber is used for everything remember Timber is used for everything remember Timber is used for everything including the building of navies very including the building of navies very including the building of navies very important in Ancient Greece the best important in Ancient Greece the best important in Ancient Greece the best Timber comes from Macedonia they've got Timber comes from Macedonia they've got Timber comes from Macedonia they've got wonderful areas to farm and to graze wonderful areas to farm and to graze wonderful areas to farm and to graze cattle and cattle and cattle and horses they control important mineral horses they control important mineral horses they control important mineral and precious metal mines and we'll get and precious metal mines and we'll get and precious metal mines and we'll get more of them and they've also got a more of them and they've also got a more of them and they've also got a population that will Pro to be very

population that will Pro to be very population that will Pro to be very culturally and maybe lifestyle wise good culturally and maybe lifestyle wise good culturally and maybe lifestyle wise good at at at fighting this is sort of an interesting fighting this is sort of an interesting fighting this is sort of an interesting thing to examine compared to our modern thing to examine compared to our modern thing to examine compared to our modern era when you people can kill other era when you people can kill other era when you people can kill other people with a push of a button from people with a push of a button from people with a push of a button from drones halfway around the world but in drones halfway around the world but in drones halfway around the world but in an era where you actually have to kill an era where you actually have to kill an era where you actually have to kill people by shoving a knife into their people by shoving a knife into their people by shoving a knife into their throat or something like that the way throat or something like that the way throat or something like that the way you're brought up can influence how well you're brought up can influence how well you're brought up can influence how well you're able to do you're able to do you're able to do that I mean there's a big difference that I mean there's a big difference that I mean there's a big difference isn't there between somebody raised on a isn't there between somebody raised on a isn't there between somebody raised on a ranch like a cowand who Slaughters and ranch like a cowand who Slaughters and ranch like a cowand who Slaughters and drives cattle for example and a kid drives cattle for example and a kid drives cattle for example and a kid growing up in Los Angeles playing growing up in Los Angeles playing growing up in Los Angeles playing Dungeons and Dragons now the Dungeons Dungeons and Dragons now the Dungeons Dungeons and Dragons now the Dungeons and Dragons kid with his video games and and Dragons kid with his video games and and Dragons kid with his video games and all that might be very good at the drone all that might be very good at the drone all that might be very good at the drone strikes from the other side of the globe strikes from the other side of the globe strikes from the other side of the globe but one's going to think that when it but one's going to think that when it but one's going to think that when it comes to killing an animal or a person comes to killing an animal or a person comes to killing an animal or a person by hand there might be some advantages by hand there might be some advantages by hand there might be some advantages to the one who's doing that on the to the one who's doing that on the to the one who's doing that on the farm and in his farm and in his farm and in his book by the spear Philip II Alexander book by the spear Philip II Alexander book by the spear Philip II Alexander the Great and the rise and fall of the the Great and the rise and fall of the the Great and the rise and fall of the Macedonian Empire historian Ian Macedonian Empire historian Ian Macedonian Empire historian Ian Worthington sort of draws this Worthington sort of draws this Worthington sort of draws this distinction he Compares an Athenian to a distinction he Compares an Athenian to a distinction he Compares an Athenian to a Macedonian and Compares their cultures Macedonian and Compares their cultures Macedonian and Compares their cultures and the way they grow up and the carrots and the way they grow up and the carrots and the way they grow up and the carrots and sticks in their societies and how and sticks in their societies and how and sticks in their societies and how something like that might actually have something like that might actually have something like that might actually have an effect on the battlefield when you

an effect on the battlefield when you an effect on the battlefield when you don't get to shoot somebody from a 100 don't get to shoot somebody from a 100 don't get to shoot somebody from a 100 yards away but you actually have to walk yards away but you actually have to walk yards away but you actually have to walk up and shove a spear into them and up and shove a spear into them and up and shove a spear into them and Worthington talks about the Athenian Worthington talks about the Athenian Worthington talks about the Athenian lifestyle you know probably the most lifestyle you know probably the most lifestyle you know probably the most like the Los Angeles Dungeons and like the Los Angeles Dungeons and like the Los Angeles Dungeons and Dragons kids of this era and he says Dragons kids of this era and he says Dragons kids of this era and he says quote the whole fabric of Macedonian quote the whole fabric of Macedonian quote the whole fabric of Macedonian Society was alien to Greeks and so Society was alien to Greeks and so Society was alien to Greeks and so abhorred by them a Macedonian male was abhorred by them a Macedonian male was abhorred by them a Macedonian male was an entirely different animal from his an entirely different animal from his an entirely different animal from his Athenian counterpart for example who Athenian counterpart for example who Athenian counterpart for example who came of age at 18 was then eligible to came of age at 18 was then eligible to came of age at 18 was then eligible to attend the assembly which is the body attend the assembly which is the body attend the assembly which is the body that debates and votes on domestic and that debates and votes on domestic and that debates and votes on domestic and foreign policy he says served in the foreign policy he says served in the foreign policy he says served in the Army as and when required was eligible Army as and when required was eligible Army as and when required was eligible for jury service when he turned 30 and for jury service when he turned 30 and for jury service when he turned 30 and if he came from a well-to-do family if he came from a well-to-do family if he came from a well-to-do family attended symposia to engage in attended symposia to engage in attended symposia to engage in intellectual discussions before letting intellectual discussions before letting intellectual discussions before letting his hair down and swapping talk for sex his hair down and swapping talk for sex his hair down and swapping talk for sex with the everpresent with the everpresent with the everpresent cortis end cortis end cortis end quote he then says quote macadonia was quote he then says quote macadonia was quote he then says quote macadonia was utterly different no one was allowed to utterly different no one was allowed to utterly different no one was allowed to wash in warm water except women who had wash in warm water except women who had wash in warm water except women who had just given birth no man could recline at just given birth no man could recline at just given birth no man could recline at a banquet until he had speared and a banquet until he had speared and a banquet until he had speared and killed one of the Ferocious wild boes killed one of the Ferocious wild boes killed one of the Ferocious wild boes without using a net to trap it a soldier without using a net to trap it a soldier without using a net to trap it a soldier had to wear a rope or sack around his had to wear a rope or sack around his had to wear a rope or sack around his waist until he had killed his first man waist until he had killed his first man waist until he had killed his first man in battle to achieve these expectations

in battle to achieve these expectations in battle to achieve these expectations he writes boys from an early age were he writes boys from an early age were he writes boys from an early age were taught to fight ride a horse and hunt taught to fight ride a horse and hunt taught to fight ride a horse and hunt wild boar foxes birds and even wild boar foxes birds and even wild boar foxes birds and even Lions end Lions end Lions end quote he then says that Macedonian quote he then says that Macedonian quote he then says that Macedonian Society was rugged and had more in Society was rugged and had more in Society was rugged and had more in common with the tough love of homeric common with the tough love of homeric common with the tough love of homeric heroes or even Viking Society than heroes or even Viking Society than heroes or even Viking Society than Classical Greece Classical Greece Classical Greece according to the ancient writers there according to the ancient writers there according to the ancient writers there are all sorts of other things that the are all sorts of other things that the are all sorts of other things that the macedonians uh have as part of their macedonians uh have as part of their macedonians uh have as part of their lifestyle that make them seem a little lifestyle that make them seem a little lifestyle that make them seem a little like Vikings they're supposed to wear like Vikings they're supposed to wear like Vikings they're supposed to wear animal skins or bear pelts drink their animal skins or bear pelts drink their animal skins or bear pelts drink their alcohol out of big drinking horns right alcohol out of big drinking horns right alcohol out of big drinking horns right reminds you of Vikings right there reminds you of Vikings right there reminds you of Vikings right there doesn't doesn't doesn't it the Athenians who in a very cultured it the Athenians who in a very cultured it the Athenians who in a very cultured way at their symposia where they're way at their symposia where they're way at their symposia where they're going to talk politics and all these going to talk politics and all these going to talk politics and all these sorts of things they would always take sorts of things they would always take sorts of things they would always take their wine and and mix it with water cut their wine and and mix it with water cut their wine and and mix it with water cut the strength down you know to make sure the strength down you know to make sure the strength down you know to make sure people weren't just passing out at their people weren't just passing out at their people weren't just passing out at their parties they could continue to have a parties they could continue to have a parties they could continue to have a nice high-minded conversation The nice high-minded conversation The nice high-minded conversation The macedonians Wanted their wine straight macedonians Wanted their wine straight macedonians Wanted their wine straight and unmixed and they weren't going to and unmixed and they weren't going to and unmixed and they weren't going to have polite little sober conversations have polite little sober conversations have polite little sober conversations they were going to have drinking parties they were going to have drinking parties they were going to have drinking parties where they were going to have where they were going to have where they were going to have competitions to see who could drink the competitions to see who could drink the competitions to see who could drink the most wine the fastest right you get two most wine the fastest right you get two most wine the fastest right you get two guys standing up there with giant Terin guys standing up there with giant Terin guys standing up there with giant Terin of unmixed wine and they both go at it of unmixed wine and they both go at it of unmixed wine and they both go at it to try to see who can last longest to try to see who can last longest to try to see who can last longest without just passing out at their without just passing out at their without just passing out at their feet different kind of culture entirely feet different kind of culture entirely feet different kind of culture entirely and this is the kind of culture that

and this is the kind of culture that and this is the kind of culture that Philip is Born Into right around 383 382 Philip is Born Into right around 383 382 Philip is Born Into right around 383 382 BC BC BC BCE the murderous soap opera of BCE the murderous soap opera of BCE the murderous soap opera of Macedonian Royal life is in full swing Macedonian Royal life is in full swing Macedonian Royal life is in full swing during his birth and you don't know what during his birth and you don't know what during his birth and you don't know what to believe the ancient sources are to believe the ancient sources are to believe the ancient sources are really hard on women especially women of really hard on women especially women of really hard on women especially women of some power and authority the Romans and some power and authority the Romans and some power and authority the Romans and the Greek historians always treat them the Greek historians always treat them the Greek historians always treat them as kind of upid you're evil or as kind of upid you're evil or as kind of upid you're evil or borderline uh malicious just by being borderline uh malicious just by being borderline uh malicious just by being powerful and assertive Adrien powerful and assertive Adrien powerful and assertive Adrien goldsworthy the modern historian goldsworthy the modern historian goldsworthy the modern historian suggests we not treat these stories suggests we not treat these stories suggests we not treat these stories specifically as though they're 100% true specifically as though they're 100% true specifically as though they're 100% true but Philip's but Philip's but Philip's mom a woman named mom a woman named mom a woman named yuiki is obviously married to Philip's yuiki is obviously married to Philip's yuiki is obviously married to Philip's dad but supposedly is in a sexual dad but supposedly is in a sexual dad but supposedly is in a sexual relationship with her son-in-law relationship with her son-in-law relationship with her son-in-law Philip's sister's husband and they both Philip's sister's husband and they both Philip's sister's husband and they both plot against Philip's plot against Philip's plot against Philip's Dad they uh the plot fails and Philips Dad they uh the plot fails and Philips Dad they uh the plot fails and Philips dad forgives them and they maybe go on dad forgives them and they maybe go on dad forgives them and they maybe go on to continue to maneuver behind his back to continue to maneuver behind his back to continue to maneuver behind his back and then when Philips dad dies the guy and then when Philips dad dies the guy and then when Philips dad dies the guy who's shacking up with Philip's mom is who's shacking up with Philip's mom is who's shacking up with Philip's mom is continually you know inserting his hands continually you know inserting his hands continually you know inserting his hands and trying to manipulate the kingship and trying to manipulate the kingship and trying to manipulate the kingship may have been involved um by hook or bye may have been involved um by hook or bye may have been involved um by hook or bye Crook in the assassination of Philip's Crook in the assassination of Philip's Crook in the assassination of Philip's brother when he's a brother when he's a brother when he's a king so it's an interesting family king so it's an interesting family king so it's an interesting family Dynamic to say the least but nothing

Dynamic to say the least but nothing Dynamic to say the least but nothing unusual given Macedonian unusual given Macedonian unusual given Macedonian history around the year history around the year history around the year 368 Philip is sent as a hostage to the 368 Philip is sent as a hostage to the 368 Philip is sent as a hostage to the Greek city state of Thieves now the Greek city state of Thieves now the Greek city state of Thieves now the reason you sent a royal family member to reason you sent a royal family member to reason you sent a royal family member to another city state or place like thieves another city state or place like thieves another city state or place like thieves is as part of a peace agreement right is as part of a peace agreement right is as part of a peace agreement right sort of seals the deal you don't want to sort of seals the deal you don't want to sort of seals the deal you don't want to go back on the peace agreement when we go back on the peace agreement when we go back on the peace agreement when we have a bunch of your royal family have a bunch of your royal family have a bunch of your royal family members with us think about the members with us think about the members with us think about the phenomenon of pages in the Middle Ages phenomenon of pages in the Middle Ages phenomenon of pages in the Middle Ages it's not that dissimilar and Philip it's not that dissimilar and Philip it's not that dissimilar and Philip would have been treated nicely it wasn't would have been treated nicely it wasn't would have been treated nicely it wasn't like they threw them in a like they threw them in a like they threw them in a dungeon but it's in thieves that dungeon but it's in thieves that dungeon but it's in thieves that supposedly Philip learns a lot of supposedly Philip learns a lot of supposedly Philip learns a lot of important things about Warfare because important things about Warfare because important things about Warfare because he's in thieves at a very specific time he's in thieves at a very specific time he's in thieves at a very specific time in history the time in history where in history the time in history where in history the time in history where thieves is for a short period sort of thieves is for a short period sort of thieves is for a short period sort of the kings of the Greek scene because the kings of the Greek scene because the kings of the Greek scene because they've recently in 371 BCE defeated and they've recently in 371 BCE defeated and they've recently in 371 BCE defeated and broken Spartan power at a famous battle broken Spartan power at a famous battle broken Spartan power at a famous battle called called called lucra maybe the greatest Greek General lucra maybe the greatest Greek General lucra maybe the greatest Greek General up until this time period a guy named up until this time period a guy named up until this time period a guy named epaminondas was the guy in charge and he epaminondas was the guy in charge and he epaminondas was the guy in charge and he was doing really interesting things was doing really interesting things was doing really interesting things militarily and Phillip is housed with militarily and Phillip is housed with militarily and Phillip is housed with one of his generals and so he's learning one of his generals and so he's learning one of his generals and so he's learning things things that he will well at least things things that he will well at least things things that he will well at least the tradition holds build off of he's the tradition holds build off of he's the tradition holds build off of he's going to create an army that builds on

going to create an army that builds on going to create an army that builds on the foundation that he's taught when the foundation that he's taught when the foundation that he's taught when he's in thieves the other thing that he's in thieves the other thing that he's in thieves the other thing that happens in thieves is Philip is exposed happens in thieves is Philip is exposed happens in thieves is Philip is exposed to all sorts of high-minded things I to all sorts of high-minded things I to all sorts of high-minded things I mean the guy he stays with is a um mean the guy he stays with is a um mean the guy he stays with is a um follower of the Pythagorean sort of follower of the Pythagorean sort of follower of the Pythagorean sort of Lifestyle I mean Lifestyle I mean Lifestyle I mean vegetarianism vegetarianism vegetarianism self-sacrifice um a whole bunch of self-sacrifice um a whole bunch of self-sacrifice um a whole bunch of things that Philip really wasn't things that Philip really wasn't things that Philip really wasn't personality-wise but he's getting a personality-wise but he's getting a personality-wise but he's getting a chance to really see how city states chance to really see how city states chance to really see how city states operate how their government works and operate how their government works and operate how their government works and to be exposed to these sorts of to be exposed to these sorts of to be exposed to these sorts of philosophical ideas that maybe wouldn't philosophical ideas that maybe wouldn't philosophical ideas that maybe wouldn't have been too common for a bare skin have been too common for a bare skin have been too common for a bare skin wearing drinking horn wearing drinking horn wearing drinking horn using you know using you know using you know Barbarian meanwhile Philip's oldest Barbarian meanwhile Philip's oldest Barbarian meanwhile Philip's oldest brother is assassinated during a war brother is assassinated during a war brother is assassinated during a war dance his next oldest brother recalls dance his next oldest brother recalls dance his next oldest brother recalls Philip from thieves and he's killed in a Philip from thieves and he's killed in a Philip from thieves and he's killed in a fight with the uh yans and uh another fight with the uh yans and uh another fight with the uh yans and uh another 4,000 Macedonian troops with him and 4,000 Macedonian troops with him and 4,000 Macedonian troops with him and this is the scene that Philip finds this is the scene that Philip finds this is the scene that Philip finds himself in once he sort of reaches the himself in once he sort of reaches the himself in once he sort of reaches the king king king ship now the first thing to say about ship now the first thing to say about ship now the first thing to say about Phillip is you just don't know much Phillip is you just don't know much Phillip is you just don't know much about him that you can depend on because about him that you can depend on because about him that you can depend on because like his son Alexander he is the subject like his son Alexander he is the subject like his son Alexander he is the subject of an immense propaganda campaign and of an immense propaganda campaign and of an immense propaganda campaign and the Athenians in this time period who the Athenians in this time period who the Athenians in this time period who were his enemies are the best were his enemies are the best were his enemies are the best propagandist in Greece they have some of propagandist in Greece they have some of propagandist in Greece they have some of the best orators and Speakers Going uh the best orators and Speakers Going uh the best orators and Speakers Going uh one of them is named deanes and deanes I

one of them is named deanes and deanes I one of them is named deanes and deanes I mean he'll write a bunch of arguments mean he'll write a bunch of arguments mean he'll write a bunch of arguments against Phillip known as the philippics against Phillip known as the philippics against Phillip known as the philippics and much of what we know about Philip and much of what we know about Philip and much of what we know about Philip comes from the philippics but the entire comes from the philippics but the entire comes from the philippics but the entire design and approach of the philippics is design and approach of the philippics is design and approach of the philippics is to make Philip sound like he's Darth to make Philip sound like he's Darth to make Philip sound like he's Darth Vader or Sauron breathing down athens's Vader or Sauron breathing down athens's Vader or Sauron breathing down athens's neck neck neck so maybe not exactly a um realistic or so maybe not exactly a um realistic or so maybe not exactly a um realistic or Fair account of the Fair account of the Fair account of the guy I've always loved the way historian guy I've always loved the way historian guy I've always loved the way historian will Durant gosh I mean I want to say will Durant gosh I mean I want to say will Durant gosh I mean I want to say it's almost a hundred years ago now it's almost a hundred years ago now it's almost a hundred years ago now writing about Philip describes him and writing about Philip describes him and writing about Philip describes him and it may not be a fair description either it may not be a fair description either it may not be a fair description either because some of the modern day because some of the modern day because some of the modern day historians are much kinder to Philip in historians are much kinder to Philip in historians are much kinder to Philip in terms of treating him as a more cultured terms of treating him as a more cultured terms of treating him as a more cultured man a more Wells Spoken Man uh than the man a more Wells Spoken Man uh than the man a more Wells Spoken Man uh than the old style his torians but will Durant old style his torians but will Durant old style his torians but will Durant gives a quick rundown that just gives a quick rundown that just gives a quick rundown that just describes how amazing the guy is both in describes how amazing the guy is both in describes how amazing the guy is both in Pro and cons and this is what he has to Pro and cons and this is what he has to Pro and cons and this is what he has to say about the personality of Philip the say about the personality of Philip the say about the personality of Philip the great or the man who maybe should be great or the man who maybe should be great or the man who maybe should be named Philip the named Philip the named Philip the great in his book The Life of Greece and great in his book The Life of Greece and great in his book The Life of Greece and he says he says he says quote he had all the virtues except quote he had all the virtues except quote he had all the virtues except those of civilization he was strong in those of civilization he was strong in those of civilization he was strong in body and will athletic and handsome a body and will athletic and handsome a body and will athletic and handsome a magnificent animal trying now and then magnificent animal trying now and then magnificent animal trying now and then to be an Athenian gentleman like his to be an Athenian gentleman like his to be an Athenian gentleman like his famous son he was a man of violent famous son he was a man of violent famous son he was a man of violent temper and abounding generosity loving temper and abounding generosity loving temper and abounding generosity loving battle as much strong drink more unlike

battle as much strong drink more unlike battle as much strong drink more unlike Alexander he was a jovial laugher and Alexander he was a jovial laugher and Alexander he was a jovial laugher and raised to high office a slave who amused raised to high office a slave who amused raised to high office a slave who amused him he liked boys but liked women better him he liked boys but liked women better him he liked boys but liked women better and married as many of them as he could and married as many of them as he could and married as many of them as he could he continues a little farther most of he continues a little farther most of he continues a little farther most of all he liked stalwart men who could risk all he liked stalwart men who could risk all he liked stalwart men who could risk their lives all day and Gamble and their lives all day and Gamble and their lives all day and Gamble and carouse with him half the night he was carouse with him half the night he was carouse with him half the night he was literally before Alexander the bravest literally before Alexander the bravest literally before Alexander the bravest of the Brave and left a part of himself of the Brave and left a part of himself of the Brave and left a part of himself on every Battlefield and quote Durant on every Battlefield and quote Durant on every Battlefield and quote Durant continues quote he had a subtle continues quote he had a subtle continues quote he had a subtle intelligence capable of patiently intelligence capable of patiently intelligence capable of patiently awaiting his chance and of moving awaiting his chance and of moving awaiting his chance and of moving resolutely through difficult means to resolutely through difficult means to resolutely through difficult means to distant ends in diplomacy he was aable distant ends in diplomacy he was aable distant ends in diplomacy he was aable and treacherous he broke a promise with and treacherous he broke a promise with and treacherous he broke a promise with a light heart and was always ready to a light heart and was always ready to a light heart and was always ready to make another he recognized no morals for make another he recognized no morals for make another he recognized no morals for governments and looked upon lies and governments and looked upon lies and governments and looked upon lies and bribes as Humane substitutes for bribes as Humane substitutes for bribes as Humane substitutes for Slaughter but he was lenient in Victory Slaughter but he was lenient in Victory Slaughter but he was lenient in Victory and usually gave the defeated Greeks and usually gave the defeated Greeks and usually gave the defeated Greeks better terms than they gave one another better terms than they gave one another better terms than they gave one another all who met him except the obstinate all who met him except the obstinate all who met him except the obstinate demosthenes liked him and ranked him as demosthenes liked him and ranked him as demosthenes liked him and ranked him as the strongest and most interesting the strongest and most interesting the strongest and most interesting character of his time end quote and character of his time end quote and character of his time end quote and demosthenes who really didn't like him demosthenes who really didn't like him demosthenes who really didn't like him still had to say quoting demosthenes still had to say quoting demosthenes still had to say quoting demosthenes what a man for the sake of power and what a man for the sake of power and what a man for the sake of power and Dominion he had an eye struck out a Dominion he had an eye struck out a Dominion he had an eye struck out a shoulder broken an arm and leg paralyzed

shoulder broken an arm and leg paralyzed shoulder broken an arm and leg paralyzed end end end quote so personality wise we're not sure quote so personality wise we're not sure quote so personality wise we're not sure what can be said about Phillip here's what can be said about Phillip here's what can be said about Phillip here's what you can say for a fact though this what you can say for a fact though this what you can say for a fact though this is a guy who took the field with his is a guy who took the field with his is a guy who took the field with his army every single year of his 23-year army every single year of his 23-year army every single year of his 23-year Reign except one and the one where he Reign except one and the one where he Reign except one and the one where he didn't it was because he was recovering didn't it was because he was recovering didn't it was because he was recovering from wounds of which he got from wounds of which he got from wounds of which he got several as deanes said he's a guy who several as deanes said he's a guy who several as deanes said he's a guy who sacrificed multiple body parts and that sacrificed multiple body parts and that sacrificed multiple body parts and that was not any sort of a lie I mean the man was not any sort of a lie I mean the man was not any sort of a lie I mean the man by the end of his Reign is by the end of his Reign is by the end of his Reign is crippled he loses an eye he has a collar crippled he loses an eye he has a collar crippled he loses an eye he has a collar bone broken his hand is supposed bone broken his hand is supposed bone broken his hand is supposed supposedly completely mangled he takes a supposedly completely mangled he takes a supposedly completely mangled he takes a spear through his thigh his lower leg spear through his thigh his lower leg spear through his thigh his lower leg both bones broken at the same both bones broken at the same both bones broken at the same time he walked by the end of his life time he walked by the end of his life time he walked by the end of his life with a pronounced with a pronounced with a pronounced limp but he took part in 28 campaigns 11 limp but he took part in 28 campaigns 11 limp but he took part in 28 campaigns 11 sieges demoses says he captured 45 sieges demoses says he captured 45 sieges demoses says he captured 45 cities this is how you build an Empire cities this is how you build an Empire cities this is how you build an Empire right or or something that's going to be right or or something that's going to be right or or something that's going to be an an an Empire and like his son and like Empire and like his son and like Empire and like his son and like Macedonian commanders before him he Macedonian commanders before him he Macedonian commanders before him he fought in the front these are not fought in the front these are not fought in the front these are not Napoleonic style commanders who sit Napoleonic style commanders who sit Napoleonic style commanders who sit behind the Army and command the troops behind the Army and command the troops behind the Army and command the troops as the battle's going on in real time as the battle's going on in real time as the battle's going on in real time and move forces around and send in

and move forces around and send in and move forces around and send in reserves and and counter uh March your reserves and and counter uh March your reserves and and counter uh March your forces to match what the enemy is doing forces to match what the enemy is doing forces to match what the enemy is doing these are people who set things up in these are people who set things up in these are people who set things up in advance they build the military forces advance they build the military forces advance they build the military forces they pick the commanders they they they pick the commanders they they they pick the commanders they they position them on the field before the position them on the field before the position them on the field before the battle starts and then before the battle starts and then before the battle starts and then before the fighting actually commences they put fighting actually commences they put fighting actually commences they put themselves in the front rank in a themselves in the front rank in a themselves in the front rank in a homeric kind of style right a hero King homeric kind of style right a hero King homeric kind of style right a hero King and they command and when you do that and they command and when you do that and they command and when you do that and you fight you know 28 campaigns and you fight you know 28 campaigns and you fight you know 28 campaigns you're going to get wounded and the you're going to get wounded and the you're going to get wounded and the number of times that Philip's troops number of times that Philip's troops number of times that Philip's troops thought he was dead on the battlefield thought he was dead on the battlefield thought he was dead on the battlefield is is is numerous in numerous in numerous in 1977 to just take a little break from 1977 to just take a little break from 1977 to just take a little break from all these um he said she said kind of all these um he said she said kind of all these um he said she said kind of histor torical accounts from the past histor torical accounts from the past histor torical accounts from the past and all the and all the and all the propaganda an archaeologist found a propaganda an archaeologist found a propaganda an archaeologist found a tomb in northern Greece or the area tomb in northern Greece or the area tomb in northern Greece or the area where Macedonia was during this time where Macedonia was during this time where Macedonia was during this time period the traditional Macedonian period the traditional Macedonian period the traditional Macedonian Heartland it was under a mound a hill a Heartland it was under a mound a hill a Heartland it was under a mound a hill a Man created Hill a tell and in the Tomb Man created Hill a tell and in the Tomb Man created Hill a tell and in the Tomb they found multiple bodies but in one they found multiple bodies but in one they found multiple bodies but in one specific tomb around a bunch of armor specific tomb around a bunch of armor specific tomb around a bunch of armor and magnificent and magnificent and magnificent materials they found a golden box with a materials they found a golden box with a materials they found a golden box with a Macedonian star etched into the top and Macedonian star etched into the top and Macedonian star etched into the top and purple cloth purple being the Royal purple cloth purple being the Royal purple cloth purple being the Royal color Inside the Box were color Inside the Box were color Inside the Box were Bones the way that Macedonian royalty

Bones the way that Macedonian royalty Bones the way that Macedonian royalty was was was often treated after death was what we often treated after death was what we often treated after death was what we might call today a partial cremation might call today a partial cremation might call today a partial cremation because unlike today's cremations where because unlike today's cremations where because unlike today's cremations where you're left with ashes and Bone ships you're left with ashes and Bone ships you're left with ashes and Bone ships very small bone ships in a lot of the very small bone ships in a lot of the very small bone ships in a lot of the funerals during the time around Philip's funerals during the time around Philip's funerals during the time around Philip's lifespan it was common to have a fire lifespan it was common to have a fire lifespan it was common to have a fire that was only hot enough to burn the that was only hot enough to burn the that was only hot enough to burn the skin off and then the bones would be skin off and then the bones would be skin off and then the bones would be taken washed in wine and put in a taken washed in wine and put in a taken washed in wine and put in a container of the sort that in 1977 was container of the sort that in 1977 was container of the sort that in 1977 was found in this found in this found in this tomb so you can still look at the bones tomb so you can still look at the bones tomb so you can still look at the bones and analyze the bones and in addition to and analyze the bones and in addition to and analyze the bones and in addition to the bones there were things like armor the bones there were things like armor the bones there were things like armor for example a specific for example a specific for example a specific sign that maybe we're dealing with sign that maybe we're dealing with sign that maybe we're dealing with Philip II's bones in this tomb are Philip II's bones in this tomb are Philip II's bones in this tomb are Greaves that were found Greaves are the Greaves that were found Greaves are the Greaves that were found Greaves are the are the armor that goes on The Shins and are the armor that goes on The Shins and are the armor that goes on The Shins and these Greaves were shaped differently these Greaves were shaped differently these Greaves were shaped differently one in particular shorter than the other one in particular shorter than the other one in particular shorter than the other shaped for a person who'd suffered a bad shaped for a person who'd suffered a bad shaped for a person who'd suffered a bad leg leg leg injury and in 77 they thought it might injury and in 77 they thought it might injury and in 77 they thought it might be Philip II now I think about 90% of be Philip II now I think about 90% of be Philip II now I think about 90% of the people that are the experts in the the people that are the experts in the the people that are the experts in the field would say it's pretty close to field would say it's pretty close to field would say it's pretty close to unanimous but maybe not quite would say unanimous but maybe not quite would say unanimous but maybe not quite would say that this is Philip II and what that that this is Philip II and what that that this is Philip II and what that means is you can get some hard concrete means is you can get some hard concrete means is you can get some hard concrete stuff about the guy he was between 5' 6 stuff about the guy he was between 5' 6 stuff about the guy he was between 5' 6 and 5'8 for example which might seem a and 5'8 for example which might seem a and 5'8 for example which might seem a little short to us today but historians little short to us today but historians little short to us today but historians often say that that's not that uncommon often say that that's not that uncommon often say that that's not that uncommon for the people of the time period in for the people of the time period in for the people of the time period in this area although if he were a little

this area although if he were a little this area although if he were a little shorter than the average shorter than the average shorter than the average Macedonian that would sort of jive with Macedonian that would sort of jive with Macedonian that would sort of jive with his son's height too who was also his son's height too who was also his son's height too who was also shorter than the average Mac Onan so shorter than the average Mac Onan so shorter than the average Mac Onan so maybe Alexander got it from his maybe Alexander got it from his maybe Alexander got it from his dad the skeleton also shows the wounds dad the skeleton also shows the wounds dad the skeleton also shows the wounds including the most obvious during his including the most obvious during his including the most obvious during his lifetime that no one would have been lifetime that no one would have been lifetime that no one would have been able to avoid the fact that an arrow had able to avoid the fact that an arrow had able to avoid the fact that an arrow had struck him in the face and took out an struck him in the face and took out an struck him in the face and took out an eye actually it's worse than that it eye actually it's worse than that it eye actually it's worse than that it didn't take out the eye because a didn't take out the eye because a didn't take out the eye because a physician had to scoop out the eye with physician had to scoop out the eye with physician had to scoop out the eye with what amounted to a spoon and when you what amounted to a spoon and when you what amounted to a spoon and when you think of someone doing that to you think of someone doing that to you think of someone doing that to you without any sort of real anesthesia or without any sort of real anesthesia or without any sort of real anesthesia or anesthetic it boggles the mind to anesthetic it boggles the mind to anesthetic it boggles the mind to consider the amount of pain we're consider the amount of pain we're consider the amount of pain we're talking about talking about talking about here I got that rundown of um Philip's here I got that rundown of um Philip's here I got that rundown of um Philip's campaign record from historian Richard A campaign record from historian Richard A campaign record from historian Richard A Gabriel who wrote a book called Philip Gabriel who wrote a book called Philip Gabriel who wrote a book called Philip II of maon greater than Alexander and he II of maon greater than Alexander and he II of maon greater than Alexander and he ran down how Phillip's ran down how Phillip's ran down how Phillip's statecraft was much more oriented statecraft was much more oriented statecraft was much more oriented towards results than perhaps homeric towards results than perhaps homeric towards results than perhaps homeric glory glory glory and sword play and he writes quote in a and sword play and he writes quote in a and sword play and he writes quote in a very important way however Philip's view very important way however Philip's view very important way however Philip's view of War as distinct from personal bravery of War as distinct from personal bravery of War as distinct from personal bravery was decidedly un homeric unlike the was decidedly un homeric unlike the was decidedly un homeric unlike the ilads heroes this great warrior king who ilads heroes this great warrior king who ilads heroes this great warrior king who took the field every year of his 23-year took the field every year of his 23-year took the field every year of his 23-year Reign save one when he was recovering

Reign save one when he was recovering Reign save one when he was recovering from wounds who took part in 28 from wounds who took part in 28 from wounds who took part in 28 campaigns and 11 sieges who captured 45 campaigns and 11 sieges who captured 45 campaigns and 11 sieges who captured 45 cities if one can trust demostenes and cities if one can trust demostenes and cities if one can trust demostenes and who was seriously wounded at least five who was seriously wounded at least five who was seriously wounded at least five times never went to war for its own sake times never went to war for its own sake times never went to war for its own sake or only for personal glory for Phillip or only for personal glory for Phillip or only for personal glory for Phillip war was first and foremost an instrument war was first and foremost an instrument war was first and foremost an instrument of State policy with which to achieve of State policy with which to achieve of State policy with which to achieve specific strategic objectives it was specific strategic objectives it was specific strategic objectives it was always the continuation of policy by always the continuation of policy by always the continuation of policy by other means in the genuine clausewitzian other means in the genuine clausewitzian other means in the genuine clausewitzian sense The rhetorician panus observed sense The rhetorician panus observed sense The rhetorician panus observed that quote Philip achieved no less that quote Philip achieved no less that quote Philip achieved no less through com conversation than through through com conversation than through through com conversation than through battle and by Zeus he prided himself battle and by Zeus he prided himself battle and by Zeus he prided himself more on what he acquired through words more on what he acquired through words more on what he acquired through words than on what he acquired through arms than on what he acquired through arms than on what he acquired through arms end quote and then Gabriel says this end quote and then Gabriel says this end quote and then Gabriel says this Claus witan view of war led Philip to Claus witan view of war led Philip to Claus witan view of war led Philip to become the greatest strategist of his become the greatest strategist of his become the greatest strategist of his time Claus witz of course is famous for time Claus witz of course is famous for time Claus witz of course is famous for saying that war is a continuation of saying that war is a continuation of saying that war is a continuation of politics or policies by other means but politics or policies by other means but politics or policies by other means but for Philip II this applied to all sorts for Philip II this applied to all sorts for Philip II this applied to all sorts of things including marriage marriage of things including marriage marriage of things including marriage marriage for philli was clausewitzian for philli was clausewitzian for philli was clausewitzian in this he is far from alone after all in this he is far from alone after all in this he is far from alone after all Royal marriages for diplomatic reasons Royal marriages for diplomatic reasons Royal marriages for diplomatic reasons right to cement alliances or connections right to cement alliances or connections right to cement alliances or connections between powerful families or to Wed uh between powerful families or to Wed uh between powerful families or to Wed uh States or kingdoms or locations more States or kingdoms or locations more States or kingdoms or locations more closely together isn't just common it's

closely together isn't just common it's closely together isn't just common it's almost the almost the almost the norm but the Macedonian ruler has a huge norm but the Macedonian ruler has a huge norm but the Macedonian ruler has a huge advantage over a lot of these other advantage over a lot of these other advantage over a lot of these other royal families that do the same thing I royal families that do the same thing I royal families that do the same thing I mean after all if you're you know Henry mean after all if you're you know Henry mean after all if you're you know Henry VII of England and you're marrying for VII of England and you're marrying for VII of England and you're marrying for diplomatic reasons it's kind of a diplomatic reasons it's kind of a diplomatic reasons it's kind of a limitation isn't it if you can just limitation isn't it if you can just limitation isn't it if you can just marry one wife Philip didn't have any marry one wife Philip didn't have any marry one wife Philip didn't have any sort of limitation like that at all one sort of limitation like that at all one sort of limitation like that at all one of the things the Greeks used as of the things the Greeks used as of the things the Greeks used as evidence that the macedonians were evidence that the macedonians were evidence that the macedonians were barbarians is that they were polygamous barbarians is that they were polygamous barbarians is that they were polygamous and philli could marry as many wives as and philli could marry as many wives as and philli could marry as many wives as he wanted to to cement his diplomatic he wanted to to cement his diplomatic he wanted to to cement his diplomatic and political goals I mean he's going to and political goals I mean he's going to and political goals I mean he's going to have seven or eight wives during his have seven or eight wives during his have seven or eight wives during his lifetime and have multiple of them at lifetime and have multiple of them at lifetime and have multiple of them at the same the same the same time and the women that he married are time and the women that he married are time and the women that he married are interesting characters if the ancient interesting characters if the ancient interesting characters if the ancient sources are to be sources are to be sources are to be believed I mean for example he will believed I mean for example he will believed I mean for example he will marry an yyan wife or two and the alyans marry an yyan wife or two and the alyans marry an yyan wife or two and the alyans are the problem children of that whole are the problem children of that whole are the problem children of that whole part of the world exceedingly dangerous part of the world exceedingly dangerous part of the world exceedingly dangerous responsible for the death of Philip's responsible for the death of Philip's responsible for the death of Philip's older brother and 4,000 Macedonian older brother and 4,000 Macedonian older brother and 4,000 Macedonian soldiers right before Phillip you know soldiers right before Phillip you know soldiers right before Phillip you know takes the throne so it makes sense to takes the throne so it makes sense to takes the throne so it makes sense to marry an lyrian princess but they seem marry an lyrian princess but they seem marry an lyrian princess but they seem to be if the ancient sources can be to be if the ancient sources can be to be if the ancient sources can be believed quite the believed quite the believed quite the handful supposedly yyan women could be handful supposedly yyan women could be handful supposedly yyan women could be trained to fight in combat as men with trained to fight in combat as men with trained to fight in combat as men with sword spear Shield armor and on

sword spear Shield armor and on sword spear Shield armor and on Horseback and there will be a strain of Horseback and there will be a strain of Horseback and there will be a strain of the yyan DNA running through the the yyan DNA running through the the yyan DNA running through the Macedonian Royal Line um where mother is Macedonian Royal Line um where mother is Macedonian Royal Line um where mother is supposed to continue the tradition of supposed to continue the tradition of supposed to continue the tradition of teaching the daughters how to fight like teaching the daughters how to fight like teaching the daughters how to fight like this and it is a fascinating thing to this and it is a fascinating thing to this and it is a fascinating thing to consider there's a very Wonder Woman consider there's a very Wonder Woman consider there's a very Wonder Woman Amazonian element to the whole thing and Amazonian element to the whole thing and Amazonian element to the whole thing and it's interesting to think of Philip it's interesting to think of Philip it's interesting to think of Philip marrying a woman who could kill him in marrying a woman who could kill him in marrying a woman who could kill him in combat but that's hardly the extent of combat but that's hardly the extent of combat but that's hardly the extent of Phillip marrying interesting and Phillip marrying interesting and Phillip marrying interesting and potentially dangerous uh women I mean he potentially dangerous uh women I mean he potentially dangerous uh women I mean he marries magical women if you believe the marries magical women if you believe the marries magical women if you believe the sources I'm going to say if you believe sources I'm going to say if you believe sources I'm going to say if you believe the sources many times here because the sources many times here because the sources many times here because one's not sure what to make of them and one's not sure what to make of them and one's not sure what to make of them and remember especially when dealing with remember especially when dealing with remember especially when dealing with women they are far from women they are far from women they are far from fair I use the term magical some of them fair I use the term magical some of them fair I use the term magical some of them might say witches instead and Philip is might say witches instead and Philip is might say witches instead and Philip is supposed to have married at least one of supposed to have married at least one of supposed to have married at least one of these magical princesses maybe two one thing you can say is that by the two one thing you can say is that by the time Philip marries the woman who will time Philip marries the woman who will time Philip marries the woman who will be Alexander the Great's mother one be Alexander the Great's mother one be Alexander the Great's mother one wonders whether or not as a young couple wonders whether or not as a young couple wonders whether or not as a young couple Philip would have been in his 20s and Philip would have been in his 20s and Philip would have been in his 20s and Alexander the Great's mother a woman Alexander the Great's mother a woman Alexander the Great's mother a woman named olympius would have been in her named olympius would have been in her named olympius would have been in her teens one imagines that you could have teens one imagines that you could have teens one imagines that you could have looked at them at a party and said I looked at them at a party and said I looked at them at a party and said I wonder what kind of children those two wonder what kind of children those two wonder what kind of children those two people will produce because one has to people will produce because one has to people will produce because one has to look at a teenage

look at a teenage look at a teenage Olympus and say Olympus and say Olympus and say that you can sort of divine how that you can sort of divine how that you can sort of divine how formidable a person she was because as a formidable a person she was because as a formidable a person she was because as a teenage girl she can handle this guy teenage girl she can handle this guy teenage girl she can handle this guy right the most formidable person of his right the most formidable person of his right the most formidable person of his time a figure that the ancient Greeks to time a figure that the ancient Greeks to time a figure that the ancient Greeks to the south of him had all kinds of the south of him had all kinds of the south of him had all kinds of trouble with you just heard you know trouble with you just heard you know trouble with you just heard you know Professor Gabriel describe his qualities Professor Gabriel describe his qualities Professor Gabriel describe his qualities you heard will Durant describe his you heard will Durant describe his you heard will Durant describe his qualities and yet this teenager from a qualities and yet this teenager from a qualities and yet this teenager from a place called mosia in place called mosia in place called mosia in ierus um can handle ierus um can handle ierus um can handle him and she may have even scared him a him and she may have even scared him a him and she may have even scared him a little Philip II's family claimed a little Philip II's family claimed a little Philip II's family claimed a descent from Heracles who we would call descent from Heracles who we would call descent from Heracles who we would call Hercules right if you recall your Greek Hercules right if you recall your Greek Hercules right if you recall your Greek mythology Heracles is the son of Zeus mythology Heracles is the son of Zeus mythology Heracles is the son of Zeus not just a Greek god but the king of the not just a Greek god but the king of the not just a Greek god but the king of the Greek mythological Pantheon right if Greek mythological Pantheon right if Greek mythological Pantheon right if you're going to claim descendant from a you're going to claim descendant from a you're going to claim descendant from a god at some point in your you know god at some point in your you know god at some point in your you know genetic line why not make it the king of genetic line why not make it the king of genetic line why not make it the king of the Gods who could you possibly marry the Gods who could you possibly marry the Gods who could you possibly marry who's going to bring enough you know who's going to bring enough you know who's going to bring enough you know cache to the marriage to compete with cache to the marriage to compete with cache to the marriage to compete with something like that well olympus' family something like that well olympus' family something like that well olympus' family in mosia claim descendant from the in mosia claim descendant from the in mosia claim descendant from the greatest hero of the most important greatest hero of the most important greatest hero of the most important Greek story to most Greeks growing up Greek story to most Greeks growing up Greek story to most Greeks growing up during this time period The Iliad during this time period The Iliad during this time period The Iliad olympus' family claimed to sent from

Achilles which means that when they have Achilles which means that when they have a child together this family who claims a child together this family who claims a child together this family who claims descent from Heracles and through him descent from Heracles and through him descent from Heracles and through him Zeus and this other family who claims Zeus and this other family who claims Zeus and this other family who claims descent through Achilles you're going to descent through Achilles you're going to descent through Achilles you're going to have a kid who mixes the blood of Zeus have a kid who mixes the blood of Zeus have a kid who mixes the blood of Zeus Heracles and achilles and somehow the Heracles and achilles and somehow the Heracles and achilles and somehow the great God dionisis manages to get great God dionisis manages to get great God dionisis manages to get involved in this whole Affair too and involved in this whole Affair too and involved in this whole Affair too and creates this Fusion in the child that creates this Fusion in the child that creates this Fusion in the child that they're going to have that impacts that they're going to have that impacts that they're going to have that impacts that child's life for its entirety to this day historians still entirety to this day historians still try to argue and debate how important try to argue and debate how important try to argue and debate how important these three Figures were do Alexander these three Figures were do Alexander these three Figures were do Alexander and like so much of his life are trying and like so much of his life are trying and like so much of his life are trying to to to disentangle True contemporary things you disentangle True contemporary things you disentangle True contemporary things you know things that were part of his life know things that were part of his life know things that were part of his life from the many fables and stories and from the many fables and stories and from the many fables and stories and romances or just plain bad histories romances or just plain bad histories romances or just plain bad histories that cropped up after his that cropped up after his that cropped up after his death was he really into Achilles the death was he really into Achilles the death was he really into Achilles the way the later sources say some people way the later sources say some people way the later sources say some people say no diones very hard to figure out say no diones very hard to figure out say no diones very hard to figure out Heracles is the least controversial Heracles is the least controversial Heracles is the least controversial since Alexander definitely put the since Alexander definitely put the since Alexander definitely put the figure of the hero demigod on coins and figure of the hero demigod on coins and figure of the hero demigod on coins and whatnot but there are other historians whatnot but there are other historians whatnot but there are other historians that will make a much more closely that will make a much more closely that will make a much more closely connected case I mean there's a whole connected case I mean there's a whole connected case I mean there's a whole book about Alexander's connection to book about Alexander's connection to book about Alexander's connection to diones and D nces is in my opinion this diones and D nces is in my opinion this diones and D nces is in my opinion this is one of those is one of those is one of those opinion comments but is the most

opinion comments but is the most opinion comments but is the most interesting and hard to get your mind interesting and hard to get your mind interesting and hard to get your mind around of the Greek deities in part around of the Greek deities in part around of the Greek deities in part because he rules over those parts of because he rules over those parts of because he rules over those parts of humanity and human kind that are humanity and human kind that are humanity and human kind that are themselves hard to get one's mind around themselves hard to get one's mind around themselves hard to get one's mind around right the subconscious the hidden sides right the subconscious the hidden sides right the subconscious the hidden sides of one's character the psychological of one's character the psychological of one's character the psychological dark areas um there's a book called dark areas um there's a book called dark areas um there's a book called Alexander the Great the invisible enemy Alexander the Great the invisible enemy Alexander the Great the invisible enemy by historian John Maxwell O'Brien and by historian John Maxwell O'Brien and by historian John Maxwell O'Brien and it's all about this connection between it's all about this connection between it's all about this connection between Alexander and this particular God Alexander and this particular God Alexander and this particular God diones and he describes diones in the diones and he describes diones in the diones and he describes diones in the most interesting of ways diones is most interesting of ways diones is most interesting of ways diones is officially the god of wine but wine officially the god of wine but wine officially the god of wine but wine itself is a weird sort of a concoction itself is a weird sort of a concoction itself is a weird sort of a concoction that can be both positive and negative that can be both positive and negative that can be both positive and negative which is kind of how the God can be too which is kind of how the God can be too which is kind of how the God can be too here's how O'Brien describes diones and here's how O'Brien describes diones and here's how O'Brien describes diones and he says quote the god of everything that he says quote the god of everything that he says quote the god of everything that blossom and breathed diones could blossom and breathed diones could blossom and breathed diones could surface in the moisture on a rose Bellow surface in the moisture on a rose Bellow surface in the moisture on a rose Bellow majestically through a Raging Bull or majestically through a Raging Bull or majestically through a Raging Bull or imperceptibly shed old skin for new in imperceptibly shed old skin for new in imperceptibly shed old skin for new in the guise of a snake he was the Divine the guise of a snake he was the Divine the guise of a snake he was the Divine patron of the theater with an empty mask patron of the theater with an empty mask patron of the theater with an empty mask as his emblem the god of a thousand as his emblem the god of a thousand as his emblem the god of a thousand faces who epitomized metamorphosis and faces who epitomized metamorphosis and faces who epitomized metamorphosis and could transform Mortals at will armed could transform Mortals at will armed could transform Mortals at will armed with ecstasy and Madness this with ecstasy and Madness this with ecstasy and Madness this paradoxical deity would smile at human paradoxical deity would smile at human paradoxical deity would smile at human determin determin determin and laugh at logic in League with death and laugh at logic in League with death and laugh at logic in League with death as well as life his realm reached beyond as well as life his realm reached beyond as well as life his realm reached beyond the grave to the murky Waters of the

the grave to the murky Waters of the the grave to the murky Waters of the Nether world end Nether world end Nether world end quote O'Brien points out that diones quote O'Brien points out that diones quote O'Brien points out that diones wasn't really so much the god of wine as wasn't really so much the god of wine as wasn't really so much the god of wine as he was the wine itself and through the he was the wine itself and through the he was the wine itself and through the drinking of the wine humans could drinking of the wine humans could drinking of the wine humans could commune sort of with the God and all the commune sort of with the God and all the commune sort of with the God and all the pros and cons that the drinking of pros and cons that the drinking of pros and cons that the drinking of alcohol or intoxicants because there are alcohol or intoxicants because there are alcohol or intoxicants because there are interesting theories about the interesting theories about the interesting theories about the intoxicants that might have been used as intoxicants that might have been used as intoxicants that might have been used as part of the religious rights connected part of the religious rights connected part of the religious rights connected to diones to induce different sides of to diones to induce different sides of to diones to induce different sides of human behavior and transes and all those human behavior and transes and all those human behavior and transes and all those kinds of the subliminal or unconscious kinds of the subliminal or unconscious kinds of the subliminal or unconscious sides of humanity and O'Brien writes sides of humanity and O'Brien writes sides of humanity and O'Brien writes quote diones proferred himself through quote diones proferred himself through quote diones proferred himself through wine and Mortals revealed his wine and Mortals revealed his wine and Mortals revealed his personality as well as their own through personality as well as their own through personality as well as their own through drinking and drunkenness a number of the drinking and drunkenness a number of the drinking and drunkenness a number of the Gods epithets describe his attractive Gods epithets describe his attractive Gods epithets describe his attractive attributes or praise the benefits to be attributes or praise the benefits to be attributes or praise the benefits to be called from his precious gift he is a called from his precious gift he is a called from his precious gift he is a relaxer of the Mind A Healer of Sorrow a relaxer of the Mind A Healer of Sorrow a relaxer of the Mind A Healer of Sorrow a dispeller of care a provider of Joy a dispeller of care a provider of Joy a dispeller of care a provider of Joy a merry maker and a lover of laughter merry maker and a lover of laughter merry maker and a lover of laughter other epithets refer to his less other epithets refer to his less other epithets refer to his less admirable characteristics and admirable characteristics and admirable characteristics and simultaneously serve as a reminder of simultaneously serve as a reminder of simultaneously serve as a reminder of the potential destructiveness of his the potential destructiveness of his the potential destructiveness of his Earthly agent he is a disturber of the Earthly agent he is a disturber of the Earthly agent he is a disturber of the Soul a mind breaker a bestower of Envy a

Soul a mind breaker a bestower of Envy a Soul a mind breaker a bestower of Envy a dispenser of anger a chaser of sleep a dispenser of anger a chaser of sleep a dispenser of anger a chaser of sleep a noise maker and a liar the visible noise maker and a liar the visible noise maker and a liar the visible effects of the wine obrien writes effects of the wine obrien writes effects of the wine obrien writes unmasked the fundamental ambivalence of unmasked the fundamental ambivalence of unmasked the fundamental ambivalence of the god and revealed a kindred quality the god and revealed a kindred quality the god and revealed a kindred quality in Mortals wine exalted the spirit but in Mortals wine exalted the spirit but in Mortals wine exalted the spirit but it also had the capacity to unleash it also had the capacity to unleash it also had the capacity to unleash primordial imp impulses under its primordial imp impulses under its primordial imp impulses under its influence a veneer of sophistication influence a veneer of sophistication influence a veneer of sophistication might disappear abruptly and civility might disappear abruptly and civility might disappear abruptly and civility could be transformed into uncontrollable could be transformed into uncontrollable could be transformed into uncontrollable rage the wine God disclosed reason's rage the wine God disclosed reason's rage the wine God disclosed reason's uneasy sway over emotion and served as a uneasy sway over emotion and served as a uneasy sway over emotion and served as a chilling reminder of beastiality in its chilling reminder of beastiality in its chilling reminder of beastiality in its core end core end core end quote Alexander's mother Olympus was a quote Alexander's mother Olympus was a quote Alexander's mother Olympus was a devote of devote of devote of dionis a initiate if the sources are to dionis a initiate if the sources are to dionis a initiate if the sources are to be believed in the mystery Cult of the be believed in the mystery Cult of the be believed in the mystery Cult of the god and it's a mystery cult because god and it's a mystery cult because god and it's a mystery cult because nobody knows what goes on in the various nobody knows what goes on in the various nobody knows what goes on in the various rights connected to the god although if rights connected to the god although if rights connected to the god although if One Believes the Greek playright Ides One Believes the Greek playright Ides One Believes the Greek playright Ides who was spending time hanging out in who was spending time hanging out in who was spending time hanging out in Macedonia he wrote in his play the baky Macedonia he wrote in his play the baky Macedonia he wrote in his play the baky about it he says that the women met in about it he says that the women met in about it he says that the women met in sacred areas just amongst their own kind sacred areas just amongst their own kind sacred areas just amongst their own kind and tore live animals to pieces and and tore live animals to pieces and and tore live animals to pieces and devoured devoured devoured them they participated in Magic rights them they participated in Magic rights them they participated in Magic rights carried wands and worshiped and kept

carried wands and worshiped and kept carried wands and worshiped and kept snakes which is another thing associated snakes which is another thing associated snakes which is another thing associated with olympius she's supposed to have with olympius she's supposed to have with olympius she's supposed to have kept kept kept snakes maybe even in her snakes maybe even in her snakes maybe even in her bedroom and it's long been a part of the bedroom and it's long been a part of the bedroom and it's long been a part of the alexandrian tradition alexandrian tradition alexandrian tradition may be written to make her sound just a may be written to make her sound just a may be written to make her sound just a bit more weird and interesting that this bit more weird and interesting that this bit more weird and interesting that this freaked out Philip II of Macedonia in freaked out Philip II of Macedonia in freaked out Philip II of Macedonia in his wonderful classic work on Alexander his wonderful classic work on Alexander his wonderful classic work on Alexander from the early 1970s historian Peter from the early 1970s historian Peter from the early 1970s historian Peter Green wrote about it this way quote in Green wrote about it this way quote in Green wrote about it this way quote in the Autumn of 357 Philip married his the Autumn of 357 Philip married his the Autumn of 357 Philip married his epit princess and for the first time in epit princess and for the first time in epit princess and for the first time in his life found he had taken on rather his life found he had taken on rather his life found he had taken on rather more than he could handle olympius more than he could handle olympius more than he could handle olympius though not yet 18 had already emerged as though not yet 18 had already emerged as though not yet 18 had already emerged as a forceful not to say eccentric a forceful not to say eccentric a forceful not to say eccentric personality she was among other things personality she was among other things personality she was among other things passionately devoted to the orgastic passionately devoted to the orgastic passionately devoted to the orgastic rights of diones and her mandic frenzies rights of diones and her mandic frenzies rights of diones and her mandic frenzies can scarcely have been conducive to can scarcely have been conducive to can scarcely have been conducive to Peaceful domestic life one of her more Peaceful domestic life one of her more Peaceful domestic life one of her more outree habits unless as has been outree habits unless as has been outree habits unless as has been suggested it had a ritual origin was suggested it had a ritual origin was suggested it had a ritual origin was keeping an assortment of large tame keeping an assortment of large tame keeping an assortment of large tame snakes as pets to employ these creatures snakes as pets to employ these creatures snakes as pets to employ these creatures on religious occasions could raise no on religious occasions could raise no on religious occasions could raise no objections but their intermittent objections but their intermittent objections but their intermittent appearance in olympus' bed must have appearance in olympus' bed must have appearance in olympus' bed must have been a hazard calculated to put even the been a hazard calculated to put even the been a hazard calculated to put even the toughest bridegroom off his stroke end toughest bridegroom off his stroke end toughest bridegroom off his stroke end quote now it's always a mistake to

quote now it's always a mistake to quote now it's always a mistake to assume that people from other cultures assume that people from other cultures assume that people from other cultures and earlier eras would react the same and earlier eras would react the same and earlier eras would react the same way to circumstances and stimuli that we way to circumstances and stimuli that we way to circumstances and stimuli that we would I'm just going to say that would I'm just going to say that would I'm just going to say that personally though if I'm laying in my personally though if I'm laying in my personally though if I'm laying in my bed and all of a sudden crawling through bed and all of a sudden crawling through bed and all of a sudden crawling through my sheets and on my sleeping form is a my sheets and on my sleeping form is a my sheets and on my sleeping form is a large serpent because that's how it's large serpent because that's how it's large serpent because that's how it's described in the sources that's going to described in the sources that's going to described in the sources that's going to freak me out a little freak me out a little freak me out a little bit puts a whole new sort of reptilian bit puts a whole new sort of reptilian bit puts a whole new sort of reptilian spin on the idea of Love me love my dog spin on the idea of Love me love my dog spin on the idea of Love me love my dog doesn't doesn't doesn't it but I'll say this about Peter Green it but I'll say this about Peter Green it but I'll say this about Peter Green in 1970 he's a lot fairer to olympius in 1970 he's a lot fairer to olympius in 1970 he's a lot fairer to olympius than the ancient sources or even the than the ancient sources or even the than the ancient sources or even the early modern ones I mean the 1920s is early modern ones I mean the 1920s is early modern ones I mean the 1920s is one of those eras where there's a lot of one of those eras where there's a lot of one of those eras where there's a lot of writing about Philip and Alexander and writing about Philip and Alexander and writing about Philip and Alexander and Olympia Olympia Olympia and the writers and historians from that and the writers and historians from that and the writers and historians from that era are just as harsh maybe more so on era are just as harsh maybe more so on era are just as harsh maybe more so on Alexander's mother and Philip's wife Alexander's mother and Philip's wife Alexander's mother and Philip's wife than even the Ancients I mean listen to than even the Ancients I mean listen to than even the Ancients I mean listen to the way science fiction author but also the way science fiction author but also the way science fiction author but also popular historian HG Wells describes popular historian HG Wells describes popular historian HG Wells describes Philip's wife Philip's wife Philip's wife olympius and you get this sense that olympius and you get this sense that olympius and you get this sense that she's practically demonic and he first she's practically demonic and he first she's practically demonic and he first extols all the wondrous qualities of extols all the wondrous qualities of extols all the wondrous qualities of Philip II right very similar I would say Philip II right very similar I would say Philip II right very similar I would say to the way Professor Gabriel describes to the way Professor Gabriel describes to the way Professor Gabriel describes Philip right greater than Alexander if Philip right greater than Alexander if Philip right greater than Alexander if not for Philip there is no Alexander but not for Philip there is no Alexander but not for Philip there is no Alexander but he has this tragic flaw he's joined you he has this tragic flaw he's joined you he has this tragic flaw he's joined you know like a ball and chain to a

know like a ball and chain to a know like a ball and chain to a dangerous demonic Force who eventually dangerous demonic Force who eventually dangerous demonic Force who eventually destroys him and limits Alexander's destroys him and limits Alexander's destroys him and limits Alexander's ability to be as great as his father ability to be as great as his father ability to be as great as his father here's the way HG Wells describes here's the way HG Wells describes here's the way HG Wells describes Alexander's mother and Philip's wife Alexander's mother and Philip's wife Alexander's mother and Philip's wife olympius and see if she doesn't sound olympius and see if she doesn't sound olympius and see if she doesn't sound very much like something you know out of very much like something you know out of very much like something you know out of a dark horror movie Wells writes a dark horror movie Wells writes a dark horror movie Wells writes quote it is necessary now to tell quote it is necessary now to tell quote it is necessary now to tell something of the domestic life of King something of the domestic life of King something of the domestic life of King Phillip the lives of both Phillip and Phillip the lives of both Phillip and Phillip the lives of both Phillip and his son were pervaded by the personality his son were pervaded by the personality his son were pervaded by the personality of a restless and evil woman olympius of a restless and evil woman olympius of a restless and evil woman olympius the mother of the mother of the mother of Alexander he then talks about how Alexander he then talks about how Alexander he then talks about how Phillip and she were married and then Phillip and she were married and then Phillip and she were married and then says quote it was not long before says quote it was not long before says quote it was not long before olympius and Philip were bitterly olympius and Philip were bitterly olympius and Philip were bitterly estranged she was jealous of him but estranged she was jealous of him but estranged she was jealous of him but there was another and Graver source of there was another and Graver source of there was another and Graver source of trouble in her passion for religious trouble in her passion for religious trouble in her passion for religious Mysteries we've already noted that Mysteries we've already noted that Mysteries we've already noted that beneath the fine and restrained Nordic beneath the fine and restrained Nordic beneath the fine and restrained Nordic religion of the Greeks the land abounded religion of the Greeks the land abounded religion of the Greeks the land abounded with religious cults of a darker and with religious cults of a darker and with religious cults of a darker and more ancient kind Aboriginal Cults with more ancient kind Aboriginal Cults with more ancient kind Aboriginal Cults with secret initiations orgastic celebrations secret initiations orgastic celebrations secret initiations orgastic celebrations and of with cruel and obscure rights and of with cruel and obscure rights and of with cruel and obscure rights these religions of the Shadows he writes these religions of the Shadows he writes these religions of the Shadows he writes these practices of the women and these practices of the women and these practices of the women and peasants and slaves gave Greece her oric peasants and slaves gave Greece her oric peasants and slaves gave Greece her oric dionic and demer Cults and they've dionic and demer Cults and they've dionic and demer Cults and they've lurked in the tradition of Europe down

lurked in the tradition of Europe down lurked in the tradition of Europe down almost to our own times the Witchcraft almost to our own times the Witchcraft almost to our own times the Witchcraft of the Middle Ages with its resort to of the Middle Ages with its resort to of the Middle Ages with its resort to the blood of babes scraps of executed the blood of babes scraps of executed the blood of babes scraps of executed criminals incantations and Magic circles criminals incantations and Magic circles criminals incantations and Magic circles seems to have been little else than the seems to have been little else than the seems to have been little else than the lingering vest Mees of these solemnities lingering vest Mees of these solemnities lingering vest Mees of these solemnities of the dark whites in these matters of the dark whites in these matters of the dark whites in these matters olympius was an expert and an Enthusiast olympius was an expert and an Enthusiast olympius was an expert and an Enthusiast and Plutarch mentions that she achieved and Plutarch mentions that she achieved and Plutarch mentions that she achieved considerable celebrity by use of tame considerable celebrity by use of tame considerable celebrity by use of tame serpents in these Pious exercises the serpents in these Pious exercises the serpents in these Pious exercises the snakes invaded her domestic apartments snakes invaded her domestic apartments snakes invaded her domestic apartments and history is not clear whether Philip and history is not clear whether Philip and history is not clear whether Philip found in them matter for exasperation or found in them matter for exasperation or found in them matter for exasperation or religious awe these occupations of his religious awe these occupations of his religious awe these occupations of his wife must have been a serious wife must have been a serious wife must have been a serious inconvenience to philli for the inconvenience to philli for the inconvenience to philli for the Macedonian people were still in the Macedonian people were still in the Macedonian people were still in the sturdy stage of Social Development in sturdy stage of Social Development in sturdy stage of Social Development in which neither enthusiastic religiosity which neither enthusiastic religiosity which neither enthusiastic religiosity nor uncontrollable wives was admired end nor uncontrollable wives was admired end nor uncontrollable wives was admired end quote so according to Wells and a lot of quote so according to Wells and a lot of quote so according to Wells and a lot of other people writing in the 1920s other people writing in the 1920s other people writing in the 1920s Alexander's father is one of the great Alexander's father is one of the great Alexander's father is one of the great men in history his mother's a men in history his mother's a men in history his mother's a witch neither of those things matters witch neither of those things matters witch neither of those things matters very much if not for the creation of the very much if not for the creation of the very much if not for the creation of the tool that leads to the fame of both of tool that leads to the fame of both of tool that leads to the fame of both of those people and their child the those people and their child the those people and their child the military Maserati that Philip II will military Maserati that Philip II will military Maserati that Philip II will create the Macedonian create the Macedonian create the Macedonian army the Macedonian army by the way is

army the Macedonian army by the way is army the Macedonian army by the way is arguably the most important part of this arguably the most important part of this arguably the most important part of this story I mean you can make a case that story I mean you can make a case that story I mean you can make a case that without that none of the sorts of things without that none of the sorts of things without that none of the sorts of things that get Philip II and more importantly that get Philip II and more importantly that get Philip II and more importantly his son Alexander in the history books his son Alexander in the history books his son Alexander in the history books happens I mean it's the tool that happens I mean it's the tool that happens I mean it's the tool that creates all the opportunities for creates all the opportunities for creates all the opportunities for Conquest Conquest Conquest right in my head I always try to switch right in my head I always try to switch right in my head I always try to switch the battles around and imagine Alexander the battles around and imagine Alexander the battles around and imagine Alexander instead of commanding what is almost instead of commanding what is almost instead of commanding what is almost certainly the best army in the world at certainly the best army in the world at certainly the best army in the world at the time period he's commanding it the time period he's commanding it the time period he's commanding it probably the best army the world had probably the best army the world had probably the best army the world had ever seen I try to imagine Alexander ever seen I try to imagine Alexander ever seen I try to imagine Alexander having to switch sides with the general having to switch sides with the general having to switch sides with the general he's fighting right why don't you give he's fighting right why don't you give he's fighting right why don't you give Darius the macedonians and you take the Darius the macedonians and you take the Darius the macedonians and you take the Persians in this big battle and let's Persians in this big battle and let's Persians in this big battle and let's see how that goes might have gone fine see how that goes might have gone fine see how that goes might have gone fine Alexander probably you know really good Alexander probably you know really good Alexander probably you know really good General knows what he's doing but I mean General knows what he's doing but I mean General knows what he's doing but I mean he was fighting with the best army in he was fighting with the best army in he was fighting with the best army in the world when he did what he did and so the world when he did what he did and so the world when he did what he did and so it seems like the it seems like the it seems like the real important decisive moment in the real important decisive moment in the real important decisive moment in the history of this story is Philip creating history of this story is Philip creating history of this story is Philip creating this amazing army cuz philli made the Macedonian army army cuz philli made the Macedonian army and then conversely it's safe to say and then conversely it's safe to say and then conversely it's safe to say that the Macedonian army made that the Macedonian army made that the Macedonian army made Phillip where the heck did he get the Phillip where the heck did he get the Phillip where the heck did he get the idea for it well we should talk a little idea for it well we should talk a little idea for it well we should talk a little bit about the Macedonian army Philip's bit about the Macedonian army Philip's bit about the Macedonian army Philip's influences and even kind of more influences and even kind of more influences and even kind of more important Ancient Warfare and how it

important Ancient Warfare and how it important Ancient Warfare and how it worked in what we know and what we don't worked in what we know and what we don't worked in what we know and what we don't know cuz trying to figure out how the know cuz trying to figure out how the know cuz trying to figure out how the army that Philip created worked is in army that Philip created worked is in army that Philip created worked is in itself a speculative kind of an affair itself a speculative kind of an affair itself a speculative kind of an affair which is weird when you think about it first of all let's just talk about it first of all let's just talk about what he made the Macedonian army I can't what he made the Macedonian army I can't what he made the Macedonian army I can't it's it's like a boxer who's never lost it's it's like a boxer who's never lost it's it's like a boxer who's never lost and you then you try to imagine what it and you then you try to imagine what it and you then you try to imagine what it would have taken to beat them right would have taken to beat them right would have taken to beat them right whereas if you have a fighter that has whereas if you have a fighter that has whereas if you have a fighter that has lost even once you can say well you know lost even once you can say well you know lost even once you can say well you know we saw how Buster Douglas broke him down we saw how Buster Douglas broke him down we saw how Buster Douglas broke him down that's that's the strategy for for you that's that's the strategy for for you that's that's the strategy for for you know beating this guy when the Army at know beating this guy when the Army at know beating this guy when the Army at least under Alexander basically least under Alexander basically least under Alexander basically undefeated every sort of undefeated every sort of undefeated every sort of mental scenario that you envision is a mental scenario that you envision is a mental scenario that you envision is a fantasy so the Army was that good now fantasy so the Army was that good now fantasy so the Army was that good now remember the entire world is not remember the entire world is not remember the entire world is not connected during this time period so connected during this time period so connected during this time period so armies from far-flung areas generally armies from far-flung areas generally armies from far-flung areas generally didn't fight each other right so the the didn't fight each other right so the the didn't fight each other right so the the great armies of China in this same era great armies of China in this same era great armies of China in this same era are not fighting the macedonians so we are not fighting the macedonians so we are not fighting the macedonians so we just don't have a comparison when we say just don't have a comparison when we say just don't have a comparison when we say the macedonians were the best in the the macedonians were the best in the the macedonians were the best in the world well they didn't the Chinese and world well they didn't the Chinese and world well they didn't the Chinese and of course no one in the Americas was of course no one in the Americas was of course no one in the Americas was fighting anyone from outside the fighting anyone from outside the fighting anyone from outside the Americas so we don't know how they would Americas so we don't know how they would Americas so we don't know how they would have have have done but I'm just going to say if we're done but I'm just going to say if we're done but I'm just going to say if we're betting and uh we're having the betting and uh we're having the betting and uh we're having the macedonians fight any of those macedonians fight any of those macedonians fight any of those contemporary armies from anywhere in the contemporary armies from anywhere in the contemporary armies from anywhere in the world I'm taking the macedonians because world I'm taking the macedonians because world I'm taking the macedonians because they're undefeated they're undefeated they're undefeated basically and what Philip does is invent

basically and what Philip does is invent basically and what Philip does is invent a style of warfare that is going to a style of warfare that is going to a style of warfare that is going to become the Cadillac style of warfare in become the Cadillac style of warfare in become the Cadillac style of warfare in the entire region for like 175 years for the entire region for like 175 years for the entire region for like 175 years for the next almost 200 years if you're the next almost 200 years if you're the next almost 200 years if you're going to have a Top Flight Army in the going to have a Top Flight Army in the going to have a Top Flight Army in the Mediterranean um you're going to have a Mediterranean um you're going to have a Mediterranean um you're going to have a pike failen pike failen pike failen probably and when in a couple of probably and when in a couple of probably and when in a couple of centuries the Romans and their manipul centuries the Romans and their manipul centuries the Romans and their manipul Legions throw the fail langes on the ash Legions throw the fail langes on the ash Legions throw the fail langes on the ash heap of History it's worth questioning heap of History it's worth questioning heap of History it's worth questioning whether they were even fighting the same whether they were even fighting the same whether they were even fighting the same sort of army that Alexander and Philip sort of army that Alexander and Philip sort of army that Alexander and Philip had developed at all a lot of evolution had developed at all a lot of evolution had developed at all a lot of evolution and changes and adaptations and maybe and changes and adaptations and maybe and changes and adaptations and maybe even you know de Evolution going on in even you know de Evolution going on in even you know de Evolution going on in the alexandrian system of fighting over the alexandrian system of fighting over the alexandrian system of fighting over the 175 years it was the 175 years it was the 175 years it was dominant but Philip develops a troop dominant but Philip develops a troop dominant but Philip develops a troop type that makes all the difference in type that makes all the difference in type that makes all the difference in the world and he develops the pike fail the world and he develops the pike fail the world and he develops the pike fail lanks it's interesting to think about lanks it's interesting to think about lanks it's interesting to think about one guy developing this because normally one guy developing this because normally one guy developing this because normally weapon systems are cultural in the weapon systems are cultural in the weapon systems are cultural in the ancient world they developed as a part ancient world they developed as a part ancient world they developed as a part of you know what's going on in society of you know what's going on in society of you know what's going on in society and a lot of people fight connect to the and a lot of people fight connect to the and a lot of people fight connect to the land and the kind of enemies they face land and the kind of enemies they face land and the kind of enemies they face and the terrain and all sorts of and the terrain and all sorts of and the terrain and all sorts of things I mean who who invented the things I mean who who invented the things I mean who who invented the hoplight right sometime in the 700s hoplight right sometime in the 700s hoplight right sometime in the 700s maybe uh BCE the hoplight just sort of maybe uh BCE the hoplight just sort of maybe uh BCE the hoplight just sort of appears in a bunch of places there's appears in a bunch of places there's appears in a bunch of places there's nobody you can say yeah that guy came up nobody you can say yeah that guy came up nobody you can say yeah that guy came up with the idea but Philip invented the with the idea but Philip invented the with the idea but Philip invented the pike fail lank and the Macedonian Pike

pike fail lank and the Macedonian Pike pike fail lank and the Macedonian Pike failen is kind of a a hoplight killing failen is kind of a a hoplight killing failen is kind of a a hoplight killing machine it takes the you know best parts machine it takes the you know best parts machine it takes the you know best parts of the Hop light fail lanes and SOA of the Hop light fail lanes and SOA of the Hop light fail lanes and SOA supercharges him in a way that makes him supercharges him in a way that makes him supercharges him in a way that makes him better hoplight fail better hoplight fail better hoplight fail Lanes he gives him a much longer Lanes he gives him a much longer Lanes he gives him a much longer spear he packs the human beings even spear he packs the human beings even spear he packs the human beings even more closely together he makes the more closely together he makes the more closely together he makes the formation deeper so if you have a bunch formation deeper so if you have a bunch formation deeper so if you have a bunch of hop lights probably about eight ranks of hop lights probably about eight ranks of hop lights probably about eight ranks deep sometimes four sometimes 12 but deep sometimes four sometimes 12 but deep sometimes four sometimes 12 but usually about eight ranks deep with usually about eight ranks deep with usually about eight ranks deep with their seven to n foot Spears smash into their seven to n foot Spears smash into their seven to n foot Spears smash into a 16 rank Pike fail lanks with 16 to a 16 rank Pike fail lanks with 16 to a 16 rank Pike fail lanks with 16 to 23 foot 23 foot 23 foot Spears um well you can see how one is Spears um well you can see how one is Spears um well you can see how one is almost built to overcome the other lot almost built to overcome the other lot almost built to overcome the other lot of advantages in the pike fail lanks so of advantages in the pike fail lanks so of advantages in the pike fail lanks so if this is the key thing that Philip if this is the key thing that Philip if this is the key thing that Philip invents because we'll talk about the invents because we'll talk about the invents because we'll talk about the rest of the Army in a bit but if this is rest of the Army in a bit but if this is rest of the Army in a bit but if this is the key thing Philip invents where did the key thing Philip invents where did the key thing Philip invents where did he get the idea for this right if this he get the idea for this right if this he get the idea for this right if this if this is the moment of velopment if this is the moment of velopment if this is the moment of velopment that's going to impact everything he that's going to impact everything he that's going to impact everything he does Alexander does and a bunch of does Alexander does and a bunch of does Alexander does and a bunch of armies for 175 years do where did the armies for 175 years do where did the armies for 175 years do where did the guy come up with was it just he dreamt guy come up with was it just he dreamt guy come up with was it just he dreamt it and so you know you can start down it and so you know you can start down it and so you know you can start down this path of Imagine of of imagining this path of Imagine of of imagining this path of Imagine of of imagining where Philip Incorporated you know where Philip Incorporated you know where Philip Incorporated you know brainstorm kinds of material deodor brainstorm kinds of material deodor brainstorm kinds of material deodor culus ancient historian says that one of culus ancient historian says that one of culus ancient historian says that one of the things that gave Philip the idea for

the things that gave Philip the idea for the things that gave Philip the idea for these Pike fail lankes was The these Pike fail lankes was The these Pike fail lankes was The Iliad and I find this fascinating to Iliad and I find this fascinating to Iliad and I find this fascinating to think about cuz if it's true let's just think about cuz if it's true let's just think about cuz if it's true let's just play with this for a minute if it's true play with this for a minute if it's true play with this for a minute if it's true and it is true the ilad was a huge book and it is true the ilad was a huge book and it is true the ilad was a huge book in Macedonian Society I'm sure everyone in Macedonian Society I'm sure everyone in Macedonian Society I'm sure everyone Philip Alexander all those people would Philip Alexander all those people would Philip Alexander all those people would have read it Alexander is supposed to have read it Alexander is supposed to have read it Alexander is supposed to have memorized it and why not he's have memorized it and why not he's have memorized it and why not he's supposed to be descended from Achilles supposed to be descended from Achilles supposed to be descended from Achilles takes a lot of pride in being descended takes a lot of pride in being descended takes a lot of pride in being descended from Achilles well you know Achilles is from Achilles well you know Achilles is from Achilles well you know Achilles is the lead superhero in the you know the lead superhero in the you know the lead superhero in the you know ancient version of a mass movie ancient version of a mass movie ancient version of a mass movie Blockbuster you know the Iliad that's Blockbuster you know the Iliad that's Blockbuster you know the Iliad that's that's the Achilles story right so that's the Achilles story right so that's the Achilles story right so you're going to know that story you're going to know that story you're going to know that story backwards and forwards in fact you know backwards and forwards in fact you know backwards and forwards in fact you know there's a lot of historians who will there's a lot of historians who will there's a lot of historians who will call call call Macedonian Society during this time Macedonian Society during this time Macedonian Society during this time period homeric meaning it kind of has a period homeric meaning it kind of has a period homeric meaning it kind of has a homeric value system and all that maybe homeric value system and all that maybe homeric value system and all that maybe even Alexander's desire to be the best even Alexander's desire to be the best even Alexander's desire to be the best right this ambition this this thing at right this ambition this this thing at right this ambition this this thing at the core of his ambition that may be a the core of his ambition that may be a the core of his ambition that may be a homeric homeric homeric value but it's so weird to think about value but it's so weird to think about value but it's so weird to think about because and of course it reminds me of a because and of course it reminds me of a because and of course it reminds me of a Star Trek episode original series the Star Trek episode original series the Star Trek episode original series the one where a very imitative Society on one where a very imitative Society on one where a very imitative Society on another planet got a hold of an earth another planet got a hold of an earth another planet got a hold of an earth book a history book that was left behind book a history book that was left behind book a history book that was left behind by an earlier Earth Expedition and the by an earlier Earth Expedition and the by an earlier Earth Expedition and the history book was the history of the history book was the history of the history book was the history of the gangster Wars in Chicago you know in the gangster Wars in Chicago you know in the gangster Wars in Chicago you know in the prohibition prohibition prohibition 1920s and then they modeled their whole 1920s and then they modeled their whole 1920s and then they modeled their whole society on it so that when the Earth society on it so that when the Earth society on it so that when the Earth ships come back a while later the entire ships come back a while later the entire ships come back a while later the entire planet looks like you know Al Capone and planet looks like you know Al Capone and planet looks like you know Al Capone and guys walking around with submachine guns guys walking around with submachine guns guys walking around with submachine guns and talking like you know gangster era

and talking like you know gangster era and talking like you know gangster era Chicago it's a little like if this is Chicago it's a little like if this is Chicago it's a little like if this is true you just imagine mad Onan Society true you just imagine mad Onan Society true you just imagine mad Onan Society with their one book and they model their with their one book and they model their with their one book and they model their whole society on the values of a people whole society on the values of a people whole society on the values of a people that if they existed existed in the late that if they existed existed in the late that if they existed existed in the late Bronze Bronze Bronze Age right if there was a Trojan War of Age right if there was a Trojan War of Age right if there was a Trojan War of the kind that The Iliad talks about it the kind that The Iliad talks about it the kind that The Iliad talks about it happened in like 1100 BCE somewhere happened in like 1100 BCE somewhere happened in like 1100 BCE somewhere around there and then people would have around there and then people would have around there and then people would have talked about it and oral historians talked about it and oral historians talked about it and oral historians would have transmitted the tale for would have transmitted the tale for would have transmitted the tale for hundreds of years before a guy or group hundreds of years before a guy or group hundreds of years before a guy or group of people we don't know that we call of people we don't know that we call of people we don't know that we call Homer Consolidated all that into sort of Homer Consolidated all that into sort of Homer Consolidated all that into sort of a written a written a written form that could then be passed down for form that could then be passed down for form that could then be passed down for hundreds of years more so by the time a hundreds of years more so by the time a hundreds of years more so by the time a guy like Alexander or Philip II is guy like Alexander or Philip II is guy like Alexander or Philip II is reading it this is material that's been reading it this is material that's been reading it this is material that's been written down for like 500 written down for like 500 written down for like 500 years and when it was finally written years and when it was finally written years and when it was finally written down it had already been transmitted down it had already been transmitted down it had already been transmitted orally for three or four centuries orally for three or four centuries orally for three or four centuries before before before then so if Philip the second really gets then so if Philip the second really gets then so if Philip the second really gets this idea for pike fail lankes from this idea for pike fail lankes from this idea for pike fail lankes from reading about the aans in the Trojan War reading about the aans in the Trojan War reading about the aans in the Trojan War using block formations of troops with using block formations of troops with using block formations of troops with very long Spears that's wild to me and very long Spears that's wild to me and very long Spears that's wild to me and the fact that this formation then goes the fact that this formation then goes the fact that this formation then goes on to dominate the battlefields from on to dominate the battlefields from on to dominate the battlefields from Philip's time forward for almost another Philip's time forward for almost another Philip's time forward for almost another 200 more years well if you really got 200 more years well if you really got 200 more years well if you really got that idea from The Echoes of the late

that idea from The Echoes of the late that idea from The Echoes of the late Bronze Age I'd love to think think that Bronze Age I'd love to think think that Bronze Age I'd love to think think that was true I'm going to pretend that that was true I'm going to pretend that that was true I'm going to pretend that that story is story is story is true there are some more logical true there are some more logical true there are some more logical candidates though how about the Athenian candidates though how about the Athenian candidates though how about the Athenian General arres and his famous General arres and his famous General arres and his famous reforms you um ancient History Military reforms you um ancient History Military reforms you um ancient History Military nerds out there know that Aus is one of nerds out there know that Aus is one of nerds out there know that Aus is one of these guys who sort of looked at the these guys who sort of looked at the these guys who sort of looked at the traditional hoplight heavy infantry and traditional hoplight heavy infantry and traditional hoplight heavy infantry and decided they' be better if they weren't decided they' be better if they weren't decided they' be better if they weren't so heavy he lightens them up gives them so heavy he lightens them up gives them so heavy he lightens them up gives them a small wicker Shield instead of the big a small wicker Shield instead of the big a small wicker Shield instead of the big heavy wood one um lighter equipment less heavy wood one um lighter equipment less heavy wood one um lighter equipment less armor gives them some you know javelins armor gives them some you know javelins armor gives them some you know javelins to throw also they become a much more to throw also they become a much more to throw also they become a much more flexible force on the battlefield much flexible force on the battlefield much flexible force on the battlefield much more useful maybe not as good if you get more useful maybe not as good if you get more useful maybe not as good if you get him into a slogging match with the him into a slogging match with the him into a slogging match with the oldfashioned hopl lights but probably oldfashioned hopl lights but probably oldfashioned hopl lights but probably better at everything else oh yeah and better at everything else oh yeah and better at everything else oh yeah and this is maybe how you know it really this is maybe how you know it really this is maybe how you know it really plays into Phillip supposedly doubles plays into Phillip supposedly doubles plays into Phillip supposedly doubles the length of their the length of their the length of their spear so if a hoplight spear is 7 to 9 spear so if a hoplight spear is 7 to 9 spear so if a hoplight spear is 7 to 9 feet you know he's rocking more of a 14 feet you know he's rocking more of a 14 feet you know he's rocking more of a 14 to 18 foot spear on his hoplight peltast to 18 foot spear on his hoplight peltast to 18 foot spear on his hoplight peltast mix can we call them and it's mix can we call them and it's mix can we call them and it's interesting to imagine what that might interesting to imagine what that might interesting to imagine what that might actually mean you know if you're one of actually mean you know if you're one of actually mean you know if you're one of these guys facing a hoplight and all of these guys facing a hoplight and all of these guys facing a hoplight and all of a sudden your spear is twice as long as a sudden your spear is twice as long as a sudden your spear is twice as long as theirs I mean trying to imagine how you theirs I mean trying to imagine how you theirs I mean trying to imagine how you might use it is interesting but you can might use it is interesting but you can might use it is interesting but you can certainly see some advantages and you're certainly see some advantages and you're certainly see some advantages and you're being able to stab them and they not being able to stab them and they not being able to stab them and they not being able to stab you back can't you

being able to stab you back can't you being able to stab you back can't you and aeres by the way was active in and aeres by the way was active in and aeres by the way was active in Macedonia right around this time period Macedonia right around this time period Macedonia right around this time period so there's hardly one degree of so there's hardly one degree of so there's hardly one degree of separation involved so he certainly separation involved so he certainly separation involved so he certainly could be an influence on where the heck could be an influence on where the heck could be an influence on where the heck Philip gets this idea to create this new Philip gets this idea to create this new Philip gets this idea to create this new thing on the battlefield which becomes thing on the battlefield which becomes thing on the battlefield which becomes dominant right this great dominant right this great dominant right this great idea and then of course the oddson idea and then of course the oddson idea and then of course the oddson favorite for big influence on Philip favorite for big influence on Philip favorite for big influence on Philip that you read just about everywhere is that you read just about everywhere is that you read just about everywhere is what he learned during his time as a what he learned during his time as a what he learned during his time as a hostage when he was a teenager in hostage when he was a teenager in hostage when he was a teenager in thieves this is always shown in the thieves this is always shown in the thieves this is always shown in the sources to be an sources to be an sources to be an important part of Philip's development important part of Philip's development important part of Philip's development because well how could it not rub off on because well how could it not rub off on because well how could it not rub off on him basically he was staying in the him basically he was staying in the him basically he was staying in the house I guess of a of a noted thean house I guess of a of a noted thean house I guess of a of a noted thean General and according to some of the General and according to some of the General and according to some of the ancient sources he has access to this ancient sources he has access to this ancient sources he has access to this General's library and he's being General's library and he's being General's library and he's being encouraged to read up on all the latest encouraged to read up on all the latest encouraged to read up on all the latest you know knowledge of cuttingedge Greek you know knowledge of cuttingedge Greek you know knowledge of cuttingedge Greek Warfare and he was probably interacting Warfare and he was probably interacting Warfare and he was probably interacting and certainly very close to aamz the and certainly very close to aamz the and certainly very close to aamz the thean general the guy often given credit thean general the guy often given credit thean general the guy often given credit for things like oh I don't know smashing for things like oh I don't know smashing for things like oh I don't know smashing Spartan power in a way that it was never Spartan power in a way that it was never Spartan power in a way that it was never the same the same the same again stuff like that uh maybe the again stuff like that uh maybe the again stuff like that uh maybe the greatest Greek general of all time so greatest Greek general of all time so greatest Greek general of all time so Philip's interacting with a guy like Philip's interacting with a guy like Philip's interacting with a guy like that during the time period when thieves that during the time period when thieves that during the time period when thieves is sitting on top of the world for a is sitting on top of the world for a is sitting on top of the world for a relatively short period of time in uh relatively short period of time in uh relatively short period of time in uh the hierarchy of Greek city states right the hierarchy of Greek city states right the hierarchy of Greek city states right once you smash Sparta you're kind of once you smash Sparta you're kind of once you smash Sparta you're kind of left as the big dog and if pandis

left as the big dog and if pandis left as the big dog and if pandis famously uh defeated the Spartans at famously uh defeated the Spartans at famously uh defeated the Spartans at LCRA in 371 BCE by Breaking All the LCRA in 371 BCE by Breaking All the LCRA in 371 BCE by Breaking All the Rules and that's how you beat the Spartans the kind of things that he did Spartans the kind of things that he did to break all the rules once they work to break all the rules once they work to break all the rules once they work everybody adopts them but somebody's got everybody adopts them but somebody's got everybody adopts them but somebody's got to be the Visionary that decides to roll to be the Visionary that decides to roll to be the Visionary that decides to roll the dice and really take a chance and the dice and really take a chance and the dice and really take a chance and try some new things on the battlefield try some new things on the battlefield try some new things on the battlefield and that's what a pames did and of and that's what a pames did and of and that's what a pames did and of course you know by defeating the course you know by defeating the course you know by defeating the Spartans he basically hit the jackpot Spartans he basically hit the jackpot Spartans he basically hit the jackpot right he he rolled the right roll on the right he he rolled the right roll on the right he he rolled the right roll on the dice when he rolled them but what makes dice when he rolled them but what makes dice when he rolled them but what makes his bet so gutsy is that in the ancient his bet so gutsy is that in the ancient his bet so gutsy is that in the ancient world world world the punishments for having your the punishments for having your the punishments for having your Innovation fail are Innovation fail are Innovation fail are massive nowadays of course we're massive nowadays of course we're massive nowadays of course we're accustomed to making constant updates accustomed to making constant updates accustomed to making constant updates and changes in Warfare new equipment new and changes in Warfare new equipment new and changes in Warfare new equipment new tactics new approaches you know new tactics new approaches you know new tactics new approaches you know new technologies all kinds of things technologies all kinds of things technologies all kinds of things involved so that even over the course of involved so that even over the course of involved so that even over the course of a short war we can expect to see all a short war we can expect to see all a short war we can expect to see all sorts of Innovations and changes and sorts of Innovations and changes and sorts of Innovations and changes and whatnot but this is a relatively modern whatnot but this is a relatively modern whatnot but this is a relatively modern development and it's connected to the development and it's connected to the development and it's connected to the opportunity costs and and the dangers of opportunity costs and and the dangers of opportunity costs and and the dangers of Innovations going sideways on you so if Innovations going sideways on you so if Innovations going sideways on you so if you look at the first world war which is you look at the first world war which is you look at the first world war which is one of these wars that you really is the one of these wars that you really is the one of these wars that you really is the first time you can look at you can just first time you can look at you can just first time you can look at you can just watch technology uh having a leap watch technology uh having a leap watch technology uh having a leap frogging effect as the war goes on as frogging effect as the war goes on as frogging effect as the war goes on as sides you know continually try to out sides you know continually try to out sides you know continually try to out improve and out invent one another you

improve and out invent one another you improve and out invent one another you see it in the air war in the first world see it in the air war in the first world see it in the air war in the first world war for example where every 6 months you war for example where every 6 months you war for example where every 6 months you know either the Allies or the Central know either the Allies or the Central know either the Allies or the Central Powers create some new engine or Powers create some new engine or Powers create some new engine or airframe or way of fighting or weapon or airframe or way of fighting or weapon or airframe or way of fighting or weapon or something that allows them to get the something that allows them to get the something that allows them to get the jump on the other side for like six jump on the other side for like six jump on the other side for like six months until a new invention or months until a new invention or months until a new invention or innovation on the other side flips the innovation on the other side flips the innovation on the other side flips the coin and you can see new technology and coin and you can see new technology and coin and you can see new technology and ways of fighting introduced all ways of fighting introduced all ways of fighting introduced all throughout that war look how the British throughout that war look how the British throughout that war look how the British introduced tanks built them in secret introduced tanks built them in secret introduced tanks built them in secret for a while and then finally in one for a while and then finally in one for a while and then finally in one battle they throw out enough of them to battle they throw out enough of them to battle they throw out enough of them to make a difference and they sort of see make a difference and they sort of see make a difference and they sort of see what what what happens and when it's not war changing happens and when it's not war changing happens and when it's not war changing and they really didn't expect it to be and they really didn't expect it to be and they really didn't expect it to be war changing in that battle they then war changing in that battle they then war changing in that battle they then sit down and figure out okay how did it sit down and figure out okay how did it sit down and figure out okay how did it go that was a good experiment what can go that was a good experiment what can go that was a good experiment what can we do different next time you know what we do different next time you know what we do different next time you know what worked what didn't work but it doesn't worked what didn't work but it doesn't worked what didn't work but it doesn't lose you the lose you the lose you the war and that's the difference in the war and that's the difference in the war and that's the difference in the first world war you can try these things first world war you can try these things first world war you can try these things out and the failure for your Innovation out and the failure for your Innovation out and the failure for your Innovation not working isn't in ormous whereas in not working isn't in ormous whereas in not working isn't in ormous whereas in the ancient world where most wars are the ancient world where most wars are the ancient world where most wars are decided with one or two battles having decided with one or two battles having decided with one or two battles having your Innovation go sideways and costing your Innovation go sideways and costing your Innovation go sideways and costing you the battle could easily cost you the you the battle could easily cost you the you the battle could easily cost you the war so the penalty for failure is huge war so the penalty for failure is huge war so the penalty for failure is huge and the incentives to be conservative and the incentives to be conservative and the incentives to be conservative are overriding so when a guy like a are overriding so when a guy like a are overriding so when a guy like a pandz throws the dice on something like pandz throws the dice on something like pandz throws the dice on something like Breaking All the Rules of Greek Warfare Breaking All the Rules of Greek Warfare Breaking All the Rules of Greek Warfare you got to admire his you got to admire his you got to admire his Moxy but that's how you beat the Moxy but that's how you beat the Moxy but that's how you beat the Spartans right so for those who don't Spartans right so for those who don't Spartans right so for those who don't know and it's only important to know know and it's only important to know know and it's only important to know because a lot of what a pamon nundes because a lot of what a pamon nundes because a lot of what a pamon nundes does after he breaks the rules are going

does after he breaks the rules are going does after he breaks the rules are going to be the kind of thing Philip to be the kind of thing Philip to be the kind of thing Philip incorporates into his way of fighting incorporates into his way of fighting incorporates into his way of fighting right um the first rule of pamanes right um the first rule of pamanes right um the first rule of pamanes breaks has to do with something you know breaks has to do with something you know breaks has to do with something you know I'm going off on tangents on tangents I'm going off on tangents on tangents I'm going off on tangents on tangents now but has something to do with the way now but has something to do with the way now but has something to do with the way human beings fight when they get on a human beings fight when they get on a human beings fight when they get on a pre-modern battlefield especially in pre-modern battlefield especially in pre-modern battlefield especially in these hoplight close formation type these hoplight close formation type these hoplight close formation type deals and it's a fascinating part of deals and it's a fascinating part of deals and it's a fascinating part of what I like to call the physics of the what I like to call the physics of the what I like to call the physics of the ancient ancient ancient battlefield but because this happen battlefield but because this happen battlefield but because this happen there are certain conventions of Greek there are certain conventions of Greek there are certain conventions of Greek fighting that were in place before a fighting that were in place before a fighting that were in place before a pamin so we have to talk about what's pamin so we have to talk about what's pamin so we have to talk about what's going on in the battlefield did you know going on in the battlefield did you know going on in the battlefield did you know because it's kind of interesting that because it's kind of interesting that because it's kind of interesting that when you get two lines of hop lights when you get two lines of hop lights when you get two lines of hop lights facing off against one another if we try facing off against one another if we try facing off against one another if we try to imagine what this would look like to imagine what this would look like to imagine what this would look like visibly from the air think about like visibly from the air think about like visibly from the air think about like railroad tracks and you have the two railroad tracks and you have the two railroad tracks and you have the two tracks facing each other those are the tracks facing each other those are the tracks facing each other those are the lines of hop lights on both sides and an lines of hop lights on both sides and an lines of hop lights on both sides and an intervening space between them and at intervening space between them and at intervening space between them and at some point when a battle happens one or some point when a battle happens one or some point when a battle happens one or both of those lines of hop lights both of those lines of hop lights both of those lines of hop lights crosses the intervening space and starts crosses the intervening space and starts crosses the intervening space and starts bashing into the other bashing into the other bashing into the other one but what's interesting is when you one but what's interesting is when you one but what's interesting is when you get a bunch of men you know in long get a bunch of men you know in long get a bunch of men you know in long lines maybe a 100 maybe 200 maybe 300 lines maybe a 100 maybe 200 maybe 300 lines maybe a 100 maybe 200 maybe 300 yards long four eight maybe 12 ranks yards long four eight maybe 12 ranks yards long four eight maybe 12 ranks deep when they're all lined up shoulder deep when they're all lined up shoulder deep when they're all lined up shoulder toosh shoulder with a spear in the right toosh shoulder with a spear in the right toosh shoulder with a spear in the right hand and a shield in the left hand did hand and a shield in the left hand did hand and a shield in the left hand did you know that the formation drifts to you know that the formation drifts to you know that the formation drifts to the right and it's so reli ible the the right and it's so reli ible the the right and it's so reli ible the Greeks count on Greeks count on Greeks count on it imagine a ripple going through the

it imagine a ripple going through the it imagine a ripple going through the entire 100 to 300 yard line of men as entire 100 to 300 yard line of men as entire 100 to 300 yard line of men as everybody just sort of scooches a little everybody just sort of scooches a little everybody just sort of scooches a little bit to the right you say well what's bit to the right you say well what's bit to the right you say well what's going on well the sources indicate that going on well the sources indicate that going on well the sources indicate that men in these sorts of situations either men in these sorts of situations either men in these sorts of situations either while they're standing there waiting to while they're standing there waiting to while they're standing there waiting to advance or while the advance is advance or while the advance is advance or while the advance is happening or both tend to move a little happening or both tend to move a little happening or both tend to move a little to the right because to the right is to the right because to the right is to the right because to the right is where the shield of the guy next to them where the shield of the guy next to them where the shield of the guy next to them is is and they are almost unconsciously is is and they are almost unconsciously is is and they are almost unconsciously or maybe consciously trying to scooch or maybe consciously trying to scooch or maybe consciously trying to scooch over just a little bit more behind the over just a little bit more behind the over just a little bit more behind the protection of the guy next to them and protection of the guy next to them and protection of the guy next to them and when everybody does that along the whole when everybody does that along the whole when everybody does that along the whole line the whole line moves to the line the whole line moves to the line the whole line moves to the right and if your whole Line's moving to right and if your whole Line's moving to right and if your whole Line's moving to the right and the enemy you're facing the right and the enemy you're facing the right and the enemy you're facing whole line is moving to their right then whole line is moving to their right then whole line is moving to their right then your lines are moving sort of out of your lines are moving sort of out of your lines are moving sort of out of alignment with each other and going to alignment with each other and going to alignment with each other and going to overlap on each side overlap on each side overlap on each side so what these armies so what these armies so what these armies did in an attempt to control what was did in an attempt to control what was did in an attempt to control what was going on on their right and to have the going on on their right and to have the going on on their right and to have the the troops that were the least likely to the troops that were the least likely to the troops that were the least likely to be prone to this drift on the right you be prone to this drift on the right you be prone to this drift on the right you put your best troops on the put your best troops on the put your best troops on the right and this became almost a Greek right and this became almost a Greek right and this became almost a Greek convention and the sources will say convention and the sources will say convention and the sources will say things like make it clear that the right things like make it clear that the right things like make it clear that the right Wings expected to be Victorious and the Wings expected to be Victorious and the Wings expected to be Victorious and the left wings of both armies expected to left wings of both armies expected to left wings of both armies expected to kind of lose and that was just the way kind of lose and that was just the way kind of lose and that was just the way it was until the pames didn't do it that it was until the pames didn't do it that it was until the pames didn't do it that way at lucra he put his best troops on

way at lucra he put his best troops on way at lucra he put his best troops on the the the left that's a violation you just don't left that's a violation you just don't left that's a violation you just don't do that he put his best troops up do that he put his best troops up do that he put his best troops up against the Spartans best troops the against the Spartans best troops the against the Spartans best troops the guys who made the Spartan reputation the guys who made the Spartan reputation the guys who made the Spartan reputation the spartiates there were 700 of them at spartiates there were 700 of them at spartiates there were 700 of them at lucra and a Spartan lucra and a Spartan lucra and a Spartan king during this time period any of you king during this time period any of you king during this time period any of you Spartan fans know that the Spartans were Spartan fans know that the Spartans were Spartan fans know that the Spartans were having issues keeping up with the number having issues keeping up with the number having issues keeping up with the number of spartiates that they would normally of spartiates that they would normally of spartiates that they would normally want and the culture and the society and want and the culture and the society and want and the culture and the society and a bunch of Trends were making spartiates a bunch of Trends were making spartiates a bunch of Trends were making spartiates rarer and rarer so when you have 700 of rarer and rarer so when you have 700 of rarer and rarer so when you have 700 of them at the Battle of lucre you have an them at the Battle of lucre you have an them at the Battle of lucre you have an Irreplaceable number of Irreplaceable number of Irreplaceable number of spartiates EP pandez wanted to kill as spartiates EP pandez wanted to kill as spartiates EP pandez wanted to kill as many of those as he could so he created many of those as he could so he created many of those as he could so he created the head of a the head of a the head of a sledgehammer at lucra aimed right at sledgehammer at lucra aimed right at sledgehammer at lucra aimed right at those people those people those people people that's the best way to Envision people that's the best way to Envision people that's the best way to Envision what hamund's army looked like the what hamund's army looked like the what hamund's army looked like the Spartans looked like a long row like a Spartans looked like a long row like a Spartans looked like a long row like a railroad track like we said of you know railroad track like we said of you know railroad track like we said of you know 8 to 12 rank deep hop lights right so 8 to 12 rank deep hop lights right so 8 to 12 rank deep hop lights right so long line of those people hundreds of long line of those people hundreds of long line of those people hundreds of yards yards yards long the thebans looked more like a long the thebans looked more like a long the thebans looked more like a sledgehammer the head of the sledg sledgehammer the head of the sledg sledgehammer the head of the sledg hammer was made up of the one hammer was made up of the one hammer was made up of the one professional Force the thebans were professional Force the thebans were professional Force the thebans were known to have in their infantry the known to have in their infantry the known to have in their infantry the famous s famous s famous s band 300 strong professionals some of band 300 strong professionals some of band 300 strong professionals some of the sources indicate maybe homosexual

the sources indicate maybe homosexual the sources indicate maybe homosexual lover pairs that were devoted to each lover pairs that were devoted to each lover pairs that were devoted to each other that'll improve your unit cohesion other that'll improve your unit cohesion other that'll improve your unit cohesion maybe but they were joined by a block of maybe but they were joined by a block of maybe but they were joined by a block of troops wait for it 50 ranks deep now the troops wait for it 50 ranks deep now the troops wait for it 50 ranks deep now the theevans were known to fight deeper than theevans were known to fight deeper than theevans were known to fight deeper than most other Greek city states most other Greek city states most other Greek city states traditionally but in this battle if traditionally but in this battle if traditionally but in this battle if pamon just goes wild makes the formation pamon just goes wild makes the formation pamon just goes wild makes the formation 50 ranks deep he's going to face off 50 ranks deep he's going to face off 50 ranks deep he's going to face off against a Spartan hoplight Force that's against a Spartan hoplight Force that's against a Spartan hoplight Force that's probably about 12 ranks deep so think probably about 12 ranks deep so think probably about 12 ranks deep so think about the difference if we're talking about the difference if we're talking about the difference if we're talking about the physics of human you know mass about the physics of human you know mass about the physics of human you know mass and movement and weight and depth and and movement and weight and depth and and movement and weight and depth and all that stuff the difference between a all that stuff the difference between a all that stuff the difference between a 50 rank closed formation running into a 50 rank closed formation running into a 50 rank closed formation running into a 12 rank closed 12 rank closed 12 rank closed formation now if Pond is deciding to do formation now if Pond is deciding to do formation now if Pond is deciding to do this though means he has to weaken the this though means he has to weaken the this though means he has to weaken the rest of his army right where do those 50 rest of his army right where do those 50 rest of his army right where do those 50 deep units take from right you pull from deep units take from right you pull from deep units take from right you pull from the rest of the lines the rest of the the rest of the lines the rest of the the rest of the lines the rest of the line significantly weaker it's like the line significantly weaker it's like the line significantly weaker it's like the handle of the sledgehammer well if handle of the sledgehammer well if handle of the sledgehammer well if you're worried about weakening part of you're worried about weakening part of you're worried about weakening part of your line because you don't want those your line because you don't want those your line because you don't want those troops to get smashed and run away if troops to get smashed and run away if troops to get smashed and run away if hundes does something unusual he angles hundes does something unusual he angles hundes does something unusual he angles that whole area away from the enemy so that whole area away from the enemy so that whole area away from the enemy so imagine the sledgehammer head is right imagine the sledgehammer head is right imagine the sledgehammer head is right up against the Spartans they want to up against the Spartans they want to up against the Spartans they want to smash but the handle of the sledgehammer smash but the handle of the sledgehammer smash but the handle of the sledgehammer is diagonally away from the rest of the is diagonally away from the rest of the is diagonally away from the rest of the enemy Army

enemy Army enemy Army so so so theoretically the sledgehammer head theoretically the sledgehammer head theoretically the sledgehammer head could destroy the dangerous Spartans could destroy the dangerous Spartans could destroy the dangerous Spartans before the rest of the thean line even before the rest of the thean line even before the rest of the thean line even came into contact with the troops across came into contact with the troops across came into contact with the troops across the way from them and that's what the way from them and that's what the way from them and that's what happened at happened at happened at lutra the sledgehammer head of the lutra the sledgehammer head of the lutra the sledgehammer head of the thians ran ran into the thians ran ran into the thians ran ran into the Spartans killed 400 of the 700 Spartans killed 400 of the 700 Spartans killed 400 of the 700 Irreplaceable spartiates and the Spartan Irreplaceable spartiates and the Spartan Irreplaceable spartiates and the Spartan King and when the rest of the Spartan King and when the rest of the Spartan King and when the rest of the Spartan Army saw what happened to those guys the Army saw what happened to those guys the Army saw what happened to those guys the superheroes of the battlefield they superheroes of the battlefield they superheroes of the battlefield they decided they wanted nothing to do with decided they wanted nothing to do with decided they wanted nothing to do with the rest of the thebans and that was the the rest of the thebans and that was the the rest of the thebans and that was the battle at battle at battle at lucra but by changing certain key lucra but by changing certain key lucra but by changing certain key conventions of how people fought if conventions of how people fought if conventions of how people fought if hundas was able to destroy SP power and hundas was able to destroy SP power and hundas was able to destroy SP power and he would do it again at manania he' lose he would do it again at manania he' lose he would do it again at manania he' lose his life there but the entire Affair his life there but the entire Affair his life there but the entire Affair involved you know things that would be a involved you know things that would be a involved you know things that would be a staple of Macedonian Warfare like things staple of Macedonian Warfare like things staple of Macedonian Warfare like things like the oblique order of battle and like the oblique order of battle and like the oblique order of battle and refused flanks which were the things refused flanks which were the things refused flanks which were the things where eminas was angling the rest of his where eminas was angling the rest of his where eminas was angling the rest of his army away from his enemies um that army away from his enemies um that army away from his enemies um that oblique order of battle will be a oblique order of battle will be a oblique order of battle will be a constant in Macedonian Warfare and of constant in Macedonian Warfare and of constant in Macedonian Warfare and of course if Philip is hanging out with a course if Philip is hanging out with a course if Philip is hanging out with a thian general with access to his library thian general with access to his library thian general with access to his library and making maybe some you know cocktail and making maybe some you know cocktail and making maybe some you know cocktail parties with the pamas this is the kind parties with the pamas this is the kind parties with the pamas this is the kind of stuff he might of stuff he might of stuff he might absorb about the time Philip becomes absorb about the time Philip becomes absorb about the time Philip becomes king though and around the time he's king though and around the time he's king though and around the time he's marrying olympius that seems to be the

marrying olympius that seems to be the marrying olympius that seems to be the time period where if he was going to time period where if he was going to time period where if he was going to create a new military system that's when create a new military system that's when create a new military system that's when it was going to it was going to it was going to start and it might be an ongoing start and it might be an ongoing start and it might be an ongoing process but by having these phalangites process but by having these phalangites process but by having these phalangites these Pike fail lanks troops to act as a these Pike fail lanks troops to act as a these Pike fail lanks troops to act as a solid core for his Army in the middle of solid core for his Army in the middle of solid core for his Army in the middle of his battle line he's addressed the real his battle line he's addressed the real his battle line he's addressed the real weakness of the Macedonian armies that weakness of the Macedonian armies that weakness of the Macedonian armies that existed before him they never had a sort existed before him they never had a sort existed before him they never had a sort of a hoplight heavy infantry element to of a hoplight heavy infantry element to of a hoplight heavy infantry element to the Army the Army had great Cavalry they the Army the Army had great Cavalry they the Army the Army had great Cavalry they were called the companion Cavalry um were called the companion Cavalry um were called the companion Cavalry um maybe the best Cavalry in the world maybe the best Cavalry in the world maybe the best Cavalry in the world arguably uh at this time period and it arguably uh at this time period and it arguably uh at this time period and it was it was great but it was all they had was it was great but it was all they had was it was great but it was all they had so when Philip comes to the throne he so when Philip comes to the throne he so when Philip comes to the throne he gets that the wonderful Macedonian gets that the wonderful Macedonian gets that the wonderful Macedonian Cavalry and then creates the missing Cavalry and then creates the missing Cavalry and then creates the missing element that allows them to defeat element that allows them to defeat element that allows them to defeat people like Greek hoplight he creates people like Greek hoplight he creates people like Greek hoplight he creates this failan and then he adds all sorts this failan and then he adds all sorts this failan and then he adds all sorts of other elements to his of other elements to his of other elements to his army he's often credited with the first army he's often credited with the first army he's often credited with the first European combined arms Force although European combined arms Force although European combined arms Force although one can make a case that that was also a one can make a case that that was also a one can make a case that that was also a pes's development but to this Macedonian pes's development but to this Macedonian pes's development but to this Macedonian Cavalry that's great and the Macedonian Cavalry that's great and the Macedonian Cavalry that's great and the Macedonian fail lanks that's a missing ingredient fail lanks that's a missing ingredient fail lanks that's a missing ingredient he adds mercenaries for example extra he adds mercenaries for example extra he adds mercenaries for example extra important during this time period where important during this time period where important during this time period where he's you know introducing these military he's you know introducing these military he's you know introducing these military reforms cuz you need some professionals reforms cuz you need some professionals reforms cuz you need some professionals you know to handle the load and keep you you know to handle the load and keep you you know to handle the load and keep you from getting overrun with yans and ponan from getting overrun with yans and ponan from getting overrun with yans and ponan and thians in the and thians in the and thians in the meantime he also starts employing large meantime he also starts employing large meantime he also starts employing large numbers of allies I mean the thesan

numbers of allies I mean the thesan numbers of allies I mean the thesan Cavalry is going to be absolutely vital Cavalry is going to be absolutely vital Cavalry is going to be absolutely vital in the army of Alexander it starts in the army of Alexander it starts in the army of Alexander it starts fighting with Philip at a certain point fighting with Philip at a certain point fighting with Philip at a certain point uses a lot of thrs employs light troops uses a lot of thrs employs light troops uses a lot of thrs employs light troops and skirmishers which is you know and skirmishers which is you know and skirmishers which is you know something that's been a development something that's been a development something that's been a development going on in Greece for the past several going on in Greece for the past several going on in Greece for the past several decades increasing importance and and decades increasing importance and and decades increasing importance and and new ways to use them I mean there was a new ways to use them I mean there was a new ways to use them I mean there was a Spartan unit that was destroyed by light Spartan unit that was destroyed by light Spartan unit that was destroyed by light troops you know in recent memory so all troops you know in recent memory so all troops you know in recent memory so all these sorts of elements allow Philip to these sorts of elements allow Philip to these sorts of elements allow Philip to create an army that is more tactically create an army that is more tactically create an army that is more tactically flexible depending on what you're facing flexible depending on what you're facing flexible depending on what you're facing he's got the troops for the job if he's got the troops for the job if he's got the troops for the job if you're facing someone that wants to you're facing someone that wants to you're facing someone that wants to smash right into you and punch you in smash right into you and punch you in smash right into you and punch you in the mouth he's got great troops to punch the mouth he's got great troops to punch the mouth he's got great troops to punch you back if you don't want to punch you back if you don't want to punch you back if you don't want to punch those people in the mouth because you those people in the mouth because you those people in the mouth because you don't want to get that close to them don't want to get that close to them don't want to get that close to them because they scare you you and you're because they scare you you and you're because they scare you you and you're going to try to stay away at a distance going to try to stay away at a distance going to try to stay away at a distance and throw things at them and then evade and throw things at them and then evade and throw things at them and then evade their charge Philip has troops to get their charge Philip has troops to get their charge Philip has troops to get you too you want to fight in bad terrain you too you want to fight in bad terrain you too you want to fight in bad terrain Philip's got the troops for that got his Philip's got the troops for that got his Philip's got the troops for that got his specialist core his AR granian people specialist core his AR granian people specialist core his AR granian people from the highlands think about like you from the highlands think about like you from the highlands think about like you know giras or something in the time know giras or something in the time know giras or something in the time period he'll Weedle you out of the bad period he'll Weedle you out of the bad period he'll Weedle you out of the bad terrain and if you hide behind the walls terrain and if you hide behind the walls terrain and if you hide behind the walls of your city he and Alexander are going of your city he and Alexander are going of your city he and Alexander are going to bring the first to bring the first to bring the first really awesome Siege troops into Greek really awesome Siege troops into Greek really awesome Siege troops into Greek history a lot of times when you hide history a lot of times when you hide history a lot of times when you hide yourself behind the walls in Greece the yourself behind the walls in Greece the yourself behind the walls in Greece the enemy Army just ravages your fields and enemy Army just ravages your fields and enemy Army just ravages your fields and loots and and pillages and then leaves loots and and pillages and then leaves loots and and pillages and then leaves or maybe surrounds you and tries to wait or maybe surrounds you and tries to wait or maybe surrounds you and tries to wait you out Philip and Alexander go through you out Philip and Alexander go through you out Philip and Alexander go through your walls and they come and get you and

your walls and they come and get you and your walls and they come and get you and that changes things that changes things that changes things too I mean there are going to be years too I mean there are going to be years too I mean there are going to be years in Philip's timeline where he'll take in Philip's timeline where he'll take in Philip's timeline where he'll take three Greek city states in a year that's three Greek city states in a year that's three Greek city states in a year that's like warp speed I mean famously the like warp speed I mean famously the like warp speed I mean famously the Trojans were able to withstand a 10year Trojans were able to withstand a 10year Trojans were able to withstand a 10year Siege in The Iliad right and if that's a Siege in The Iliad right and if that's a Siege in The Iliad right and if that's a little long maybe by most historical little long maybe by most historical little long maybe by most historical standards uh Philip taking three towns standards uh Philip taking three towns standards uh Philip taking three towns in a year is crazy short crazy quick in a year is crazy short crazy quick in a year is crazy short crazy quick changes the entire equation between you changes the entire equation between you changes the entire equation between you know the Reliance that a town or a city know the Reliance that a town or a city know the Reliance that a town or a city state would have on its walls and state would have on its walls and state would have on its walls and fortifications to keep the bad guys fortifications to keep the bad guys fortifications to keep the bad guys out and part of what makes all this out and part of what makes all this out and part of what makes all this possible is more of these people that possible is more of these people that possible is more of these people that Philip is using in his army are Philip is using in his army are Philip is using in his army are professionals they're Specialists professionals they're Specialists professionals they're Specialists they're engineers and more and more of they're engineers and more and more of they're engineers and more and more of his arm is getting paid the mercenaries his arm is getting paid the mercenaries his arm is getting paid the mercenaries obviously get paid right away but he's obviously get paid right away but he's obviously get paid right away but he's starting to pay the guys in the pike starting to pay the guys in the pike starting to pay the guys in the pike fail lanks eventually and he's capturing fail lanks eventually and he's capturing fail lanks eventually and he's capturing I love this part about you know a I love this part about you know a I love this part about you know a ancient economics could be so ancient economics could be so ancient economics could be so interesting sometimes when he needs interesting sometimes when he needs interesting sometimes when he needs money he goes out there and takes silver money he goes out there and takes silver money he goes out there and takes silver and gold mines from other people like and gold mines from other people like and gold mines from other people like takes it from the thran for example a takes it from the thran for example a takes it from the thran for example a couple of famous mines and then all of a couple of famous mines and then all of a couple of famous mines and then all of a sudden the money which comes right out sudden the money which comes right out sudden the money which comes right out of the earth like an ATM machine goes of the earth like an ATM machine goes of the earth like an ATM machine goes right into his right into his right into his hands I was reading one historian that hands I was reading one historian that hands I was reading one historian that said that neither Philip nor Alexander said that neither Philip nor Alexander said that neither Philip nor Alexander for that matter um were anything like for that matter um were anything like for that matter um were anything like economists and they had a sort of a economists and they had a sort of a economists and they had a sort of a pirate mentality when it came to cash uh

pirate mentality when it came to cash uh pirate mentality when it came to cash uh when you needed more cash you just took when you needed more cash you just took when you needed more cash you just took something right I mean you racked up something right I mean you racked up something right I mean you racked up credit card debt maxed out all of the credit card debt maxed out all of the credit card debt maxed out all of the you know credit lines and then when you you know credit lines and then when you you know credit lines and then when you conquered some new territory you paid conquered some new territory you paid conquered some new territory you paid off the credit cards and you know got off the credit cards and you know got off the credit cards and you know got right with the bank and started all over right with the bank and started all over right with the bank and started all over again one thing you can say about the again one thing you can say about the again one thing you can say about the way Phillip used this Army though is way Phillip used this Army though is way Phillip used this Army though is that it was just one of his many tools that it was just one of his many tools that it was just one of his many tools and if you compare him to his son and if you compare him to his son and if you compare him to his son Alexander is going to be a lot more Alexander is going to be a lot more Alexander is going to be a lot more high-handed than Phillip you know it's high-handed than Phillip you know it's high-handed than Phillip you know it's my way or the highway I'm going to tell my way or the highway I'm going to tell my way or the highway I'm going to tell you what to do how dare you you know try you what to do how dare you you know try you what to do how dare you you know try to negotiate or get me to haggle whereas to negotiate or get me to haggle whereas to negotiate or get me to haggle whereas probably because he had to Phillip is a probably because he had to Phillip is a probably because he had to Phillip is a lot more clever and sneaky uh he'll lot more clever and sneaky uh he'll lot more clever and sneaky uh he'll he'll stab you in the back and then he'll stab you in the back and then he'll stab you in the back and then he'll give you a good deal when he he'll give you a good deal when he he'll give you a good deal when he doesn't have to later I mean he's he's doesn't have to later I mean he's he's doesn't have to later I mean he's he's work in every sort of slick clever angle work in every sort of slick clever angle work in every sort of slick clever angle uh and one might suggest because he has uh and one might suggest because he has uh and one might suggest because he has to he's paying off people I mean I love to he's paying off people I mean I love to he's paying off people I mean I love the way again Peter Green describes this the way again Peter Green describes this the way again Peter Green describes this because not only is he utilizing all because not only is he utilizing all because not only is he utilizing all these tools but he's spent enough time these tools but he's spent enough time these tools but he's spent enough time now in one of these Greek city states now in one of these Greek city states now in one of these Greek city states thieves to get a look at how they their thieves to get a look at how they their thieves to get a look at how they their government functions and compare it to government functions and compare it to government functions and compare it to how his government functions right he's how his government functions right he's how his government functions right he's a king he can do certain things that a king he can do certain things that a king he can do certain things that they can't do in these governments where they can't do in these governments where they can't do in these governments where politics is a thing and you've got politics is a thing and you've got politics is a thing and you've got different factions vying for leadership different factions vying for leadership different factions vying for leadership and well we can sort of relate today to and well we can sort of relate today to and well we can sort of relate today to how you might be a little inefficient

how you might be a little inefficient how you might be a little inefficient with the way you conduct long-term with the way you conduct long-term with the way you conduct long-term policy in a representative system policy in a representative system policy in a representative system something a you know autocratic system something a you know autocratic system something a you know autocratic system might not have to worry about and green might not have to worry about and green might not have to worry about and green points out that Philip noticed this as a points out that Philip noticed this as a points out that Philip noticed this as a weakness that he could exploit right weakness that he could exploit right weakness that he could exploit right away and green writes away and green writes away and green writes quote Philip's training for power was quote Philip's training for power was quote Philip's training for power was proceeding along useful if unorthodox proceeding along useful if unorthodox proceeding along useful if unorthodox lines his experience as a member of the lines his experience as a member of the lines his experience as a member of the Macedonian Royal household had given him Macedonian Royal household had given him Macedonian Royal household had given him an understandably cynical view of human an understandably cynical view of human an understandably cynical view of human nature in this world murder adultery and nature in this world murder adultery and nature in this world murder adultery and usurpation were commonplace as liable to usurpation were commonplace as liable to usurpation were commonplace as liable to be practiced by one's own mother as by be practiced by one's own mother as by be practiced by one's own mother as by anyone else in later life green writes anyone else in later life green writes anyone else in later life green writes Philip took it as axiomatic that all Philip took it as axiomatic that all Philip took it as axiomatic that all diplomacy was based on self-interest and diplomacy was based on self-interest and diplomacy was based on self-interest and every man had his price events seldom every man had his price events seldom every man had his price events seldom proved him wrong in thieves he saw too proved him wrong in thieves he saw too proved him wrong in thieves he saw too the besetting weaknesses of a democratic the besetting weaknesses of a democratic the besetting weaknesses of a democratic citystate constant party Intrigue lack citystate constant party Intrigue lack citystate constant party Intrigue lack of a strong executive power the of a strong executive power the of a strong executive power the inability to force quick decisions the inability to force quick decisions the inability to force quick decisions the unpredictable vagaries of the assembly unpredictable vagaries of the assembly unpredictable vagaries of the assembly at voting time the system of annual at voting time the system of annual at voting time the system of annual elections which made made any serious elections which made made any serious elections which made made any serious long-term planning almost impossible the long-term planning almost impossible the long-term planning almost impossible the amateur ad hoc military levies for the amateur ad hoc military levies for the amateur ad hoc military levies for the first time green writes he began to first time green writes he began to first time green writes he began to understand how macedonia's outdated understand how macedonia's outdated understand how macedonia's outdated institutions so despised by the rest of institutions so despised by the rest of institutions so despised by the rest of Greece might prove a source of strength

Greece might prove a source of strength Greece might prove a source of strength when dealing with such opponents when dealing with such opponents when dealing with such opponents throughout his life he gained his throughout his life he gained his throughout his life he gained his greatest advances by exploiting human greatest advances by exploiting human greatest advances by exploiting human cupidity and Democratic incompetence cupidity and Democratic incompetence cupidity and Democratic incompetence most often at the same time most often at the same time most often at the same time end end end quote Philip's willingness to throw quote Philip's willingness to throw quote Philip's willingness to throw bribe money all over the place in large bribe money all over the place in large bribe money all over the place in large amounts seems to almost tie directly amounts seems to almost tie directly amounts seems to almost tie directly into one of the kind of tragic flaws of into one of the kind of tragic flaws of into one of the kind of tragic flaws of the Greek city state experience during the Greek city state experience during the Greek city state experience during this time and that's that bribes were this time and that's that bribes were this time and that's that bribes were really really really effective the ancient historian diodorus effective the ancient historian diodorus effective the ancient historian diodorus is supposedly quoting Phillip as is supposedly quoting Phillip as is supposedly quoting Phillip as saying that the expansion of Kingdom saying that the expansion of Kingdom saying that the expansion of Kingdom owed far more to money than to arms and owed far more to money than to arms and owed far more to money than to arms and then diodorus later picks up the story then diodorus later picks up the story then diodorus later picks up the story and just talks about how the bribes by and just talks about how the bribes by and just talks about how the bribes by Phillip completely undercut any sort of Phillip completely undercut any sort of Phillip completely undercut any sort of Greek attempt at Unity or a a united Greek attempt at Unity or a a united Greek attempt at Unity or a a united front against you know this Darth Vader front against you know this Darth Vader front against you know this Darth Vader in the north exerting more and more in the north exerting more and more in the north exerting more and more pressure on the freedom of the Greek pressure on the freedom of the Greek pressure on the freedom of the Greek city states yeah but he comes calling city states yeah but he comes calling city states yeah but he comes calling with a big wat of cash you know what are with a big wat of cash you know what are with a big wat of cash you know what are you going to do and theodoris writes you going to do and theodoris writes you going to do and theodoris writes quote quote quote nevertheless there was such a crop of nevertheless there was such a crop of nevertheless there was such a crop of traitors so to speak at that time in traitors so to speak at that time in traitors so to speak at that time in Greece that it was impossible for Athens Greece that it was impossible for Athens Greece that it was impossible for Athens to check the impulse of members of the to check the impulse of members of the to check the impulse of members of the Greek cities towards treachery there was Greek cities towards treachery there was Greek cities towards treachery there was a story that once theodoris writes when a story that once theodoris writes when a story that once theodoris writes when Philip wanted to take a particularly Philip wanted to take a particularly Philip wanted to take a particularly well fortified City and one of the

well fortified City and one of the well fortified City and one of the locals claimed that the place was locals claimed that the place was locals claimed that the place was impregnable he meaning Phillip responded impregnable he meaning Phillip responded impregnable he meaning Phillip responded by asking whether the walls were by asking whether the walls were by asking whether the walls were unscalable by cash experience had taught unscalable by cash experience had taught unscalable by cash experience had taught him that anything that could not be him that anything that could not be him that anything that could not be subdued by Force of Arms could be subdued by Force of Arms could be subdued by Force of Arms could be overcome by gold so by using bribery to overcome by gold so by using bribery to overcome by gold so by using bribery to make sure that he had traitors inside make sure that he had traitors inside make sure that he had traitors inside the cities and by calling those who took the cities and by calling those who took the cities and by calling those who took his money his guest friends and his money his guest friends and his money his guest friends and familiars he corrupted men's morals with familiars he corrupted men's morals with familiars he corrupted men's morals with this pernicious form of diplomacy end this pernicious form of diplomacy end this pernicious form of diplomacy end quote one of the historians that I was quote one of the historians that I was quote one of the historians that I was reading called Phillip a warrior reading called Phillip a warrior reading called Phillip a warrior Diplomat which I think is a great term Diplomat which I think is a great term Diplomat which I think is a great term very descriptive a good rundown of of very descriptive a good rundown of of very descriptive a good rundown of of the things Philip brought to the table the things Philip brought to the table the things Philip brought to the table but I would add one more term Warrior but I would add one more term Warrior but I would add one more term Warrior Diplomat Diplomat Diplomat fixer because in my mind I Envision him fixer because in my mind I Envision him fixer because in my mind I Envision him showing up to these negotiations and showing up to these negotiations and showing up to these negotiations and these diplomatic Affairs you know these diplomatic Affairs you know these diplomatic Affairs you know dressed in full military regalia armed dressed in full military regalia armed dressed in full military regalia armed to the teeth right that we can do it to the teeth right that we can do it to the teeth right that we can do it that way if that's how you want to play that way if that's how you want to play that way if that's how you want to play it but also with a lawyer in toe right it but also with a lawyer in toe right it but also with a lawyer in toe right with the notary public and basically with the notary public and basically with the notary public and basically ready to negotiate some deal right sign ready to negotiate some deal right sign ready to negotiate some deal right sign on the dotted line my my lawyer on the dotted line my my lawyer on the dotted line my my lawyer notorized it and we're good to go no one notorized it and we're good to go no one notorized it and we're good to go no one has to has to has to die but if you're just the kind of die but if you're just the kind of die but if you're just the kind of person that would rather not have person that would rather not have person that would rather not have anything so obviously signed sealed and anything so obviously signed sealed and anything so obviously signed sealed and delivered just like a briefcase full of delivered just like a briefcase full of delivered just like a briefcase full of cash well Philip can do it that way too cash well Philip can do it that way too cash well Philip can do it that way too what's that old line that Malcolm X is what's that old line that Malcolm X is what's that old line that Malcolm X is supposed to have uttered right by any supposed to have uttered right by any supposed to have uttered right by any means necessary that's how I kind of see

means necessary that's how I kind of see means necessary that's how I kind of see Philip II by any means Philip II by any means Philip II by any means necessary going to achieve his goals the necessary going to achieve his goals the necessary going to achieve his goals the question of what those goals were and question of what those goals were and question of what those goals were and how farsighted Philip was in seeing how farsighted Philip was in seeing how farsighted Philip was in seeing those outcomes well that's a debatable those outcomes well that's a debatable those outcomes well that's a debatable point right that's the kind of thing point right that's the kind of thing point right that's the kind of thing that doesn't come down to us from the that doesn't come down to us from the that doesn't come down to us from the sources all these centuries later sources all these centuries later sources all these centuries later there's a couple of ways you could look there's a couple of ways you could look there's a couple of ways you could look at it at it at it though Philip could be a master though Philip could be a master though Philip could be a master opportunist somebody who seizes opportunist somebody who seizes opportunist somebody who seizes unexpected occurrences when they happen unexpected occurrences when they happen unexpected occurrences when they happen and becomes the beneficiary of them some and becomes the beneficiary of them some and becomes the beneficiary of them some Domino some unexpected Domino tumbles Domino some unexpected Domino tumbles Domino some unexpected Domino tumbles and Philips right there Johnny on the and Philips right there Johnny on the and Philips right there Johnny on the spot to be the one who benefits and he's spot to be the one who benefits and he's spot to be the one who benefits and he's got some advantages in that regard we got some advantages in that regard we got some advantages in that regard we mentioned already the the form of mentioned already the the form of mentioned already the the form of government gives him an advantage right government gives him an advantage right government gives him an advantage right these other Greek states have to sit these other Greek states have to sit these other Greek states have to sit here and debate and have politics come here and debate and have politics come here and debate and have politics come into it and and people try to convince into it and and people try to convince into it and and people try to convince the public to go along with one of I the public to go along with one of I the public to go along with one of I mean Philip doesn't have to do any of mean Philip doesn't have to do any of mean Philip doesn't have to do any of that he just orders it he's also got a that he just orders it he's also got a that he just orders it he's also got a professional military by this time which professional military by this time which professional military by this time which means it's basically standing ready to means it's basically standing ready to means it's basically standing ready to go whereas if thieves decides they want go whereas if thieves decides they want go whereas if thieves decides they want to go somewhere or Athens does they've to go somewhere or Athens does they've to go somewhere or Athens does they've got to get the you know got to get the got to get the you know got to get the got to get the you know got to get the guys to grab their Spears and their guys to grab their Spears and their guys to grab their Spears and their armor and their Shields and get out to armor and their Shields and get out to armor and their Shields and get out to the fields and start to muster the the fields and start to muster the the fields and start to muster the forces I mean by the time they get their forces I mean by the time they get their forces I mean by the time they get their act together you know Philip's moved act together you know Philip's moved act together you know Philip's moved already he's occupied the key strategic already he's occupied the key strategic already he's occupied the key strategic point he sees the opportunity whatever point he sees the opportunity whatever point he sees the opportunity whatever it is so he's particularly set up to be it is so he's particularly set up to be it is so he's particularly set up to be a beneficiary of opportunism if that's a beneficiary of opportunism if that's a beneficiary of opportunism if that's how it how it how it goes but another way of looking at it is

goes but another way of looking at it is goes but another way of looking at it is that Philip is the guy who creates these that Philip is the guy who creates these that Philip is the guy who creates these opportunities that he's a Chessmaster opportunities that he's a Chessmaster opportunities that he's a Chessmaster here setting up a Checkmate down on the here setting up a Checkmate down on the here setting up a Checkmate down on the road and each one of these Milestones road and each one of these Milestones road and each one of these Milestones that he achieves is one more connect the that he achieves is one more connect the that he achieves is one more connect the dots toward the ultimate goal now do dots toward the ultimate goal now do dots toward the ultimate goal now do opportunities that are unexpected happen opportunities that are unexpected happen opportunities that are unexpected happen and does he seize them absolutely but and does he seize them absolutely but and does he seize them absolutely but you can expect to have opportunities you can expect to have opportunities you can expect to have opportunities develop without knowing explicitly what develop without knowing explicitly what develop without knowing explicitly what they they they are in this sense then Philip is a are in this sense then Philip is a are in this sense then Philip is a master strategist setting up the kinds master strategist setting up the kinds master strategist setting up the kinds of an outcome that he wants and every of an outcome that he wants and every of an outcome that he wants and every step of the way pursuing that goal step of the way pursuing that goal step of the way pursuing that goal relentlessly one of the things he relentlessly one of the things he relentlessly one of the things he obviously does does is keep the major obviously does does is keep the major obviously does does is keep the major powers in Greece from uniting against powers in Greece from uniting against powers in Greece from uniting against him he's had a problem with Athens since him he's had a problem with Athens since him he's had a problem with Athens since he pretty much took over the throne he pretty much took over the throne he pretty much took over the throne Athens and thieves are the key most Athens and thieves are the key most Athens and thieves are the key most powerful Greek city states he keeps a powerful Greek city states he keeps a powerful Greek city states he keeps a close connection to thieves right a sort close connection to thieves right a sort close connection to thieves right a sort of an alliance with thieves keeps Athens of an alliance with thieves keeps Athens of an alliance with thieves keeps Athens and thieves from realizing that they and thieves from realizing that they and thieves from realizing that they have more of an interest in preventing have more of an interest in preventing have more of an interest in preventing him from gaining any more power and him from gaining any more power and him from gaining any more power and being any more of a threat to them and being any more of a threat to them and being any more of a threat to them and keeps them focused on you know fighting keeps them focused on you know fighting keeps them focused on you know fighting the Third sacred war and all these other the Third sacred war and all these other the Third sacred war and all these other things and this is a time period where things and this is a time period where things and this is a time period where Greece famously will bleed itself of Greece famously will bleed itself of Greece famously will bleed itself of treasure and human beings in these many treasure and human beings in these many treasure and human beings in these many wars that they fight with each other wars that they fight with each other wars that they fight with each other making them all the weaker when the making them all the weaker when the making them all the weaker when the final you know Darth Vader versus The final you know Darth Vader versus The final you know Darth Vader versus The Republic um conflict Republic um conflict Republic um conflict happens and it's very interesting too

happens and it's very interesting too happens and it's very interesting too because it depends on how you want to because it depends on how you want to because it depends on how you want to view this thing but the Greeks portray view this thing but the Greeks portray view this thing but the Greeks portray this entire eventual Showdown with this entire eventual Showdown with this entire eventual Showdown with Phillip as Greek Liberty against you Phillip as Greek Liberty against you Phillip as Greek Liberty against you know someone coming to Snuff it know someone coming to Snuff it know someone coming to Snuff it out but at this point in time the Greeks out but at this point in time the Greeks out but at this point in time the Greeks can't focus on their Collective Liberty can't focus on their Collective Liberty can't focus on their Collective Liberty they're too busy fighting one another they're too busy fighting one another they're too busy fighting one another and that's working exactly the way and that's working exactly the way and that's working exactly the way Philip thei would have wanted it to Philip thei would have wanted it to Philip thei would have wanted it to whether he meant to do it that way or whether he meant to do it that way or whether he meant to do it that way or whether it just is a happy coincidence one thing you can say about coincidence one thing you can say about Phillip is that he's out there in the Phillip is that he's out there in the Phillip is that he's out there in the field working tirelessly to make this field working tirelessly to make this field working tirelessly to make this stuff happen and giving up you know the stuff happen and giving up you know the stuff happen and giving up you know the use of major body parts along the way I use of major body parts along the way I use of major body parts along the way I mean he's the ultimate Road dog what did mean he's the ultimate Road dog what did mean he's the ultimate Road dog what did we say there was one year where he we say there was one year where he we say there was one year where he wasn't out in the field and he may have wasn't out in the field and he may have wasn't out in the field and he may have been recovering you know from some been recovering you know from some been recovering you know from some terrible injury inflicted upon Him by terrible injury inflicted upon Him by terrible injury inflicted upon Him by some some some enemy but while he's on the enemy but while he's on the enemy but while he's on the road um in road um in road um in 356 BCE so a year after he marries 356 BCE so a year after he marries 356 BCE so a year after he marries olympius and maybe only a year or two olympius and maybe only a year or two olympius and maybe only a year or two after he actually takes over as the king after he actually takes over as the king after he actually takes over as the king king of Macedonia he gets some good news king of Macedonia he gets some good news king of Macedonia he gets some good news while on the road traditionally three while on the road traditionally three while on the road traditionally three pieces of good news uh the first piece pieces of good news uh the first piece pieces of good news uh the first piece of good news is that his General of good news is that his General of good news is that his General parmenio has defeated the yans which is parmenio has defeated the yans which is parmenio has defeated the yans which is always a good thing the second piece of always a good thing the second piece of always a good thing the second piece of good news he supposedly gets at the same good news he supposedly gets at the same good news he supposedly gets at the same time is that his horse has won in the time is that his horse has won in the time is that his horse has won in the Olympic Games in a competition and this Olympic Games in a competition and this Olympic Games in a competition and this has a deeper meaning than the way it has a deeper meaning than the way it has a deeper meaning than the way it might sound the fact that a Macedonian

might sound the fact that a Macedonian might sound the fact that a Macedonian King is allowed to take part in the King is allowed to take part in the King is allowed to take part in the Olympic Games is a sign that the Olympic Games is a sign that the Olympic Games is a sign that the macedonians have met the qualifications macedonians have met the qualifications macedonians have met the qualifications the minimum qualifications to be the minimum qualifications to be the minimum qualifications to be considered as Greeks which would have considered as Greeks which would have considered as Greeks which would have been a big deal to Phillip then finally been a big deal to Phillip then finally been a big deal to Phillip then finally the third piece of news not necessarily the third piece of news not necessarily the third piece of news not necessarily in the order of importance but that in the order of importance but that in the order of importance but that olympius has borne Phillip a olympius has borne Phillip a olympius has borne Phillip a son officially named Alexander III but son officially named Alexander III but son officially named Alexander III but we know him as Alexander the we know him as Alexander the we know him as Alexander the Great now there are some things that Great now there are some things that Great now there are some things that have gone on at least that's what have gone on at least that's what have gone on at least that's what sources hundreds of years later say that sources hundreds of years later say that sources hundreds of years later say that would have clued any you know soothsayer would have clued any you know soothsayer would have clued any you know soothsayer or Oracle worth their salt that this was or Oracle worth their salt that this was or Oracle worth their salt that this was going to happen right you don't have going to happen right you don't have going to happen right you don't have these great figures born in history these great figures born in history these great figures born in history without a lot of signs from the heavens without a lot of signs from the heavens without a lot of signs from the heavens and they're out there according to and they're out there according to and they're out there according to people like Plutarch Plutarch says that olympius has Plutarch Plutarch says that olympius has a dream of lightning striking her womb a dream of lightning striking her womb a dream of lightning striking her womb Philip has a dream that her womb is Philip has a dream that her womb is Philip has a dream that her womb is sealed sealed up with a seal with an sealed sealed up with a seal with an sealed sealed up with a seal with an imprint of a lion on imprint of a lion on imprint of a lion on it Philip also supposedly according to it Philip also supposedly according to it Philip also supposedly according to Plutarch looks through a crack in the Plutarch looks through a crack in the Plutarch looks through a crack in the wall or the equivalent of a keyhole with wall or the equivalent of a keyhole with wall or the equivalent of a keyhole with one eye and spies Olympus cavorting with one eye and spies Olympus cavorting with one eye and spies Olympus cavorting with a god perhaps in snake a god perhaps in snake a god perhaps in snake form and then of course there's a Temple form and then of course there's a Temple form and then of course there's a Temple uh that burns down because supposedly

uh that burns down because supposedly uh that burns down because supposedly the goddess wasn't there to protect her the goddess wasn't there to protect her the goddess wasn't there to protect her own Temple she had to be there for own Temple she had to be there for own Temple she had to be there for Alexander's birth here's the way Alexander's birth here's the way Alexander's birth here's the way Plutarch hundreds of years later uh Plutarch hundreds of years later uh Plutarch hundreds of years later uh writes about this stuff for example he writes about this stuff for example he writes about this stuff for example he talks about the um marriage consummation talks about the um marriage consummation talks about the um marriage consummation between Philip and olympius and then between Philip and olympius and then between Philip and olympius and then olympus' dream that happens right olympus' dream that happens right olympus' dream that happens right afterwards and Plutarch says afterwards and Plutarch says afterwards and Plutarch says quote the night before the consummation quote the night before the consummation quote the night before the consummation of their marriage she meaning Olympus of their marriage she meaning Olympus of their marriage she meaning Olympus dreamed that a thunderbolt fell upon her dreamed that a thunderbolt fell upon her dreamed that a thunderbolt fell upon her body which kindled a great fire whose body which kindled a great fire whose body which kindled a great fire whose divided Flames dispersed themselves all divided Flames dispersed themselves all divided Flames dispersed themselves all about and then were extinguished and about and then were extinguished and about and then were extinguished and Phillip Plutarch writes sometime after Phillip Plutarch writes sometime after Phillip Plutarch writes sometime after he was married dreamt that he sealed up he was married dreamt that he sealed up he was married dreamt that he sealed up his wife's body with a seal whose his wife's body with a seal whose his wife's body with a seal whose impression as he fancied was the figure impression as he fancied was the figure impression as he fancied was the figure of a lion some of the divers interpreted of a lion some of the divers interpreted of a lion some of the divers interpreted this as a warning to philli to look this as a warning to philli to look this as a warning to philli to look narrowly to his wife that means watch narrowly to his wife that means watch narrowly to his wife that means watch your wife man but arander of telasis your wife man but arander of telasis your wife man but arander of telasis considering how unusual it was to seal considering how unusual it was to seal considering how unusual it was to seal up anything that was empty assured him up anything that was empty assured him up anything that was empty assured him the meaning of his dream was that the the meaning of his dream was that the the meaning of his dream was that the queen was with child of a boy who would queen was with child of a boy who would queen was with child of a boy who would one day prove as Stout and courageous as one day prove as Stout and courageous as one day prove as Stout and courageous as a lion once moreover plutar writes a a lion once moreover plutar writes a a lion once moreover plutar writes a serpent was found Lying by Olympus as serpent was found Lying by Olympus as serpent was found Lying by Olympus as she slept which more than anything else she slept which more than anything else she slept which more than anything else it is said Abad Philip's passion for her it is said Abad Philip's passion for her it is said Abad Philip's passion for her whether he feared her as an enchantress whether he feared her as an enchantress whether he feared her as an enchantress or thought she had Commerce with some or thought she had Commerce with some or thought she had Commerce with some God and so looked on himself as excluded God and so looked on himself as excluded God and so looked on himself as excluded he was ever after less fond of her

he was ever after less fond of her he was ever after less fond of her conversation end quote Comm with a god conversation end quote Comm with a god conversation end quote Comm with a god means fooling around with a God and if means fooling around with a God and if means fooling around with a God and if you know Zeus's history by the way he's you know Zeus's history by the way he's you know Zeus's history by the way he's always fooling around with Mortal women always fooling around with Mortal women always fooling around with Mortal women so you know if he showed up in snake so you know if he showed up in snake so you know if he showed up in snake form or dionisis did or something like form or dionisis did or something like form or dionisis did or something like that well that's just in keeping with that well that's just in keeping with that well that's just in keeping with those Gods characters right they get those Gods characters right they get those Gods characters right they get around but apparently Phillip saw some around but apparently Phillip saw some around but apparently Phillip saw some of this according to Plutarch and you of this according to Plutarch and you of this according to Plutarch and you get punished for spying on a god having get punished for spying on a god having get punished for spying on a god having sex with your wife I'm just saying and sex with your wife I'm just saying and sex with your wife I'm just saying and Plutarch says quote Phillip after this Plutarch says quote Phillip after this Plutarch says quote Phillip after this Vision sent Sheron of megalopolis to Vision sent Sheron of megalopolis to Vision sent Sheron of megalopolis to consult the Oracle of Apollo at Deli by consult the Oracle of Apollo at Deli by consult the Oracle of Apollo at Deli by which he was commanded to perform which he was commanded to perform which he was commanded to perform sacrifice and henceforth pay particular sacrifice and henceforth pay particular sacrifice and henceforth pay particular honor above all other gods to Ammon honor above all other gods to Ammon honor above all other gods to Ammon who's also known as Zeus and was told who's also known as Zeus and was told who's also known as Zeus and was told that he should one day lose that eye that he should one day lose that eye that he should one day lose that eye with which he presumed to peep through with which he presumed to peep through with which he presumed to peep through that of the door when he saw the that of the door when he saw the that of the door when he saw the god under the form of the serpent in the god under the form of the serpent in the god under the form of the serpent in the company of his company of his company of his wife end quote well he did lose the eye wife end quote well he did lose the eye wife end quote well he did lose the eye about a year maybe two years later in a about a year maybe two years later in a about a year maybe two years later in a Siege so there you go it's what you get Siege so there you go it's what you get Siege so there you go it's what you get for spying on Zeus or whomever in snake for spying on Zeus or whomever in snake for spying on Zeus or whomever in snake form with your wife what were you form with your wife what were you form with your wife what were you thinking and then of course the story of thinking and then of course the story of thinking and then of course the story of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt the Temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt the Temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt down and Plutarch says quote the temple down and Plutarch says quote the temple down and Plutarch says quote the temple he says took fire and was burnt while

he says took fire and was burnt while he says took fire and was burnt while its mistress the goddess was absent its mistress the goddess was absent its mistress the goddess was absent assisting at the birth of Alexander and assisting at the birth of Alexander and assisting at the birth of Alexander and all the Eastern soothsayers who happened all the Eastern soothsayers who happened all the Eastern soothsayers who happened to be then at Ephesus looking upon the to be then at Ephesus looking upon the to be then at Ephesus looking upon the ruin of this Temple to be the ruin of this Temple to be the ruin of this Temple to be the forerunners of some other Calamity ran forerunners of some other Calamity ran forerunners of some other Calamity ran about the town beating their faces and about the town beating their faces and about the town beating their faces and crying that this day had brought forth crying that this day had brought forth crying that this day had brought forth something that would prove fatal and something that would prove fatal and something that would prove fatal and destructive to all of destructive to all of destructive to all of Asia end Asia end Asia end quote famous Queens who dream their womb quote famous Queens who dream their womb quote famous Queens who dream their womb is struck by lightning which then shoots is struck by lightning which then shoots is struck by lightning which then shoots out of their genitals and catches parts out of their genitals and catches parts out of their genitals and catches parts of the room on fire maybe the greatest of the room on fire maybe the greatest of the room on fire maybe the greatest or one of the greatest Kings of ancient or one of the greatest Kings of ancient or one of the greatest Kings of ancient Europe seemingly looking through a Europe seemingly looking through a Europe seemingly looking through a keyhole type crevice in the door and keyhole type crevice in the door and keyhole type crevice in the door and seeing his wife cavorting with snakes seeing his wife cavorting with snakes seeing his wife cavorting with snakes and going to an Oracle and being told and going to an Oracle and being told and going to an Oracle and being told you're going to lose that eye for spying you're going to lose that eye for spying you're going to lose that eye for spying on the on the on the god the verifiable fact of the you know god the verifiable fact of the you know god the verifiable fact of the you know Temple of aramus or you know Diana as Temple of aramus or you know Diana as Temple of aramus or you know Diana as the Romans would have known her really the Romans would have known her really the Romans would have known her really being destroyed around the time of being destroyed around the time of being destroyed around the time of Alexander's birth but then human beings Alexander's birth but then human beings Alexander's birth but then human beings being what they are noticing that there being what they are noticing that there being what they are noticing that there really are no coincidences and doesn't really are no coincidences and doesn't really are no coincidences and doesn't it just make sense that the only real it just make sense that the only real it just make sense that the only real story that explains how this Temple story that explains how this Temple story that explains how this Temple could be burned down right the home of a could be burned down right the home of a could be burned down right the home of a God as if the god wasn't there and where God as if the god wasn't there and where God as if the god wasn't there and where the heck would the God be well you know the heck would the God be well you know the heck would the God be well you know that's right around the time Alexander that's right around the time Alexander that's right around the time Alexander was being born folks this is the sort of was being born folks this is the sort of was being born folks this is the sort of stuff that those of us who love ancient stuff that those of us who love ancient stuff that those of us who love ancient history this is what we love about it history this is what we love about it history this is what we love about it right this is a place in your legitimate

right this is a place in your legitimate right this is a place in your legitimate history books right I mean if if it's a history books right I mean if if it's a history books right I mean if if it's a history from the beginning of time to history from the beginning of time to history from the beginning of time to now you're going to have you know the now you're going to have you know the now you're going to have you know the founding of the UN and the second world founding of the UN and the second world founding of the UN and the second world war and all these things near the end of war and all these things near the end of war and all these things near the end of the book but you keep going backwards the book but you keep going backwards the book but you keep going backwards and the ratio of facts to myths sort of and the ratio of facts to myths sort of and the ratio of facts to myths sort of changes maybe that's a good way to put changes maybe that's a good way to put changes maybe that's a good way to put it ancient history is where facts and it ancient history is where facts and it ancient history is where facts and historical data and archaeological historical data and archaeological historical data and archaeological discoveries intersect with things like discoveries intersect with things like discoveries intersect with things like Legend and myth maybe the proper word Legend and myth maybe the proper word Legend and myth maybe the proper word here is lore here is lore here is lore right there is lore in your legitimate right there is lore in your legitimate right there is lore in your legitimate history books the farther back you go history books the farther back you go history books the farther back you go the more of it you get it's a little the more of it you get it's a little the more of it you get it's a little like Blended wine right where you go and like Blended wine right where you go and like Blended wine right where you go and you get oh it's 60% Cabernet and it's you get oh it's 60% Cabernet and it's you get oh it's 60% Cabernet and it's 40% Mero well by the time you get to the 40% Mero well by the time you get to the 40% Mero well by the time you get to the second world war you're probably at 8020 second world war you're probably at 8020 second world war you're probably at 8020 right 80% facts 20% you know myth right 80% facts 20% you know myth right 80% facts 20% you know myth misinformation whatever you want to say misinformation whatever you want to say misinformation whatever you want to say the farther back you go in history the the farther back you go in history the the farther back you go in history the more that ratio changes in lore's more that ratio changes in lore's more that ratio changes in lore's favor and the interesting thing about favor and the interesting thing about favor and the interesting thing about the lower part is that why while it is the lower part is that why while it is the lower part is that why while it is not true you can still learn a lot by not true you can still learn a lot by not true you can still learn a lot by studying it can't you it's like that studying it can't you it's like that studying it can't you it's like that line that Pierre bant used it was a Leo line that Pierre bant used it was a Leo line that Pierre bant used it was a Leo ferer quote or whatever um where he said ferer quote or whatever um where he said ferer quote or whatever um where he said even if it's not true you have to even if it's not true you have to even if it's not true you have to believe in ancient history we used that believe in ancient history we used that believe in ancient history we used that line before but it's just so wonderful line before but it's just so wonderful line before but it's just so wonderful because in your legitimate history book because in your legitimate history book because in your legitimate history book right based on facts and archaeological right based on facts and archaeological right based on facts and archaeological discoveries and written by historians discoveries and written by historians discoveries and written by historians and experts and phds you're going to and experts and phds you're going to and experts and phds you're going to have these stories about Alexander if have these stories about Alexander if have these stories about Alexander if it's a detailed enough book are they it's a detailed enough book are they it's a detailed enough book are they real or are they stories at a certain

real or are they stories at a certain real or are they stories at a certain point it doesn't matter because that is point it doesn't matter because that is point it doesn't matter because that is a part of the lore of Alexander which a part of the lore of Alexander which a part of the lore of Alexander which affects a lot of people later it's like affects a lot of people later it's like affects a lot of people later it's like we say about magic magic may not be real we say about magic magic may not be real we say about magic magic may not be real but if people believe it's real and act but if people believe it's real and act but if people believe it's real and act on it as though it's real it has real on it as though it's real it has real on it as though it's real it has real world effects right well so does this world effects right well so does this world effects right well so does this lore stuff I mean take two examples lore stuff I mean take two examples lore stuff I mean take two examples example number one when Alexander is example number one when Alexander is example number one when Alexander is dead and gone his giant Empire that we dead and gone his giant Empire that we dead and gone his giant Empire that we all know right it's not a spoiler alert all know right it's not a spoiler alert all know right it's not a spoiler alert to say he's going to conquer a lot of to say he's going to conquer a lot of to say he's going to conquer a lot of territory his generals are going to rip territory his generals are going to rip territory his generals are going to rip up all that territory and take off huge up all that territory and take off huge up all that territory and take off huge chunks for themselves and start chunks for themselves and start chunks for themselves and start dynasties where they're the first king dynasties where they're the first king dynasties where they're the first king and then they have tons of descendants and then they have tons of descendants and then they have tons of descendants after them their claim to legitimacy after them their claim to legitimacy after them their claim to legitimacy rests on rests on rests on Alexander right and the more Alexander Alexander right and the more Alexander Alexander right and the more Alexander is deified the more it seems like you is deified the more it seems like you is deified the more it seems like you have the stamp of approval of the very have the stamp of approval of the very have the stamp of approval of the very highest Authority that he should have highest Authority that he should have highest Authority that he should have conquered the world and that you should conquered the world and that you should conquered the world and that you should have had your piece of it afterwards have had your piece of it afterwards have had your piece of it afterwards right so it serves a political purpose a right so it serves a political purpose a right so it serves a political purpose a Machiavellian political purpose of Machiavellian political purpose of Machiavellian political purpose of legitimacy and tying yourself you know legitimacy and tying yourself you know legitimacy and tying yourself you know maybe through a degree or two of maybe through a degree or two of maybe through a degree or two of Separation to a deity somewhere I mean Separation to a deity somewhere I mean Separation to a deity somewhere I mean the closer you are to Alexander the the closer you are to Alexander the the closer you are to Alexander the better it is for you and the greater better it is for you and the greater better it is for you and the greater Alexander is Alexander is Alexander is ditto and number two point here is that ditto and number two point here is that ditto and number two point here is that some of this misinformation or some of some of this misinformation or some of some of this misinformation or some of this Legend creation or some of this this Legend creation or some of this this Legend creation or some of this lore May originally have come from a lore May originally have come from a lore May originally have come from a ground zero level from Alexander ground zero level from Alexander ground zero level from Alexander himself Alexander took prop himself Alexander took prop himself Alexander took prop propagandists and chroniclers and all

propagandists and chroniclers and all propagandists and chroniclers and all these kinds of people with him while these kinds of people with him while these kinds of people with him while they did everything he's famous for and they did everything he's famous for and they did everything he's famous for and they're not just cataloging what they're not just cataloging what they're not just cataloging what happened they are putting the most pro- happened they are putting the most pro- happened they are putting the most pro- alexandrian spin on it while doing so alexandrian spin on it while doing so alexandrian spin on it while doing so it's propaganda coming from the source it's propaganda coming from the source it's propaganda coming from the source Alexander wasn't just trying you know Alexander wasn't just trying you know Alexander wasn't just trying you know we're going to find out more about this we're going to find out more about this we're going to find out more about this side of him as we go right this is a guy side of him as we go right this is a guy side of him as we go right this is a guy playing for the long historical game of playing for the long historical game of playing for the long historical game of course he's concerned about his own time course he's concerned about his own time course he's concerned about his own time period and how people uh in the world period and how people uh in the world period and how people uh in the world he's operating in will view you know his he's operating in will view you know his he's operating in will view you know his propaganda but this is a guy writing his propaganda but this is a guy writing his propaganda but this is a guy writing his name in a more pronounced big graffiti name in a more pronounced big graffiti name in a more pronounced big graffiti form on your history books and he's form on your history books and he's form on your history books and he's concerned about how you're going to see concerned about how you're going to see concerned about how you're going to see him he's writing some of this propaganda him he's writing some of this propaganda him he's writing some of this propaganda for you and for me which is crazy and for you and for me which is crazy and for you and for me which is crazy and the way we get it is like third hand the way we get it is like third hand the way we get it is like third hand right because if Alexander's pushing right because if Alexander's pushing right because if Alexander's pushing this propaganda in his own time and this propaganda in his own time and this propaganda in his own time and people writing close after his own time people writing close after his own time people writing close after his own time use it in their history books and then use it in their history books and then use it in their history books and then the guys we're using from 400 years the guys we're using from 400 years the guys we're using from 400 years later um because they're our earliest later um because they're our earliest later um because they're our earliest Source they're using books based on I Source they're using books based on I Source they're using books based on I mean you you follow the chain of data or mean you you follow the chain of data or mean you you follow the chain of data or misinformation some of this stuff May misinformation some of this stuff May misinformation some of this stuff May extend all the way back to Alexander and extend all the way back to Alexander and extend all the way back to Alexander and the people that worked for him the people that worked for him the people that worked for him originally it's and and so the point is originally it's and and so the point is originally it's and and so the point is is that that's how by studying the lore is that that's how by studying the lore is that that's how by studying the lore which may not even be true and maybe which may not even be true and maybe which may not even be true and maybe probably isn't true you still maybe get probably isn't true you still maybe get probably isn't true you still maybe get closer to elements of the truth in an closer to elements of the truth in an closer to elements of the truth in an oblique kind of way oblique kind of way oblique kind of way I understand why people who love the

I understand why people who love the I understand why people who love the second world war and the first world war second world war and the first world war second world war and the first world war and the 20th century stuff where there's and the 20th century stuff where there's and the 20th century stuff where there's so many documents to look at and and you so many documents to look at and and you so many documents to look at and and you can compare and contrast different can compare and contrast different can compare and contrast different accounts I mean I can understand why accounts I mean I can understand why accounts I mean I can understand why it'd be hard for them to maybe get their it'd be hard for them to maybe get their it'd be hard for them to maybe get their mind around this right because they mind around this right because they mind around this right because they don't have a whole lot of Prophecy going don't have a whole lot of Prophecy going don't have a whole lot of Prophecy going on in their story or on in their story or on in their story or oracles or you know snakes that are oracles or you know snakes that are oracles or you know snakes that are really Gods you know having sex with the really Gods you know having sex with the really Gods you know having sex with the wife of historical Kings I mean I get it wife of historical Kings I mean I get it wife of historical Kings I mean I get it you don't like a lot of King Arthur in you don't like a lot of King Arthur in you don't like a lot of King Arthur in your you know Battle of okanawa your you know Battle of okanawa your you know Battle of okanawa story but that's precisely what those of story but that's precisely what those of story but that's precisely what those of us who love ancient history love about us who love ancient history love about us who love ancient history love about it is that you know by the time you get it is that you know by the time you get it is that you know by the time you get back to Alexander's time your 60% back to Alexander's time your 60% back to Alexander's time your 60% Cabernet 40% Mero split is more like a Cabernet 40% Mero split is more like a Cabernet 40% Mero split is more like a 60% lore 40% fact 60% lore 40% fact 60% lore 40% fact split and the fact that this Alexander split and the fact that this Alexander split and the fact that this Alexander story is so well known and has story is so well known and has story is so well known and has influenced people ever since the stories influenced people ever since the stories influenced people ever since the stories that we can't prove are true and maybe that we can't prove are true and maybe that we can't prove are true and maybe think are false are still stories that think are false are still stories that think are false are still stories that have to be included in the legitimate have to be included in the legitimate have to be included in the legitimate history book which is history book which is history book which is crazy you have to tell the story of the crazy you have to tell the story of the crazy you have to tell the story of the lightning bolt on Alexander's mom and lightning bolt on Alexander's mom and lightning bolt on Alexander's mom and the I mean all this is history it's the I mean all this is history it's the I mean all this is history it's crazy because it's lore right it's it's crazy because it's lore right it's it's crazy because it's lore right it's it's tol tol tol Andes and the reason this matters to Andes and the reason this matters to Andes and the reason this matters to where we are in the story right now is where we are in the story right now is where we are in the story right now is because when you look at the few stories because when you look at the few stories because when you look at the few stories you have about Alexander the Great you have about Alexander the Great you have about Alexander the Great growing up right young growing up right young growing up right young Alexander they all sound like part of Alexander they all sound like part of Alexander they all sound like part of this lore most of it is geared towards this lore most of it is geared towards this lore most of it is geared towards showing that you know the signs were all

showing that you know the signs were all showing that you know the signs were all there as Alexander grew up that he was there as Alexander grew up that he was there as Alexander grew up that he was going to be this amazing figure so going to be this amazing figure so going to be this amazing figure so they're all sort of looking back with they're all sort of looking back with they're all sort of looking back with prophecy predicting the future after it prophecy predicting the future after it prophecy predicting the future after it happen that kind of happen that kind of happen that kind of thing for example there's the story of thing for example there's the story of thing for example there's the story of Alexander at like seven years old Alexander at like seven years old Alexander at like seven years old talking to the Persian ambassadors that talking to the Persian ambassadors that talking to the Persian ambassadors that show up in Philip's court and show up in Philip's court and show up in Philip's court and contrasting you know the story contrasts contrasting you know the story contrasts contrasting you know the story contrasts how a normal seveny old might question a how a normal seveny old might question a how a normal seveny old might question a Persian Diplomat you know saying things Persian Diplomat you know saying things Persian Diplomat you know saying things like tell me about the wealth of the like tell me about the wealth of the like tell me about the wealth of the King of Persia tell me about the great King of Persia tell me about the great King of Persia tell me about the great king and Alexander is asking instead for king and Alexander is asking instead for king and Alexander is asking instead for distances between where they are and the distances between where they are and the distances between where they are and the Persian capital and what is the Persian capital and what is the Persian capital and what is the condition of the roads and the morale of condition of the roads and the morale of condition of the roads and the morale of the Persian army and um you know it's the Persian army and um you know it's the Persian army and um you know it's seven years old uh I'm not saying it's seven years old uh I'm not saying it's seven years old uh I'm not saying it's impossible I might have done that not impossible I might have done that not impossible I might have done that not because I'm Alexander but because I was because I'm Alexander but because I was because I'm Alexander but because I was Goofy at that age and that's the kind of Goofy at that age and that's the kind of Goofy at that age and that's the kind of stuff I'd have wanted to know stuff I'd have wanted to know stuff I'd have wanted to know nonetheless you turn back on it and look nonetheless you turn back on it and look nonetheless you turn back on it and look at it from you know later and you go wow at it from you know later and you go wow at it from you know later and you go wow boy you could just see this Alexander boy you could just see this Alexander boy you could just see this Alexander was cut out for greatness can't you and was cut out for greatness can't you and was cut out for greatness can't you and a bunch of the stories are kind of like a bunch of the stories are kind of like a bunch of the stories are kind of like that and the vast majority of these that and the vast majority of these that and the vast majority of these stories about Alexander's youth come stories about Alexander's youth come stories about Alexander's youth come from plutar anyway so you're kind of from plutar anyway so you're kind of from plutar anyway so you're kind of relying on an almost single source for relying on an almost single source for relying on an almost single source for some of this stuff he's a wonderful some of this stuff he's a wonderful some of this stuff he's a wonderful Lesson by the way Plutarch a Greek who Lesson by the way Plutarch a Greek who Lesson by the way Plutarch a Greek who wrote in the Roman Imperial era he's a wrote in the Roman Imperial era he's a wrote in the Roman Imperial era he's a wonderful lesson about how sometimes wonderful lesson about how sometimes wonderful lesson about how sometimes especially when you go into ancient especially when you go into ancient especially when you go into ancient history these sources dwindle down down history these sources dwindle down down history these sources dwindle down down to almost nothing and sometimes you're to almost nothing and sometimes you're to almost nothing and sometimes you're you have certain historical facts you have certain historical facts you have certain historical facts resting upon a single work sometimes I

resting upon a single work sometimes I resting upon a single work sometimes I mean plutarch's one of these weird sorts mean plutarch's one of these weird sorts mean plutarch's one of these weird sorts of um accounts where you don't have a of um accounts where you don't have a of um accounts where you don't have a bunch of stuff to compare and contrast bunch of stuff to compare and contrast bunch of stuff to compare and contrast it to you can't measure plutarch's it to you can't measure plutarch's it to you can't measure plutarch's accuracy on some of these uh subjects accuracy on some of these uh subjects accuracy on some of these uh subjects that he talks about next to some of his that he talks about next to some of his that he talks about next to some of his contemporaries because we really don't contemporaries because we really don't contemporaries because we really don't have have have them we do have other people that write them we do have other people that write them we do have other people that write about Alexander but they usually talk about Alexander but they usually talk about Alexander but they usually talk about politics and his campaigns and his about politics and his campaigns and his about politics and his campaigns and his conquests and all that kind of stuff conquests and all that kind of stuff conquests and all that kind of stuff plutarch's like a screenwriter for a& plutarch's like a screenwriter for a& plutarch's like a screenwriter for a& biography he's interested in different biography he's interested in different biography he's interested in different things he's the guy that'll go up to a things he's the guy that'll go up to a things he's the guy that'll go up to a family member you know an aunt or family member you know an aunt or family member you know an aunt or something and say tell me that story something and say tell me that story something and say tell me that story again about when Alexander was seven again about when Alexander was seven again about when Alexander was seven years old and he interrogated the years old and he interrogated the years old and he interrogated the Persian Diplomat and asked him about you Persian Diplomat and asked him about you Persian Diplomat and asked him about you know the condition and morale of the know the condition and morale of the know the condition and morale of the Persian army those are the kind of facts Persian army those are the kind of facts Persian army those are the kind of facts that Plutarch liked and because of that that Plutarch liked and because of that that Plutarch liked and because of that he's our main source for a bunch of this he's our main source for a bunch of this he's our main source for a bunch of this stuff the the famous Alexander stories stuff the the famous Alexander stories stuff the the famous Alexander stories growing up um like the one about taming growing up um like the one about taming growing up um like the one about taming the untamable horse that became his the untamable horse that became his the untamable horse that became his horse pilis that's another one of those horse pilis that's another one of those horse pilis that's another one of those plutar plutar plutar stories the good news is there's a lot stories the good news is there's a lot stories the good news is there's a lot written on plutar and a lot of scholarly written on plutar and a lot of scholarly written on plutar and a lot of scholarly work on dissecting his writings but you work on dissecting his writings but you work on dissecting his writings but you know Plutarch was a guy who was supposed know Plutarch was a guy who was supposed know Plutarch was a guy who was supposed to be an Alexander expert lived hundreds to be an Alexander expert lived hundreds to be an Alexander expert lived hundreds of years after Alexander but he's an of years after Alexander but he's an of years after Alexander but he's an expert he's a fan and he's read all the expert he's a fan and he's read all the expert he's a fan and he's read all the documents in the library and he probably documents in the library and he probably documents in the library and he probably had access to firsthand stuff Memoirs of had access to firsthand stuff Memoirs of had access to firsthand stuff Memoirs of people who campaigned with Alexander people who campaigned with Alexander people who campaigned with Alexander stuff like that so he's kind of a facts stuff like that so he's kind of a facts stuff like that so he's kind of a facts la or a data launderer for us today we la or a data launderer for us today we la or a data launderer for us today we are getting firsthand accounts filtered are getting firsthand accounts filtered are getting firsthand accounts filtered through him but he's got a purpose and

through him but he's got a purpose and through him but he's got a purpose and he's pretty open about it um he's a fan he's pretty open about it um he's a fan he's pretty open about it um he's a fan of Alexander he seems to live I was of Alexander he seems to live I was of Alexander he seems to live I was reading something about the time period reading something about the time period reading something about the time period in which he was writing he seems to live in which he was writing he seems to live in which he was writing he seems to live in an era where the Roman attitude in an era where the Roman attitude in an era where the Roman attitude toward Alexander and that attitude toward Alexander and that attitude toward Alexander and that attitude changes over time right Alexander will changes over time right Alexander will changes over time right Alexander will be a a popular philosopher king type be a a popular philosopher king type be a a popular philosopher king type figure in one era and then a bad guy in figure in one era and then a bad guy in figure in one era and then a bad guy in another and it goes back and forth and another and it goes back and forth and another and it goes back and forth and Plutarch lives in an era where most Plutarch lives in an era where most Plutarch lives in an era where most Romans are looking at Alexander maybe is Romans are looking at Alexander maybe is Romans are looking at Alexander maybe is not a figure to be emulated right an not a figure to be emulated right an not a figure to be emulated right an example of some of the the downsides of example of some of the the downsides of example of some of the the downsides of power and Corruption and ambition and power and Corruption and ambition and power and Corruption and ambition and all that and Plutarch might have been all that and Plutarch might have been all that and Plutarch might have been writing sort of a Counterpoint to that writing sort of a Counterpoint to that writing sort of a Counterpoint to that well let me you know I'm an Alexander well let me you know I'm an Alexander well let me you know I'm an Alexander expert let me highlight some stories expert let me highlight some stories expert let me highlight some stories from his life that shows you he's not from his life that shows you he's not from his life that shows you he's not the kind of guy you think he the kind of guy you think he the kind of guy you think he is and he freely said that he had all is and he freely said that he had all is and he freely said that he had all these stories to choose from knowing these stories to choose from knowing these stories to choose from knowing Alexander as well as he did and he used Alexander as well as he did and he used Alexander as well as he did and he used him to sort of you know paint a picture him to sort of you know paint a picture him to sort of you know paint a picture of a different sort of guy than uh much of a different sort of guy than uh much of a different sort of guy than uh much of his his of his his of his his contemporaries uh thought of as contemporaries uh thought of as contemporaries uh thought of as Alexander so we're getting maybe a very Alexander so we're getting maybe a very Alexander so we're getting maybe a very positive view of the positive view of the positive view of the guy because plutar is one of those rare guy because plutar is one of those rare guy because plutar is one of those rare sources though his importance is sources though his importance is sources though his importance is inordinately exalted which means his inordinately exalted which means his inordinately exalted which means his positive view of Alexander often becomes positive view of Alexander often becomes positive view of Alexander often becomes our sort of default starting position as our sort of default starting position as our sort of default starting position as we're assessing the guy we have a mildly we're assessing the guy we have a mildly we're assessing the guy we have a mildly positive view of him starting out and positive view of him starting out and positive view of him starting out and that's probably due to that's probably due to that's probably due to plutar and some people get you know as plutar and some people get you know as plutar and some people get you know as they say kissed by plutar as a they say kissed by plutar as a they say kissed by plutar as a historian's treatment and some people historian's treatment and some people historian's treatment and some people get screwed poor Olympus doesn't come

get screwed poor Olympus doesn't come get screwed poor Olympus doesn't come off nicely uh under the pen of plutar and you can't tell if that's just plutar and you can't tell if that's just because uh she suffers from the way because uh she suffers from the way because uh she suffers from the way women are often treated in ancient women are often treated in ancient women are often treated in ancient history not very well or because history not very well or because history not very well or because Plutarch himself didn't like up powerful Plutarch himself didn't like up powerful Plutarch himself didn't like up powerful women and she was all women and she was all women and she was all that or because she actually was this that or because she actually was this that or because she actually was this kind of person and um unlike a bunch of kind of person and um unlike a bunch of kind of person and um unlike a bunch of these sort of legendary Queen figures these sort of legendary Queen figures these sort of legendary Queen figures Olympus you know veers between the lore Olympus you know veers between the lore Olympus you know veers between the lore and the facts part of History so there and the facts part of History so there and the facts part of History so there are things that you can say with are things that you can say with are things that you can say with reasonable certainty that she did and reasonable certainty that she did and reasonable certainty that she did and once you hear about the things that she once you hear about the things that she once you hear about the things that she with reasonable certainty did well then with reasonable certainty did well then with reasonable certainty did well then nothing's off the table she'll do those nothing's off the table she'll do those nothing's off the table she'll do those things she'll do anything She's accused things she'll do anything She's accused things she'll do anything She's accused of and she plays into this story in a a of and she plays into this story in a a of and she plays into this story in a a way that most women in ancient history way that most women in ancient history way that most women in ancient history don't Alexander's got two incredible don't Alexander's got two incredible don't Alexander's got two incredible parents this is where you sort of see parents this is where you sort of see parents this is where you sort of see Olympus come into the story big because Olympus come into the story big because Olympus come into the story big because Philip's gone what do we say he's a road Philip's gone what do we say he's a road Philip's gone what do we say he's a road dog he's out you know making the family dog he's out you know making the family dog he's out you know making the family fortune um taking city after City on a fortune um taking city after City on a fortune um taking city after City on a campaign every year coming back a little campaign every year coming back a little campaign every year coming back a little worse for wear every time but uh not a worse for wear every time but uh not a worse for wear every time but uh not a lot of time at home which means lot of time at home which means lot of time at home which means Alexander with Mom and with Mom's Alexander with Mom and with Mom's Alexander with Mom and with Mom's people and this is where I you know when people and this is where I you know when people and this is where I you know when I try to immerse myself in the story I I try to immerse myself in the story I I try to immerse myself in the story I have to remember Alexander is only half have to remember Alexander is only half have to remember Alexander is only half Macedonian and when it really counts is Macedonian and when it really counts is Macedonian and when it really counts is who he's spending his time with as a who he's spending his time with as a who he's spending his time with as a young man and this is this is

young man and this is this is young man and this is this is traditional I was reading in growing up traditional I was reading in growing up traditional I was reading in growing up when you're Macedonian when you're a kid when you're Macedonian when you're a kid when you're Macedonian when you're a kid five six seven you spend a lot of time five six seven you spend a lot of time five six seven you spend a lot of time around Mom that's normal but Alexander's around Mom that's normal but Alexander's around Mom that's normal but Alexander's mom and the people around her are not mom and the people around her are not mom and the people around her are not Macedonian Macedonian Macedonian either and I love the way that where either and I love the way that where either and I love the way that where they're from sort of is seen by the they're from sort of is seen by the they're from sort of is seen by the macedonians everybody in in all of these macedonians everybody in in all of these macedonians everybody in in all of these neighborhoods right has their neighborhoods right has their neighborhoods right has their stereotypes about other regions the stereotypes about other regions the stereotypes about other regions the Greeks have their stereotypes about Greeks have their stereotypes about Greeks have their stereotypes about Macedonia uh the Greeks and the Macedonia uh the Greeks and the Macedonia uh the Greeks and the macedonians both have their stereotypes macedonians both have their stereotypes macedonians both have their stereotypes around about these areas that are now around about these areas that are now around about these areas that are now you know around the Modern Nation of you know around the Modern Nation of you know around the Modern Nation of Albania up in that area and this is Albania up in that area and this is Albania up in that area and this is where Alexander's mothers can come from where Alexander's mothers can come from where Alexander's mothers can come from the molossians the descendants of the molossians the descendants of the molossians the descendants of Achilles supposedly right these wild Achilles supposedly right these wild Achilles supposedly right these wild people sort of witchy sort of people sort of witchy sort of people sort of witchy sort of scary and I was reading some good scary and I was reading some good scary and I was reading some good historians who were pointing out that historians who were pointing out that historians who were pointing out that you can tell tell how different you can tell tell how different you can tell tell how different Alexander is with the way he Associates Alexander is with the way he Associates Alexander is with the way he Associates with his mother's side of the family with his mother's side of the family with his mother's side of the family because normally the society Alexander because normally the society Alexander because normally the society Alexander is a part of really pays attention to is a part of really pays attention to is a part of really pays attention to the the father's bloodline that's the the the father's bloodline that's the the the father's bloodline that's the one that really matters but Alexander is one that really matters but Alexander is one that really matters but Alexander is an exception to this and it comes up all an exception to this and it comes up all an exception to this and it comes up all the time this Achilles connection um and the time this Achilles connection um and the time this Achilles connection um and all these other things I mean there's all these other things I mean there's all these other things I mean there's Alexander's connection to his mom's side Alexander's connection to his mom's side Alexander's connection to his mom's side of the family is of the family is of the family is unusual and his relationship to his mom unusual and his relationship to his mom unusual and his relationship to his mom might be might be might be too as we've said before and we'll say too as we've said before and we'll say too as we've said before and we'll say again Alexander is multitudes he's been again Alexander is multitudes he's been again Alexander is multitudes he's been seen so many different ways that you seen so many different ways that you seen so many different ways that you know you can pick and choose the various know you can pick and choose the various know you can pick and choose the various um aspects of the story if you want to

um aspects of the story if you want to um aspects of the story if you want to go into uh psychologically breaking down go into uh psychologically breaking down go into uh psychologically breaking down this guy's character or anything for this guy's character or anything for this guy's character or anything for example there's one tradition of example there's one tradition of example there's one tradition of Alexander as sort of uh the term that Alexander as sort of uh the term that Alexander as sort of uh the term that they used to use was mama's they used to use was mama's they used to use was mama's boy outdated what would you say that's boy outdated what would you say that's boy outdated what would you say that's from like the 1920s or the 1930s he's a from like the 1920s or the 1930s he's a from like the 1920s or the 1930s he's a mama's boy well the old line when I was mama's boy well the old line when I was mama's boy well the old line when I was growing up was was Alexander aama's growing up was was Alexander aama's growing up was was Alexander aama's boy and there's one strand of you know boy and there's one strand of you know boy and there's one strand of you know idea out there that he kind of was that idea out there that he kind of was that idea out there that he kind of was that he has this weird relationship with his he has this weird relationship with his he has this weird relationship with his mother which as we says we we know mother which as we says we we know mother which as we says we we know something about because she's going to something about because she's going to something about because she's going to be a powerful person and after be a powerful person and after be a powerful person and after Alexander's off Conquering the world Alexander's off Conquering the world Alexander's off Conquering the world he's writing letters back and forth and he's writing letters back and forth and he's writing letters back and forth and she's a a player in the power structure she's a a player in the power structure she's a a player in the power structure of macadonia often sort of in a tug of of macadonia often sort of in a tug of of macadonia often sort of in a tug of war with murderous you know experienced war with murderous you know experienced war with murderous you know experienced professional generals I mean she's a professional generals I mean she's a professional generals I mean she's a fabulously interesting person and you fabulously interesting person and you fabulously interesting person and you can tell she has one of these can tell she has one of these can tell she has one of these personalities that just she's she's a personalities that just she's she's a personalities that just she's she's a very strong person she won't be denied very strong person she won't be denied very strong person she won't be denied she's not going to stay in the she's not going to stay in the she's not going to stay in the background um she's going to be background um she's going to be background um she's going to be proactive in some cases and this is the proactive in some cases and this is the proactive in some cases and this is the part of the story where you know Philip part of the story where you know Philip part of the story where you know Philip is obviously this August person he's is obviously this August person he's is obviously this August person he's doing all these historical things you doing all these historical things you doing all these historical things you don't even have to be told that he must don't even have to be told that he must don't even have to be told that he must have been this interesting intense human have been this interesting intense human have been this interesting intense human being but this is the part of the being but this is the part of the being but this is the part of the alander story where you get to see the alander story where you get to see the alander story where you get to see the contribution of his mother to the whole contribution of his mother to the whole contribution of his mother to the whole genetic makeup genetic makeup genetic makeup here she is herself an intense here she is herself an intense here she is herself an intense interesting person um and under

interesting person um and under interesting person um and under plutarch's pen malevolent um interesting plutarch's pen malevolent um interesting plutarch's pen malevolent um interesting person very dangerous I mean the person very dangerous I mean the person very dangerous I mean the internal family structure of the internal family structure of the internal family structure of the Macedonian royal family we said earlier Macedonian royal family we said earlier Macedonian royal family we said earlier there's a mafia style feel to some of there's a mafia style feel to some of there's a mafia style feel to some of this and a survival of the fittest s to this and a survival of the fittest s to this and a survival of the fittest s to feel to it and Philip has all these feel to it and Philip has all these feel to it and Philip has all these wives right and what did we say olympius wives right and what did we say olympius wives right and what did we say olympius is third fourth or fifth depends on what is third fourth or fifth depends on what is third fourth or fifth depends on what you read she's in the middle there one you read she's in the middle there one you read she's in the middle there one of those wives which means there are of those wives which means there are of those wives which means there are more I mean calling it Sister Wives more I mean calling it Sister Wives more I mean calling it Sister Wives probably makes it sound more Mormon than probably makes it sound more Mormon than probably makes it sound more Mormon than it really was but what do you what do it really was but what do you what do it really was but what do you what do you describe the intense relationship you describe the intense relationship you describe the intense relationship both competition and otherwise that all both competition and otherwise that all both competition and otherwise that all these wives are going to have with each these wives are going to have with each these wives are going to have with each other right they're all married to the other right they're all married to the other right they're all married to the same guy they're all capable of same guy they're all capable of same guy they're all capable of producing an heir to that guy and then producing an heir to that guy and then producing an heir to that guy and then your Heir will be in competition with your Heir will be in competition with your Heir will be in competition with the heir of one of your you know fellow the heir of one of your you know fellow the heir of one of your you know fellow wives I mean it's a absolute hornets wives I mean it's a absolute hornets wives I mean it's a absolute hornets nest of danger for all these people and nest of danger for all these people and nest of danger for all these people and and normally you would think to yourself and normally you would think to yourself and normally you would think to yourself okay Alexander if you look at his life okay Alexander if you look at his life okay Alexander if you look at his life during this time period is already being during this time period is already being during this time period is already being set up to be Philip's successor I mean set up to be Philip's successor I mean set up to be Philip's successor I mean the the wheels are already greased he's the the wheels are already greased he's the the wheels are already greased he's ready to go and you're looking and ready to go and you're looking and ready to go and you're looking and you're going wait a minute that doesn't you're going wait a minute that doesn't you're going wait a minute that doesn't seem very Macedonian where's the you seem very Macedonian where's the you seem very Macedonian where's the you know alternative candidates to the know alternative candidates to the know alternative candidates to the throne where's the threat of throne where's the threat of throne where's the threat of assassination or Rebellion or I mean assassination or Rebellion or I mean assassination or Rebellion or I mean Civil War how come Alexander's so Civil War how come Alexander's so Civil War how come Alexander's so obviously chosen to be the successor obviously chosen to be the successor obviously chosen to be the successor here uh why is he the prince in Waiting

here uh why is he the prince in Waiting here uh why is he the prince in Waiting well it's a good question and it well it's a good question and it well it's a good question and it involves Olympus a little bit maybe involves Olympus a little bit maybe involves Olympus a little bit maybe Alexander has a brother round about his Alexander has a brother round about his Alexander has a brother round about his own age maybe a little older known to own age maybe a little older known to own age maybe a little older known to history as aridus sometimes called history as aridus sometimes called history as aridus sometimes called Philip Philip Philip aridus you would think this figure would aridus you would think this figure would aridus you would think this figure would provide a threat a competitor to provide a threat a competitor to provide a threat a competitor to Alexander someone else who might be Alexander someone else who might be Alexander someone else who might be eligible to take over from Phillip after eligible to take over from Phillip after eligible to take over from Phillip after Philip's gone someday right the next Philip's gone someday right the next Philip's gone someday right the next king aridus is the son of a different king aridus is the son of a different king aridus is the son of a different one of philli II's one of philli II's one of philli II's wives and interestingly enough according wives and interestingly enough according wives and interestingly enough according to to to plutar she is another magical wife plutar she is another magical wife plutar she is another magical wife Philip seemed to have a thing for Philip seemed to have a thing for Philip seemed to have a thing for Magical women and olympius is just just Magical women and olympius is just just Magical women and olympius is just just one of the magical women he married he's one of the magical women he married he's one of the magical women he married he's either marrying magical women or like either marrying magical women or like either marrying magical women or like Amazon from Wonder Woman these women who Amazon from Wonder Woman these women who Amazon from Wonder Woman these women who fight with sword and spear so that those fight with sword and spear so that those fight with sword and spear so that those are his types if he has a type he either are his types if he has a type he either are his types if he has a type he either wants you to be an enchantress or you wants you to be an enchantress or you wants you to be an enchantress or you know an know an know an Amazon in this case aras's mother is Amazon in this case aras's mother is Amazon in this case aras's mother is another one of these enchantresses we another one of these enchantresses we another one of these enchantresses we told and she's using her defensive told and she's using her defensive told and she's using her defensive spells to try to protect aridus from spells to try to protect aridus from spells to try to protect aridus from Olympus but it seems like Olympus get Olympus but it seems like Olympus get Olympus but it seems like Olympus get him anyway because there's something him anyway because there's something him anyway because there's something wrong with Philip wrong with Philip wrong with Philip aridus he's not a genetic competitor aridus he's not a genetic competitor aridus he's not a genetic competitor against Alexander as a potential against Alexander as a potential against Alexander as a potential candidate for the throne because he candidate for the throne because he candidate for the throne because he clearly isn't up to that kind of job

clearly isn't up to that kind of job clearly isn't up to that kind of job something's wrong with Philip something's wrong with Philip something's wrong with Philip aridus and the aridus and the aridus and the historians they don't disagree nobody historians they don't disagree nobody historians they don't disagree nobody knows what was wrong with him it seems knows what was wrong with him it seems knows what was wrong with him it seems he had some sort of mental he had some sort of mental he had some sort of mental disability one of the ancient sources in disability one of the ancient sources in disability one of the ancient sources in maybe plutar also said something to the maybe plutar also said something to the maybe plutar also said something to the effect of when he was all grown up he effect of when he was all grown up he effect of when he was all grown up he was still like a was still like a was still like a child Plutarch makes it sound like this child Plutarch makes it sound like this child Plutarch makes it sound like this guy uh didn't start out this way guy uh didn't start out this way guy uh didn't start out this way perfectly normal child um gifted was perfectly normal child um gifted was perfectly normal child um gifted was going to be just fine and then somewhere going to be just fine and then somewhere going to be just fine and then somewhere in his early life his mental health goes in his early life his mental health goes in his early life his mental health goes sideways and plutar says it's because of sideways and plutar says it's because of sideways and plutar says it's because of olympius that she practices something olympius that she practices something olympius that she practices something the Greek word is related to the Greek word is related to the Greek word is related to pharmacology or Pharmacy but it could pharmacology or Pharmacy but it could pharmacology or Pharmacy but it could mean potions drugs magic whatever mean potions drugs magic whatever mean potions drugs magic whatever Olympus gets Olympus gets Olympus gets him and she either tries to kill him and him and she either tries to kill him and him and she either tries to kill him and fails but leaves him mentally damaged fails but leaves him mentally damaged fails but leaves him mentally damaged anyway or just tries to mentally damage anyway or just tries to mentally damage anyway or just tries to mentally damage him I think it's plutar who said that him I think it's plutar who said that him I think it's plutar who said that Olympus destroyed his Olympus destroyed his Olympus destroyed his mind now I don't know if Olympus really mind now I don't know if Olympus really mind now I don't know if Olympus really did something like this or not did something like this or not did something like this or not but if she did think about the whole but if she did think about the whole but if she did think about the whole different sort of spin that puts on the different sort of spin that puts on the different sort of spin that puts on the nature versus nature versus nature versus nurture debate and how important that is nurture debate and how important that is nurture debate and how important that is to how a child turns out as an adult if to how a child turns out as an adult if to how a child turns out as an adult if this is your mom right and your dad is

this is your mom right and your dad is this is your mom right and your dad is Philip Philip Philip II these are really interesting people II these are really interesting people II these are really interesting people to have the one setting the table for to have the one setting the table for to have the one setting the table for you as a child literally right infusing you as a child literally right infusing you as a child literally right infusing their value and their ethics their their value and their ethics their their value and their ethics their conduct their morals there you know all conduct their morals there you know all conduct their morals there you know all all that sort of stuff and let's not you all that sort of stuff and let's not you all that sort of stuff and let's not you know suggest that their values or our know suggest that their values or our know suggest that their values or our values anyway we judge them on a values anyway we judge them on a values anyway we judge them on a different scale because you know look at different scale because you know look at different scale because you know look at how the rest of Macedonian history looks how the rest of Macedonian history looks how the rest of Macedonian history looks they're not that outlandish graded on a they're not that outlandish graded on a they're not that outlandish graded on a curve but if Mom is curve but if Mom is curve but if Mom is poisoning uh the other sons of your dad poisoning uh the other sons of your dad poisoning uh the other sons of your dad um let's just say that it's an um let's just say that it's an um let's just say that it's an interesting household and she's an interesting household and she's an interesting household and she's an interesting woman and for the at least interesting woman and for the at least interesting woman and for the at least first part of Alexander life she has an first part of Alexander life she has an first part of Alexander life she has an inordinate amount of uh influence on it inordinate amount of uh influence on it inordinate amount of uh influence on it and it's an amount of influence that and it's an amount of influence that and it's an amount of influence that will continue to some degree for the will continue to some degree for the will continue to some degree for the rest of Alexander's life and he will be rest of Alexander's life and he will be rest of Alexander's life and he will be writing letters back and forth to her as writing letters back and forth to her as writing letters back and forth to her as he's Conquering the known world you know he's Conquering the known world you know he's Conquering the known world you know uh chastising her helping her getting uh chastising her helping her getting uh chastising her helping her getting information from her she's sort of her information from her she's sort of her information from her she's sort of her son's Inside Man in macadonia while he's son's Inside Man in macadonia while he's son's Inside Man in macadonia while he's gone and she's in power struggles with gone and she's in power struggles with gone and she's in power struggles with powerful murderous ruthless professional powerful murderous ruthless professional powerful murderous ruthless professional experienced veteran generals she's an experienced veteran generals she's an experienced veteran generals she's an amazing amazing amazing woman but the lore part of her right the woman but the lore part of her right the woman but the lore part of her right the lore for example the idea that she lore for example the idea that she lore for example the idea that she poisons Philip aradas to cause his poisons Philip aradas to cause his poisons Philip aradas to cause his mental disability the lower side of her mental disability the lower side of her mental disability the lower side of her sometimes matches up pretty well with sometimes matches up pretty well with sometimes matches up pretty well with the stuff most historians consider to be

the stuff most historians consider to be the stuff most historians consider to be factual I mean the woman who's accused factual I mean the woman who's accused factual I mean the woman who's accused of poisoning her son's half brother will of poisoning her son's half brother will of poisoning her son's half brother will eventually kill him that's not lore eventually kill him that's not lore eventually kill him that's not lore That's History That's History That's History and she'll not just kill him she'll kill and she'll not just kill him she'll kill and she'll not just kill him she'll kill his wife too and that wife is the his wife too and that wife is the his wife too and that wife is the granddaughter of her former husband granddaughter of her former husband granddaughter of her former husband Philip thei so um she's fully capable of Philip thei so um she's fully capable of Philip thei so um she's fully capable of that sort of that sort of that sort of interam type you know interam type you know interam type you know homicide but Mom likes snakes and tells homicide but Mom likes snakes and tells homicide but Mom likes snakes and tells me maybe that I'm a God and that me maybe that I'm a God and that me maybe that I'm a God and that Philip's not my real father and who Philip's not my real father and who Philip's not my real father and who happily would destroy the mind of my happily would destroy the mind of my happily would destroy the mind of my half brother half brother half brother um gives a whole new meaning to the term um gives a whole new meaning to the term um gives a whole new meaning to the term maternal Instinct doesn't maternal Instinct doesn't maternal Instinct doesn't it and the one thing that I liked in the it and the one thing that I liked in the it and the one thing that I liked in the movie that Oliver Stone did uh his movie that Oliver Stone did uh his movie that Oliver Stone did uh his Alexander film um and I didn't like this Alexander film um and I didn't like this Alexander film um and I didn't like this movie when I first heard about it I was movie when I first heard about it I was movie when I first heard about it I was completely wrong about it was casting completely wrong about it was casting completely wrong about it was casting Angelina Jolie in the role of olympius she was perfect for it because olympius she was perfect for it because there's that there's a little bit of the there's that there's a little bit of the there's that there's a little bit of the Exotic stuff going on where she feels a Exotic stuff going on where she feels a Exotic stuff going on where she feels a little bit more like she's from up little bit more like she's from up little bit more like she's from up country than the rest of the macedonians country than the rest of the macedonians country than the rest of the macedonians but there's also something a little you but there's also something a little you but there's also something a little you know dionic about her I mean it worked know dionic about her I mean it worked know dionic about her I mean it worked perfectly she's responsible for perfectly she's responsible for perfectly she's responsible for Alexander's early years which I guess is Alexander's early years which I guess is Alexander's early years which I guess is pretty Macedonian anyway five six seven pretty Macedonian anyway five six seven pretty Macedonian anyway five six seven year- old kids usually spend time with

year- old kids usually spend time with year- old kids usually spend time with their mom and Alexander uh and his mom their mom and Alexander uh and his mom their mom and Alexander uh and his mom are together a lot and she is the one are together a lot and she is the one are together a lot and she is the one who sets up his first tutor she gets who sets up his first tutor she gets who sets up his first tutor she gets this guy from her home country may have this guy from her home country may have this guy from her home country may have even been even been even been relative he's like a drill sergeant type relative he's like a drill sergeant type relative he's like a drill sergeant type of character a maloian hard ass right of character a maloian hard ass right of character a maloian hard ass right comes in there and he's going to whip comes in there and he's going to whip comes in there and he's going to whip the young pampered Prince into shape the young pampered Prince into shape the young pampered Prince into shape right you want to command a bunch of right you want to command a bunch of right you want to command a bunch of killer Macedonian veterans they're not killer Macedonian veterans they're not killer Macedonian veterans they're not going to take orders from some going to take orders from some going to take orders from some softy look your dad's already lost an ey softy look your dad's already lost an ey softy look your dad's already lost an ey he's limping he's got broken collar he's limping he's got broken collar he's limping he's got broken collar bones you know he's beating up all over bones you know he's beating up all over bones you know he's beating up all over leading the charge from the front you leading the charge from the front you leading the charge from the front you better toughen up little King boy and so better toughen up little King boy and so better toughen up little King boy and so the first guy uh traditionally Alexander the first guy uh traditionally Alexander the first guy uh traditionally Alexander talks about you know uh how he would talks about you know uh how he would talks about you know uh how he would search his luggage to see if his mom had search his luggage to see if his mom had search his luggage to see if his mom had hidden any little dainties or luxuries hidden any little dainties or luxuries hidden any little dainties or luxuries for him deny him food March him all for him deny him food March him all for him deny him food March him all night then March him the next day I mean night then March him the next day I mean night then March him the next day I mean sort of toughen up his body so the next sort of toughen up his body so the next sort of toughen up his body so the next guy is the one that guy is the one that guy is the one that traditionally uh the the sources always traditionally uh the the sources always traditionally uh the the sources always say taught Alexander his letters so I say taught Alexander his letters so I say taught Alexander his letters so I guess to read and to write in the basics guess to read and to write in the basics guess to read and to write in the basics like this um he's sort of an aere like this um he's sort of an aere like this um he's sort of an aere character and reading between the lines character and reading between the lines character and reading between the lines one gets a sense that he's almost like a one gets a sense that he's almost like a one gets a sense that he's almost like a guy like a stoic philosophy devote who's guy like a stoic philosophy devote who's guy like a stoic philosophy devote who's sort of teaching Alexander to comport sort of teaching Alexander to comport sort of teaching Alexander to comport himself more like a king even though you himself more like a king even though you himself more like a king even though you know he'll have the power but but you're know he'll have the power but but you're know he'll have the power but but you're supposed to be more reserved more Marcus supposed to be more reserved more Marcus supposed to be more reserved more Marcus Aurelius like uh if you thought about a

Aurelius like uh if you thought about a Aurelius like uh if you thought about a later example uh if you're going to be a later example uh if you're going to be a later example uh if you're going to be a king and he's involved in the famous king and he's involved in the famous king and he's involved in the famous story where Alexander as a kid is story where Alexander as a kid is story where Alexander as a kid is supposed to go up to the altar where you supposed to go up to the altar where you supposed to go up to the altar where you throw the EXP of incense on the fire as throw the EXP of incense on the fire as throw the EXP of incense on the fire as a sacrifice to the God and young a sacrifice to the God and young a sacrifice to the God and young Alexander in front of this teacher is Alexander in front of this teacher is Alexander in front of this teacher is supposed to grab two giant handfuls of supposed to grab two giant handfuls of supposed to grab two giant handfuls of incense and the teacher again this is incense and the teacher again this is incense and the teacher again this is one of those stories right one of those one of those stories right one of those one of those stories right one of those examples of um showing that we knew examples of um showing that we knew examples of um showing that we knew Alexander was going to be something Alexander was going to be something Alexander was going to be something special when and he throws these big special when and he throws these big special when and he throws these big handfuls of incense on the fire and the handfuls of incense on the fire and the handfuls of incense on the fire and the teacher admonishes him and says teacher admonishes him and says teacher admonishes him and says something to the effect of listen that's something to the effect of listen that's something to the effect of listen that's expensive stuff when you're the one expensive stuff when you're the one expensive stuff when you're the one earning the money and buying the incense earning the money and buying the incense earning the money and buying the incense you can throw as big handfuls as you you can throw as big handfuls as you you can throw as big handfuls as you want but till then you know take it want but till then you know take it want but till then you know take it easy and in one of the aspects that's easy and in one of the aspects that's easy and in one of the aspects that's that's kind of fun in some of these that's kind of fun in some of these that's kind of fun in some of these stories is there's the before and after stories is there's the before and after stories is there's the before and after the you knew me when version of this the you knew me when version of this the you knew me when version of this story where after Alexander's made good story where after Alexander's made good story where after Alexander's made good and he's out Conquering the world he and he's out Conquering the world he and he's out Conquering the world he sends back to this professor showing sends back to this professor showing sends back to this professor showing that he didn't forget that incident that he didn't forget that incident that he didn't forget that incident Caravans tons of the expensive incense Caravans tons of the expensive incense Caravans tons of the expensive incense back to him with a not not to be back to him with a not not to be back to him with a not not to be parsimonious meaning you know don't be parsimonious meaning you know don't be parsimonious meaning you know don't be selfish when you're offering sacrifices selfish when you're offering sacrifices selfish when you're offering sacrifices to the gods there's almost like that to the gods there's almost like that to the gods there's almost like that little idea of hey if you'd have been little idea of hey if you'd have been little idea of hey if you'd have been the one throwing the big handfuls to the the one throwing the big handfuls to the the one throwing the big handfuls to the gods maybe they would have favored you gods maybe they would have favored you gods maybe they would have favored you and you'd be here instead of me right a and you'd be here instead of me right a and you'd be here instead of me right a sort of a remember me before I was great sort of a remember me before I was great sort of a remember me before I was great well how do you like me now have some

well how do you like me now have some well how do you like me now have some incense and then there's incense and then there's incense and then there's famously the third teacher of famously the third teacher of famously the third teacher of Alexander and this is a rockar himself Alexander and this is a rockar himself Alexander and this is a rockar himself Alexander is a rockstar Alexander is a rockstar Alexander is a rockstar tutor it's before his Heights of rock tutor it's before his Heights of rock tutor it's before his Heights of rock stardom in the world of philosophy he's stardom in the world of philosophy he's stardom in the world of philosophy he's sort of an upand Comer when Philip II sort of an upand Comer when Philip II sort of an upand Comer when Philip II entices him to come up and teach his son entices him to come up and teach his son entices him to come up and teach his son and a small group of friends several of and a small group of friends several of and a small group of friends several of whom turn out to be Kings interesting whom turn out to be Kings interesting whom turn out to be Kings interesting class how do you pick the valedictorian class how do you pick the valedictorian class how do you pick the valedictorian of that small group of people of that small group of people of that small group of people people but the tutor that Philip II people but the tutor that Philip II people but the tutor that Philip II manages to convince to come up to the manages to convince to come up to the manages to convince to come up to the cultural Backwater that is Macedonia cultural Backwater that is Macedonia cultural Backwater that is Macedonia though he's trying to Spruce it up though he's trying to Spruce it up though he's trying to Spruce it up intellectually is intellectually is intellectually is Aristotle famously of the school of Aristotle famously of the school of Aristotle famously of the school of Plato right a student of Plato who was a Plato right a student of Plato who was a Plato right a student of Plato who was a student of Socrates and that's you know student of Socrates and that's you know student of Socrates and that's you know now you're getting to the Fountain heads now you're getting to the Fountain heads now you're getting to the Fountain heads of Western philosophical of Western philosophical of Western philosophical traditional thought right this is this traditional thought right this is this traditional thought right this is this is like almost like secret knowledge is like almost like secret knowledge is like almost like secret knowledge it's uh there's an element to uh the it's uh there's an element to uh the it's uh there's an element to uh the teaching of philosophy in this period teaching of philosophy in this period teaching of philosophy in this period that has a Raiders of the Lost Arc kind that has a Raiders of the Lost Arc kind that has a Raiders of the Lost Arc kind of feel to it like hidden knowledge like of feel to it like hidden knowledge like of feel to it like hidden knowledge like stuff no one stuff no one stuff no one knows and that's one of the things that knows and that's one of the things that knows and that's one of the things that Aristotle is supposed to bring to the Aristotle is supposed to bring to the Aristotle is supposed to bring to the table here but the deal and this is table here but the deal and this is table here but the deal and this is again from the sources that Philip II again from the sources that Philip II again from the sources that Philip II offers to Aristotle to get Aristotle to

offers to Aristotle to get Aristotle to offers to Aristotle to get Aristotle to come up to Macedonia is literally one of come up to Macedonia is literally one of come up to Macedonia is literally one of those deals only a king could give you those deals only a king could give you those deals only a king could give you and that it would probably be foolish to and that it would probably be foolish to and that it would probably be foolish to say no to but in addition to money and say no to but in addition to money and say no to but in addition to money and all the other things uh Philip the all the other things uh Philip the all the other things uh Philip the second promises to Aristotle that if you second promises to Aristotle that if you second promises to Aristotle that if you come up and teach my son for a few years come up and teach my son for a few years come up and teach my son for a few years I will restore rebuild and repopulate I will restore rebuild and repopulate I will restore rebuild and repopulate your home your home your home City because it had been destroyed City because it had been destroyed City because it had been destroyed that's a heck of an offer to make that a that's a heck of an offer to make that a that's a heck of an offer to make that a little bit of pressure maybe from the little bit of pressure maybe from the little bit of pressure maybe from the neighbors to you know maybe get this neighbors to you know maybe get this neighbors to you know maybe get this deal done we'd love to have our city deal done we'd love to have our city deal done we'd love to have our city rebuilt now the twisty part of the whole rebuilt now the twisty part of the whole rebuilt now the twisty part of the whole offer though is that the guy who offer though is that the guy who offer though is that the guy who destroyed the city in the first place destroyed the city in the first place destroyed the city in the first place was Philip II so he's basically saying I was Philip II so he's basically saying I was Philip II so he's basically saying I know I destroyed your city uh but come know I destroyed your city uh but come know I destroyed your city uh but come work for me and I'll rebuild it and work for me and I'll rebuild it and work for me and I'll rebuild it and repopulate it that's just a side benefit repopulate it that's just a side benefit repopulate it that's just a side benefit I'll pay you to and you know all kinds I'll pay you to and you know all kinds I'll pay you to and you know all kinds of good things uh but you know hard to of good things uh but you know hard to of good things uh but you know hard to say no to a King anyway so Aristotle say no to a King anyway so Aristotle say no to a King anyway so Aristotle famously goes up to Macedonia holds famously goes up to Macedonia holds famously goes up to Macedonia holds these um classes for several years these um classes for several years these um classes for several years between Alexander and a couple of his between Alexander and a couple of his between Alexander and a couple of his friends and like I said it's a friends and like I said it's a friends and like I said it's a distinguished group of guys distinguished group of guys distinguished group of guys there is um a suggestion that one of the there is um a suggestion that one of the there is um a suggestion that one of the group in the class wrote something about group in the class wrote something about group in the class wrote something about it like on the education of Alexander it like on the education of Alexander it like on the education of Alexander that would have been in all your fine that would have been in all your fine that would have been in all your fine ancient libraries and that some of our ancient libraries and that some of our ancient libraries and that some of our sources may have been able to read so sources may have been able to read so sources may have been able to read so maybe one degree of separation from you maybe one degree of separation from you maybe one degree of separation from you know class stories with Alexander in know class stories with Alexander in know class stories with Alexander in high high high school but when we look at the subjects school but when we look at the subjects school but when we look at the subjects Alexander supposedly learned this is

Alexander supposedly learned this is Alexander supposedly learned this is where you start to get to this side of where you start to get to this side of where you start to get to this side of Alexander differentiates him from your Alexander differentiates him from your Alexander differentiates him from your average run-of-the-mill drunken Mass average run-of-the-mill drunken Mass average run-of-the-mill drunken Mass homicidal killer cuz there's a lot of homicidal killer cuz there's a lot of homicidal killer cuz there's a lot of conquerors in history but there aren't a conquerors in history but there aren't a conquerors in history but there aren't a lot of conquerors in history with as lot of conquerors in history with as lot of conquerors in history with as much education in some of the key much education in some of the key much education in some of the key foundational academic disciplines that foundational academic disciplines that foundational academic disciplines that most college curricula 50 or 60 years most college curricula 50 or 60 years most college curricula 50 or 60 years ago would have ago would have ago would have considered considered considered mandatory I mean we are told that he is mandatory I mean we are told that he is mandatory I mean we are told that he is learning ethics mathematics learning ethics mathematics learning ethics mathematics literature medicine biology politics literature medicine biology politics literature medicine biology politics philosophy philosophy philosophy zoology rhetoric and some secret zoology rhetoric and some secret zoology rhetoric and some secret knowledge the secret knowledge by the knowledge the secret knowledge by the knowledge the secret knowledge by the way is something we know about because way is something we know about because way is something we know about because uh it was written about in plutar where uh it was written about in plutar where uh it was written about in plutar where he publishes what he basically says is a he publishes what he basically says is a he publishes what he basically says is a a letter from Alexander to Aristotle a letter from Alexander to Aristotle a letter from Alexander to Aristotle later in life when Alexander's later in life when Alexander's later in life when Alexander's Conquering the world and has made good Conquering the world and has made good Conquering the world and has made good and when Aristotle is a philosophical and when Aristotle is a philosophical and when Aristotle is a philosophical rock star and apparently is publishing rock star and apparently is publishing rock star and apparently is publishing his work right so you can buy it but his work right so you can buy it but his work right so you can buy it but he's including in the publishing of his he's including in the publishing of his he's including in the publishing of his work the secret stuff right the hidden work the secret stuff right the hidden work the secret stuff right the hidden Shaolin priest secret Raiders of the Shaolin priest secret Raiders of the Shaolin priest secret Raiders of the Lost Arc knowledge that gives you an Lost Arc knowledge that gives you an Lost Arc knowledge that gives you an advantage over other men if you know it advantage over other men if you know it advantage over other men if you know it and they don't because that's kind of and they don't because that's kind of and they don't because that's kind of how Alexander describes it in this nasty how Alexander describes it in this nasty how Alexander describes it in this nasty letter to his former tutor saying if letter to his former tutor saying if letter to his former tutor saying if you're giving away this kind of you're giving away this kind of you're giving away this kind of information how am I supposed to have

information how am I supposed to have information how am I supposed to have any advantage over other men now it's interesting to think about what now it's interesting to think about what secret information might have been secret information might have been secret information might have been involved in the philosophical teachings involved in the philosophical teachings involved in the philosophical teachings of a guy like Aristotle you know which of a guy like Aristotle you know which of a guy like Aristotle you know which came from Plato which came from Socrates came from Plato which came from Socrates came from Plato which came from Socrates I mean it's there's an intellectual I mean it's there's an intellectual I mean it's there's an intellectual tradition here that goes back to tradition here that goes back to tradition here that goes back to somewhere really somewhere really somewhere really interesting but the way we should think interesting but the way we should think interesting but the way we should think about it is that Alexander has all of about it is that Alexander has all of about it is that Alexander has all of this as part of his makeup right all of this as part of his makeup right all of this as part of his makeup right all of this philosophical and Educational this philosophical and Educational this philosophical and Educational Learning learning and culture could Learning learning and culture could Learning learning and culture could recite the ilad and the plays of the recite the ilad and the plays of the recite the ilad and the plays of the Greek play wres often sort of by memory Greek play wres often sort of by memory Greek play wres often sort of by memory by heart I mean this is an interesting by heart I mean this is an interesting by heart I mean this is an interesting kind of guy and there's a whole kind of guy and there's a whole kind of guy and there's a whole tradition out there and Plutarch is tradition out there and Plutarch is tradition out there and Plutarch is probably fairly put in into it um of probably fairly put in into it um of probably fairly put in into it um of Alexander is kind of a philosopher king Alexander is kind of a philosopher king Alexander is kind of a philosopher king as we said earlier or even more as we said earlier or even more as we said earlier or even more interesting a philosopher in action and interesting a philosopher in action and interesting a philosopher in action and that's how he's sort of portrayed that's how he's sort of portrayed that's how he's sort of portrayed sometimes as a guy who the philosophers sometimes as a guy who the philosophers sometimes as a guy who the philosophers of ancient Greece in this great time of ancient Greece in this great time of ancient Greece in this great time period where you have all these period where you have all these period where you have all these interesting people the Socrates and the interesting people the Socrates and the interesting people the Socrates and the Plato and the aristotles and all those Plato and the aristotles and all those Plato and the aristotles and all those guys that they're creating these ideas guys that they're creating these ideas guys that they're creating these ideas through debate and writing and through debate and writing and through debate and writing and reflection and argument and all this but reflection and argument and all this but reflection and argument and all this but they await a man of action who can take they await a man of action who can take they await a man of action who can take those ideas and put them into those ideas and put them into those ideas and put them into practice right it's all theoretical practice right it's all theoretical practice right it's all theoretical until somebody tries it right and until somebody tries it right and until somebody tries it right and Alexander is that lightning bolt

Alexander is that lightning bolt Alexander is that lightning bolt flash moment when the rubber meets the flash moment when the rubber meets the flash moment when the rubber meets the road in terms of philosophical thought road in terms of philosophical thought road in terms of philosophical thought being transmitted into the hands of being transmitted into the hands of being transmitted into the hands of somebody who can implement it in the somebody who can implement it in the somebody who can implement it in the real world a philosopher in real world a philosopher in real world a philosopher in action and for people that would love to action and for people that would love to action and for people that would love to see a more rational more intelligently see a more rational more intelligently see a more rational more intelligently run more deeply thoughtful run more deeply thoughtful run more deeply thoughtful world that is world that is world that is almost addictive to think about that almost addictive to think about that almost addictive to think about that happening it brings a tear to your eye happening it brings a tear to your eye happening it brings a tear to your eye it brings out all your utopian it brings out all your utopian it brings out all your utopian sensibilities hopes and dreams right sensibilities hopes and dreams right sensibilities hopes and dreams right wouldn't it be great to have a wouldn't it be great to have a wouldn't it be great to have a philosopher philosopher philosopher king you can almost hear it in some of king you can almost hear it in some of king you can almost hear it in some of the eras in human history where the eras in human history where the eras in human history where Alexander was seen that way that this Alexander was seen that way that this Alexander was seen that way that this would have been the dream of some of the would have been the dream of some of the would have been the dream of some of the people back then they were living in a people back then they were living in a people back then they were living in a time period where the idea of a time period where the idea of a time period where the idea of a philosopher king didn't have a lot of philosopher king didn't have a lot of philosopher king didn't have a lot of the baggage that it has today although the baggage that it has today although the baggage that it has today although if Alexander is a philosopher king he's if Alexander is a philosopher king he's if Alexander is a philosopher king he's probably wouldn't you think the probably wouldn't you think the probably wouldn't you think the philosopher king with the highest body philosopher king with the highest body philosopher king with the highest body count of any of them although count of any of them although count of any of them although philosopher Kings can kill a surprising philosopher Kings can kill a surprising philosopher Kings can kill a surprising number of innocent people but number of innocent people but number of innocent people but Alexander's got to be right up at the Alexander's got to be right up at the Alexander's got to be right up at the top don't you top don't you top don't you think and maybe there's a couple of key think and maybe there's a couple of key think and maybe there's a couple of key questions that we should throw into the questions that we should throw into the questions that we should throw into the mix when we're discussing this issue of mix when we're discussing this issue of mix when we're discussing this issue of Alexander as a potential philosopher Alexander as a potential philosopher Alexander as a potential philosopher king what sort of philosophy are we king what sort of philosophy are we king what sort of philosophy are we talking about I mean just because you talking about I mean just because you talking about I mean just because you say it as though it's a high-minded say it as though it's a high-minded say it as though it's a high-minded humanitarian

humanitarian humanitarian sort of philosophy that we should all be sort of philosophy that we should all be sort of philosophy that we should all be looking towards as something to be proud looking towards as something to be proud looking towards as something to be proud of and emulated and a sign of human of and emulated and a sign of human of and emulated and a sign of human progress doesn't necessarily mean that progress doesn't necessarily mean that progress doesn't necessarily mean that at all right philosophies can be evil at all right philosophies can be evil at all right philosophies can be evil too so maybe he's pushing an evil too so maybe he's pushing an evil too so maybe he's pushing an evil philosophy if we substituted a more philosophy if we substituted a more philosophy if we substituted a more modern word ideology well we wouldn't modern word ideology well we wouldn't modern word ideology well we wouldn't have any problem would we assuming that have any problem would we assuming that have any problem would we assuming that it might be something it might be something it might be something negative and then there's the impact of negative and then there's the impact of negative and then there's the impact of the body count on the Phil philosophical the body count on the Phil philosophical the body count on the Phil philosophical point at all I mean let's imagine it's a point at all I mean let's imagine it's a point at all I mean let's imagine it's a wonderful philosophy meant to spread wonderful philosophy meant to spread wonderful philosophy meant to spread kindness and humanity and all the things kindness and humanity and all the things kindness and humanity and all the things we would love to think of as coming into we would love to think of as coming into we would love to think of as coming into the world and getting a chance to thrive the world and getting a chance to thrive the world and getting a chance to thrive but what if he kills 50 million people but what if he kills 50 million people but what if he kills 50 million people to implement it is there a number there to implement it is there a number there to implement it is there a number there where it doesn't matter how great the where it doesn't matter how great the where it doesn't matter how great the philosophical ideas are you kill too philosophical ideas are you kill too philosophical ideas are you kill too many people to implement them so it many people to implement them so it many people to implement them so it doesn't matter I don't know the answer doesn't matter I don't know the answer doesn't matter I don't know the answer to that this is part of the great to that this is part of the great to that this is part of the great unknowables with Alexander and the fact unknowables with Alexander and the fact unknowables with Alexander and the fact that he got so many centuries of that he got so many centuries of that he got so many centuries of propaganda that's overlay the original propaganda that's overlay the original propaganda that's overlay the original issue good luck getting to the heart of issue good luck getting to the heart of issue good luck getting to the heart of that but that begs the question what can that but that begs the question what can that but that begs the question what can we get to the heart of is there anything we get to the heart of is there anything we get to the heart of is there anything you can know about something that long you can know about something that long you can know about something that long ago so clouded by intervening you know ago so clouded by intervening you know ago so clouded by intervening you know evidence and information with so many evidence and information with so many evidence and information with so many people who've had so many access to people who've had so many access to people who've had so many access to grind over the eras can we get to any grind over the eras can we get to any grind over the eras can we get to any facts at all well facts at all well facts at all well maybe I mean one of the questions I've maybe I mean one of the questions I've maybe I mean one of the questions I've asked before is asked before is asked before is what if Alexander the Great had a

what if Alexander the Great had a what if Alexander the Great had a podcast trying to imagine how wonderful podcast trying to imagine how wonderful podcast trying to imagine how wonderful it's going to be for all those it's going to be for all those it's going to be for all those historians 500 years from now delving historians 500 years from now delving historians 500 years from now delving into our time period And the fact that into our time period And the fact that into our time period And the fact that they're going to have all these podcasts they're going to have all these podcasts they're going to have all these podcasts and blogs and and Instagram accounts and and blogs and and Instagram accounts and and blogs and and Instagram accounts and everything that they can mine and look everything that they can mine and look everything that they can mine and look at maybe more info than they want right at maybe more info than they want right at maybe more info than they want right be careful you know if you wish for more be careful you know if you wish for more be careful you know if you wish for more needles in a hay stack be careful needles in a hay stack be careful needles in a hay stack be careful because you could end up with what we because you could end up with what we because you could end up with what we have now Hast stacks and needles have now Hast stacks and needles have now Hast stacks and needles everywhere for future historians but everywhere for future historians but everywhere for future historians but just give me just give me just give me one podcast with Alexander the Great in one podcast with Alexander the Great in one podcast with Alexander the Great in it right his podcast and I'm going to it right his podcast and I'm going to it right his podcast and I'm going to learn so much the first thing that's learn so much the first thing that's learn so much the first thing that's going to be obvious though is we're going to be obvious though is we're going to be obvious though is we're going to know what the guy looked like going to know what the guy looked like going to know what the guy looked like and wouldn't that be a heck of a and wouldn't that be a heck of a and wouldn't that be a heck of a question to question to question to answer but the descriptions are actually answer but the descriptions are actually answer but the descriptions are actually more consistent than anything you're more consistent than anything you're more consistent than anything you're going to get about his philosophical going to get about his philosophical going to get about his philosophical viewpoints um the way historians by the viewpoints um the way historians by the viewpoints um the way historians by the way come up with these descriptions is way come up with these descriptions is way come up with these descriptions is they will read the various sources and they will read the various sources and they will read the various sources and pick out any little thing that seems to pick out any little thing that seems to pick out any little thing that seems to refer to his appearance and there'll be refer to his appearance and there'll be refer to his appearance and there'll be little Clues here or there as opposed to little Clues here or there as opposed to little Clues here or there as opposed to somebody describing him you know with somebody describing him you know with somebody describing him you know with five or six adjectives in a row you'll five or six adjectives in a row you'll five or six adjectives in a row you'll find out little tidbits of things that find out little tidbits of things that find out little tidbits of things that will allow you to assemble a picture so will allow you to assemble a picture so will allow you to assemble a picture so for example one of the tid bits that's for example one of the tid bits that's for example one of the tid bits that's often used is at one point in his career often used is at one point in his career often used is at one point in his career Alexander will capture the Throne of his Alexander will capture the Throne of his Alexander will capture the Throne of his adversary and he'll sit on the throne adversary and he'll sit on the throne adversary and he'll sit on the throne and his feet won't touch the ground and his feet won't touch the ground and his feet won't touch the ground right it's remarked upon that he's too right it's remarked upon that he's too right it's remarked upon that he's too short to be sitting in the seat so they short to be sitting in the seat so they short to be sitting in the seat so they bring him like a foot stool but you bring him like a foot stool but you bring him like a foot stool but you start to add up the height references

start to add up the height references start to add up the height references and you come up with a person who seems and you come up with a person who seems and you come up with a person who seems to be a little bit shorter than normal to be a little bit shorter than normal to be a little bit shorter than normal which brings up another question of which brings up another question of which brings up another question of course which is what is normal for this course which is what is normal for this course which is what is normal for this place and this time we've mentioned that place and this time we've mentioned that place and this time we've mentioned that it's almost certain that Alexander's it's almost certain that Alexander's it's almost certain that Alexander's father's tomb has been found and that father's tomb has been found and that father's tomb has been found and that his partially cremated remains measured his partially cremated remains measured his partially cremated remains measured somewhere between like 5' 6 in and 5' 8 somewhere between like 5' 6 in and 5' 8 somewhere between like 5' 6 in and 5' 8 in tall so does that mean that's an in tall so does that mean that's an in tall so does that mean that's an average height for a Macedonian in which average height for a Macedonian in which average height for a Macedonian in which case Alexander might be a little smaller case Alexander might be a little smaller case Alexander might be a little smaller than that or is Philip himself a shorter than that or is Philip himself a shorter than that or is Philip himself a shorter than normal Macedonian in which case 5' than normal Macedonian in which case 5' than normal Macedonian in which case 5' 6 5' 7 could be Alexander's height 6 5' 7 could be Alexander's height 6 5' 7 could be Alexander's height too I looked up the skeleton too I looked up the skeleton too I looked up the skeleton measurements from this area in this time measurements from this area in this time measurements from this area in this time period I wasn't able to find Macedonia period I wasn't able to find Macedonia period I wasn't able to find Macedonia but I found Greece and in standard but I found Greece and in standard but I found Greece and in standard Greece this appears to be a standard Greece this appears to be a standard Greece this appears to be a standard height right so Philip would be around height right so Philip would be around height right so Philip would be around the the average height of a Greek the the average height of a Greek the the average height of a Greek male so what does that put Alexander male so what does that put Alexander male so what does that put Alexander at well here's Peter Green's description at well here's Peter Green's description at well here's Peter Green's description from around 1970 and I find it hard to from around 1970 and I find it hard to from around 1970 and I find it hard to improve on improve on improve on that I will say that the blond hair that I will say that the blond hair that I will say that the blond hair question is an open one because green question is an open one because green question is an open one because green says that he has blonde hair he has the says that he has blonde hair he has the says that he has blonde hair he has the color of a lion's man and if you've color of a lion's man and if you've color of a lion's man and if you've looked at a lion's man there's a number looked at a lion's man there's a number looked at a lion's man there's a number of different colors in your average of different colors in your average of different colors in your average Lion's Lion's Lion's man some of them are more blonde but a

man some of them are more blonde but a man some of them are more blonde but a bunch of them are sort of a darker color bunch of them are sort of a darker color bunch of them are sort of a darker color with like golden highlights and you'll with like golden highlights and you'll with like golden highlights and you'll still see that color hair all over uh still see that color hair all over uh still see that color hair all over uh northern Greece and Albania and those northern Greece and Albania and those northern Greece and Albania and those areas today maybe even with a little bit areas today maybe even with a little bit areas today maybe even with a little bit of like a red orange tone thrown of like a red orange tone thrown of like a red orange tone thrown in you add campaigning in the sun all in you add campaigning in the sun all in you add campaigning in the sun all the time and you're going to get a the time and you're going to get a the time and you're going to get a certain look so here's the way green certain look so here's the way green certain look so here's the way green describes Alexander as the composite of describes Alexander as the composite of describes Alexander as the composite of all the various appearance all the various appearance all the various appearance uh throwaway lines that are in the uh throwaway lines that are in the uh throwaway lines that are in the sources also notice you remember there sources also notice you remember there sources also notice you remember there was a Kim K song once she's got Betty was a Kim K song once she's got Betty was a Kim K song once she's got Betty Davis eyes well Alexander's got like Davis eyes well Alexander's got like Davis eyes well Alexander's got like Ziggy Stardust eyes listen to this Ziggy Stardust eyes listen to this Ziggy Stardust eyes listen to this description description description quote Alexander had grown into a boy of quote Alexander had grown into a boy of quote Alexander had grown into a boy of rather below average height but very rather below average height but very rather below average height but very muscular and compact of body he was muscular and compact of body he was muscular and compact of body he was already like his hero Achilles a already like his hero Achilles a already like his hero Achilles a remarkably fast runner his hair blonde remarkably fast runner his hair blonde remarkably fast runner his hair blonde and tousled is traditionally said to and tousled is traditionally said to and tousled is traditionally said to have resembled a lion's man and he had have resembled a lion's man and he had have resembled a lion's man and he had that high complexion which fair skinned that high complexion which fair skinned that high complexion which fair skinned people so often display his eyes were people so often display his eyes were people so often display his eyes were odd one being gray blue the other dark odd one being gray blue the other dark odd one being gray blue the other dark brown his teeth were sharply pointed brown his teeth were sharply pointed brown his teeth were sharply pointed like little pegs says the Alexander like little pegs says the Alexander like little pegs says the Alexander romance an uncharacteristically romance an uncharacteristically romance an uncharacteristically realistic touch green rights which realistic touch green rights which realistic touch green rights which carries instant conviction he had a carries instant conviction he had a carries instant conviction he had a somewhat high-pitched voice which tended somewhat high-pitched voice which tended somewhat high-pitched voice which tended to harshness when he was excited his to harshness when he was excited his to harshness when he was excited his gate was fast and nervous a habit he had

gate was fast and nervous a habit he had gate was fast and nervous a habit he had picked up from old uh the drill sergeant picked up from old uh the drill sergeant picked up from old uh the drill sergeant from mosia is the name of the person and from mosia is the name of the person and from mosia is the name of the person and he carried his head bent slightly he carried his head bent slightly he carried his head bent slightly upwards and to the left whether because upwards and to the left whether because upwards and to the left whether because of some physical defect or through mere of some physical defect or through mere of some physical defect or through mere affectation cannot now be affectation cannot now be affectation cannot now be determined he says there is something determined he says there is something determined he says there is something almost girlish about his earliest almost girlish about his earliest almost girlish about his earliest portraits a hint of leashed hysteria portraits a hint of leashed hysteria portraits a hint of leashed hysteria behind the melting charm end behind the melting charm end behind the melting charm end quote the mention about Alexander's quote the mention about Alexander's quote the mention about Alexander's voice being higher than one would expect voice being higher than one would expect voice being higher than one would expect is not uncommon with great generals is not uncommon with great generals is not uncommon with great generals actually same is true for example of actually same is true for example of actually same is true for example of General George Patton you want him to General George Patton you want him to General George Patton you want him to sound like George see Scott in the movie sound like George see Scott in the movie sound like George see Scott in the movie patent but that's not what he sounds patent but that's not what he sounds patent but that's not what he sounds like higher than normal voice higher like higher than normal voice higher like higher than normal voice higher than what you would expect and something than what you would expect and something than what you would expect and something interesting and you don't know whether interesting and you don't know whether interesting and you don't know whether this is just something that's made it this is just something that's made it this is just something that's made it down in the sources because you know down in the sources because you know down in the sources because you know maybe you you want to put the great maybe you you want to put the great maybe you you want to put the great human figures in history on a special human figures in history on a special human figures in history on a special you know pedestal and say that they you know pedestal and say that they you know pedestal and say that they smell extra good but Alexander is smell extra good but Alexander is smell extra good but Alexander is supposed to have smelled really good so supposed to have smelled really good so supposed to have smelled really good so good in fact that the smell would Linger good in fact that the smell would Linger good in fact that the smell would Linger on his clothes and he just had a really on his clothes and he just had a really on his clothes and he just had a really good scent and some ancient historians good scent and some ancient historians good scent and some ancient historians like try to you know figure out why that like try to you know figure out why that like try to you know figure out why that might might might be historian Ian Worthington in his book be historian Ian Worthington in his book be historian Ian Worthington in his book by the by the by the spear gives a a different account of spear gives a a different account of spear gives a a different account of Alexander's look Alexander's look Alexander's look and points out that even this could be a and points out that even this could be a and points out that even this could be a product of all the propaganda and even

product of all the propaganda and even product of all the propaganda and even Alexander's ability to control the sort Alexander's ability to control the sort Alexander's ability to control the sort of stuff because he said to have liked of stuff because he said to have liked of stuff because he said to have liked certain statues of himself and not other certain statues of himself and not other certain statues of himself and not other ones and said that you know the guy who ones and said that you know the guy who ones and said that you know the guy who made the Statue that he liked is the made the Statue that he liked is the made the Statue that he liked is the only guy you can make statues of him now only guy you can make statues of him now only guy you can make statues of him now so he may have controlled how we see his so he may have controlled how we see his so he may have controlled how we see his look but here's how Ian Worthington look but here's how Ian Worthington look but here's how Ian Worthington describes it describes it describes it quote Alexander was a short man after quote Alexander was a short man after quote Alexander was a short man after the battle of Isis and in 331 one of the the battle of Isis and in 331 one of the the battle of Isis and in 331 one of the captured Persian Noble women mistook the captured Persian Noble women mistook the captured Persian Noble women mistook the taller hesan for Alexander and when he taller hesan for Alexander and when he taller hesan for Alexander and when he sat on the Royal throne in the Palace of sat on the Royal throne in the Palace of sat on the Royal throne in the Palace of Susa his feet did not reach the ground Susa his feet did not reach the ground Susa his feet did not reach the ground his actual appearance Worthington writes his actual appearance Worthington writes his actual appearance Worthington writes is controversial depending on which is controversial depending on which is controversial depending on which ancient account is read he was said to ancient account is read he was said to ancient account is read he was said to have a lopsided face because his neck have a lopsided face because his neck have a lopsided face because his neck inclined to the left a round chin a long inclined to the left a round chin a long inclined to the left a round chin a long thin nose a bulging forehead above thin nose a bulging forehead above thin nose a bulging forehead above watery eyes one of which was apparently watery eyes one of which was apparently watery eyes one of which was apparently light blue and the other Brown very light blue and the other Brown very light blue and the other Brown very sharp pointed teeth a high pitched voice sharp pointed teeth a high pitched voice sharp pointed teeth a high pitched voice and a thick tousled man of blonde hair and a thick tousled man of blonde hair and a thick tousled man of blonde hair if he really did look like this if he really did look like this if he really did look like this Worthington writes then his later Worthington writes then his later Worthington writes then his later portraits were deliberately softened to portraits were deliberately softened to portraits were deliberately softened to make him more handsome these busts also make him more handsome these busts also make him more handsome these busts also depict Alexander with his blonde hair in depict Alexander with his blonde hair in depict Alexander with his blonde hair in ringlets with a central parting and ringlets with a central parting and ringlets with a central parting and against the tradition of the times against the tradition of the times against the tradition of the times beardless beardless beardless Roman images he says like the one on the Roman images he says like the one on the Roman images he says like the one on the Alexander Mosaic were likewise idealized

Alexander Mosaic were likewise idealized Alexander Mosaic were likewise idealized as they feature Alexander with dark as they feature Alexander with dark as they feature Alexander with dark curly hair and sideburns end curly hair and sideburns end curly hair and sideburns end quote the sources say that Alexander was quote the sources say that Alexander was quote the sources say that Alexander was strong that he was athletic that he was strong that he was athletic that he was strong that he was athletic that he was a very good fighter and Horseman and a a very good fighter and Horseman and a a very good fighter and Horseman and a very fast very fast very fast runner at one point uh it is suggested runner at one point uh it is suggested runner at one point uh it is suggested to him that he should compete in the to him that he should compete in the to him that he should compete in the Olympics he's so fast and he said he Olympics he's so fast and he said he Olympics he's so fast and he said he would if he could only compete against would if he could only compete against would if he could only compete against Kings which is a very alexandrian sort Kings which is a very alexandrian sort Kings which is a very alexandrian sort of of of line there's a couple of things we can line there's a couple of things we can line there's a couple of things we can infer and that we can know about this infer and that we can know about this infer and that we can know about this guy the first thing is we know he's guy the first thing is we know he's guy the first thing is we know he's young and I it's an obvious thing to say young and I it's an obvious thing to say young and I it's an obvious thing to say but we have to remember this is like Bob but we have to remember this is like Bob but we have to remember this is like Bob Dylan's Forever Young concept here this Dylan's Forever Young concept here this Dylan's Forever Young concept here this is a guy who's never going to get old is a guy who's never going to get old is a guy who's never going to get old and so when we talk about how one should and so when we talk about how one should and so when we talk about how one should imagine him height weight gate look hair imagine him height weight gate look hair imagine him height weight gate look hair color all that sort of stuff we should color all that sort of stuff we should color all that sort of stuff we should reflect on the fact that he's going to reflect on the fact that he's going to reflect on the fact that he's going to be young and when he starts he's going be young and when he starts he's going be young and when he starts he's going to be very to be very to be very young we've got an 18yearold or young we've got an 18yearold or young we've got an 18yearold or something or a 19yearold when this guy something or a 19yearold when this guy something or a 19yearold when this guy is going to be leading this Macedonian is going to be leading this Macedonian is going to be leading this Macedonian Maserati of an army at some point um can Maserati of an army at some point um can Maserati of an army at some point um can you imagine having tons of you imagine having tons of you imagine having tons of responsibility at 18 19 20 years I mean responsibility at 18 19 20 years I mean responsibility at 18 19 20 years I mean so this is a young guy he is a person we so this is a young guy he is a person we so this is a young guy he is a person we are told who has a temper that can get are told who has a temper that can get are told who has a temper that can get out of control at times he is somebody out of control at times he is somebody out of control at times he is somebody that is clearly a superior fighter

that is clearly a superior fighter that is clearly a superior fighter because if you look at the life of because if you look at the life of because if you look at the life of Alexander he's a person who fights all Alexander he's a person who fights all Alexander he's a person who fights all the time this is not a general like the time this is not a general like the time this is not a general like Napoleon or someone like Caesar who's Napoleon or someone like Caesar who's Napoleon or someone like Caesar who's back behind the lines making sure back behind the lines making sure back behind the lines making sure everything's where it needs to be and everything's where it needs to be and everything's where it needs to be and troops are going where they need to go troops are going where they need to go troops are going where they need to go Alexander is leading the pack and the Alexander is leading the pack and the Alexander is leading the pack and the number of times that he's going to jump number of times that he's going to jump number of times that he's going to jump over a city wall that they're besieging over a city wall that they're besieging over a city wall that they're besieging first you know that he'll run into the first you know that he'll run into the first you know that he'll run into the uh midst of the enemy with his uh midst of the enemy with his uh midst of the enemy with his bodyguards trailing behind him um and bodyguards trailing behind him um and bodyguards trailing behind him um and the sheer fact that he doesn't die in the sheer fact that he doesn't die in the sheer fact that he doesn't die in these encounters that happen over years these encounters that happen over years these encounters that happen over years and years and years is a sign that he's and years and years is a sign that he's and years and years is a sign that he's quite capable of taking care of himself quite capable of taking care of himself quite capable of taking care of himself and and being deadly I mean if the guy's and and being deadly I mean if the guy's and and being deadly I mean if the guy's like 5 foot4 or 5 foot5 he's a deadly like 5 foot4 or 5 foot5 he's a deadly like 5 foot4 or 5 foot5 he's a deadly monster of a 5 foot5 monster of a 5 foot5 monster of a 5 foot5 right we're told that his education right we're told that his education right we're told that his education basically stops when he's 16 years old basically stops when he's 16 years old basically stops when he's 16 years old because his dad makes him Regent while because his dad makes him Regent while because his dad makes him Regent while his dad is out Road dogging his dad's his dad is out Road dogging his dad's his dad is out Road dogging his dad's still got to do what his dad's got to do still got to do what his dad's got to do still got to do what his dad's got to do right making the family fortune right making the family fortune right making the family fortune conquering new territories besieging conquering new territories besieging conquering new territories besieging cities becoming more and more powerful cities becoming more and more powerful cities becoming more and more powerful but you know it takes time and Philip is but you know it takes time and Philip is but you know it takes time and Philip is continually hurt he gets hurt again in continually hurt he gets hurt again in continually hurt he gets hurt again in another campaign uh in the not too another campaign uh in the not too another campaign uh in the not too distant future so badly he'll never be distant future so badly he'll never be distant future so badly he'll never be able to walk without a limp again but he able to walk without a limp again but he able to walk without a limp again but he leaves and this time at 16 years old he leaves and this time at 16 years old he leaves and this time at 16 years old he leaves Alexander in leaves Alexander in leaves Alexander in charge round about 340 BC C BCE and while Alexander is running the BCE and while Alexander is running the show while Philip's away a rising up or

show while Philip's away a rising up or show while Philip's away a rising up or some sort of insurrection occurs up some sort of insurrection occurs up some sort of insurrection occurs up north of Macedonia amongst a tribal north of Macedonia amongst a tribal north of Macedonia amongst a tribal people so Alexander takes what forces people so Alexander takes what forces people so Alexander takes what forces he's been left from his dad goes up he's been left from his dad goes up he's been left from his dad goes up there conquers him you know Exiles them there conquers him you know Exiles them there conquers him you know Exiles them from their city repopulates the city the from their city repopulates the city the from their city repopulates the city the same way Dad would have done and renames same way Dad would have done and renames same way Dad would have done and renames it alexandropoulos it alexandropoulos it alexandropoulos just like his dad would have done too just like his dad would have done too just like his dad would have done too his dad would have called it phop son his dad would have called it phop son his dad would have called it phop son just named it this will be my first city just named it this will be my first city just named it this will be my first city I'll name for myself 16 years old got my I'll name for myself 16 years old got my I'll name for myself 16 years old got my first city alexandropoulos what would first city alexandropoulos what would first city alexandropoulos what would you have named you have named you have named it this also is presented like a it this also is presented like a it this also is presented like a milestone in this guy's life right first milestone in this guy's life right first milestone in this guy's life right first battle he's commanded I'm trying to battle he's commanded I'm trying to battle he's commanded I'm trying to think of 16-year-old Alexander again think of 16-year-old Alexander again think of 16-year-old Alexander again whatever we want to think of this guy whatever we want to think of this guy whatever we want to think of this guy he's clearly a kid um out there in his he's clearly a kid um out there in his he's clearly a kid um out there in his first battle as the one in charge I'm first battle as the one in charge I'm first battle as the one in charge I'm sure he's leaning on the very powerful sure he's leaning on the very powerful sure he's leaning on the very powerful very dominant personalities of these very dominant personalities of these very dominant personalities of these generals um heavily but at the same generals um heavily but at the same generals um heavily but at the same time this is a guy who at 26 years old time this is a guy who at 26 years old time this is a guy who at 26 years old is going to be able to say I've been out is going to be able to say I've been out is going to be able to say I've been out there on the battlefield for a decade there on the battlefield for a decade there on the battlefield for a decade that's that's that's crazy but after crazy but after crazy but after Alexander has a chance to be a region Alexander has a chance to be a region Alexander has a chance to be a region for a little while for his dad while for a little while for his dad while for a little while for his dad while he's away and command some troops and he's away and command some troops and he's away and command some troops and have little agency in terms of command have little agency in terms of command have little agency in terms of command it sort of marks the end of his formal it sort of marks the end of his formal it sort of marks the end of his formal education in this period in his life education in this period in his life education in this period in his life where he's sort of his dad's right-and where he's sort of his dad's right-and where he's sort of his dad's right-and man where he's working for pop in the man where he's working for pop in the man where he's working for pop in the family business learning the ropes and so his fortunes sort of

ropes and so his fortunes sort of dovetail with his dads for a while and dovetail with his dads for a while and dovetail with his dads for a while and this is an interesting period in his this is an interesting period in his this is an interesting period in his dad's career first of all there's an dad's career first of all there's an dad's career first of all there's an undercurrent undercurrent undercurrent of public opinion maybe you could say of public opinion maybe you could say of public opinion maybe you could say out there during this time period that out there during this time period that out there during this time period that it's difficult to divorce from the fact it's difficult to divorce from the fact it's difficult to divorce from the fact that we know what's going to happen so that we know what's going to happen so that we know what's going to happen so it's tough to put maybe this sort of it's tough to put maybe this sort of it's tough to put maybe this sort of information in its proper information in its proper information in its proper perspective but there is an undercurrent perspective but there is an undercurrent perspective but there is an undercurrent maybe starting around 345 346 you know maybe starting around 345 346 you know maybe starting around 345 346 you know when Alexander only would have been 10 when Alexander only would have been 10 when Alexander only would have been 10 or 11 years old of maybe his dad being or 11 years old of maybe his dad being or 11 years old of maybe his dad being seen as the guy who's going to stop all seen as the guy who's going to stop all seen as the guy who's going to stop all this terrible Warfare of Greeks killing this terrible Warfare of Greeks killing this terrible Warfare of Greeks killing Greeks and unite the Greeks together in Greeks and unite the Greeks together in Greeks and unite the Greeks together in a crusade against Greece's historical a crusade against Greece's historical a crusade against Greece's historical enemy is the way that this was portrayed enemy is the way that this was portrayed enemy is the way that this was portrayed the Persian Empire right who invaded the Persian Empire right who invaded the Persian Empire right who invaded Greece 150 or so years before and is Greece 150 or so years before and is Greece 150 or so years before and is still awaiting payback for that and so still awaiting payback for that and so still awaiting payback for that and so if we could only stop fighting and if we could only stop fighting and if we could only stop fighting and killing each other and draining the killing each other and draining the killing each other and draining the treasuries of rival city states we could treasuries of rival city states we could treasuries of rival city states we could unite and go take the treasuries of this unite and go take the treasuries of this unite and go take the treasuries of this historically super uber wealthy Empire historically super uber wealthy Empire historically super uber wealthy Empire and they can be our slaves and and they can be our slaves and and they can be our slaves and everything will be better probably 345 everything will be better probably 345 everything will be better probably 345 346 there's a famous philosopher who 346 there's a famous philosopher who 346 there's a famous philosopher who issues sort of a public plea to philli issues sort of a public plea to philli issues sort of a public plea to philli to be the guy who does to be the guy who does to be the guy who does this and he'd already chosen a couple this and he'd already chosen a couple this and he'd already chosen a couple people before Phillip in the time period

people before Phillip in the time period people before Phillip in the time period where those people looked to be like the where those people looked to be like the where those people looked to be like the great unifier but once philli starts to great unifier but once philli starts to great unifier but once philli starts to really assert himself in that role if really assert himself in that role if really assert himself in that role if you were going to see a person who might you were going to see a person who might you were going to see a person who might unify Greece through force and violence unify Greece through force and violence unify Greece through force and violence um in the middle 340s Philip is your guy the reason that this undercurrent of the reason that this undercurrent of discussion about Philip leading a discussion about Philip leading a discussion about Philip leading a crusade against Persia matters is crusade against Persia matters is crusade against Persia matters is because when Philip is no longer with us because when Philip is no longer with us because when Philip is no longer with us it's going to be this desire this goal it's going to be this desire this goal it's going to be this desire this goal this outcome that his son will adopt as this outcome that his son will adopt as this outcome that his son will adopt as his his his own that is again assuming that Philip own that is again assuming that Philip own that is again assuming that Philip hadn't had this idea himself already hadn't had this idea himself already hadn't had this idea himself already didn't need some Athenian or some didn't need some Athenian or some didn't need some Athenian or some philosopher giving it to him maybe he philosopher giving it to him maybe he philosopher giving it to him maybe he thought to himself I'll take Persia let thought to himself I'll take Persia let thought to himself I'll take Persia let me just you know make sure I don't have me just you know make sure I don't have me just you know make sure I don't have any hostile Greek cities in my rear when any hostile Greek cities in my rear when any hostile Greek cities in my rear when I do which is what's going on around the I do which is what's going on around the I do which is what's going on around the time Alexander first gets to command time Alexander first gets to command time Alexander first gets to command troops right he's about 16 years old troops right he's about 16 years old troops right he's about 16 years old Phillip's upcoming face off with the Phillip's upcoming face off with the Phillip's upcoming face off with the powers that bee and Greece is starting powers that bee and Greece is starting powers that bee and Greece is starting to sort of crystallize and shape to sort of crystallize and shape to sort of crystallize and shape up Philip's big enemy has always been up Philip's big enemy has always been up Philip's big enemy has always been Athens and even when they're at peace Athens and even when they're at peace Athens and even when they're at peace it's kind of a cold war kind of pie I it's kind of a cold war kind of pie I it's kind of a cold war kind of pie I mean I think it was deines the Athenian mean I think it was deines the Athenian mean I think it was deines the Athenian orator who was always sort of anti orator who was always sort of anti orator who was always sort of anti Philip that said that even when Athens Philip that said that even when Athens Philip that said that even when Athens wasn't at war with Philip Philip was wasn't at war with Philip Philip was wasn't at war with Philip Philip was still at war with still at war with still at war with Athens implying that there's always a

Athens implying that there's always a Athens implying that there's always a jockeying for maneuvering for Advantage jockeying for maneuvering for Advantage jockeying for maneuvering for Advantage here until the next hot war here until the next hot war here until the next hot war starts but Philip has been controlling starts but Philip has been controlling starts but Philip has been controlling the whole situation in Greece for some the whole situation in Greece for some the whole situation in Greece for some time now by having the thebans right the time now by having the thebans right the time now by having the thebans right the other great city state that are other great city state that are other great city state that are historically the anti- Athenian city historically the anti- Athenian city historically the anti- Athenian city state during this time period having the state during this time period having the state during this time period having the thebans as his allies right so you sort thebans as his allies right so you sort thebans as his allies right so you sort of Checkmate the Athenians in that of Checkmate the Athenians in that of Checkmate the Athenians in that situation what changes that leads to a situation what changes that leads to a situation what changes that leads to a showdown is the position of showdown is the position of showdown is the position of Thieves they start to see Phillip as a Thieves they start to see Phillip as a Thieves they start to see Phillip as a threat too and what we should recall threat too and what we should recall threat too and what we should recall here and it's partly what makes Greek here and it's partly what makes Greek here and it's partly what makes Greek politics so difficult to follow but also politics so difficult to follow but also politics so difficult to follow but also at the same time so vulnerable to a King at the same time so vulnerable to a King at the same time so vulnerable to a King operating in a system with one person operating in a system with one person operating in a system with one person making all the decisions um you can see making all the decisions um you can see making all the decisions um you can see how that affects these city states where how that affects these city states where how that affects these city states where public opinion is public opinion is public opinion is divided Athens has a pro Macedonian camp divided Athens has a pro Macedonian camp divided Athens has a pro Macedonian camp and an anti-macedonian camp and so does and an anti-macedonian camp and so does and an anti-macedonian camp and so does thieves and Philip can work angles like thieves and Philip can work angles like thieves and Philip can work angles like that one of the reasons he's getting the that one of the reasons he's getting the that one of the reasons he's getting the theevans angry with him and the theevans angry with him and the theevans angry with him and the Athenians are already mad at him is he's Athenians are already mad at him is he's Athenians are already mad at him is he's funding division in Greece right he's funding division in Greece right he's funding division in Greece right he's he's deliberately trying to create he's deliberately trying to create he's deliberately trying to create disunity and hostility among the major disunity and hostility among the major disunity and hostility among the major powers and he's devoting a lot of his powers and he's devoting a lot of his powers and he's devoting a lot of his money to that cause I mean if there are money to that cause I mean if there are money to that cause I mean if there are Russian troll Farms now trying to get Russian troll Farms now trying to get Russian troll Farms now trying to get people in the west to hate each other uh

people in the west to hate each other uh people in the west to hate each other uh by instigating you know online combat by instigating you know online combat by instigating you know online combat and all that sort of stuff to to make us and all that sort of stuff to to make us and all that sort of stuff to to make us a more divided society that might be an a more divided society that might be an a more divided society that might be an imitation of what Philip's been doing in imitation of what Philip's been doing in imitation of what Philip's been doing in Greece and you could understand why the Greece and you could understand why the Greece and you could understand why the Greek city states might take offense Greek city states might take offense Greek city states might take offense after a a while right it's in his after a a while right it's in his after a a while right it's in his interest to keep Greece destabilized and interest to keep Greece destabilized and interest to keep Greece destabilized and well it's not so fun to live in a well it's not so fun to live in a well it's not so fun to live in a destabilized destabilized destabilized place deanes and the Athenians will place deanes and the Athenians will place deanes and the Athenians will always portray this as a war for Greek always portray this as a war for Greek always portray this as a war for Greek Liberty when they're dealing with Philip Liberty when they're dealing with Philip Liberty when they're dealing with Philip and Philip is the Empire and the and Philip is the Empire and the and Philip is the Empire and the Athenians and friends because that's Athenians and friends because that's Athenians and friends because that's maybe how the Athenians would see them maybe how the Athenians would see them maybe how the Athenians would see them it's the Athenians and all these other it's the Athenians and all these other it's the Athenians and all these other people our supporters um even if they're people our supporters um even if they're people our supporters um even if they're major city states the the Athenians cast major city states the the Athenians cast major city states the the Athenians cast themselves the role of the Plucky baguer themselves the role of the Plucky baguer themselves the role of the Plucky baguer Republic right fighting to maintain the Republic right fighting to maintain the Republic right fighting to maintain the old ways the tradition the greatness of old ways the tradition the greatness of old ways the tradition the greatness of a Athens traditionally and of course you a Athens traditionally and of course you a Athens traditionally and of course you know the know the know the uh status quo and guys like deanes who's quo and guys like deanes who's considered to be one of the greatest considered to be one of the greatest considered to be one of the greatest orators in world orators in world orators in world history lets this fear and warning about history lets this fear and warning about history lets this fear and warning about Phillip to overcome his entire career I Phillip to overcome his entire career I Phillip to overcome his entire career I think for like 10 years straight all think for like 10 years straight all think for like 10 years straight all these writing about is the danger of these writing about is the danger of these writing about is the danger of Philip we need to do something before Philip we need to do something before Philip we need to do something before Philip gets us that kind of Philip gets us that kind of Philip gets us that kind of thing and his third philippic which is thing and his third philippic which is thing and his third philippic which is usually considered his best in 341 BC BC usually considered his best in 341 BC BC usually considered his best in 341 BC BC so that would be when Alexander is uh so that would be when Alexander is uh so that would be when Alexander is uh the year before Alexander takes over for the year before Alexander takes over for the year before Alexander takes over for that that that Regency um demosthenes again warns about

Regency um demosthenes again warns about Regency um demosthenes again warns about Philip and these are long tracks if you Philip and these are long tracks if you Philip and these are long tracks if you read them but if you take pieces of it read them but if you take pieces of it read them but if you take pieces of it out you can see the churchillian out you can see the churchillian out you can see the churchillian comparisons come pretty easily right comparisons come pretty easily right comparisons come pretty easily right where Winston Churchill's warning about where Winston Churchill's warning about where Winston Churchill's warning about the Nazis for all this time before they the Nazis for all this time before they the Nazis for all this time before they finally take over and then he's brought finally take over and then he's brought finally take over and then he's brought to lead you know against the foe that he to lead you know against the foe that he to lead you know against the foe that he saw before anyone else well deases isn't saw before anyone else well deases isn't saw before anyone else well deases isn't looking to lead but he's certainly looking to lead but he's certainly looking to lead but he's certainly looking to warn the Athenians that their looking to warn the Athenians that their looking to warn the Athenians that their freedom is at stake and it's really freedom is at stake and it's really freedom is at stake and it's really interesting the way they Define freedom interesting the way they Define freedom interesting the way they Define freedom and a lot of modern historians pick up and a lot of modern historians pick up and a lot of modern historians pick up on this too the Greeks want the freedom on this too the Greeks want the freedom on this too the Greeks want the freedom to basically fight each other we would to basically fight each other we would to basically fight each other we would today say they want the freedom to make today say they want the freedom to make today say they want the freedom to make their own foreign policy knowing full their own foreign policy knowing full their own foreign policy knowing full well that a large part of what they well that a large part of what they well that a large part of what they think of as their foreign policy is the think of as their foreign policy is the think of as their foreign policy is the struggle for hegemony against other struggle for hegemony against other struggle for hegemony against other Greek States right the freedom to fight Greek States right the freedom to fight Greek States right the freedom to fight our adversaries in Greece and that's our adversaries in Greece and that's our adversaries in Greece and that's what Phillip if he takes over is going what Phillip if he takes over is going what Phillip if he takes over is going to take away one of the things that to take away one of the things that to take away one of the things that deases points out hey you want to be deases points out hey you want to be deases points out hey you want to be able to control your own foreign policy able to control your own foreign policy able to control your own foreign policy better not let Philip get in charge and better not let Philip get in charge and better not let Philip get in charge and so at one point the third Philippi he so at one point the third Philippi he so at one point the third Philippi he has this I looked at this paragraph for has this I looked at this paragraph for has this I looked at this paragraph for two and I pulled it up from the web and two and I pulled it up from the web and two and I pulled it up from the web and it doesn't say who translated it so it doesn't say who translated it so it doesn't say who translated it so thousand apologies if that person is thousand apologies if that person is thousand apologies if that person is still alive today um but from from about still alive today um but from from about still alive today um but from from about the middle of the piece or you know the middle of the piece or you know the middle of the piece or you know two-thirds of the way through he kind of two-thirds of the way through he kind of two-thirds of the way through he kind of gets to this moment where he's blaming gets to this moment where he's blaming gets to this moment where he's blaming the Athenians for all this that they the Athenians for all this that they the Athenians for all this that they don't want to put forward the effort and don't want to put forward the effort and don't want to put forward the effort and the money and the you know the the the money and the you know the the the money and the you know the the demands on their own precious time um

demands on their own precious time um demands on their own precious time um that it would take away from whatever it that it would take away from whatever it that it would take away from whatever it is they want to do to stop Phillip and is they want to do to stop Phillip and is they want to do to stop Phillip and yet they're going to pay a price for yet they're going to pay a price for yet they're going to pay a price for this they're not the men that their you this they're not the men that their you this they're not the men that their you know grandparents and great-grandparents know grandparents and great-grandparents know grandparents and great-grandparents were because they would have done what were because they would have done what were because they would have done what needed to be done whereas you know needed to be done whereas you know needed to be done whereas you know you're more concerned about you know you're more concerned about you know you're more concerned about you know looking out for number one and he says looking out for number one and he says looking out for number one and he says quote so it is men of Athens with us quote so it is men of Athens with us quote so it is men of Athens with us while we're still safe with our great while we're still safe with our great while we're still safe with our great City our vast resources our Noble name City our vast resources our Noble name City our vast resources our Noble name what are we to do perhaps someone what are we to do perhaps someone what are we to do perhaps someone sitting here meaning the assembly where sitting here meaning the assembly where sitting here meaning the assembly where he's speaking has long been wishing to he's speaking has long been wishing to he's speaking has long been wishing to ask this question I and I will answer it ask this question I and I will answer it ask this question I and I will answer it and I will move my motion and you shall and I will move my motion and you shall and I will move my motion and you shall carry it if if you wish we ourselves in carry it if if you wish we ourselves in carry it if if you wish we ourselves in the first place must conduct the the first place must conduct the the first place must conduct the resistance and make preparation for it resistance and make preparation for it resistance and make preparation for it with ships that is and money and with ships that is and money and with ships that is and money and soldiers for though all but ourselves soldiers for though all but ourselves soldiers for though all but ourselves give way and become slaves we at least give way and become slaves we at least give way and become slaves we at least must contend for freedom and when we've must contend for freedom and when we've must contend for freedom and when we've made all these preparations ourselves made all these preparations ourselves made all these preparations ourselves and let them be seen then let us call and let them be seen then let us call and let them be seen then let us call upon the other states for Aid and send upon the other states for Aid and send upon the other states for Aid and send envoys to carry our message in all envoys to carry our message in all envoys to carry our message in all directions to the pelones directions to the pelones directions to the pelones to roads to chos to the king meaning the to roads to chos to the king meaning the to roads to chos to the king meaning the King of Persia for it is not unimportant King of Persia for it is not unimportant King of Persia for it is not unimportant for his interest either that Phillip for his interest either that Phillip for his interest either that Phillip should be prevented from subjugating all should be prevented from subjugating all should be prevented from subjugating all the world that so if you persuade them the world that so if you persuade them the world that so if you persuade them you may have Partners to share the you may have Partners to share the you may have Partners to share the dangers and the expense in case of need

dangers and the expense in case of need dangers and the expense in case of need and if you do not you may at least delay and if you do not you may at least delay and if you do not you may at least delay the march of events for since the war is the march of events for since the war is the march of events for since the war is with a single man and not against the with a single man and not against the with a single man and not against the strength of a un ified State even delay strength of a un ified State even delay strength of a un ified State even delay is not without its value end is not without its value end is not without its value end quote that's a pretty cool ominous line quote that's a pretty cool ominous line quote that's a pretty cool ominous line right I mean if you're really just right I mean if you're really just right I mean if you're really just fighting one guy as opposed to you know fighting one guy as opposed to you know fighting one guy as opposed to you know the next guy in line who can take over the next guy in line who can take over the next guy in line who can take over because they're not foreseeing Alexander because they're not foreseeing Alexander because they're not foreseeing Alexander they figure macadonia is just going to they figure macadonia is just going to they figure macadonia is just going to fall apart without Philip and Anything fall apart without Philip and Anything fall apart without Philip and Anything could happen to one guy could happen to one guy could happen to one guy right well that right well that right well that filipic was giving Athens yet another filipic was giving Athens yet another filipic was giving Athens yet another warning a full three years before the warning a full three years before the warning a full three years before the disaster that's in their future the disaster that's in their future the disaster that's in their future the disaster that is the Battle of disaster that is the Battle of disaster that is the Battle of karania the battle of karania is one of karania the battle of karania is one of karania the battle of karania is one of those battles that everyone who's those battles that everyone who's those battles that everyone who's familiar with ancient Greek history familiar with ancient Greek history familiar with ancient Greek history knows because it's very famous it's knows because it's very famous it's knows because it's very famous it's super important but it's not one of super important but it's not one of super important but it's not one of those battles that's gotten a lot of those battles that's gotten a lot of those battles that's gotten a lot of publicity outside you know the narrow publicity outside you know the narrow publicity outside you know the narrow specific ancient Mediterranean genre but specific ancient Mediterranean genre but specific ancient Mediterranean genre but the reason it's important is this is the the reason it's important is this is the the reason it's important is this is the time period where really the first time time period where really the first time time period where really the first time in hundreds of years since the Greek in hundreds of years since the Greek in hundreds of years since the Greek city states first arose on the scene city states first arose on the scene city states first arose on the scene that they get leashed by an outside that they get leashed by an outside that they get leashed by an outside power there have been moments where one power there have been moments where one power there have been moments where one Greek city state like a Sparta or an Greek city state like a Sparta or an Greek city state like a Sparta or an Athens or a thieves dominates the other Athens or a thieves dominates the other Athens or a thieves dominates the other ones but it's always been a Greek city ones but it's always been a Greek city ones but it's always been a Greek city state involved in the process of state involved in the process of state involved in the process of controlling other Greek city states the controlling other Greek city states the controlling other Greek city states the Battle of karania is between Greek city

Battle of karania is between Greek city Battle of karania is between Greek city states and an outside power and it is one of those battles power and it is one of those battles where everything is on the line where everything is on the line where everything is on the line it's very typical of battles in the in it's very typical of battles in the in it's very typical of battles in the in the premodern world the ancient world the premodern world the ancient world the premodern world the ancient world where a single battle can decide the where a single battle can decide the where a single battle can decide the whole War so think of the stakes whole War so think of the stakes whole War so think of the stakes here lose here lose everything win here here lose here lose everything win here here lose here lose everything win here and see what happens to get a sense of the dread happens to get a sense of the dread though and the feeling that um overcame though and the feeling that um overcame though and the feeling that um overcame the Athenians when they realized that the Athenians when they realized that the Athenians when they realized that the Darth Vader figure that people like the Darth Vader figure that people like the Darth Vader figure that people like deases had been warning about forever deases had been warning about forever deases had been warning about forever was finally upon them diodorus of Sicily was finally upon them diodorus of Sicily was finally upon them diodorus of Sicily deodor siculus writes um about what deodor siculus writes um about what deodor siculus writes um about what happens when as tensions are sort of happens when as tensions are sort of happens when as tensions are sort of heating up Philip makes a surprise move heating up Philip makes a surprise move heating up Philip makes a surprise move and seizes the initiative that puts and seizes the initiative that puts and seizes the initiative that puts Athens in a precarious position and then Athens in a precarious position and then Athens in a precarious position and then the people in Athens find out about it the people in Athens find out about it the people in Athens find out about it and theodoris writes quote given that and theodoris writes quote given that and theodoris writes quote given that the Athenians were unprepared there was the Athenians were unprepared there was the Athenians were unprepared there was after all a peace treaty in place after all a peace treaty in place after all a peace treaty in place between them and Phillip he was between them and Phillip he was between them and Phillip he was expecting an easy Victory and that is expecting an easy Victory and that is expecting an easy Victory and that is exactly what exactly what exactly what transpired some men diodorus writes transpired some men diodorus writes transpired some men diodorus writes arrived One Night in Athens with news of arrived One Night in Athens with news of arrived One Night in Athens with news of Philip's occupation of aad and of his Philip's occupation of aad and of his Philip's occupation of aad and of his imminent arrival in Atta with his forces imminent arrival in Atta with his forces imminent arrival in Atta with his forces the Athenian generals had not been the Athenian generals had not been the Athenian generals had not been expecting anything like this and in a

expecting anything like this and in a expecting anything like this and in a State of Shock they summoned the State of Shock they summoned the State of Shock they summoned the trumpeters and told them to keep trumpeters and told them to keep trumpeters and told them to keep sounding the alarm All Night Long by the sounding the alarm All Night Long by the sounding the alarm All Night Long by the time word had spread to every household time word had spread to every household time word had spread to every household the city was alert with fear and the the city was alert with fear and the the city was alert with fear and the first thing in the morning the entire first thing in the morning the entire first thing in the morning the entire population converged on the theater population converged on the theater population converged on the theater without waiting for the customary without waiting for the customary without waiting for the customary Proclamation by the archons when the Proclamation by the archons when the Proclamation by the archons when the generals arrived they introduced one of generals arrived they introduced one of generals arrived they introduced one of the men who had brought the information the men who had brought the information the men who had brought the information and after he had said his piece a and after he had said his piece a and after he had said his piece a fearful silence gripped the theater none fearful silence gripped the theater none fearful silence gripped the theater none of the men who usually addressed the of the men who usually addressed the of the men who usually addressed the assembly dared to offer any advice and assembly dared to offer any advice and assembly dared to offer any advice and although the heral called repeatedly for although the heral called repeatedly for although the heral called repeatedly for people to recommend courses of action people to recommend courses of action people to recommend courses of action that might save them all not a single that might save them all not a single that might save them all not a single speaker came forward in a state of great speaker came forward in a state of great speaker came forward in a state of great uncertainty and fear the people kept uncertainty and fear the people kept uncertainty and fear the people kept looking towards looking towards looking towards deines end deines end deines end quote so deines says we got to get quote so deines says we got to get quote so deines says we got to get thieves working with us thieves and thieves working with us thieves and thieves working with us thieves and Athens join forces raise their Athens join forces raise their Athens join forces raise their militaries rush to this karania site in militaries rush to this karania site in militaries rush to this karania site in the area around thieves you know biosa the area around thieves you know biosa the area around thieves you know biosa that that that area and they get to have it out for all area and they get to have it out for all area and they get to have it out for all the the the marbles with marbles with marbles with this amazing figure of a man who is this amazing figure of a man who is this amazing figure of a man who is commanding an army now that we should commanding an army now that we should commanding an army now that we should pay attention to is not the same Army of pay attention to is not the same Army of pay attention to is not the same Army of 20 years ago or almost 20 years 20 years ago or almost 20 years 20 years ago or almost 20 years ago by the time karania happens in ago by the time karania happens in ago by the time karania happens in 338 this reform of the Macedonian army 338 this reform of the Macedonian army 338 this reform of the Macedonian army that Philip started to pursue when he

that Philip started to pursue when he that Philip started to pursue when he took over his King it's been going on took over his King it's been going on took over his King it's been going on like 18 19 years and this Army's been like 18 19 years and this Army's been like 18 19 years and this Army's been fighting continually and he he's been fighting continually and he he's been fighting continually and he he's been adding new elements and Innovations and adding new elements and Innovations and adding new elements and Innovations and applying learned lessons from applying learned lessons from applying learned lessons from Battlefield encounters into reforms I Battlefield encounters into reforms I Battlefield encounters into reforms I mean this is an army now that is mean this is an army now that is mean this is an army now that is terrifying especially to these armies terrifying especially to these armies terrifying especially to these armies like the thebans and the Athenians who like the thebans and the Athenians who like the thebans and the Athenians who are going to raise these militia armies are going to raise these militia armies are going to raise these militia armies that are that have generally a small that are that have generally a small that are that have generally a small core like in the thian army they have core like in the thian army they have core like in the thian army they have the thean sacred band professionals but the thean sacred band professionals but the thean sacred band professionals but there's 300 of them it's nothing and there's 300 of them it's nothing and there's 300 of them it's nothing and then maybe they hire some mercenaries then maybe they hire some mercenaries then maybe they hire some mercenaries too to help cuz there's a lot of too to help cuz there's a lot of too to help cuz there's a lot of mercenaries running around but a lot of mercenaries running around but a lot of mercenaries running around but a lot of these troops are guys as we said earlier these troops are guys as we said earlier these troops are guys as we said earlier who you know put on the armor and grab who you know put on the armor and grab who you know put on the armor and grab the traditional family weaponry and show the traditional family weaponry and show the traditional family weaponry and show up there as the militia to do battle up there as the militia to do battle up there as the militia to do battle with a bunch of professionals then you add the command professionals then you add the command Factor one of the things that just Factor one of the things that just Factor one of the things that just bedevils a person who's interested in bedevils a person who's interested in bedevils a person who's interested in Greek military history is that so much Greek military history is that so much Greek military history is that so much of the political side of places like of the political side of places like of the political side of places like Athens bled into things like military Athens bled into things like military Athens bled into things like military command their political system command their political system command their political system essentially like to elect generals and essentially like to elect generals and essentially like to elect generals and then keep moving them around all the then keep moving them around all the then keep moving them around all the time and you know don't let anybody get time and you know don't let anybody get time and you know don't let anybody get too powerful but there's a famous line too powerful but there's a famous line too powerful but there's a famous line quoted I forgot which of the ancient quoted I forgot which of the ancient quoted I forgot which of the ancient sources mentioned it but Philip is sources mentioned it but Philip is sources mentioned it but Philip is supposed to have been have marveled in supposed to have been have marveled in supposed to have been have marveled in the fact that the Athenians could come the fact that the Athenians could come the fact that the Athenians could come up with like 10 good generals a year

up with like 10 good generals a year up with like 10 good generals a year because that's how many they had to because that's how many they had to because that's how many they had to elect he goes when I've only found one elect he goes when I've only found one elect he goes when I've only found one good one in my whole life he was talking good one in my whole life he was talking good one in my whole life he was talking about about about parmenio but when you add the fact that parmenio but when you add the fact that parmenio but when you add the fact that they're going to have a professional they're going to have a professional they're going to have a professional Army facing an army that has a lot of Army facing an army that has a lot of Army facing an army that has a lot of people who are not Professionals in it people who are not Professionals in it people who are not Professionals in it you're going to have them commanded by you're going to have them commanded by you're going to have them commanded by people with tons of experience the people with tons of experience the people with tons of experience the Macedonian uh core of generals reminds Macedonian uh core of generals reminds Macedonian uh core of generals reminds one of like the guys around Napoleon you one of like the guys around Napoleon you one of like the guys around Napoleon you know all of his great general staff know all of his great general staff know all of his great general staff people uh Alexander's got a similar people uh Alexander's got a similar people uh Alexander's got a similar thing and um in this era Philips got him thing and um in this era Philips got him thing and um in this era Philips got him with him and they're going to survive with him and they're going to survive with him and they're going to survive him and they're going to help Alexander him and they're going to help Alexander him and they're going to help Alexander this is sort of the Hidden part of the this is sort of the Hidden part of the this is sort of the Hidden part of the Alexander Alexander Alexander Maserati uh secret weapon here is the Maserati uh secret weapon here is the Maserati uh secret weapon here is the fact that these generals provide a ton fact that these generals provide a ton fact that these generals provide a ton of institutional memory and um they're of institutional memory and um they're of institutional memory and um they're all very good and and a bunch of them all very good and and a bunch of them all very good and and a bunch of them will actually as we said earlier go on will actually as we said earlier go on will actually as we said earlier go on to found dynasties where tons of their to found dynasties where tons of their to found dynasties where tons of their descendants will rule for centuries so descendants will rule for centuries so descendants will rule for centuries so these are very August these are very August these are very August people and they're contrasted with people and they're contrasted with people and they're contrasted with people who are as we said elected people who are as we said elected people who are as we said elected politic I mean it's that's a wash out politic I mean it's that's a wash out politic I mean it's that's a wash out too right and you know when we talk too right and you know when we talk too right and you know when we talk about these professional versus militia about these professional versus militia about these professional versus militia armies or these armies that fight all armies or these armies that fight all armies or these armies that fight all the time versus the kind that only get the time versus the kind that only get the time versus the kind that only get called up you know once a decade Athens called up you know once a decade Athens called up you know once a decade Athens hasn't done a lot of fighting with their hasn't done a lot of fighting with their hasn't done a lot of fighting with their citizen militia in a while Ed a lot of citizen militia in a while Ed a lot of citizen militia in a while Ed a lot of mercenaries but according to the sources mercenaries but according to the sources mercenaries but according to the sources Athens raises its age where they want Athens raises its age where they want Athens raises its age where they want you to show up at the battlefield to 50

you to show up at the battlefield to 50 you to show up at the battlefield to 50 years old for this battle I'm going to years old for this battle I'm going to years old for this battle I'm going to say that that shows a level of of say that that shows a level of of say that that shows a level of of concern um that's rather desperate if concern um that's rather desperate if concern um that's rather desperate if you're pulling the 50y olds out to the you're pulling the 50y olds out to the you're pulling the 50y olds out to the battlefield uh to face you know the battlefield uh to face you know the battlefield uh to face you know the young killers in the Macedonian army um young killers in the Macedonian army um young killers in the Macedonian army um that's a little scary and here's the that's a little scary and here's the that's a little scary and here's the thing scarier in the ancient world than thing scarier in the ancient world than thing scarier in the ancient world than now I mean if you told me that we were now I mean if you told me that we were now I mean if you told me that we were going to put together a vulk sterm of going to put together a vulk sterm of going to put together a vulk sterm of 50-year-old plus guys but you were going 50-year-old plus guys but you were going 50-year-old plus guys but you were going to arm them with high powered rifles or to arm them with high powered rifles or to arm them with high powered rifles or something and send them out there to do something and send them out there to do something and send them out there to do something that that's a force that can something that that's a force that can something that that's a force that can do something do something do something maybe one could argue that some of the maybe one could argue that some of the maybe one could argue that some of the predominantly bow armed armies in uh the predominantly bow armed armies in uh the predominantly bow armed armies in uh the world I mean the Persians use a lot of world I mean the Persians use a lot of world I mean the Persians use a lot of bow for example maybe those people could bow for example maybe those people could bow for example maybe those people could get out there and fight at 50 and be get out there and fight at 50 and be get out there and fight at 50 and be effective but both the Greeks in this effective but both the Greeks in this effective but both the Greeks in this period and the period and the period and the macedonians uh they get at you I mean macedonians uh they get at you I mean macedonians uh they get at you I mean it's physical there's going to be you it's physical there's going to be you it's physical there's going to be you know close- range stabbing and fighting know close- range stabbing and fighting know close- range stabbing and fighting and wrestling and martial arts and the and wrestling and martial arts and the and wrestling and martial arts and the whole thing both sides go into this whole thing both sides go into this whole thing both sides go into this battle expecting battle expecting battle expecting that and when that's the case uh while a that and when that's the case uh while a that and when that's the case uh while a lot of the ancient sources talk about lot of the ancient sources talk about lot of the ancient sources talk about the value of having the older guys in the value of having the older guys in the value of having the older guys in the unit right having them in the fail the unit right having them in the fail the unit right having them in the fail lengths they're a steadying force lengths they're a steadying force lengths they're a steadying force they're veterans they know how this they're veterans they know how this they're veterans they know how this stuff goes they've got you know actual stuff goes they've got you know actual stuff goes they've got you know actual experience they can draw on to calm the experience they can draw on to calm the experience they can draw on to calm the young folks and whatever but at certain young folks and whatever but at certain young folks and whatever but at certain points in this battle again the sourcing points in this battle again the sourcing points in this battle again the sourcing for this battle is going to make it for this battle is going to make it for this battle is going to make it really tough to peace together although really tough to peace together although really tough to peace together although that hasn't stopped generations of

that hasn't stopped generations of that hasn't stopped generations of people from people from people from trying but there are accounts where it trying but there are accounts where it trying but there are accounts where it suggests that it was a very long drawn suggests that it was a very long drawn suggests that it was a very long drawn out battle and that this was totally to out battle and that this was totally to out battle and that this was totally to the advantage of the macedonians because the advantage of the macedonians because the advantage of the macedonians because even if a bunch of older guys and you even if a bunch of older guys and you even if a bunch of older guys and you know we should think of mixed units know we should think of mixed units know we should think of mixed units there's going to be younger guys too but there's going to be younger guys too but there's going to be younger guys too but even if a bunch of older guys can still even if a bunch of older guys can still even if a bunch of older guys can still manage to bring it like they used to for manage to bring it like they used to for manage to bring it like they used to for a certain period of time if the battle a certain period of time if the battle a certain period of time if the battle goes on a long time this is a physical goes on a long time this is a physical goes on a long time this is a physical fitness War at a certain fitness War at a certain fitness War at a certain point and some of these 50y old 49y old point and some of these 50y old 49y old point and some of these 50y old 49y old old guys are going to tap out after a old guys are going to tap out after a old guys are going to tap out after a while and if only one side's using 49 or while and if only one side's using 49 or while and if only one side's using 49 or 50y old guys well okay I see a problem 50y old guys well okay I see a problem 50y old guys well okay I see a problem potentially right potentially right potentially right there there's a great line from the there there's a great line from the there there's a great line from the 1950s movie about Alexander the Great 1950s movie about Alexander the Great 1950s movie about Alexander the Great starring Richard Burton as Alexander and starring Richard Burton as Alexander and starring Richard Burton as Alexander and I tried to find the line in my history I tried to find the line in my history I tried to find the line in my history books figuring that the screenwriters books figuring that the screenwriters books figuring that the screenwriters lifted it from one of the classical lifted it from one of the classical lifted it from one of the classical sources I couldn't find it that doesn't sources I couldn't find it that doesn't sources I couldn't find it that doesn't mean it's not there but maybe the the mean it's not there but maybe the the mean it's not there but maybe the the script writers wrote it it's fantastic script writers wrote it it's fantastic script writers wrote it it's fantastic though spoiler alert it has Philip after though spoiler alert it has Philip after though spoiler alert it has Philip after the battle of karania after he's the battle of karania after he's the battle of karania after he's defeated the Athenians and he's walking defeated the Athenians and he's walking defeated the Athenians and he's walking around Athens amongst these defeated around Athens amongst these defeated around Athens amongst these defeated Athenians past all the Fantastic Athenians past all the Fantastic Athenians past all the Fantastic classical statues that all look like classical statues that all look like classical statues that all look like Olympians right with the fantastic Olympians right with the fantastic Olympians right with the fantastic fantastic muscular CH they look like fantastic muscular CH they look like fantastic muscular CH they look like perfect human specimens and in the movie perfect human specimens and in the movie perfect human specimens and in the movie the actor playing Phillip looks at the the actor playing Phillip looks at the the actor playing Phillip looks at the defeated Athenians motions to the

defeated Athenians motions to the defeated Athenians motions to the statues and says where were all these statues and says where were all these statues and says where were all these physique said karenia now let's talk a little about karenia now let's talk a little about the Battle though in terms of what we the Battle though in terms of what we the Battle though in terms of what we know such an important battle you think know such an important battle you think know such an important battle you think we'd know more and you can pick up a we'd know more and you can pick up a we'd know more and you can pick up a bunch of history books and and feel like bunch of history books and and feel like bunch of history books and and feel like you know quite a bit unless you compare you know quite a bit unless you compare you know quite a bit unless you compare them to each other that's when you them to each other that's when you them to each other that's when you realize wait a minute these guys are realize wait a minute these guys are realize wait a minute these guys are have completely different takes on this have completely different takes on this have completely different takes on this battle what's more they've been arguing battle what's more they've been arguing battle what's more they've been arguing about some of the key points that are about some of the key points that are about some of the key points that are well still argued about for more than a well still argued about for more than a well still argued about for more than a 100 years Hansel Brook got it in his 100 years Hansel Brook got it in his 100 years Hansel Brook got it in his book and I love the way he actually book and I love the way he actually book and I love the way he actually breaks down one of these Central breaks down one of these Central breaks down one of these Central questions about the Battle just as questions about the Battle just as questions about the Battle just as relevant today by the relevant today by the relevant today by the way but the main source is deodor culus way but the main source is deodor culus way but the main source is deodor culus um he's writing it more in an adventure um he's writing it more in an adventure um he's writing it more in an adventure sort of tone as opposed to giving us a sort of tone as opposed to giving us a sort of tone as opposed to giving us a sense of okay tell me where all the sense of okay tell me where all the sense of okay tell me where all the units were let me get an idea of the units were let me get an idea of the units were let me get an idea of the terrain that sort of terrain that sort of terrain that sort of thing uh Ian Worthington in his book by thing uh Ian Worthington in his book by thing uh Ian Worthington in his book by the spear sort of sets up a best guess the spear sort of sets up a best guess the spear sort of sets up a best guess at the numbers and ancient history at the numbers and ancient history at the numbers and ancient history Battlefield numbers and army strengths Battlefield numbers and army strengths Battlefield numbers and army strengths is is is something well you shouldn't take it something well you shouldn't take it something well you shouldn't take it with a grain of salt you should take it with a grain of salt you should take it with a grain of salt you should take it with a whole big old Barrel assault um with a whole big old Barrel assault um with a whole big old Barrel assault um but you know sometimes you you know even but you know sometimes you you know even but you know sometimes you you know even if it's not true you must believe in if it's not true you must believe in if it's not true you must believe in ancient history right here's how Ian ancient history right here's how Ian ancient history right here's how Ian Worthington sort of sets the stage for Worthington sort of sets the stage for Worthington sort of sets the stage for this pivotal one of the most important this pivotal one of the most important this pivotal one of the most important battles in the history of ancient Greece battles in the history of ancient Greece battles in the history of ancient Greece Battle of karania in Battle of karania in Battle of karania in 338 quote the Greek Coalition troops 338 quote the Greek Coalition troops 338 quote the Greek Coalition troops numbered 30,000 infantry and 3,800

numbered 30,000 infantry and 3,800 numbered 30,000 infantry and 3,800 cavalry and were commanded by the cavalry and were commanded by the cavalry and were commanded by the Athenian generals Caris lles and strates Athenian generals Caris lles and strates Athenian generals Caris lles and strates and the thean general and the thean general and the thean general theogenes biosa provided 12,000 hop theogenes biosa provided 12,000 hop theogenes biosa provided 12,000 hop lights including the elite sacred band lights including the elite sacred band lights including the elite sacred band and the Athenians 6,000 citizen soldiers and the Athenians 6,000 citizen soldiers and the Athenians 6,000 citizen soldiers to age 50 and 2,000 mercenaries to age 50 and 2,000 mercenaries to age 50 and 2,000 mercenaries demosthenes who had the phrase good luck demosthenes who had the phrase good luck demosthenes who had the phrase good luck which sounds a little sarcastic I've which sounds a little sarcastic I've which sounds a little sarcastic I've read also good fortune emblazened in read also good fortune emblazened in read also good fortune emblazened in Gold letters on his shield was one of Gold letters on his shield was one of Gold letters on his shield was one of the infantrymen in the Athenian the infantrymen in the Athenian the infantrymen in the Athenian contingent Philip commanded 30,000 contingent Philip commanded 30,000 contingent Philip commanded 30,000 infantry and 2,000 Cavalry composed of infantry and 2,000 Cavalry composed of infantry and 2,000 Cavalry composed of 24,000 macedonians and the rest from 24,000 macedonians and the rest from 24,000 macedonians and the rest from thessaly and focus or fous end quote thessaly and focus or fous end quote thessaly and focus or fous end quote Theodor culus is the main account of the Theodor culus is the main account of the Theodor culus is the main account of the battle and he makes it sound as though battle and he makes it sound as though battle and he makes it sound as though you know the second that Demoines goes you know the second that Demoines goes you know the second that Demoines goes to convinced thieves to join the to convinced thieves to join the to convinced thieves to join the alliance with Athens that it was on and alliance with Athens that it was on and alliance with Athens that it was on and the battle happened right away but it the battle happened right away but it the battle happened right away but it was several months jockeying and Philip was several months jockeying and Philip was several months jockeying and Philip still trying to pursue diplomacy if you still trying to pursue diplomacy if you still trying to pursue diplomacy if you were trying to take a pro Macedonian were trying to take a pro Macedonian were trying to take a pro Macedonian position here you might say hey Philip position here you might say hey Philip position here you might say hey Philip kept trying to make a deal didn't want kept trying to make a deal didn't want kept trying to make a deal didn't want it this way whereas the people on the it this way whereas the people on the it this way whereas the people on the Allied Greek side would say Philip was Allied Greek side would say Philip was Allied Greek side would say Philip was trying to pry us apart so that he didn't trying to pry us apart so that he didn't trying to pry us apart so that he didn't have to face us but eventually of course have to face us but eventually of course have to face us but eventually of course it comes down to the battle and this is it comes down to the battle and this is it comes down to the battle and this is how deodor culus has it set up and how how deodor culus has it set up and how how deodor culus has it set up and how it it it goes I'm using the excellent Robin goes I'm using the excellent Robin goes I'm using the excellent Robin Waterfield translation of theodoris by

Waterfield translation of theodoris by Waterfield translation of theodoris by the way the way the way and the author has deodor saying quote and the author has deodor saying quote and the author has deodor saying quote at Daybreak the armies were drawn up for at Daybreak the armies were drawn up for at Daybreak the armies were drawn up for battle Philip posted his son Alexander battle Philip posted his son Alexander battle Philip posted his son Alexander on one of the Wings he was only a on one of the Wings he was only a on one of the Wings he was only a teenager but was already well known for teenager but was already well known for teenager but was already well known for his martial spirit and forceful energy his martial spirit and forceful energy his martial spirit and forceful energy and gave him his most senior officers in and gave him his most senior officers in and gave him his most senior officers in support while he took command of the support while he took command of the support while he took command of the other Wing at the head of the crack other Wing at the head of the crack other Wing at the head of the crack troops and deployed all the other troops and deployed all the other troops and deployed all the other individual units as the situation individual units as the situation individual units as the situation demanded the Athenians for their part demanded the Athenians for their part demanded the Athenians for their part divided their forces by nationality divided their forces by nationality divided their forces by nationality entrusting One Wing to the bi oans and entrusting One Wing to the bi oans and entrusting One Wing to the bi oans and taking command of the other themselves taking command of the other themselves taking command of the other themselves end end end quote then theodoris has the battle quote then theodoris has the battle quote then theodoris has the battle happening and Alexander sort of having happening and Alexander sort of having happening and Alexander sort of having the initial success which he says the initial success which he says the initial success which he says prompted Alexander's dad to then compete prompted Alexander's dad to then compete prompted Alexander's dad to then compete with him well judge for yourself but with him well judge for yourself but with him well judge for yourself but here's how the actual account of the here's how the actual account of the here's how the actual account of the battle in the best account that we have battle in the best account that we have battle in the best account that we have of the battle describes it quote a of the battle describes it quote a of the battle describes it quote a Fierce and prolonged engagement in Fierce and prolonged engagement in Fierce and prolonged engagement in so many men fell on both sides that for so many men fell on both sides that for so many men fell on both sides that for a while the battle allowed them both a while the battle allowed them both a while the battle allowed them both equally to anticipate equally to anticipate equally to anticipate Victory but Alexander was eager to put Victory but Alexander was eager to put Victory but Alexander was eager to put on a display of Valor for his father and on a display of Valor for his father and on a display of Valor for his father and he was in any case excessively ambitious he was in any case excessively ambitious he was in any case excessively ambitious and besides there were many good men and besides there were many good men and besides there were many good men fighting alongside him in support so it fighting alongside him in support so it fighting alongside him in support so it was he who was the first to create a was he who was the first to create a was he who was the first to create a breach in the Enemy Lines he slew so breach in the Enemy Lines he slew so breach in the Enemy Lines he slew so many of those who were ranged opposite many of those who were ranged opposite many of those who were ranged opposite him that the line was wearing thin and him that the line was wearing thin and him that the line was wearing thin and since his compan companions were being

since his compan companions were being since his compan companions were being just as effective the enemy formation as just as effective the enemy formation as just as effective the enemy formation as a whole was constantly in danger of a whole was constantly in danger of a whole was constantly in danger of being breached the bodies were lying in being breached the bodies were lying in being breached the bodies were lying in heaps by the time Alexander was first heaps by the time Alexander was first heaps by the time Alexander was first able to force the troops facing him to able to force the troops facing him to able to force the troops facing him to turn and flee next theodoris writes it turn and flee next theodoris writes it turn and flee next theodoris writes it was Philip's turn to Bear the brunt of was Philip's turn to Bear the brunt of was Philip's turn to Bear the brunt of the fighting refusing to yield the the fighting refusing to yield the the fighting refusing to yield the credit for victory even to Alexander he credit for victory even to Alexander he credit for victory even to Alexander he first drove the enemy back by main force first drove the enemy back by main force first drove the enemy back by main force and then compelled them to turn and flee and then compelled them to turn and flee and then compelled them to turn and flee victory was his end quote victory was his end quote victory was his end quote like many of the Athenians at the Battle like many of the Athenians at the Battle like many of the Athenians at the Battle deanes ran away they were driven through deanes ran away they were driven through deanes ran away they were driven through a narrow pass couple thousand dead a narrow pass couple thousand dead a narrow pass couple thousand dead amongst the theevans couple thousand amongst the theevans couple thousand amongst the theevans couple thousand amongst the Athenians probably more amongst the Athenians probably more amongst the Athenians probably more taken prisoner and one of the most taken prisoner and one of the most taken prisoner and one of the most consequential battles that have ever consequential battles that have ever consequential battles that have ever occurred in Greek history is occurred in Greek history is occurred in Greek history is over now from that meager over now from that meager over now from that meager description that diodorus gives and then description that diodorus gives and then description that diodorus gives and then another historian who's not even as good another historian who's not even as good another historian who's not even as good on this as theodoris the entire battle on this as theodoris the entire battle on this as theodoris the entire battle has been mapped out by some has been mapped out by some has been mapped out by some historians the arguments over what the historians the arguments over what the historians the arguments over what the tactics were and how it played out have tactics were and how it played out have tactics were and how it played out have been going on for well over 100 years been going on for well over 100 years been going on for well over 100 years and the ones in Hell Brooks from more and the ones in Hell Brooks from more and the ones in Hell Brooks from more than a hundred years ago I think I still than a hundred years ago I think I still than a hundred years ago I think I still like the like the like the best if I had to name the number one best if I had to name the number one best if I had to name the number one controversy and it's still the number controversy and it's still the number controversy and it's still the number one controversy today it was in Del one controversy today it was in Del one controversy today it was in Del Brook's time too is the supposed back Brook's time too is the supposed back Brook's time too is the supposed back stepping of Philip and the fail lanks

stepping of Philip and the fail lanks stepping of Philip and the fail lanks what they mean by that is there's a what they mean by that is there's a what they mean by that is there's a tradition that in order to tradition that in order to tradition that in order to destabilized the Athenians either by destabilized the Athenians either by destabilized the Athenians either by making their line um separate right one making their line um separate right one making their line um separate right one part of the line moving forward while part of the line moving forward while part of the line moving forward while the other stays still leaving a gap or the other stays still leaving a gap or the other stays still leaving a gap or simply destabilizing because it has to simply destabilizing because it has to simply destabilizing because it has to move um the formation in front of them move um the formation in front of them move um the formation in front of them that Philip and the fail lanks backed up that Philip and the fail lanks backed up that Philip and the fail lanks backed up on the battlefield during the fighting on the battlefield during the fighting on the battlefield during the fighting you will find a lot of historians who you will find a lot of historians who you will find a lot of historians who will believe this and I'm in no position will believe this and I'm in no position will believe this and I'm in no position to contradict them but I am going to to contradict them but I am going to to contradict them but I am going to cite uh the wonderful H Brook who I love cite uh the wonderful H Brook who I love cite uh the wonderful H Brook who I love so much because he was able to arm his so much because he was able to arm his so much because he was able to arm his students with these weapons and drill students with these weapons and drill students with these weapons and drill them on the field and see how things go them on the field and see how things go them on the field and see how things go and sometimes he just won't accept and sometimes he just won't accept and sometimes he just won't accept nonsense now I do think he undersells nonsense now I do think he undersells nonsense now I do think he undersells the capabilities of our ancestors to the capabilities of our ancestors to the capabilities of our ancestors to some degree and that some of what we some degree and that some of what we some degree and that some of what we know now about how the Romans functioned know now about how the Romans functioned know now about how the Romans functioned and some of these armies and the Chinese and some of these armies and the Chinese and some of these armies and the Chinese I mean I think he would find some of I mean I think he would find some of I mean I think he would find some of that in Ing and he'd have to you know that in Ing and he'd have to you know that in Ing and he'd have to you know modify some of his beliefs but there modify some of his beliefs but there modify some of his beliefs but there were certain Bedrock were certain Bedrock were certain Bedrock hardcore logic from a German military hardcore logic from a German military hardcore logic from a German military perspective before the first world war perspective before the first world war perspective before the first world war that just brings to these issues where that just brings to these issues where that just brings to these issues where you just find it hard to argue with and you just find it hard to argue with and you just find it hard to argue with and here's what he says about the idea that here's what he says about the idea that here's what he says about the idea that Phillip and the fail lanks backed up on Phillip and the fail lanks backed up on Phillip and the fail lanks backed up on the battlefield while the battle was the battlefield while the battle was the battlefield while the battle was going on and he says going on and he says going on and he says quote and by the way this is in the quote and by the way this is in the quote and by the way this is in the footnotes where D Brook is arguing with footnotes where D Brook is arguing with footnotes where D Brook is arguing with his fellow German military historian his fellow German military historian his fellow German military historian iians about this question and he writes iians about this question and he writes iians about this question and he writes quote since the above words were written

quote since the above words were written quote since the above words were written cron mayor has studied the Topography of cron mayor has studied the Topography of cron mayor has studied the Topography of the battlefield and based on that study the battlefield and based on that study the battlefield and based on that study has attempted to make a more exact has attempted to make a more exact has attempted to make a more exact reconstruction of the battle in the reconstruction of the battle in the reconstruction of the battle in the above cited work his reconstruction above cited work his reconstruction above cited work his reconstruction effort however completely failed as effort however completely failed as effort however completely failed as Roloff another historian has proved in Roloff another historian has proved in Roloff another historian has proved in the work already cited and ion Stern has the work already cited and ion Stern has the work already cited and ion Stern has also recognized for the attempt is based also recognized for the attempt is based also recognized for the attempt is based on not only a completely insufficient on not only a completely insufficient on not only a completely insufficient and unreliable source material and unreliable source material and unreliable source material but also on the Monstrous idea that but also on the Monstrous idea that but also on the Monstrous idea that Philip's fail lanks pulled back 600 m Philip's fail lanks pulled back 600 m Philip's fail lanks pulled back 600 m without making a turn he's quoting the without making a turn he's quoting the without making a turn he's quoting the other author now an individual Man Dell other author now an individual Man Dell other author now an individual Man Dell Brook writes can hardly move backwards Brook writes can hardly move backwards Brook writes can hardly move backwards 600 met on good ground without stumbling 600 met on good ground without stumbling 600 met on good ground without stumbling a failen that tried to do that he writes a failen that tried to do that he writes a failen that tried to do that he writes in the open field would very quickly end in the open field would very quickly end in the open field would very quickly end up with its men lying on the ground one up with its men lying on the ground one up with its men lying on the ground one on top of the other when a unit moves on top of the other when a unit moves on top of the other when a unit moves backwards on the drill field it can only backwards on the drill field it can only backwards on the drill field it can only go a few feet in the strictest drill go a few feet in the strictest drill go a few feet in the strictest drill formation of the back step it is formation of the back step it is formation of the back step it is particularly characteristic that chome particularly characteristic that chome particularly characteristic that chome Meyer's idea of an orderly backstep Meyer's idea of an orderly backstep Meyer's idea of an orderly backstep Movement by a close Mass formation of Movement by a close Mass formation of Movement by a close Mass formation of 15,000 men is not just a possible 15,000 men is not just a possible 15,000 men is not just a possible accidental slip but the author sought to accidental slip but the author sought to accidental slip but the author sought to justify his grotesque Concept in detail justify his grotesque Concept in detail justify his grotesque Concept in detail end quote it's an example though of how end quote it's an example though of how end quote it's an example though of how wonderfully heated these what really wonderfully heated these what really wonderfully heated these what really happened in this ancient battle sort of happened in this ancient battle sort of happened in this ancient battle sort of conversations can get conversations can get conversations can get and at the core of the issue how and at the core of the issue how and at the core of the issue how ultimately unsolvable it all is because ultimately unsolvable it all is because ultimately unsolvable it all is because we don't understand the physics of the

we don't understand the physics of the we don't understand the physics of the ancient Battlefield more on that later ancient Battlefield more on that later ancient Battlefield more on that later in this in this in this story my favorite summation of what this story my favorite summation of what this story my favorite summation of what this battle meant to the history of ancient battle meant to the history of ancient battle meant to the history of ancient Greece to the history of Philip Greece to the history of Philip Greece to the history of Philip Alexander Macedonia and everything Alexander Macedonia and everything Alexander Macedonia and everything that's going to happen from this point that's going to happen from this point that's going to happen from this point out my favorite account of this is again out my favorite account of this is again out my favorite account of this is again also I guess I love the old classics the also I guess I love the old classics the also I guess I love the old classics the the will Durant one where he sums up the the will Durant one where he sums up the the will Durant one where he sums up the stakes of what just happened and says stakes of what just happened and says stakes of what just happened and says quote the results of karania were quote the results of karania were quote the results of karania were endless the unity that Greece had failed endless the unity that Greece had failed endless the unity that Greece had failed to create for itself had been achieved to create for itself had been achieved to create for itself had been achieved but only at the point of a half alien but only at the point of a half alien but only at the point of a half alien sword the pelian war had proved Athens sword the pelian war had proved Athens sword the pelian war had proved Athens incapable of organizing helis meaning incapable of organizing helis meaning incapable of organizing helis meaning Greece the aftermath had shown Sparta Greece the aftermath had shown Sparta Greece the aftermath had shown Sparta incapable the thean heany in its turn incapable the thean heany in its turn incapable the thean heany in its turn had failed the wars of the armies and had failed the wars of the armies and had failed the wars of the armies and the classes had worn out the city states the classes had worn out the city states the classes had worn out the city states and left them too weak for defense and left them too weak for defense and left them too weak for defense under the under the under the circumstances Durant writes they were circumstances Durant writes they were circumstances Durant writes they were fortunate to find so reasonable a fortunate to find so reasonable a fortunate to find so reasonable a conqueror who proposed to withdraw from conqueror who proposed to withdraw from conqueror who proposed to withdraw from his scene of his victory and leave to his scene of his victory and leave to his scene of his victory and leave to the conquered a large measure of Freedom the conquered a large measure of Freedom the conquered a large measure of Freedom indeed Philip and Alexander after him indeed Philip and Alexander after him indeed Philip and Alexander after him watchfully protected the autonomy of the watchfully protected the autonomy of the watchfully protected the autonomy of the Federated States lest any one of them by Federated States lest any one of them by Federated States lest any one of them by absorbing others should grow strong absorbing others should grow strong absorbing others should grow strong enough to displace madon one great enough to displace madon one great enough to displace madon one great Liberty however Philip took away the Liberty however Philip took away the Liberty however Philip took away the right of of Revolution he was a Frank right of of Revolution he was a Frank right of of Revolution he was a Frank conservative who considered the conservative who considered the conservative who considered the stability of property an indispensable stability of property an indispensable stability of property an indispensable stimulus to Enterprise and a necessary

stimulus to Enterprise and a necessary stimulus to Enterprise and a necessary prop to government he persuaded the prop to government he persuaded the prop to government he persuaded the sinad at Corinth to insert into the sinad at Corinth to insert into the sinad at Corinth to insert into the articles of federation a pledge against articles of federation a pledge against articles of federation a pledge against any change of constitution any social any change of constitution any social any change of constitution any social transformation any political reprisals transformation any political reprisals transformation any political reprisals in each state he lent his influence to in each state he lent his influence to in each state he lent his influence to the side of property and put an end to the side of property and put an end to the side of property and put an end to confiscatory taxation end confiscatory taxation end confiscatory taxation end quote Durant kind of makes Philip II quote Durant kind of makes Philip II quote Durant kind of makes Philip II sound a little like a Reagan Era sound a little like a Reagan Era sound a little like a Reagan Era Republican there at the end of that Republican there at the end of that Republican there at the end of that quote maybe he's into supply side quote maybe he's into supply side quote maybe he's into supply side economics too but you know Reagan sort economics too but you know Reagan sort economics too but you know Reagan sort of had a tough guy image sort of of had a tough guy image sort of of had a tough guy image sort of portraying a John Wayne style character portraying a John Wayne style character portraying a John Wayne style character and John Wayne of course was another and John Wayne of course was another and John Wayne of course was another actor portraying a sort of a cowboy actor portraying a sort of a cowboy actor portraying a sort of a cowboy character right a self-reliant tough but character right a self-reliant tough but character right a self-reliant tough but fair wouldn't want to mess with him or fair wouldn't want to mess with him or fair wouldn't want to mess with him or get him mad at you kind of an American get him mad at you kind of an American get him mad at you kind of an American uh stereotype well Philip II's not an actor stereotype well Philip II's not an actor playing that stereotype Philip II is the playing that stereotype Philip II is the playing that stereotype Philip II is the Cowboy and after the battle of karania Cowboy and after the battle of karania Cowboy and after the battle of karania he treats the two main opponents that he he treats the two main opponents that he he treats the two main opponents that he just defeated quite differently Athens just defeated quite differently Athens just defeated quite differently Athens gets treated lovely they're so scared gets treated lovely they're so scared gets treated lovely they're so scared after the battle we're told that they're after the battle we're told that they're after the battle we're told that they're ready to arm their slaves conscript ready to arm their slaves conscript ready to arm their slaves conscript every guy up to 60 years old they every guy up to 60 years old they every guy up to 60 years old they frantically trying to get the defenses frantically trying to get the defenses frantically trying to get the defenses in order and then Philip shows up and in order and then Philip shows up and in order and then Philip shows up and Alexander is the one who actually brings Alexander is the one who actually brings Alexander is the one who actually brings the ashes after a while uh and says the ashes after a while uh and says the ashes after a while uh and says we're not going to Ransom your dead or we're not going to Ransom your dead or we're not going to Ransom your dead or Ransom your prisoners which is a huge Ransom your prisoners which is a huge Ransom your prisoners which is a huge deal I said earlier I think that a

deal I said earlier I think that a deal I said earlier I think that a couple thousand thebans and a couple couple thousand thebans and a couple couple thousand thebans and a couple thousand Athenians died the ancient thousand Athenians died the ancient thousand Athenians died the ancient sources put that closer to a thousand sources put that closer to a thousand sources put that closer to a thousand each with about double that for each with about double that for each with about double that for prisoners so that's a lot of money that prisoners so that's a lot of money that prisoners so that's a lot of money that Philip is turning down to make a good Philip is turning down to make a good Philip is turning down to make a good impression on this state that he just impression on this state that he just impression on this state that he just defeated in battle and the Athenians are defeated in battle and the Athenians are defeated in battle and the Athenians are so touched that they apparently put up a so touched that they apparently put up a so touched that they apparently put up a state statue honoring Philip which is a state statue honoring Philip which is a state statue honoring Philip which is a weird thing to do to a guy who just weird thing to do to a guy who just weird thing to do to a guy who just killed a thousand of your citizens and killed a thousand of your citizens and killed a thousand of your citizens and that demostenes has been comparing you that demostenes has been comparing you that demostenes has been comparing you know to the guy who's going to Snuff out know to the guy who's going to Snuff out know to the guy who's going to Snuff out Greek Freedom which he just kind of did Greek Freedom which he just kind of did Greek Freedom which he just kind of did but we'll put a statue up to him but but we'll put a statue up to him but but we'll put a statue up to him but he's playing the long game here right he's playing the long game here right he's playing the long game here right he's these people all kind of work for he's these people all kind of work for he's these people all kind of work for him now and he wants a little you know him now and he wants a little you know him now and he wants a little you know Tranquility amongst his employees and by Tranquility amongst his employees and by Tranquility amongst his employees and by working for him I mean he's going to working for him I mean he's going to working for him I mean he's going to create this league that includes all create this league that includes all create this league that includes all these people as members thieves is not these people as members thieves is not these people as members thieves is not going to be treated as nicely as Athens going to be treated as nicely as Athens going to be treated as nicely as Athens by the way they were seen as allies who by the way they were seen as allies who by the way they were seen as allies who treacherously turned on the macedonians treacherously turned on the macedonians treacherously turned on the macedonians so Philip was tough on them and he sort so Philip was tough on them and he sort so Philip was tough on them and he sort of sending a message here right you be of sending a message here right you be of sending a message here right you be my friend you cooperate with me I can be my friend you cooperate with me I can be my friend you cooperate with me I can be very lenient and fair but you turn on me very lenient and fair but you turn on me very lenient and fair but you turn on me you go against my wishes you work you go against my wishes you work you go against my wishes you work against the you know Collective cause against the you know Collective cause against the you know Collective cause here of the group and you'll here of the group and you'll here of the group and you'll pay the new group is called the league pay the new group is called the league pay the new group is called the league of Corinth Philip invites everyone the of Corinth Philip invites everyone the of Corinth Philip invites everyone the Spartans don't show up but at this point Spartans don't show up but at this point Spartans don't show up but at this point in Greek history nobody cares in Greek history nobody cares in Greek history nobody cares the Spartans are not a major Arbiter of the Spartans are not a major Arbiter of the Spartans are not a major Arbiter of power in Greece anymore so when they power in Greece anymore so when they power in Greece anymore so when they decide to sort of thumb their nose at decide to sort of thumb their nose at decide to sort of thumb their nose at all this it's fine with all this it's fine with all this it's fine with everyone but this league of Corinth

everyone but this league of Corinth everyone but this league of Corinth which should probably be called the which should probably be called the which should probably be called the league of the Greeks which I think is league of the Greeks which I think is league of the Greeks which I think is closer to its contemporary name this is closer to its contemporary name this is closer to its contemporary name this is Philip's vehicle for controlling Philip's vehicle for controlling Philip's vehicle for controlling Greece and there are multiple different Greece and there are multiple different Greece and there are multiple different ways to look at it because if you are ways to look at it because if you are ways to look at it because if you are worn out by essentially Civil War for worn out by essentially Civil War for worn out by essentially Civil War for you know decades and decades and decades you know decades and decades and decades you know decades and decades and decades maybe anybody who keeps the peace and maybe anybody who keeps the peace and maybe anybody who keeps the peace and protects all the Greek city states from protects all the Greek city states from protects all the Greek city states from all the other Greek city states is a all the other Greek city states is a all the other Greek city states is a hero and that's sort of what this new hero and that's sort of what this new hero and that's sort of what this new Arrangement requires by the way it's Arrangement requires by the way it's Arrangement requires by the way it's it's a wonderful example of in history it's a wonderful example of in history it's a wonderful example of in history which you don't often get of collective which you don't often get of collective which you don't often get of collective security being imposed where the deal security being imposed where the deal security being imposed where the deal that everyone agrees to is that if that everyone agrees to is that if that everyone agrees to is that if anybody gets out of line and starts anybody gets out of line and starts anybody gets out of line and starts fighting tries to conquer something fighting tries to conquer something fighting tries to conquer something anything like that the rest of the anything like that the rest of the anything like that the rest of the city states and Macedonia all turn city states and Macedonia all turn city states and Macedonia all turn against them show up on the battlefield against them show up on the battlefield against them show up on the battlefield with their soldiers and you know with their soldiers and you know with their soldiers and you know chastise them back chastise them back chastise them back into you know peaceful coexistence into you know peaceful coexistence into you know peaceful coexistence collective security it's a little like a collective security it's a little like a collective security it's a little like a NATO alliance if a NATO alliance were NATO alliance if a NATO alliance were NATO alliance if a NATO alliance were run by an authoritarian run by an authoritarian run by an authoritarian dictator but as we said I mean depends dictator but as we said I mean depends dictator but as we said I mean depends on your point of view deanes can paint on your point of view deanes can paint on your point of view deanes can paint Phillip out to be this you know Al Phillip out to be this you know Al Phillip out to be this you know Al Capone likee figure whereas if you're Capone likee figure whereas if you're Capone likee figure whereas if you're you're a small citystate in Greece and you're a small citystate in Greece and you're a small citystate in Greece and you don't care one wit for who's you don't care one wit for who's you don't care one wit for who's wrestling Over the Top Dog hegemony wrestling Over the Top Dog hegemony wrestling Over the Top Dog hegemony position thieves Sparta Athens what does position thieves Sparta Athens what does position thieves Sparta Athens what does it matter to you you just don't want to it matter to you you just don't want to it matter to you you just don't want to get your city rolled over as part of the

get your city rolled over as part of the get your city rolled over as part of the wars what a guy like Philip is finally wars what a guy like Philip is finally wars what a guy like Philip is finally promising you is that it's going to be promising you is that it's going to be promising you is that it's going to be peaceful around here and safe and peaceful around here and safe and peaceful around here and safe and because he does this almost instantly I because he does this almost instantly I because he does this almost instantly I mean first he establishes the league mean first he establishes the league mean first he establishes the league then have the league votes him the boss then have the league votes him the boss then have the league votes him the boss and then he essentially makes the plan and then he essentially makes the plan and then he essentially makes the plan of the league to go and launch a Revenge of the league to go and launch a Revenge of the league to go and launch a Revenge war against the historic enemies the war against the historic enemies the war against the historic enemies the Persians you know Phillip is not Persians you know Phillip is not Persians you know Phillip is not somebody who believes that old Frey is somebody who believes that old Frey is somebody who believes that old Frey is Justice delayed is Justice denied he's Justice delayed is Justice denied he's Justice delayed is Justice denied he's fine getting them for what they did 150 fine getting them for what they did 150 fine getting them for what they did 150 years ago and he's going to use this years ago and he's going to use this years ago and he's going to use this league as the tool that creates a league as the tool that creates a league as the tool that creates a collective effort for that goal I mean collective effort for that goal I mean collective effort for that goal I mean this is the dream of the people who this is the dream of the people who this is the dream of the people who Advocate panhellenism forever right Advocate panhellenism forever right Advocate panhellenism forever right unite the Greeks enforce peace go get unite the Greeks enforce peace go get unite the Greeks enforce peace go get the Persians we'll all be rich have SL the Persians we'll all be rich have SL the Persians we'll all be rich have SL slaves and you know Greeks won't be slaves and you know Greeks won't be slaves and you know Greeks won't be killing Greeks and Greeks will be ruling killing Greeks and Greeks will be ruling killing Greeks and Greeks will be ruling barbarians the way it's supposed to be barbarians the way it's supposed to be barbarians the way it's supposed to be and here it is um it's not a perfect and here it is um it's not a perfect and here it is um it's not a perfect situation I'm sure a lot of these pan situation I'm sure a lot of these pan situation I'm sure a lot of these pan helenic philosophers would have helenic philosophers would have helenic philosophers would have preferred an unquestioningly Greek preferred an unquestioningly Greek preferred an unquestioningly Greek person to play the role of Philip but person to play the role of Philip but person to play the role of Philip but they'll take what they can get what did they'll take what they can get what did they'll take what they can get what did Durant call him a half Durant call him a half Durant call him a half alien but Phillip is about to embark on alien but Phillip is about to embark on alien but Phillip is about to embark on this endeavor at 45 years old sure he's this endeavor at 45 years old sure he's this endeavor at 45 years old sure he's beat up sure he's likely to be involved beat up sure he's likely to be involved beat up sure he's likely to be involved in a lot of physical fights still to go in a lot of physical fights still to go in a lot of physical fights still to go but this is a guy who could live quite a but this is a guy who could live quite a but this is a guy who could live quite a bit bit bit longer most macedonians would want the

longer most macedonians would want the longer most macedonians would want the greatest King by far in their history greatest King by far in their history greatest King by far in their history probably to get a chance to live quite a probably to get a chance to live quite a probably to get a chance to live quite a bit longer but that might not be a bit longer but that might not be a bit longer but that might not be a universal feeling and wouldn't that be a universal feeling and wouldn't that be a universal feeling and wouldn't that be a very Macedonian thing too in this very Macedonian thing too in this very Macedonian thing too in this case it's worth asking what Alexander is case it's worth asking what Alexander is case it's worth asking what Alexander is feeling at a moment like feeling at a moment like feeling at a moment like this because at this point there's not this because at this point there's not this because at this point there's not much that can stop what Philip's about much that can stop what Philip's about much that can stop what Philip's about to do here he's poised to do here he's poised to do here he's poised to create a higher level of History than to create a higher level of History than to create a higher level of History than anyone from his part of the world has anyone from his part of the world has anyone from his part of the world has ever ever ever done not much can stop him but his done not much can stop him but his done not much can stop him but his personal life personal life personal life can what's about to happen in this story can what's about to happen in this story can what's about to happen in this story is proof positive that that the you know is proof positive that that the you know is proof positive that that the you know personal lives of people in the past can personal lives of people in the past can personal lives of people in the past can influence even the largest events and influence even the largest events and influence even the largest events and you can see it all the time when you run you can see it all the time when you run you can see it all the time when you run into places where power is highly into places where power is highly into places where power is highly concentrated especially if it's in a concentrated especially if it's in a concentrated especially if it's in a single individual then the drama in that single individual then the drama in that single individual then the drama in that single individual's life intersects with single individual's life intersects with single individual's life intersects with global geopolitical events you know that global geopolitical events you know that global geopolitical events you know that have ramifications for the entire rest have ramifications for the entire rest have ramifications for the entire rest of History it's crazy how you can get a of History it's crazy how you can get a of History it's crazy how you can get a sort of a you know real Kings of sort of a you know real Kings of sort of a you know real Kings of macadonia kind of you know real Beverly macadonia kind of you know real Beverly macadonia kind of you know real Beverly Hills housewives kind of field of the Hills housewives kind of field of the Hills housewives kind of field of the whole whole whole thing but what's going to destroy thing but what's going to destroy thing but what's going to destroy Phillip is not some enemy that can Phillip is not some enemy that can Phillip is not some enemy that can contend with his generalship or his you

contend with his generalship or his you contend with his generalship or his you know minations conducting real politique know minations conducting real politique know minations conducting real politique or his economic base that he's built or his economic base that he's built or his economic base that he's built over you know decades now ruling what's over you know decades now ruling what's over you know decades now ruling what's going to hold Philip back and eventually going to hold Philip back and eventually going to hold Philip back and eventually destroy him is his personal life and his destroy him is his personal life and his destroy him is his personal life and his family life and who he sleeps with probably let's start with the problem in probably let's start with the problem in his his his immediate household with his immediate household with his immediate household with his son having a father about to do what son having a father about to do what son having a father about to do what Philip is about to do here is a mixed Philip is about to do here is a mixed Philip is about to do here is a mixed blessing if you're looking at this from blessing if you're looking at this from blessing if you're looking at this from Alexander's point of view I mean Philip Alexander's point of view I mean Philip Alexander's point of view I mean Philip is is in his mid-40s he can live quite a is is in his mid-40s he can live quite a is is in his mid-40s he can live quite a bit longer even you know battling from bit longer even you know battling from bit longer even you know battling from the front and even sucking up all the the front and even sucking up all the the front and even sucking up all the injuries he sucks up this is is a guy injuries he sucks up this is is a guy injuries he sucks up this is is a guy that doesn't necessarily have to go that doesn't necessarily have to go that doesn't necessarily have to go anywhere Adrien goldsworthy has a really anywhere Adrien goldsworthy has a really anywhere Adrien goldsworthy has a really interesting point in his book Philip and interesting point in his book Philip and interesting point in his book Philip and Alexander that at this point you know Alexander that at this point you know Alexander that at this point you know Philip has never said what Philip has never said what Philip has never said what chastising Persia is going to mean here chastising Persia is going to mean here chastising Persia is going to mean here I mean what is payback for the Persian I mean what is payback for the Persian I mean what is payback for the Persian Wars 150 years ago 145 years ago is it Wars 150 years ago 145 years ago is it Wars 150 years ago 145 years ago is it the freeing of the Greeks who live on the freeing of the Greeks who live on the freeing of the Greeks who live on the coast of what's now modern day the coast of what's now modern day the coast of what's now modern day Turkey is that enough or is it taking Turkey is that enough or is it taking Turkey is that enough or is it taking all of what's now modern-day turkey or all of what's now modern-day turkey or all of what's now modern-day turkey or maybe the the coastline around Syria and maybe the the coastline around Syria and maybe the the coastline around Syria and Lebanon and all I mean where does it Lebanon and all I mean where does it Lebanon and all I mean where does it stop maybe you want to take all the west stop maybe you want to take all the west stop maybe you want to take all the west of Persia or maybe you just want to of Persia or maybe you just want to of Persia or maybe you just want to fight some battles against the great fight some battles against the great fight some battles against the great King of Persia and see how it goes and King of Persia and see how it goes and King of Persia and see how it goes and adjust your you know goals accordingly adjust your you know goals accordingly adjust your you know goals accordingly nobody knows what Philip's trying to do

nobody knows what Philip's trying to do nobody knows what Philip's trying to do here and nobody knows whether Alexander here and nobody knows whether Alexander here and nobody knows whether Alexander is a part of those plans or not can you is a part of those plans or not can you is a part of those plans or not can you imagine if Alexander gets left at home imagine if Alexander gets left at home imagine if Alexander gets left at home to be the Regent who rules Macedonia to be the Regent who rules Macedonia to be the Regent who rules Macedonia when nothing's going on in Macedon when nothing's going on in Macedon when nothing's going on in Macedon as his father goes out and conquers the as his father goes out and conquers the as his father goes out and conquers the world in Philip versus world in Philip versus world in Philip versus Alexander Adrian goldsworthy puts it Alexander Adrian goldsworthy puts it Alexander Adrian goldsworthy puts it this way and you just imagine how much this way and you just imagine how much this way and you just imagine how much money a counselor or a psychologist who money a counselor or a psychologist who money a counselor or a psychologist who could get this son father and mother could get this son father and mother could get this son father and mother anywhere near his Psychiatry couch how anywhere near his Psychiatry couch how anywhere near his Psychiatry couch how much money I mean that's a twice a week much money I mean that's a twice a week much money I mean that's a twice a week problem right there maybe three times a problem right there maybe three times a problem right there maybe three times a week visits I mean Adrian GS were he week visits I mean Adrian GS were he week visits I mean Adrian GS were he writes about the prospect of Phillip you writes about the prospect of Phillip you writes about the prospect of Phillip you know going out there and conquering the know going out there and conquering the know going out there and conquering the world and maybe even leaving Alexander world and maybe even leaving Alexander world and maybe even leaving Alexander at home quote Alexander was bound to at home quote Alexander was bound to at home quote Alexander was bound to resent this the 19-year-old Prince was resent this the 19-year-old Prince was resent this the 19-year-old Prince was impatient quick-tempered determined and impatient quick-tempered determined and impatient quick-tempered determined and obsessively competitive all of his obsessively competitive all of his obsessively competitive all of his future career testifies to these traits future career testifies to these traits future career testifies to these traits as well as a strong streak of Suspicion as well as a strong streak of Suspicion as well as a strong streak of Suspicion and jealousy whether or not the story is and jealousy whether or not the story is and jealousy whether or not the story is true of his regretting each success won true of his regretting each success won true of his regretting each success won by his father as one less Victory he by his father as one less Victory he by his father as one less Victory he might win Alexander's relationship with might win Alexander's relationship with might win Alexander's relationship with Phillip was made all the more Phillip was made all the more Phillip was made all the more complicated and tense because both complicated and tense because both complicated and tense because both craved Glory even by the standards of craved Glory even by the standards of craved Glory even by the standards of their age goldsworthy writes they were their age goldsworthy writes they were their age goldsworthy writes they were fiercely competitive the father because

fiercely competitive the father because fiercely competitive the father because he'd already done so much and craved he'd already done so much and craved he'd already done so much and craved even more and the son because his even more and the son because his even more and the son because his father's Deeds had set the bar for being father's Deeds had set the bar for being father's Deeds had set the bar for being the best even higher than before for all the best even higher than before for all the best even higher than before for all his prodigious t tent we should not his prodigious t tent we should not his prodigious t tent we should not expect exceptional emotional maturity expect exceptional emotional maturity expect exceptional emotional maturity from the young prince who struggled to from the young prince who struggled to from the young prince who struggled to cope with playing a supporting role he cope with playing a supporting role he cope with playing a supporting role he knew that his future depended on his knew that his future depended on his knew that his future depended on his father end father end father end quote unless something happened to his quote unless something happened to his quote unless something happened to his father which is when Philip's personal father which is when Philip's personal father which is when Philip's personal life makes a situation that seemed so life makes a situation that seemed so life makes a situation that seemed so well set up on his part well set up on his part well set up on his part established on a bed of sand first there's the marriage for love if first there's the marriage for love if that's really what it was but it's that's really what it was but it's that's really what it was but it's portrayed I me deodor straight up says portrayed I me deodor straight up says portrayed I me deodor straight up says she was too young for him it's almost she was too young for him it's almost she was too young for him it's almost portrayed like a man having a midlife portrayed like a man having a midlife portrayed like a man having a midlife crisis right in his mid-40s about to crisis right in his mid-40s about to crisis right in his mid-40s about to launch this giant Expedition at the top launch this giant Expedition at the top launch this giant Expedition at the top of his game though already nobody's even of his game though already nobody's even of his game though already nobody's even done what I've done already and I'm in done what I've done already and I'm in done what I've done already and I'm in the Primal life poised to you know build the Primal life poised to you know build the Primal life poised to you know build on this and he falls in love with a on this and he falls in love with a on this and he falls in love with a teenager is the way the ancient sources teenager is the way the ancient sources teenager is the way the ancient sources like theodoris portray like theodoris portray like theodoris portray it her name is Cleopatra not the it her name is Cleopatra not the it her name is Cleopatra not the Cleopatra that fooled around with Julius Cleopatra that fooled around with Julius Cleopatra that fooled around with Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony that's way in Caesar and Mark Anthony that's way in Caesar and Mark Anthony that's way in the future but Cleopatra is a very the future but Cleopatra is a very the future but Cleopatra is a very common traditional Macedonian name in common traditional Macedonian name in common traditional Macedonian name in fact Alexander the Great sister's name fact Alexander the Great sister's name fact Alexander the Great sister's name is

is is Cleopatra and philli takes this wife Cleopatra and philli takes this wife Cleopatra and philli takes this wife supposedly because he loves supposedly because he loves supposedly because he loves her she's likely a teenager Richard her she's likely a teenager Richard her she's likely a teenager Richard Gabriel thinks she might be as old as 22 Gabriel thinks she might be as old as 22 Gabriel thinks she might be as old as 22 but if she's 22 why is everybody making but if she's 22 why is everybody making but if she's 22 why is everybody making a big deal about her age a 22-year-old a big deal about her age a 22-year-old a big deal about her age a 22-year-old queen would not raise anyone's eyebrows queen would not raise anyone's eyebrows queen would not raise anyone's eyebrows she's probably a she's probably a she's probably a teenager she is also probably his teenager she is also probably his teenager she is also probably his seventh wife the number of wives that seventh wife the number of wives that seventh wife the number of wives that Philip has is always a little bit hard Philip has is always a little bit hard Philip has is always a little bit hard to to pin down but teenage seventh wife to to pin down but teenage seventh wife to to pin down but teenage seventh wife and if he really married her for love and if he really married her for love and if he really married her for love that would be unusual for him this is a that would be unusual for him this is a that would be unusual for him this is a guy who usually marries to me diplomatic guy who usually marries to me diplomatic guy who usually marries to me diplomatic relationships or to finalize peace relationships or to finalize peace relationships or to finalize peace treaties or to blend his important treaties or to blend his important treaties or to blend his important family with other important family with other important family with other important families and there's a good reason to families and there's a good reason to families and there's a good reason to marry her for those reasons she's the marry her for those reasons she's the marry her for those reasons she's the niece of a important Macedonian named niece of a important Macedonian named niece of a important Macedonian named atalis and atalis is from a old family atalis and atalis is from a old family atalis and atalis is from a old family and lower Macedonia the sort of people and lower Macedonia the sort of people and lower Macedonia the sort of people that if Philip wants to make sure the that if Philip wants to make sure the that if Philip wants to make sure the home front remember Macedonia in history home front remember Macedonia in history home front remember Macedonia in history is safe while he's gone away to Asia is safe while he's gone away to Asia is safe while he's gone away to Asia maybe for years on this endeavor but maybe for years on this endeavor but maybe for years on this endeavor but that it's nailed down well maybe you that it's nailed down well maybe you that it's nailed down well maybe you want to marry your family into some of want to marry your family into some of want to marry your family into some of the powerful Barons of lower Macedonia the powerful Barons of lower Macedonia the powerful Barons of lower Macedonia so maybe that's more what's going on so maybe that's more what's going on so maybe that's more what's going on here but it's portrayed as a guy who you here but it's portrayed as a guy who you here but it's portrayed as a guy who you know wants to buy a Ferrari and uh you

know wants to buy a Ferrari and uh you know wants to buy a Ferrari and uh you know get a new trophy wife he doesn't know get a new trophy wife he doesn't know get a new trophy wife he doesn't have to get rid of his old wives That's have to get rid of his old wives That's have to get rid of his old wives That's the difference between Philip and the difference between Philip and the difference between Philip and someone today he can keep them all someone today he can keep them all someone today he can keep them all doesn't necessarily make him happy doesn't necessarily make him happy doesn't necessarily make him happy though and Plutarch has this marriage to though and Plutarch has this marriage to though and Plutarch has this marriage to this Cleopatra teenager um get Olympus this Cleopatra teenager um get Olympus this Cleopatra teenager um get Olympus angry and plutar says that she puts angry and plutar says that she puts angry and plutar says that she puts ideas into Alexander's head worries him ideas into Alexander's head worries him ideas into Alexander's head worries him about what this means and you know in a about what this means and you know in a about what this means and you know in a situation where it doesn't matter to us situation where it doesn't matter to us situation where it doesn't matter to us it's easy for us to look at this and say it's easy for us to look at this and say it's easy for us to look at this and say what on God's green earth would what on God's green earth would what on God's green earth would Alexander have to be worried about here Alexander have to be worried about here Alexander have to be worried about here so his father's going to marry a so his father's going to marry a so his father's going to marry a teenager she's going to maybe give him a teenager she's going to maybe give him a teenager she's going to maybe give him a child it may be a son right so already child it may be a son right so already child it may be a son right so already there's a bunch of May but if it's a son there's a bunch of May but if it's a son there's a bunch of May but if it's a son Alexander's like 19 almost 20 years old Alexander's like 19 almost 20 years old Alexander's like 19 almost 20 years old this kid's not going to be a threat to this kid's not going to be a threat to this kid's not going to be a threat to him for quite a long time why would you him for quite a long time why would you him for quite a long time why would you care but he care but he care but he cares he supposedly had complained to cares he supposedly had complained to cares he supposedly had complained to his dad once before about fathering his dad once before about fathering his dad once before about fathering children you know saying something like children you know saying something like children you know saying something like you know what about me and his father you know what about me and his father you know what about me and his father said back to him what about you you know said back to him what about you you know said back to him what about you you know be the best and you'll get the job and be the best and you'll get the job and be the best and you'll get the job and if they're better they should have the if they're better they should have the if they're better they should have the job that kind of thing but there could job that kind of thing but there could job that kind of thing but there could be other reasons why you don't get the be other reasons why you don't get the be other reasons why you don't get the job job job so far everything had seemed pretty good so far everything had seemed pretty good so far everything had seemed pretty good between Father and Son but then Philip's between Father and Son but then Philip's between Father and Son but then Philip's personal life comes into the picture personal life comes into the picture personal life comes into the picture again this time with one of the more again this time with one of the more again this time with one of the more famous drinking parties in history if famous drinking parties in history if famous drinking parties in history if this drinking party really happened and this drinking party really happened and this drinking party really happened and if it really unfolded the way it's come if it really unfolded the way it's come if it really unfolded the way it's come down to history um geopolitically

down to history um geopolitically down to history um geopolitically speaking it's hard to get your mind speaking it's hard to get your mind speaking it's hard to get your mind around how important it might have been around how important it might have been around how important it might have been and you you do try to resist the and you you do try to resist the and you you do try to resist the temptation to you know keep dionis out temptation to you know keep dionis out temptation to you know keep dionis out of this but this is what dionis does of this but this is what dionis does of this but this is what dionis does right the god comes in and messes with right the god comes in and messes with right the god comes in and messes with stuff and and he stuff and and he stuff and and he manifests um you know a reality maybe manifests um you know a reality maybe manifests um you know a reality maybe that in normal times people would want that in normal times people would want that in normal times people would want to keep hidden in secret and you know to keep hidden in secret and you know to keep hidden in secret and you know there are certain things you just there are certain things you just there are certain things you just shouldn't say in polite company shouldn't say in polite company shouldn't say in polite company especially to the people they're about especially to the people they're about especially to the people they're about but then dionis loosens your tongue but then dionis loosens your tongue but then dionis loosens your tongue through the unmixed wine and all of a through the unmixed wine and all of a through the unmixed wine and all of a sudden you're saying crap at a party sudden you're saying crap at a party sudden you're saying crap at a party that is so important to future that is so important to future that is so important to future geopolitical histories that we're still geopolitical histories that we're still geopolitical histories that we're still talking about it more than 2,000 years talking about it more than 2,000 years talking about it more than 2,000 years later but Philip has a drinking party to later but Philip has a drinking party to later but Philip has a drinking party to celebrate the marriage and he's there celebrate the marriage and he's there celebrate the marriage and he's there and Alexander's there and the uncle of and Alexander's there and the uncle of and Alexander's there and the uncle of the Bride adelus is the Bride adelus is the Bride adelus is there when we talked about the tendency there when we talked about the tendency there when we talked about the tendency of the macedonians to have drinking of the macedonians to have drinking of the macedonians to have drinking parties a little earlier I think I parties a little earlier I think I parties a little earlier I think I undercut what I was trying to say about undercut what I was trying to say about undercut what I was trying to say about the way the drinking parties go and made the way the drinking parties go and made the way the drinking parties go and made it seem like too competitors who want to it seem like too competitors who want to it seem like too competitors who want to have a drink off against each other have a drink off against each other have a drink off against each other could sit there with Terin over their could sit there with Terin over their could sit there with Terin over their head and drink wine and made it sound head and drink wine and made it sound head and drink wine and made it sound like maybe they could just sip it and like maybe they could just sip it and like maybe they could just sip it and the first one who couldn't handle the first one who couldn't handle the first one who couldn't handle anymore stopped these are Chugalug anymore stopped these are Chugalug anymore stopped these are Chugalug contests these are like you have to contests these are like you have to contests these are like you have to breathe while you're chugal lugging and breathe while you're chugal lugging and breathe while you're chugal lugging and the first person that falls to the the first person that falls to the the first person that falls to the ground passed out loses or dies ground passed out loses or dies ground passed out loses or dies sometimes people sometimes people sometimes people died so these are serious drinking

died so these are serious drinking died so these are serious drinking contests which means dionisis has a contests which means dionisis has a contests which means dionisis has a serious chance to get involved in the serious chance to get involved in the serious chance to get involved in the proceedings and Isis loosens the tongue proceedings and Isis loosens the tongue proceedings and Isis loosens the tongue we're going to assume it was not meant we're going to assume it was not meant we're going to assume it was not meant to come out of the bride's Uncle atlus to come out of the bride's Uncle atlus to come out of the bride's Uncle atlus at the feast he offers a toast and the at the feast he offers a toast and the at the feast he offers a toast and the toast is that the gods provide a toast is that the gods provide a toast is that the gods provide a legitimate Heir a Macedonian Heir for legitimate Heir a Macedonian Heir for legitimate Heir a Macedonian Heir for the throne of the throne of the throne of Macedonia which might have just gone you Macedonia which might have just gone you Macedonia which might have just gone you know into the room and passed by know into the room and passed by know into the room and passed by everybody and just been seen as a normal everybody and just been seen as a normal everybody and just been seen as a normal toast for a you know Uncle of the Bride toast for a you know Uncle of the Bride toast for a you know Uncle of the Bride to make at a fine wedding dinner like to make at a fine wedding dinner like to make at a fine wedding dinner like this but that's not how Alexander this but that's not how Alexander this but that's not how Alexander perceived it and he threw his cup at perceived it and he threw his cup at perceived it and he threw his cup at atalis and in this room of stunned atalis and in this room of stunned atalis and in this room of stunned intoxicated Warriors dignitaries and intoxicated Warriors dignitaries and intoxicated Warriors dignitaries and friends said you villain are you calling friends said you villain are you calling friends said you villain are you calling me a me a me a bastard and everything is about to go to bastard and everything is about to go to bastard and everything is about to go to held on a hand basket the room's going held on a hand basket the room's going held on a hand basket the room's going to explode philli gets up off the couch to explode philli gets up off the couch to explode philli gets up off the couch pulls his sword and goes after pulls his sword and goes after pulls his sword and goes after Alexander and then falls on his Alexander and then falls on his Alexander and then falls on his face it's interesting to go and read face it's interesting to go and read face it's interesting to go and read about the various theories of how about the various theories of how about the various theories of how debilitating uh Philip's various debilitating uh Philip's various debilitating uh Philip's various maladies were uh but he he certainly had maladies were uh but he he certainly had maladies were uh but he he certainly had at at the least a limp maybe it was even at at the least a limp maybe it was even at at the least a limp maybe it was even worse than that and he had to swing his worse than that and he had to swing his worse than that and he had to swing his leg around just to move but a clearly leg around just to move but a clearly leg around just to move but a clearly wasted Philip

wasted Philip wasted Philip II can't even pass from one couch to II can't even pass from one couch to II can't even pass from one couch to another without falling and Alexander another without falling and Alexander another without falling and Alexander issues one of the most famous Burns in issues one of the most famous Burns in issues one of the most famous Burns in the whole alexandrian story when he the whole alexandrian story when he the whole alexandrian story when he tells the whole room look everybody the tells the whole room look everybody the tells the whole room look everybody the man who's preparing to cross from Europe man who's preparing to cross from Europe man who's preparing to cross from Europe to Asia can't cross from one couch to another there are a lot of ways to view another there are a lot of ways to view something like something like something like this first of all we should ask the this first of all we should ask the this first of all we should ask the obvious history detective kind of obvious history detective kind of obvious history detective kind of question is did it ever happen question is did it ever happen question is did it ever happen it it it seems relatively safe you got to say seems relatively safe you got to say seems relatively safe you got to say that about ancient history relatively that about ancient history relatively that about ancient history relatively safe that some sort of Rift develops safe that some sort of Rift develops safe that some sort of Rift develops between Alexander and Philip at this between Alexander and Philip at this between Alexander and Philip at this point and Via Alexander also olympius point and Via Alexander also olympius point and Via Alexander also olympius but whether or not the stories that a but whether or not the stories that a but whether or not the stories that a guy like plutar tells to explain how it guy like plutar tells to explain how it guy like plutar tells to explain how it happened or true is anyone's guess the happened or true is anyone's guess the happened or true is anyone's guess the problem is when you have so little to go problem is when you have so little to go problem is when you have so little to go on you still analyze the stuff even on you still analyze the stuff even on you still analyze the stuff even though you don't know whether you can though you don't know whether you can though you don't know whether you can confirm it or not and people have confirm it or not and people have confirm it or not and people have dissected this public event event that dissected this public event event that dissected this public event event that maybe happened most important drinking maybe happened most important drinking maybe happened most important drinking cocktail party ever maybe uh if that's cocktail party ever maybe uh if that's cocktail party ever maybe uh if that's what really happened and they've what really happened and they've what really happened and they've dissected it and tried to figure out dissected it and tried to figure out dissected it and tried to figure out what it means what does it mean when what it means what does it mean when what it means what does it mean when Phillip draws a sword and goes after his Phillip draws a sword and goes after his Phillip draws a sword and goes after his son some accounts sort of suggest that son some accounts sort of suggest that son some accounts sort of suggest that what really happened is that Philip told what really happened is that Philip told what really happened is that Philip told Alexander to apologize to adelus he Alexander to apologize to adelus he Alexander to apologize to adelus he refused to apologize which is like refused to apologize which is like refused to apologize which is like defying a direct order from the king so defying a direct order from the king so defying a direct order from the king so you know Philip Drew on

you know Philip Drew on you know Philip Drew on him but there's a lot of legitimate him but there's a lot of legitimate him but there's a lot of legitimate questions historians have pointed out I questions historians have pointed out I questions historians have pointed out I think it was David Ogden who said think it was David Ogden who said think it was David Ogden who said basically you know why wasn't there more basically you know why wasn't there more basically you know why wasn't there more public support by Phillip at the time public support by Phillip at the time public support by Phillip at the time right if somebody makes some Claim about right if somebody makes some Claim about right if somebody makes some Claim about a legitimate Heir uh in front of the a legitimate Heir uh in front of the a legitimate Heir uh in front of the legitimate Heir or the perceived legitimate Heir or the perceived legitimate Heir or the perceived legitimate Heir and his dad and you know legitimate Heir and his dad and you know legitimate Heir and his dad and you know a whole bunch of dignitaries wouldn't a whole bunch of dignitaries wouldn't a whole bunch of dignitaries wouldn't the dad say right there and then now the dad say right there and then now the dad say right there and then now wait a minute we have a legitimate ER or wait a minute we have a legitimate ER or wait a minute we have a legitimate ER or something and by not doing that you take something and by not doing that you take something and by not doing that you take an already kind of suspicious guy an already kind of suspicious guy an already kind of suspicious guy Alexander maybe and make him more Alexander maybe and make him more Alexander maybe and make him more suspicious and then if he wasn't suspicious and then if he wasn't suspicious and then if he wasn't suspicious enough to begin with he's got suspicious enough to begin with he's got suspicious enough to begin with he's got a mom who can perhaps act as a little a mom who can perhaps act as a little a mom who can perhaps act as a little you know gasoline Throne on that you know gasoline Throne on that you know gasoline Throne on that fire a lot of ways you can see this if I fire a lot of ways you can see this if I fire a lot of ways you can see this if I was going to try to see it from a fierce was going to try to see it from a fierce was going to try to see it from a fierce devote of dionis which maybe his mom was devote of dionis which maybe his mom was devote of dionis which maybe his mom was I would say that dionis I would say that dionis I would say that dionis was showing you the minds of your was showing you the minds of your was showing you the minds of your adversaries right he was ripping away adversaries right he was ripping away adversaries right he was ripping away The Masks of these people who want to The Masks of these people who want to The Masks of these people who want to hurt you and via the drink he had them hurt you and via the drink he had them hurt you and via the drink he had them expose their Ambitions and their expose their Ambitions and their expose their Ambitions and their plans and their schemes to you that's plans and their schemes to you that's plans and their schemes to you that's the way I like to see it because it's the way I like to see it because it's the way I like to see it because it's the better the better the better story which brings us to another great story which brings us to another great story which brings us to another great way to see this um just as likely as any way to see this um just as likely as any way to see this um just as likely as any of the rest I suppose it's the one of the rest I suppose it's the one of the rest I suppose it's the one several ancient historians latch on to several ancient historians latch on to several ancient historians latch on to which is that what's about to happen to which is that what's about to happen to which is that what's about to happen to Phillip is going to be because he messed

Phillip is going to be because he messed Phillip is going to be because he messed with maybe the one person in this story with maybe the one person in this story with maybe the one person in this story strong enough to resist strong enough to resist strong enough to resist him him him Olympus if this drinking party did Olympus if this drinking party did Olympus if this drinking party did happen it is afterwards that the part of happen it is afterwards that the part of happen it is afterwards that the part of the rift that seems pretty safe to say the rift that seems pretty safe to say the rift that seems pretty safe to say happened happens and Alexander for happened happens and Alexander for happened happens and Alexander for whatever reason leaves Macedonia with whatever reason leaves Macedonia with whatever reason leaves Macedonia with his mom they go together back to the old his mom they go together back to the old his mom they go together back to the old Homeland which might be more significant Homeland which might be more significant Homeland which might be more significant than I've made it out to be because some than I've made it out to be because some than I've made it out to be because some of the ways that this um nasty toast by of the ways that this um nasty toast by of the ways that this um nasty toast by adelus has been interpreted uh is that adelus has been interpreted uh is that adelus has been interpreted uh is that he's sort he's sort he's sort of implying that Alexander is not really of implying that Alexander is not really of implying that Alexander is not really a full Macedonian and that maybe you a full Macedonian and that maybe you a full Macedonian and that maybe you know macadonia would be better off with know macadonia would be better off with know macadonia would be better off with the full Macedonian and here's the thing the full Macedonian and here's the thing the full Macedonian and here's the thing he's not wrong it's easy to forget that he's not wrong it's easy to forget that he's not wrong it's easy to forget that Alexander's half um epit or epate or a Alexander's half um epit or epate or a Alexander's half um epit or epate or a pirate take your choice and from his pirate take your choice and from his pirate take your choice and from his mother's people stems from from a mother's people stems from from a mother's people stems from from a different location and what's funny different location and what's funny different location and what's funny about sort of cultural superiority and about sort of cultural superiority and about sort of cultural superiority and Prejudice and bigotry is that the Greeks Prejudice and bigotry is that the Greeks Prejudice and bigotry is that the Greeks can feel that the macedonians to the can feel that the macedonians to the can feel that the macedonians to the north of them are barbarians and north of them are barbarians and north of them are barbarians and culturally backward and uncouth and all culturally backward and uncouth and all culturally backward and uncouth and all these sorts of things and the these sorts of things and the these sorts of things and the macedonians can bristle at that but then macedonians can bristle at that but then macedonians can bristle at that but then from the Macedonian perspective farther from the Macedonian perspective farther from the Macedonian perspective farther Northwest of them is you know MOSI and Northwest of them is you know MOSI and Northwest of them is you know MOSI and those places that the macedonians are those places that the macedonians are those places that the macedonians are just as sniffy and prejudicial and

just as sniffy and prejudicial and just as sniffy and prejudicial and biased and bigoted towards those people biased and bigoted towards those people biased and bigoted towards those people and almost with the exact same and almost with the exact same and almost with the exact same adjectives about them as the Greeks are adjectives about them as the Greeks are adjectives about them as the Greeks are about the macedonians so how wonderfully about the macedonians so how wonderfully about the macedonians so how wonderfully human is all that but if Adelis did human is all that but if Adelis did human is all that but if Adelis did imply that wouldn't it be nice to have a imply that wouldn't it be nice to have a imply that wouldn't it be nice to have a 100% Macedonian King to follow you know 100% Macedonian King to follow you know 100% Macedonian King to follow you know Phillip um I'd imagine that that might Phillip um I'd imagine that that might Phillip um I'd imagine that that might play well among atalis and the other play well among atalis and the other play well among atalis and the other Barons from the very very Macedonian Barons from the very very Macedonian Barons from the very very Macedonian part of lower part of lower part of lower Macedonia and Alexander doesn't help Macedonia and Alexander doesn't help Macedonia and Alexander doesn't help things when he you know runs away for things when he you know runs away for things when he you know runs away for his own safety and where does he go up his own safety and where does he go up his own safety and where does he go up to you know his mother's country and to you know his mother's country and to you know his mother's country and then from there to the yans which are then from there to the yans which are then from there to the yans which are the historical enemy of the macedonians the historical enemy of the macedonians the historical enemy of the macedonians but he's got kin among those people too but he's got kin among those people too but he's got kin among those people too apparently so it's not a good look apparently so it's not a good look apparently so it's not a good look right sort of look like you're backing right sort of look like you're backing right sort of look like you're backing up the point of adelus saying you know up the point of adelus saying you know up the point of adelus saying you know where's the first place this half where's the first place this half where's the first place this half melosian goes when the you know going melosian goes when the you know going melosian goes when the you know going gets tough to mosia it doesn't stay here gets tough to mosia it doesn't stay here gets tough to mosia it doesn't stay here so where are his real loyalties right so where are his real loyalties right so where are his real loyalties right but Philip Phil has allowed and and the but Philip Phil has allowed and and the but Philip Phil has allowed and and the ancient sources are hard on him Philip ancient sources are hard on him Philip ancient sources are hard on him Philip has allowed his personal life here to has allowed his personal life here to has allowed his personal life here to completely undercut his geopolitical completely undercut his geopolitical completely undercut his geopolitical goals that he's been working for forever goals that he's been working for forever goals that he's been working for forever I mean he finally gets Greece where he I mean he finally gets Greece where he I mean he finally gets Greece where he wants it right United not fighting wants it right United not fighting wants it right United not fighting amongst itself uh going to support him amongst itself uh going to support him amongst itself uh going to support him now on this mission to Asia this is the now on this mission to Asia this is the now on this mission to Asia this is the crowning Glory moment of this guy's life crowning Glory moment of this guy's life crowning Glory moment of this guy's life and the sand from the foundation and the sand from the foundation and the sand from the foundation underneath his feet is beginning to just underneath his feet is beginning to just underneath his feet is beginning to just blow away

blow away blow away plutar tells a story of a Greek friend plutar tells a story of a Greek friend plutar tells a story of a Greek friend of Philips from Corinth showing up of Philips from Corinth showing up of Philips from Corinth showing up around this time period and Philip around this time period and Philip around this time period and Philip asking him whether or not they were asking him whether or not they were asking him whether or not they were getting along well in Greece now that getting along well in Greece now that getting along well in Greece now that he's you know created the conditions he's you know created the conditions he's you know created the conditions where it will be fatal to not get along where it will be fatal to not get along where it will be fatal to not get along anymore in Greece and his Greek friend anymore in Greece and his Greek friend anymore in Greece and his Greek friend says something to the effect of it says something to the effect of it says something to the effect of it doesn't look good if you're asking doesn't look good if you're asking doesn't look good if you're asking whether or not the Greeks are all whether or not the Greeks are all whether or not the Greeks are all getting along when you've got dissension getting along when you've got dissension getting along when you've got dissension and catastrophe in your own family and and catastrophe in your own family and and catastrophe in your own family and the implied uh suggestion here is that the implied uh suggestion here is that the implied uh suggestion here is that it's your own fault too which maybe it it's your own fault too which maybe it it's your own fault too which maybe it is I mean tradition has him sort of is I mean tradition has him sort of is I mean tradition has him sort of having the midlife crisis falling in having the midlife crisis falling in having the midlife crisis falling in love with the teenager and that messing love with the teenager and that messing love with the teenager and that messing everything up which would be just everything up which would be just everything up which would be just another story winded of a powerful man another story winded of a powerful man another story winded of a powerful man who gets you know undercut by his less who gets you know undercut by his less who gets you know undercut by his less than logical choices shall we say than logical choices shall we say than logical choices shall we say especially sexually or this marriage to especially sexually or this marriage to especially sexually or this marriage to this Young Bride from lower Macedonia this Young Bride from lower Macedonia this Young Bride from lower Macedonia might might be exactly what the country might might be exactly what the country might might be exactly what the country needs and just as much a political and needs and just as much a political and needs and just as much a political and diplomatic act and coup as the earlier diplomatic act and coup as the earlier diplomatic act and coup as the earlier marriages that Philip was involved marriages that Philip was involved marriages that Philip was involved in the potential exists and some in the potential exists and some in the potential exists and some historians bring this up that what's historians bring this up that what's historians bring this up that what's really going on here is Alexander and really going on here is Alexander and really going on here is Alexander and Olympus just freaking out over Olympus just freaking out over Olympus just freaking out over essentially nothing but the bottom line essentially nothing but the bottom line essentially nothing but the bottom line is it doesn't matter what it is if a is it doesn't matter what it is if a is it doesn't matter what it is if a real Rift has occurred Philip has to fix real Rift has occurred Philip has to fix real Rift has occurred Philip has to fix that and so he does he invites Alexander

that and so he does he invites Alexander that and so he does he invites Alexander back and apparently organizes a royal back and apparently organizes a royal back and apparently organizes a royal wedding to sort of reestablish the wedding to sort of reestablish the wedding to sort of reestablish the relationship you know how some people relationship you know how some people relationship you know how some people will get second marriages to sort of will get second marriages to sort of will get second marriages to sort of renew their vows well Philip doesn't do renew their vows well Philip doesn't do renew their vows well Philip doesn't do that but he does the next best thing that but he does the next best thing that but he does the next best thing with olympius he marries off their with olympius he marries off their with olympius he marries off their daughter that they have together daughter that they have together daughter that they have together Cleopatra is her name as I said and Cleopatra is her name as I said and Cleopatra is her name as I said and she's Alexander's full sister and so she's Alexander's full sister and so she's Alexander's full sister and so there's going to be a royal wedding there's going to be a royal wedding there's going to be a royal wedding where you know the unhappy couple Philip where you know the unhappy couple Philip where you know the unhappy couple Philip and Olympia sort of come together for a and Olympia sort of come together for a and Olympia sort of come together for a wedding of their daughter wedding of their daughter wedding of their daughter and just to keep it in the family and and just to keep it in the family and and just to keep it in the family and make sure that we show that it's not make sure that we show that it's not make sure that we show that it's not just no hard feelings again against just no hard feelings again against just no hard feelings again against Olympus it's no hard feelings against Olympus it's no hard feelings against Olympus it's no hard feelings against you people in mosia either it's going to you people in mosia either it's going to you people in mosia either it's going to be a royal wedding with the king of that be a royal wedding with the king of that be a royal wedding with the king of that Kingdom the king of epirus eparis ayrus Kingdom the king of epirus eparis ayrus Kingdom the king of epirus eparis ayrus choose your name who also confusingly choose your name who also confusingly choose your name who also confusingly enough because they seem to have never enough because they seem to have never enough because they seem to have never enough names in the baby book in any of enough names in the baby book in any of enough names in the baby book in any of these ancient societies his name is these ancient societies his name is these ancient societies his name is Alexander 2 Alexander of apus and he is Alexander 2 Alexander of apus and he is Alexander 2 Alexander of apus and he is the full Uncle of his the full Uncle of his the full Uncle of his bride and like his sister maybe had bride and like his sister maybe had bride and like his sister maybe had slept with Philip II himself which is slept with Philip II himself which is slept with Philip II himself which is part of the part of the part of the Macedonian uh if you were a genealogist Macedonian uh if you were a genealogist Macedonian uh if you were a genealogist in Macedonian Society you would just be in Macedonian Society you would just be in Macedonian Society you would just be driven Crazy by all the Affairs or driven Crazy by all the Affairs or driven Crazy by all the Affairs or alleged Affairs uh there's a lot of alleged Affairs uh there's a lot of alleged Affairs uh there's a lot of Gossip in the Royal house so who knows Gossip in the Royal house so who knows Gossip in the Royal house so who knows but uh when Alexander of eus was a young but uh when Alexander of eus was a young but uh when Alexander of eus was a young man uh sort of like a Batman Robin

man uh sort of like a Batman Robin man uh sort of like a Batman Robin relationship if that weren't entirely relationship if that weren't entirely relationship if that weren't entirely straight um Philip may have you know straight um Philip may have you know straight um Philip may have you know fooled around with him so he fooled fooled around with him so he fooled fooled around with him so he fooled around with olympius obviously and begat around with olympius obviously and begat around with olympius obviously and begat Alexander and maybe with Olympus his Alexander and maybe with Olympus his Alexander and maybe with Olympus his brother and now he's going to marry off brother and now he's going to marry off brother and now he's going to marry off his full daughter with Olympus to his full daughter with Olympus to his full daughter with Olympus to olympus' brother I mean again olympus' brother I mean again olympus' brother I mean again genealogist head genealogist head genealogist head explodes but you can see how a royal explodes but you can see how a royal explodes but you can see how a royal wedding of this caliber would be huge wedding of this caliber would be huge wedding of this caliber would be huge and so Philip invites everyone every and so Philip invites everyone every and so Philip invites everyone every ever been to one of those parties where ever been to one of those parties where ever been to one of those parties where everybody's allowed to invite people everybody's allowed to invite people everybody's allowed to invite people themselves but Philip wants everybody themselves but Philip wants everybody themselves but Philip wants everybody there he's going to throw a massive there he's going to throw a massive there he's going to throw a massive Festival multiple days it sounds like uh Festival multiple days it sounds like uh Festival multiple days it sounds like uh uh music great food entertainment the uh music great food entertainment the uh music great food entertainment the whole thing and it's ostensibly for this whole thing and it's ostensibly for this whole thing and it's ostensibly for this wedding so everybody's choreographed wedding so everybody's choreographed wedding so everybody's choreographed into it and plays a part but it's really into it and plays a part but it's really into it and plays a part but it's really going to turn out to be more of a going to turn out to be more of a going to turn out to be more of a festival for Phillip and to sort of festival for Phillip and to sort of festival for Phillip and to sort of bring the Greeks on board like now we're bring the Greeks on board like now we're bring the Greeks on board like now we're all on the same side let's celebrate uh all on the same side let's celebrate uh all on the same side let's celebrate uh we'll renew our vows to each other as we'll renew our vows to each other as we'll renew our vows to each other as you know League of Corinth this whole you know League of Corinth this whole you know League of Corinth this whole thing and then we'll go you know conquer thing and then we'll go you know conquer thing and then we'll go you know conquer Persia it's a crowning moment for a guy Persia it's a crowning moment for a guy Persia it's a crowning moment for a guy like Philip and sort of a chance for him like Philip and sort of a chance for him like Philip and sort of a chance for him to finally you know take a breath here to finally you know take a breath here to finally you know take a breath here after a whole career of just toil and after a whole career of just toil and after a whole career of just toil and enjoy the moment and theodoris says that enjoy the moment and theodoris says that enjoy the moment and theodoris says that he first goes to uh the great Oracle he first goes to uh the great Oracle he first goes to uh the great Oracle adelfia Apollo's Oracle and uh of course adelfia Apollo's Oracle and uh of course adelfia Apollo's Oracle and uh of course Apollo speaks through a female prophetes Apollo speaks through a female prophetes Apollo speaks through a female prophetes the the pythia and famously you want to

the the pythia and famously you want to the the pythia and famously you want to be careful about your uh interpretation be careful about your uh interpretation be careful about your uh interpretation shall we say of what an oracle tells you shall we say of what an oracle tells you shall we say of what an oracle tells you they often are much more accurate after they often are much more accurate after they often are much more accurate after the fact right when you look back and the fact right when you look back and the fact right when you look back and you go oh I see what they meant they you go oh I see what they meant they you go oh I see what they meant they were right again there's a magic were right again there's a magic were right again there's a magic eightball sort of feel to some of them eightball sort of feel to some of them eightball sort of feel to some of them and famously for example when the king and famously for example when the king and famously for example when the king of Lydia asked the Oracle if he should of Lydia asked the Oracle if he should of Lydia asked the Oracle if he should attack the Persian Empire the oracle attack the Persian Empire the oracle attack the Persian Empire the oracle told him listen if you attack the told him listen if you attack the told him listen if you attack the Persian Empire you will destroy a great Persian Empire you will destroy a great Persian Empire you will destroy a great Empire which he took to mean yeah go do Empire which he took to mean yeah go do Empire which he took to mean yeah go do it and he did it and he did destroy a it and he did it and he did destroy a it and he did it and he did destroy a great Empire but it was his Empire great Empire but it was his Empire great Empire but it was his Empire unfortunately and you would think unfortunately and you would think unfortunately and you would think stories like that would give ample stories like that would give ample stories like that would give ample warning to a guy like philli who goes to warning to a guy like philli who goes to warning to a guy like philli who goes to the Oracle and the pythia tells him when the Oracle and the pythia tells him when the Oracle and the pythia tells him when he says should I attack Persia quote the he says should I attack Persia quote the he says should I attack Persia quote the bull is wreathed it's end is nigh the bull is wreathed it's end is nigh the bull is wreathed it's end is nigh the sacrificer is at hand end quote sacrificer is at hand end quote sacrificer is at hand end quote now in hindsight that looks like an now in hindsight that looks like an now in hindsight that looks like an accurate magic eightball prediction but accurate magic eightball prediction but accurate magic eightball prediction but ahead of time it might have looked more ahead of time it might have looked more ahead of time it might have looked more like you know one of those things all like you know one of those things all like you know one of those things all signs point to yes or something a little signs point to yes or something a little signs point to yes or something a little bit more amorphous I'm not sure I'd bit more amorphous I'm not sure I'd bit more amorphous I'm not sure I'd rolled the dice on a unclear prediction rolled the dice on a unclear prediction rolled the dice on a unclear prediction like that but Philip takes it in the like that but Philip takes it in the like that but Philip takes it in the best possible way assumes that the bull best possible way assumes that the bull best possible way assumes that the bull means the Persian king and they're ready means the Persian king and they're ready means the Persian king and they're ready to be sacrificed and he's the guy at to be sacrificed and he's the guy at to be sacrificed and he's the guy at hand to do it and so he you know hand to do it and so he you know hand to do it and so he you know organizes his party and deodor says does organizes his party and deodor says does organizes his party and deodor says does all these sacrifices after the Oracle all these sacrifices after the Oracle all these sacrifices after the Oracle gives him the good news and writes gives him the good news and writes gives him the good news and writes quote he Phillip therefore lost no time

quote he Phillip therefore lost no time quote he Phillip therefore lost no time in performing magnificent sacrifices to in performing magnificent sacrifices to in performing magnificent sacrifices to the gods and celebrating the marriage of the gods and celebrating the marriage of the gods and celebrating the marriage of Cleopatra His Daughter by olympius to Cleopatra His Daughter by olympius to Cleopatra His Daughter by olympius to Alexander the king of epirus and Alexander the king of epirus and Alexander the king of epirus and olympius his full brother as well as olympius his full brother as well as olympius his full brother as well as honoring the gods he wanted as many honoring the gods he wanted as many honoring the gods he wanted as many Greeks as possible to enjoy the Greeks as possible to enjoy the Greeks as possible to enjoy the festivities so he laid on Splendid festivities so he laid on Splendid festivities so he laid on Splendid musical contests and spectac ular musical contests and spectac ular musical contests and spectac ular Banquets for his friends and Intimates Banquets for his friends and Intimates Banquets for his friends and Intimates from all over Greece he invited those from all over Greece he invited those from all over Greece he invited those who were closest to him and he told his who were closest to him and he told his who were closest to him and he told his friends to ask as many as possible of friends to ask as many as possible of friends to ask as many as possible of their acquaintances from abroad to come their acquaintances from abroad to come their acquaintances from abroad to come for he particularly wanted to show favor for he particularly wanted to show favor for he particularly wanted to show favor to the Greeks and to repay the honor to the Greeks and to repay the honor to the Greeks and to repay the honor they had granted him of supreme command they had granted him of supreme command they had granted him of supreme command with the appropriate courtesies with the appropriate courtesies with the appropriate courtesies theodoris continues theodoris continues theodoris continues quote the upshot was that large numbers quote the upshot was that large numbers quote the upshot was that large numbers of people poured in from every quarter of people poured in from every quarter of people poured in from every quarter to the festival the contests and the to the festival the contests and the to the festival the contests and the marriage took place he mentions in the marriage took place he mentions in the marriage took place he mentions in the capital in capital in capital in madon and Philip was awarded golden madon and Philip was awarded golden madon and Philip was awarded golden crowns not just by distinguished crowns not just by distinguished crowns not just by distinguished individuals but also by the majority of individuals but also by the majority of individuals but also by the majority of the important cities Athens was one of the important cities Athens was one of the important cities Athens was one of them he says and when the herald them he says and when the herald them he says and when the herald proclaimed this Crown the last thing he proclaimed this Crown the last thing he proclaimed this Crown the last thing he said was that anyone who plotted against said was that anyone who plotted against said was that anyone who plotted against King philli and sought refuge in Athens King philli and sought refuge in Athens King philli and sought refuge in Athens would be extradited to him by means of would be extradited to him by means of would be extradited to him by means of this spontaneously prophetic utterance this spontaneously prophetic utterance this spontaneously prophetic utterance deodor says the gods were clearly deodor says the gods were clearly deodor says the gods were clearly indicating as though by Divine foresight indicating as though by Divine foresight indicating as though by Divine foresight that a plot was imminently to be

that a plot was imminently to be that a plot was imminently to be launched against Philip's life end launched against Philip's life end launched against Philip's life end quote here is the thing about a guy like quote here is the thing about a guy like quote here is the thing about a guy like Phillip we've mentioned the word mafia Phillip we've mentioned the word mafia Phillip we've mentioned the word mafia and organized crime a lot to deal with and organized crime a lot to deal with and organized crime a lot to deal with the Macedonian Royal Dynamic but this the Macedonian Royal Dynamic but this the Macedonian Royal Dynamic but this guy is like a mafia Dawn he's powerful guy is like a mafia Dawn he's powerful guy is like a mafia Dawn he's powerful and he's feared he's in danger at all and he's feared he's in danger at all and he's feared he's in danger at all times and sometimes some of the most times and sometimes some of the most times and sometimes some of the most satisfying moments in life can come satisfying moments in life can come satisfying moments in life can come right before the Hitmen come in and right before the Hitmen come in and right before the Hitmen come in and machine gun you all at the table while machine gun you all at the table while machine gun you all at the table while you're eating pasta and smoking cigars you're eating pasta and smoking cigars you're eating pasta and smoking cigars and having a nice and having a nice and having a nice Kean what's about to occur is the Kean what's about to occur is the Kean what's about to occur is the prototype for all the great prototype for all the great prototype for all the great conspiratorial multi-layered who done it conspiratorial multi-layered who done it conspiratorial multi-layered who done it heads of state assassination stories for heads of state assassination stories for heads of state assassination stories for the rest of time I mean the johnf the rest of time I mean the johnf the rest of time I mean the johnf Kennedy assassination is nothing but a Kennedy assassination is nothing but a Kennedy assassination is nothing but a pale shadow of what's about to happen in pale shadow of what's about to happen in pale shadow of what's about to happen in this theater that's been deliberately this theater that's been deliberately this theater that's been deliberately set up paid for and established so that set up paid for and established so that set up paid for and established so that this affair can happen and Philip can this affair can happen and Philip can this affair can happen and Philip can have this moment in the Sun that is you have this moment in the Sun that is you have this moment in the Sun that is you know long awaited for much know long awaited for much know long awaited for much [Music] [Music] [Music] deserved but once again it's very deserved but once again it's very deserved but once again it's very possible that unlike major geopolitical possible that unlike major geopolitical possible that unlike major geopolitical events that we expect will move the events that we expect will move the events that we expect will move the needle in terms of the way history needle in terms of the way history needle in terms of the way history breaks like a wave sometimes when you breaks like a wave sometimes when you breaks like a wave sometimes when you get into these places where as we said

get into these places where as we said get into these places where as we said power is concentrated especially in one power is concentrated especially in one power is concentrated especially in one person the seemingly most personal most person the seemingly most personal most person the seemingly most personal most intimate sorts of events can end up intimate sorts of events can end up intimate sorts of events can end up literally literally literally toppling demigods and in this case it toppling demigods and in this case it toppling demigods and in this case it may come may come may come from phip having a relatively common it from phip having a relatively common it from phip having a relatively common it sounds like sort of homosexual affair sounds like sort of homosexual affair sounds like sort of homosexual affair with a young man and then deciding he with a young man and then deciding he with a young man and then deciding he liked some younger handsomer man liked some younger handsomer man liked some younger handsomer man instead now this is partly what makes instead now this is partly what makes instead now this is partly what makes ancient history so fun there's an old ancient history so fun there's an old ancient history so fun there's an old line from a play I think it was that the line from a play I think it was that the line from a play I think it was that the past is a foreign country they do things past is a foreign country they do things past is a foreign country they do things differently there it's a great line but differently there it's a great line but differently there it's a great line but some countries are like Canada and some countries are like Canada and some countries are like Canada and others are like Easter Island right others are like Easter Island right others are like Easter Island right Canada they do things a little Canada they do things a little Canada they do things a little differently Easter Island you're going differently Easter Island you're going differently Easter Island you're going it's a major life change um if I told it's a major life change um if I told it's a major life change um if I told you that some general some four-star you that some general some four-star you that some general some four-star general head of the Joint Chiefs of general head of the Joint Chiefs of general head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff or major world leader was having Staff or major world leader was having Staff or major world leader was having an affair a heterosexual Affair um you an affair a heterosexual Affair um you an affair a heterosexual Affair um you would say okay well that's not all that would say okay well that's not all that would say okay well that's not all that surprising and if I said that they got surprising and if I said that they got surprising and if I said that they got rid of girlfriend number one for a rid of girlfriend number one for a rid of girlfriend number one for a younger you know version younger you know version younger you know version you probably think to yourself okay this you probably think to yourself okay this you probably think to yourself okay this is just a good gossip colomy story for is just a good gossip colomy story for is just a good gossip colomy story for you know you know you know my tabloid newspaper I want to sit down

my tabloid newspaper I want to sit down my tabloid newspaper I want to sit down and get some popcorn and read up on and get some popcorn and read up on and get some popcorn and read up on what's going on with them the what's going on with them the what's going on with them the homosexuality angle though is what turns homosexuality angle though is what turns homosexuality angle though is what turns this into a story that just makes it this into a story that just makes it this into a story that just makes it part of this time and this place and part of this time and this place and part of this time and this place and it's hard to get your mind around the it's hard to get your mind around the it's hard to get your mind around the sexuality situation anyway because sexuality situation anyway because sexuality situation anyway because sometimes you'll run into sources that sometimes you'll run into sources that sometimes you'll run into sources that make it sound like things are frowned make it sound like things are frowned make it sound like things are frowned upon other times like that they're upon other times like that they're upon other times like that they're common so I can't figure out when one common so I can't figure out when one common so I can't figure out when one line is crossed or another one isn't but line is crossed or another one isn't but line is crossed or another one isn't but there are some weird things about the a there are some weird things about the a there are some weird things about the a better way to phrase it would probably better way to phrase it would probably better way to phrase it would probably be homosexual Behavior or pansexuality be homosexual Behavior or pansexuality be homosexual Behavior or pansexuality in this period And it that it mixes in this period And it that it mixes in this period And it that it mixes elements you don't see very much anymore elements you don't see very much anymore elements you don't see very much anymore for example the kind of people we're for example the kind of people we're for example the kind of people we're talking about involved in the homosexual talking about involved in the homosexual talking about involved in the homosexual acts when we talk about the king of acts when we talk about the king of acts when we talk about the king of Macedonia or these Macedonian Nobles are Macedonia or these Macedonian Nobles are Macedonia or these Macedonian Nobles are hard-bitten killers hand toand killers hard-bitten killers hand toand killers hard-bitten killers hand toand killers these are alpha males if we want to use these are alpha males if we want to use these are alpha males if we want to use the parlament of our the parlament of our the parlament of our time extremely masculine major Drinkers time extremely masculine major Drinkers time extremely masculine major Drinkers and party animals and um comrades who and party animals and um comrades who and party animals and um comrades who are tough as nails and who make up are tough as nails and who make up are tough as nails and who make up almost certainly the greatest army of almost certainly the greatest army of almost certainly the greatest army of their time one of the greatest armies in their time one of the greatest armies in their time one of the greatest armies in the ancient world one of the most famous the ancient world one of the most famous the ancient world one of the most famous armies in history um these are men's men armies in history um these are men's men armies in history um these are men's men but that can mean numerous things can't but that can mean numerous things can't but that can mean numerous things can't they you they you they you know the point is is you don't normally know the point is is you don't normally know the point is is you don't normally see the equivalent of your four-star see the equivalent of your four-star see the equivalent of your four-star generals or you know chairman of the generals or you know chairman of the generals or you know chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff or whatnot Joint Chiefs of Staff or whatnot Joint Chiefs of Staff or whatnot involved in some sort of a homosexual involved in some sort of a homosexual involved in some sort of a homosexual love triangle but you know the past is a

love triangle but you know the past is a love triangle but you know the past is a different country and they do things different country and they do things different country and they do things differently there and in macadonia there differently there and in macadonia there differently there and in macadonia there wasn't a lot of um reaction to Philip wasn't a lot of um reaction to Philip wasn't a lot of um reaction to Philip having having having these Affairs I mean you don't see these Affairs I mean you don't see these Affairs I mean you don't see Olympus being too angry about them right Olympus being too angry about them right Olympus being too angry about them right it's not bothering it's not bothering it's not bothering her in fact if you're looking at this her in fact if you're looking at this her in fact if you're looking at this from an Olympus Viewpoint I like looking from an Olympus Viewpoint I like looking from an Olympus Viewpoint I like looking at it from multiple viewpoints again I'm at it from multiple viewpoints again I'm at it from multiple viewpoints again I'm seeing this all working out towards my seeing this all working out towards my seeing this all working out towards my benefit and dionis is looking after his benefit and dionis is looking after his benefit and dionis is looking after his own right this is why you pray to a god own right this is why you pray to a god own right this is why you pray to a god like dionis because when you need him he like dionis because when you need him he like dionis because when you need him he comes through and there's going to be comes through and there's going to be comes through and there's going to be another incident involving another incident involving another incident involving wine that leads to a chain of events wine that leads to a chain of events wine that leads to a chain of events that one could see as working out very that one could see as working out very that one could see as working out very well for a olympius and Alexander well for a olympius and Alexander well for a olympius and Alexander 2 this guy that Philip is having the 2 this guy that Philip is having the 2 this guy that Philip is having the affair with is named affair with is named affair with is named pinius as yet another wonderful example pinius as yet another wonderful example pinius as yet another wonderful example that the macedonians need more names in that the macedonians need more names in that the macedonians need more names in their baby book the person in the story their baby book the person in the story their baby book the person in the story besides penus is also named penus so besides penus is also named penus so besides penus is also named penus so both of these lovers of Philip are named both of these lovers of Philip are named both of these lovers of Philip are named penus I had said he had a type with penus I had said he had a type with penus I had said he had a type with women right he likes his warrior women women right he likes his warrior women women right he likes his warrior women and he likes his enchantresses with guys and he likes his enchantresses with guys and he likes his enchantresses with guys he likes his Poss anus is so penus 1 is he likes his Poss anus is so penus 1 is he likes his Poss anus is so penus 1 is the original guy that Philip is having the original guy that Philip is having the original guy that Philip is having the affair with and he's thrown aside the affair with and he's thrown aside the affair with and he's thrown aside for panus 2 so he runs around spreading for panus 2 so he runs around spreading for panus 2 so he runs around spreading malicious gossip about panus

malicious gossip about panus malicious gossip about panus 2 we would call it shaming today 2 we would call it shaming today 2 we would call it shaming today and once again it's hard to figure out and once again it's hard to figure out and once again it's hard to figure out where the line between uh okay behavior where the line between uh okay behavior where the line between uh okay behavior in the minds of all these people versus in the minds of all these people versus in the minds of all these people versus something that should be ridiculed is something that should be ridiculed is something that should be ridiculed is sometimes it can even involve you know sometimes it can even involve you know sometimes it can even involve you know sexual position so I'm going to leave sexual position so I'm going to leave sexual position so I'm going to leave that to people who are more intelligent that to people who are more intelligent that to people who are more intelligent and well- versed on the subject than I and well- versed on the subject than I and well- versed on the subject than I am it is interesting to know though that am it is interesting to know though that am it is interesting to know though that when panus 1 says you know awful things when panus 1 says you know awful things when panus 1 says you know awful things about panus 2 to our modern Minds we about panus 2 to our modern Minds we about panus 2 to our modern Minds we would be going wait a minute didn't would be going wait a minute didn't would be going wait a minute didn't panus one just do those same things panus one just do those same things panus one just do those same things nonetheless it was so mortifying to nonetheless it was so mortifying to nonetheless it was so mortifying to Banus 2 that he went to someone he was Banus 2 that he went to someone he was Banus 2 that he went to someone he was apparently close to the bride apparently close to the bride apparently close to the bride Cleopatra's Uncle the guy that Alex Cleopatra's Uncle the guy that Alex Cleopatra's Uncle the guy that Alex Ander threw the cup at atus and said I Ander threw the cup at atus and said I Ander threw the cup at atus and said I can hardly live with myself this guy is can hardly live with myself this guy is can hardly live with myself this guy is you know making me out to be this um you know making me out to be this um you know making me out to be this um awful person so I'm going to go prove awful person so I'm going to go prove awful person so I'm going to go prove that I'm not an awful person that I'm an that I'm not an awful person that I'm an that I'm not an awful person that I'm an admirable honorable person and he goes admirable honorable person and he goes admirable honorable person and he goes out into a battle we're told where out into a battle we're told where out into a battle we're told where Philip is fighting his old enemies the Philip is fighting his old enemies the Philip is fighting his old enemies the yans and the yans are about to kill yans and the yans are about to kill yans and the yans are about to kill Phillip and instead penus to jumps in Phillip and instead penus to jumps in Phillip and instead penus to jumps in front of him takes all of the you know front of him takes all of the you know front of him takes all of the you know slings and arrows meant for Phillip dies slings and arrows meant for Phillip dies slings and arrows meant for Phillip dies heroically but it's really like a heroically but it's really like a heroically but it's really like a suicide to prove that he was a good man suicide to prove that he was a good man suicide to prove that he was a good man and this upsets atus who then wants to and this upsets atus who then wants to and this upsets atus who then wants to get even with penus one for putting get even with penus one for putting get even with penus one for putting penus 2 in a position where penus 2 had penus 2 in a position where penus 2 had penus 2 in a position where penus 2 had to throw his life away and so adelus

to throw his life away and so adelus to throw his life away and so adelus involves penus one to you guessed it a involves penus one to you guessed it a involves penus one to you guessed it a place where they could have a little place where they could have a little place where they could have a little wine and this is where the sources wine and this is where the sources wine and this is where the sources diverge a little bit some suggest that diverge a little bit some suggest that diverge a little bit some suggest that atus already had a sexual Affair or atus already had a sexual Affair or atus already had a sexual Affair or sexually abused panus one in the sexually abused panus one in the sexually abused panus one in the past some of the sources suggest that uh past some of the sources suggest that uh past some of the sources suggest that uh he gets panus one drunk at this get he gets panus one drunk at this get he gets panus one drunk at this get together and rapes him here and now and together and rapes him here and now and together and rapes him here and now and maybe lets his friends also do it and maybe lets his friends also do it and maybe lets his friends also do it and then all the sources say that after uh then all the sources say that after uh then all the sources say that after uh he rapes him or just gets him dead drunk he rapes him or just gets him dead drunk he rapes him or just gets him dead drunk he throws him to the stable boy so that he throws him to the stable boy so that he throws him to the stable boy so that they can all do that to him and of they can all do that to him and of they can all do that to him and of course you know telling everybody's course you know telling everybody's course you know telling everybody's friends doing the equivalent of posting friends doing the equivalent of posting friends doing the equivalent of posting it on the Macedonian Facebook page or it on the Macedonian Facebook page or it on the Macedonian Facebook page or whatever right Myspace page probably way whatever right Myspace page probably way whatever right Myspace page probably way back back back then so everybody knows right so if then so everybody knows right so if then so everybody knows right so if penus 2 had to throw his life away penus 2 had to throw his life away penus 2 had to throw his life away because penus 1 said a few are probably because penus 1 said a few are probably because penus 1 said a few are probably not true slurs about him how's Pauli as not true slurs about him how's Pauli as not true slurs about him how's Pauli as one feeling now right where's his one feeling now right where's his one feeling now right where's his reputation so he goes back to the old reputation so he goes back to the old reputation so he goes back to the old boyfriend Philip and asked for redress boyfriend Philip and asked for redress boyfriend Philip and asked for redress of grievances adelus did this stuff to of grievances adelus did this stuff to of grievances adelus did this stuff to me what are you going to do about it and me what are you going to do about it and me what are you going to do about it and the sources say Philip admitted it was the sources say Philip admitted it was the sources say Philip admitted it was wrong and he felt bad about it but he wrong and he felt bad about it but he wrong and he felt bad about it but he needs adelus maybe that's why he even needs adelus maybe that's why he even needs adelus maybe that's why he even married his daughter right he needs this married his daughter right he needs this married his daughter right he needs this guy this guy's going to be one of the guy this guy's going to be one of the guy this guy's going to be one of the commanders by the way who right around commanders by the way who right around commanders by the way who right around the same time period goes and the same time period goes and the same time period goes and essentially in a very sort of lback

essentially in a very sort of lback essentially in a very sort of lback quiet way starts the invasion of Persia quiet way starts the invasion of Persia quiet way starts the invasion of Persia 10,000 macedonians go and establish a 10,000 macedonians go and establish a 10,000 macedonians go and establish a bridge head uh over in Persian Society bridge head uh over in Persian Society bridge head uh over in Persian Society waiting for Philip and the rest of the waiting for Philip and the rest of the waiting for Philip and the rest of the army to follow so that's how close that army to follow so that's how close that army to follow so that's how close that invasion is to where we are in the story invasion is to where we are in the story invasion is to where we are in the story right right right now so Philip is in a position here now so Philip is in a position here now so Philip is in a position here where he can't satisfy penus demands on where he can't satisfy penus demands on where he can't satisfy penus demands on how severe he wants him to be on adelus how severe he wants him to be on adelus how severe he wants him to be on adelus without screwing up his long-term without screwing up his long-term without screwing up his long-term Conquest goals here so he tries to sort Conquest goals here so he tries to sort Conquest goals here so he tries to sort of Banus off right gives him precious of Banus off right gives him precious of Banus off right gives him precious gifts were told and stuff promotes him gifts were told and stuff promotes him gifts were told and stuff promotes him to higher positions of authority maybe to higher positions of authority maybe to higher positions of authority maybe even bodyguard which may explain some of even bodyguard which may explain some of even bodyguard which may explain some of the story coming up a little bit but the the story coming up a little bit but the the story coming up a little bit but the sources say that this isn't enough for sources say that this isn't enough for sources say that this isn't enough for penus Aristotle writing a near penus Aristotle writing a near penus Aristotle writing a near contemporary um just it's it's a blurb contemporary um just it's it's a blurb contemporary um just it's it's a blurb from his treaties politics just mentions from his treaties politics just mentions from his treaties politics just mentions this this this quote the plot hatched by penius against quote the plot hatched by penius against quote the plot hatched by penius against Phillip arose from the latters allowing Phillip arose from the latters allowing Phillip arose from the latters allowing penus to be sexually assaulted by adelus penus to be sexually assaulted by adelus penus to be sexually assaulted by adelus and his men end and his men end and his men end quote even though it may sound like it quote even though it may sound like it quote even though it may sound like it that's not saying that penus is blaming that's not saying that penus is blaming that's not saying that penus is blaming Philip for allowing him to be sexually Philip for allowing him to be sexually Philip for allowing him to be sexually assaulted he blaming philli for not assaulted he blaming philli for not assaulted he blaming philli for not doing anything about it afterwards for doing anything about it afterwards for doing anything about it afterwards for letting adelus and his men get away with letting adelus and his men get away with letting adelus and his men get away with it laugh about it afterwards and penius it laugh about it afterwards and penius it laugh about it afterwards and penius is out for vengeance we are is out for vengeance we are is out for vengeance we are told it's also possible that this told it's also possible that this told it's also possible that this Revenge needed to be

Revenge needed to be Revenge needed to be public that the people that penus had public that the people that penus had public that the people that penus had been shamed in front of been shamed in front of been shamed in front of reputationally were going to be the kind reputationally were going to be the kind reputationally were going to be the kind of people that would be you know at a of people that would be you know at a of people that would be you know at a public event and it's important maybe public event and it's important maybe public event and it's important maybe that they know that he was the one that they know that he was the one that they know that he was the one involved there's a story where penus is involved there's a story where penus is involved there's a story where penus is supposed to have asked his Professor supposed to have asked his Professor supposed to have asked his Professor once what the best way to become famous once what the best way to become famous once what the best way to become famous was and the professor is supposed to was and the professor is supposed to was and the professor is supposed to have told have told have told paulus by killing somebody who is famous paulus by killing somebody who is famous paulus by killing somebody who is famous right then you forever link your lives right then you forever link your lives right then you forever link your lives together right anytime they bring up the together right anytime they bring up the together right anytime they bring up the famous person they'll bring up the famous person they'll bring up the famous person they'll bring up the person who ended the famous person you person who ended the famous person you person who ended the famous person you become part of their become part of their become part of their story well if you really wanted your story well if you really wanted your story well if you really wanted your revenge to get revenge to get revenge to get attention there just happens to be a attention there just happens to be a attention there just happens to be a party going on in a theater where all of party going on in a theater where all of party going on in a theater where all of the people that matter have been invited the people that matter have been invited the people that matter have been invited and are waiting for some sort of a and are waiting for some sort of a and are waiting for some sort of a statement they think the statement's statement they think the statement's statement they think the statement's going to come from the guy getting all going to come from the guy getting all going to come from the guy getting all the gold crowns and all the honors the gold crowns and all the honors the gold crowns and all the honors heaped on heaped on heaped on him but maybe the statement's going to him but maybe the statement's going to him but maybe the statement's going to come from a different come from a different come from a different direction we are told that Phillip had direction we are told that Phillip had direction we are told that Phillip had the audacity theodoris portrays it as the audacity theodoris portrays it as the audacity theodoris portrays it as almost almost almost sacriligious to have 12 Ivory and gold

sacriligious to have 12 Ivory and gold sacriligious to have 12 Ivory and gold statues made of the principal Greek gods statues made of the principal Greek gods statues made of the principal Greek gods in the in the in the Greek pantheon so that they could be you Greek pantheon so that they could be you Greek pantheon so that they could be you know part of the ceremonies and has a know part of the ceremonies and has a know part of the ceremonies and has a 13th Ivory and gold statue matching the 13th Ivory and gold statue matching the 13th Ivory and gold statue matching the 12 gods made of 12 gods made of 12 gods made of himself and maybe something like that is himself and maybe something like that is himself and maybe something like that is a little like Icarus Flying Too Close to a little like Icarus Flying Too Close to a little like Icarus Flying Too Close to the sun maybe you're tempting fate there there's a wonderful tradition that there there's a wonderful tradition that they supposedly practice during Roman they supposedly practice during Roman they supposedly practice during Roman times where whenever a Roman got to times where whenever a Roman got to times where whenever a Roman got to celebrate a Triumph right one of those celebrate a Triumph right one of those celebrate a Triumph right one of those moments in their life where they were moments in their life where they were moments in their life where they were honored and parades and all those kinds honored and parades and all those kinds honored and parades and all those kinds of things that there was a assistant of things that there was a assistant of things that there was a assistant whose job at these things was to whisper whose job at these things was to whisper whose job at these things was to whisper into the ear of the person being honored into the ear of the person being honored into the ear of the person being honored with the Triumph remember that you're with the Triumph remember that you're with the Triumph remember that you're human human human too just to keep his feet a little on too just to keep his feet a little on too just to keep his feet a little on the ground keep him from getting a the ground keep him from getting a the ground keep him from getting a little too carried away with himself little too carried away with himself little too carried away with himself remind him that you know we exist here remind him that you know we exist here remind him that you know we exist here and now at the pleasure of well make and now at the pleasure of well make and now at the pleasure of well make your choice the god ODS or fate or your choice the god ODS or fate or your choice the god ODS or fate or chance or maybe you exist until your chance or maybe you exist until your chance or maybe you exist until your enemies can get to enemies can get to enemies can get to you and the event that is about to occur you and the event that is about to occur you and the event that is about to occur here is so famous so salacious so here is so famous so salacious so here is so famous so salacious so interesting from a conspiratorial angle

interesting from a conspiratorial angle interesting from a conspiratorial angle involves one of the greatest figures of involves one of the greatest figures of involves one of the greatest figures of his time the father of one of the his time the father of one of the his time the father of one of the greatest figures of all time who only greatest figures of all time who only greatest figures of all time who only becomes the King because his father dies becomes the King because his father dies becomes the King because his father dies and this is the event where his father and this is the event where his father and this is the event where his father dies I mean this is such an enormous dies I mean this is such an enormous dies I mean this is such an enormous moment that you would think you'd have moment that you would think you'd have moment that you would think you'd have several different firsthand contemporary several different firsthand contemporary several different firsthand contemporary accounts to go by and compare and accounts to go by and compare and accounts to go by and compare and contrast with each other I mean if contrast with each other I mean if contrast with each other I mean if nothing else Philip has invited the nothing else Philip has invited the nothing else Philip has invited the entire glitterati here all the entire glitterati here all the entire glitterati here all the journalists all the taste makers all the journalists all the taste makers all the journalists all the taste makers all the important people I mean there you would important people I mean there you would important people I mean there you would think would be a lot of people who'd sit think would be a lot of people who'd sit think would be a lot of people who'd sit down a bunch of these playwrights down a bunch of these playwrights down a bunch of these playwrights whatever and write this stuff down and whatever and write this stuff down and whatever and write this stuff down and instead we have The Usual Suspects you instead we have The Usual Suspects you instead we have The Usual Suspects you know writing hundreds of years later know writing hundreds of years later know writing hundreds of years later hopefully using sources closer to you hopefully using sources closer to you hopefully using sources closer to you know the time and know the time and know the time and place theodoris is the closest to the place theodoris is the closest to the place theodoris is the closest to the one I've always liked because it's the one I've always liked because it's the one I've always liked because it's the most cinematic and weird and puts philli most cinematic and weird and puts philli most cinematic and weird and puts philli in this strange situation where he's in this strange situation where he's in this strange situation where he's almost thrown his own assassination almost thrown his own assassination almost thrown his own assassination party right he's he's created a an event party right he's he's created a an event party right he's he's created a an event that's highly choreographed with tons of that's highly choreographed with tons of that's highly choreographed with tons of symbol ISM with himself sort of at the symbol ISM with himself sort of at the symbol ISM with himself sort of at the center of the whole thing in a form of center of the whole thing in a form of center of the whole thing in a form of kind of blood theater where the star of kind of blood theater where the star of kind of blood theater where the star of the show Phillip has apparently not been the show Phillip has apparently not been the show Phillip has apparently not been given the last page of his script right given the last page of his script right given the last page of his script right he doesn't realize he dies at the end he he doesn't realize he dies at the end he he doesn't realize he dies at the end he doesn't realize this is blood theater doesn't realize this is blood theater doesn't realize this is blood theater until the Blood starts until the Blood starts until the Blood starts flowing the idea that his killer might

flowing the idea that his killer might flowing the idea that his killer might have been a gilted lover involved in a have been a gilted lover involved in a have been a gilted lover involved in a sexual crime is the sort of thing one sexual crime is the sort of thing one sexual crime is the sort of thing one can see every TMZ like gossip colonist can see every TMZ like gossip colonist can see every TMZ like gossip colonist for 2,400 years or something latching on for 2,400 years or something latching on for 2,400 years or something latching on to in writing about and yet again the to in writing about and yet again the to in writing about and yet again the sources are not plentiful then there's the fact that plentiful then there's the fact that it's possible that the Assassin is only it's possible that the Assassin is only it's possible that the Assassin is only in a position to do what he does you in a position to do what he does you in a position to do what he does you know to have proximity to Philip here know to have proximity to Philip here know to have proximity to Philip here because it might have been one of the because it might have been one of the because it might have been one of the things that Philip threw at him as a way things that Philip threw at him as a way things that Philip threw at him as a way to mify him over what happened with adus to mify him over what happened with adus to mify him over what happened with adus listen I listen I know it's bad here listen I listen I know it's bad here listen I listen I know it's bad here take these precious gifts and I'll make take these precious gifts and I'll make take these precious gifts and I'll make you bodyguard or I'll give you a you bodyguard or I'll give you a you bodyguard or I'll give you a backstage pass come right down on the backstage pass come right down on the backstage pass come right down on the theater stage with me you know when I'm theater stage with me you know when I'm theater stage with me you know when I'm given all the gold crowns right so you given all the gold crowns right so you given all the gold crowns right so you put the Assassin in the position to do put the Assassin in the position to do put the Assassin in the position to do what he did the deodor version of this what he did the deodor version of this what he did the deodor version of this is the one that turns this into a giant is the one that turns this into a giant is the one that turns this into a giant cinematic event and I like the way cinematic event and I like the way cinematic event and I like the way historian Ian Worthington historian Ian Worthington historian Ian Worthington in his book by the spear Philip II in his book by the spear Philip II in his book by the spear Philip II Alexander the Great and the rise and Alexander the Great and the rise and Alexander the Great and the rise and fall of the Macedonian Empire I like the fall of the Macedonian Empire I like the fall of the Macedonian Empire I like the way he he he puts it into words and then way he he he puts it into words and then way he he he puts it into words and then intersperses diodorus a little bit into intersperses diodorus a little bit into intersperses diodorus a little bit into his narrative and he writes quote The his narrative and he writes quote The his narrative and he writes quote The Spectators began cramming into the Spectators began cramming into the Spectators began cramming into the theater at dawn and settled down in theater at dawn and settled down in theater at dawn and settled down in excitement over the day's events they excitement over the day's events they excitement over the day's events they were soon greeted by a grand procession

were soon greeted by a grand procession were soon greeted by a grand procession in which first appeared statues of the in which first appeared statues of the in which first appeared statues of the 12 Olympian gods and then a splendid one 12 Olympian gods and then a splendid one 12 Olympian gods and then a splendid one of Phillip as if he were quoting of Phillip as if he were quoting of Phillip as if he were quoting theodoris enthroned among the TW Gods theodoris enthroned among the TW Gods theodoris enthroned among the TW Gods then Phillip Worthington writes then Phillip Worthington writes then Phillip Worthington writes Alexander The Heir meaning Alexander the Alexander The Heir meaning Alexander the Alexander The Heir meaning Alexander the Great and Philip's new son-in-law Great and Philip's new son-in-law Great and Philip's new son-in-law Alexander of epirus stroe into the Alexander of epirus stroe into the Alexander of epirus stroe into the theater's Orchestra Worthington calls theater's Orchestra Worthington calls theater's Orchestra Worthington calls this the performance area it's kind of this the performance area it's kind of this the performance area it's kind of like Center Stage the two Alexanders like Center Stage the two Alexanders like Center Stage the two Alexanders dutifully removed themselves to their dutifully removed themselves to their dutifully removed themselves to their seats so that Phillip dressed all in seats so that Phillip dressed all in seats so that Phillip dressed all in white white occupied Center Stage to the white white occupied Center Stage to the white white occupied Center Stage to the shouts and Applause of all present the shouts and Applause of all present the shouts and Applause of all present the king turned to his personal bodyguards king turned to his personal bodyguards king turned to his personal bodyguards and told them to fall back so that he and told them to fall back so that he and told them to fall back so that he could now quoting diodorus quote show could now quoting diodorus quote show could now quoting diodorus quote show publicly that he was protected by the publicly that he was protected by the publicly that he was protected by the Good Will of the Greeks and had no need Good Will of the Greeks and had no need Good Will of the Greeks and had no need of a guard of spearmen such was the of a guard of spearmen such was the of a guard of spearmen such was the Pinnacle of success that he had attained Pinnacle of success that he had attained Pinnacle of success that he had attained and quote Worthington continues suddenly and quote Worthington continues suddenly and quote Worthington continues suddenly as Philip stood alone basking in all the as Philip stood alone basking in all the as Philip stood alone basking in all the glory one of his Bodyguards penus of glory one of his Bodyguards penus of glory one of his Bodyguards penus of aestus rushed from his position and aestus rushed from his position and aestus rushed from his position and before the horrified stares of the before the horrified stares of the before the horrified stares of the people stabbed the king in his chest and people stabbed the king in his chest and people stabbed the king in his chest and fled rousing themselves from their shock fled rousing themselves from their shock fled rousing themselves from their shock Worthington writes some of the other Worthington writes some of the other Worthington writes some of the other bodyguards tore after him while others bodyguards tore after him while others bodyguards tore after him while others hastened to where Philip had collapsed hastened to where Philip had collapsed hastened to where Philip had collapsed in his rush to get away penus fell over in his rush to get away penus fell over in his rush to get away penus fell over a Vine and three of the pursuing guards

a Vine and three of the pursuing guards a Vine and three of the pursuing guards without hesitation speared him to death without hesitation speared him to death without hesitation speared him to death with their javelin with their javelin with their javelin by the time they returned carrying by the time they returned carrying by the time they returned carrying pinius his bloody corpse Philip II was pinius his bloody corpse Philip II was pinius his bloody corpse Philip II was dead his white attire Crimson with his dead his white attire Crimson with his dead his white attire Crimson with his blood the theater Worthington writes blood the theater Worthington writes blood the theater Worthington writes dissolved into pandemonium as dissolved into pandemonium as dissolved into pandemonium as Alexander's friends grabbed their Alexander's friends grabbed their Alexander's friends grabbed their weapons to protect him in case he too weapons to protect him in case he too weapons to protect him in case he too was a target of assassination end quote was a target of assassination end quote was a target of assassination end quote there are other accounts probably not as there are other accounts probably not as there are other accounts probably not as close to good source material as close to good source material as close to good source material as diodorus that suggest that the ass diodorus that suggest that the ass diodorus that suggest that the ass assassination happened before Philip got assassination happened before Philip got assassination happened before Philip got to the center stage area right he's to the center stage area right he's to the center stage area right he's about to make his entrance and the about to make his entrance and the about to make his entrance and the Assassin leaps out of an Al Cove and Assassin leaps out of an Al Cove and Assassin leaps out of an Al Cove and gets him but it's all only made possible gets him but it's all only made possible gets him but it's all only made possible because Philip's bodyguards are not because Philip's bodyguards are not because Philip's bodyguards are not where they're supposed to be and they're where they're supposed to be and they're where they're supposed to be and they're not there cuz he dismissed them it's an not there cuz he dismissed them it's an not there cuz he dismissed them it's an interesting thing isn't interesting thing isn't interesting thing isn't it penus also has horses waiting right it penus also has horses waiting right it penus also has horses waiting right the ancient history version of the the ancient history version of the the ancient history version of the famous gangster getaway car and at least famous gangster getaway car and at least famous gangster getaway car and at least some of the sources say multiple horses some of the sources say multiple horses some of the sources say multiple horses so the conspiracy antennas you know go so the conspiracy antennas you know go so the conspiracy antennas you know go straight up on your head and you think straight up on your head and you think straight up on your head and you think multiple horses why are there multiple multiple horses why are there multiple multiple horses why are there multiple horses if there's one assassin and so horses if there's one assassin and so horses if there's one assassin and so begins begins begins this like I said it makes the John FK this like I said it makes the John FK this like I said it makes the John FK assassination look straightforward by assassination look straightforward by assassination look straightforward by comparison because there are a lot of comparison because there are a lot of comparison because there are a lot of people that would like to see Philip people that would like to see Philip people that would like to see Philip dead either because of what they would

dead either because of what they would dead either because of what they would gain or over what they might not lose gain or over what they might not lose gain or over what they might not lose right Philip was poised to come and get right Philip was poised to come and get right Philip was poised to come and get some people and it would be in their some people and it would be in their some people and it would be in their interest if well he wasn't around to do interest if well he wasn't around to do interest if well he wasn't around to do that and you could be forgiven if you're that and you could be forgiven if you're that and you could be forgiven if you're anybody in the world at this time period anybody in the world at this time period anybody in the world at this time period who thinks that without Philip macadonia who thinks that without Philip macadonia who thinks that without Philip macadonia just goes back to what it was from just goes back to what it was from just goes back to what it was from before Phillip right Civil Wars before Phillip right Civil Wars before Phillip right Civil Wars assassinations dynastic assassinations dynastic assassinations dynastic crisis I mean all rebellions all all the crisis I mean all rebellions all all the crisis I mean all rebellions all all the things that uh were part of what kept things that uh were part of what kept things that uh were part of what kept Macedonia down before this unbelievable Macedonia down before this unbelievable Macedonia down before this unbelievable singular figure you know took control singular figure you know took control singular figure you know took control will probably return right the status will probably return right the status will probably return right the status quo anti quo anti quo anti Phillip which is why Alexander being Phillip which is why Alexander being Phillip which is why Alexander being hailed almost right away is really hailed almost right away is really hailed almost right away is really important and there's a general named important and there's a general named important and there's a general named antipater who right away will sort of antipater who right away will sort of antipater who right away will sort of raise Alexander's hand and this makes a raise Alexander's hand and this makes a raise Alexander's hand and this makes a huge difference because if this descends huge difference because if this descends huge difference because if this descends into some kind of succession crisis all into some kind of succession crisis all into some kind of succession crisis all hex's going to break loose right without hex's going to break loose right without hex's going to break loose right without the Puppet Master uh what's going to the Puppet Master uh what's going to the Puppet Master uh what's going to happen in Greece what's going to happen happen in Greece what's going to happen happen in Greece what's going to happen to the you know Beach head of 10,000 to the you know Beach head of 10,000 to the you know Beach head of 10,000 troops already in Persian territory troops already in Persian territory troops already in Persian territory ready for the invasion I mean there's a ready for the invasion I mean there's a ready for the invasion I mean there's a lot on the line here and that probably lot on the line here and that probably lot on the line here and that probably helped helped helped Alexander but if you start applying the Alexander but if you start applying the Alexander but if you start applying the Roman legal idea of kuono to this whole Roman legal idea of kuono to this whole Roman legal idea of kuono to this whole thing right who benefits there's a lot thing right who benefits there's a lot thing right who benefits there's a lot of possible people pulling the strings of possible people pulling the strings of possible people pulling the strings of penus if penus is just a of penus if penus is just a of penus if penus is just a py he might not be I mean the idea of a

py he might not be I mean the idea of a py he might not be I mean the idea of a jilted lover and angry trying to get his jilted lover and angry trying to get his jilted lover and angry trying to get his honor back that could be honor back that could be honor back that could be true but these stories and of course true but these stories and of course true but these stories and of course Plutarch would be one of them but he's Plutarch would be one of them but he's Plutarch would be one of them but he's not the only one in this case that have not the only one in this case that have not the only one in this case that have olympius honoring the dead assassin olympius honoring the dead assassin olympius honoring the dead assassin afterwards I mean if you try to apply afterwards I mean if you try to apply afterwards I mean if you try to apply this and plug in all the circumstances this and plug in all the circumstances this and plug in all the circumstances here the Kennedy assassination one like here the Kennedy assassination one like here the Kennedy assassination one like a historical Mad Libs look how look how a historical Mad Libs look how look how a historical Mad Libs look how look how weird it gets right away I mean JFK weird it gets right away I mean JFK weird it gets right away I mean JFK would have had to have been having a would have had to have been having a would have had to have been having a homosexual affair with Lee Harvey Oswald homosexual affair with Lee Harvey Oswald homosexual affair with Lee Harvey Oswald dump Lee Harvey Oswald for some younger dump Lee Harvey Oswald for some younger dump Lee Harvey Oswald for some younger cuter you know more exciting assassin cuter you know more exciting assassin cuter you know more exciting assassin potential assassin and then have Lee potential assassin and then have Lee potential assassin and then have Lee Harvey Oswald kill him for that reason Harvey Oswald kill him for that reason Harvey Oswald kill him for that reason and then if you had think about how and then if you had think about how and then if you had think about how weird this would be if you had Jackie weird this would be if you had Jackie weird this would be if you had Jackie Kennedy going and honoring the dead Lee Kennedy going and honoring the dead Lee Kennedy going and honoring the dead Lee Harvey Oswald afterwards that would be Harvey Oswald afterwards that would be Harvey Oswald afterwards that would be really weird wouldn't it and some really weird wouldn't it and some really weird wouldn't it and some sources have Olympia putting a crown on sources have Olympia putting a crown on sources have Olympia putting a crown on the corpse um honoring the I mean just the corpse um honoring the I mean just the corpse um honoring the I mean just it look it looks weird it look it looks weird it look it looks weird and that's not to even mention the fact and that's not to even mention the fact and that's not to even mention the fact that the killer of Philip II just likely that the killer of Philip II just likely that the killer of Philip II just likely Harvey Oswald is you know wiped out so Harvey Oswald is you know wiped out so Harvey Oswald is you know wiped out so that there can be no long-term that there can be no long-term that there can be no long-term uncomfortable questions asked I mean in uncomfortable questions asked I mean in uncomfortable questions asked I mean in Oswald's case it was you know a day or Oswald's case it was you know a day or Oswald's case it was you know a day or two later uh Philip's assassin is dead two later uh Philip's assassin is dead two later uh Philip's assassin is dead maybe before Philip's heart stops maybe before Philip's heart stops maybe before Philip's heart stops beating I mean two to four minutes later beating I mean two to four minutes later beating I mean two to four minutes later and anybody who could answer any and anybody who could answer any and anybody who could answer any questions about what just happened here questions about what just happened here questions about what just happened here isn't available anymore convenient

isn't available anymore convenient isn't available anymore convenient panus number one has just been Jack panus number one has just been Jack panus number one has just been Jack Rubi but in the sour say Olympus has Rubi but in the sour say Olympus has Rubi but in the sour say Olympus has always been sort of Highly suspect our always been sort of Highly suspect our always been sort of Highly suspect our Jackie Kennedy in this story uh often Jackie Kennedy in this story uh often Jackie Kennedy in this story uh often has the finger of potential blame has the finger of potential blame has the finger of potential blame pointed at pointed at pointed at her she once again establishes her her she once again establishes her her she once again establishes her credentials as the most potentially credentials as the most potentially credentials as the most potentially dangerous person in this story if she dangerous person in this story if she dangerous person in this story if she just knocked off the king somehow and just knocked off the king somehow and just knocked off the king somehow and and all of a sudden she and Alexander go and all of a sudden she and Alexander go and all of a sudden she and Alexander go from potentially frightened endangered from potentially frightened endangered from potentially frightened endangered members of the royal family who may be members of the royal family who may be members of the royal family who may be uh soon to be sort of cut out of the uh soon to be sort of cut out of the uh soon to be sort of cut out of the succession to in charge which is a an succession to in charge which is a an succession to in charge which is a an enormous difference needless to say but then there are the say but then there are the Greeks I mean if you just lost a battle Greeks I mean if you just lost a battle Greeks I mean if you just lost a battle where you had 35,000 people where you had 35,000 people where you had 35,000 people and lost one or 2,000 of them at the and lost one or 2,000 of them at the and lost one or 2,000 of them at the Battle and 2,000 more C I mean and all Battle and 2,000 more C I mean and all Battle and 2,000 more C I mean and all the money and time and effort that took the money and time and effort that took the money and time and effort that took from your state if you could just wipe from your state if you could just wipe from your state if you could just wipe out your problem with one lone assassin out your problem with one lone assassin out your problem with one lone assassin well think about how cost effective a well think about how cost effective a well think about how cost effective a move that would have move that would have move that would have been what was the line demosthenes was been what was the line demosthenes was been what was the line demosthenes was supposed to have used when talking about supposed to have used when talking about supposed to have used when talking about I think he was referring to thieves but I think he was referring to thieves but I think he was referring to thieves but about the value of even delay here about the value of even delay here about the value of even delay here because this situation revolves around

because this situation revolves around because this situation revolves around one person and the longer you string one person and the longer you string one person and the longer you string this affair out the more time there is this affair out the more time there is this affair out the more time there is for well as my grandmother used to say for well as my grandmother used to say for well as my grandmother used to say for fate to have an opportunity to for fate to have an opportunity to for fate to have an opportunity to intervene sickness can happen death can intervene sickness can happen death can intervene sickness can happen death can happen death did happen death did happen death did happen so if the Greeks were behind happen so if the Greeks were behind happen so if the Greeks were behind trying to eliminate the guy who trying to eliminate the guy who trying to eliminate the guy who eliminated their freedom so they could eliminated their freedom so they could eliminated their freedom so they could get their freedom back well that get their freedom back well that get their freedom back well that wouldn't have surprised anybody would it wouldn't have surprised anybody would it wouldn't have surprised anybody would it you think deas you think deas you think deas might have been enticed to donate you might have been enticed to donate you might have been enticed to donate you know a few gold coins to that cause there are also sides of cause there are also sides of Alexander's family that it was rumored Alexander's family that it was rumored Alexander's family that it was rumored were starting to be seen as potential were starting to be seen as potential were starting to be seen as potential Regents for Phillip who could have a new Regents for Phillip who could have a new Regents for Phillip who could have a new son with the new wife Cleopatra but son with the new wife Cleopatra but son with the new wife Cleopatra but somebody's going to have to guard the somebody's going to have to guard the somebody's going to have to guard the son while he grows up and that's what son while he grows up and that's what son while he grows up and that's what this other side of the family might have this other side of the family might have this other side of the family might have done in which case you could throw done in which case you could throw done in which case you could throw Alexander to a side now if you don't Alexander to a side now if you don't Alexander to a side now if you don't need him if he's becoming too much need him if he's becoming too much need him if he's becoming too much problem if he's a pain in the rear and problem if he's a pain in the rear and problem if he's a pain in the rear and you want to get rid of him and his you want to get rid of him and his you want to get rid of him and his Troublesome sorceress mother well maybe Troublesome sorceress mother well maybe Troublesome sorceress mother well maybe this other side of the family is the this other side of the family is the this other side of the family is the answer so they're often implicated and answer so they're often implicated and answer so they're often implicated and in fact some of the people that will be in fact some of the people that will be in fact some of the people that will be put to death rather quickly afterwards put to death rather quickly afterwards put to death rather quickly afterwards are those family members but of course are those family members but of course are those family members but of course if you're Alexander you might have if you're Alexander you might have if you're Alexander you might have wanted to kill them anyway finally wanted to kill them anyway finally wanted to kill them anyway finally become king you're going to settle a few become king you're going to settle a few become king you're going to settle a few scores whether or not they killed your scores whether or not they killed your scores whether or not they killed your pop and then there's the Persians the pop and then there's the Persians the pop and then there's the Persians the Persians wouldn't have been looking to

Persians wouldn't have been looking to Persians wouldn't have been looking to gain something from this they would have gain something from this they would have gain something from this they would have been looking to prevent been looking to prevent been looking to prevent loss because this Expedition that Philip loss because this Expedition that Philip loss because this Expedition that Philip is well he's already launched it by 336 is well he's already launched it by 336 is well he's already launched it by 336 he dies in like July is the estimate in he dies in like July is the estimate in he dies in like July is the estimate in 336 right when Alexander's about to turn 336 right when Alexander's about to turn 336 right when Alexander's about to turn 20 um it's not theoretical if he's going 20 um it's not theoretical if he's going 20 um it's not theoretical if he's going to attack Asia he's already there with to attack Asia he's already there with to attack Asia he's already there with his Bridge had already attacking cities his Bridge had already attacking cities his Bridge had already attacking cities in Persian territory so if you get rid in Persian territory so if you get rid in Persian territory so if you get rid of this guy of this guy of this guy and the traditional problems that keep and the traditional problems that keep and the traditional problems that keep Macedonia divided and unsettled and weak Macedonia divided and unsettled and weak Macedonia divided and unsettled and weak get back to normal well you just dodged get back to normal well you just dodged get back to normal well you just dodged a bullet right you don't want to see the a bullet right you don't want to see the a bullet right you don't want to see the Greeks Greeks Greeks United for any reason and if they are United for any reason and if they are United for any reason and if they are united you want them United against united you want them United against united you want them United against Macedonia to have them all working Macedonia to have them all working Macedonia to have them all working together in this league of Corinth is together in this league of Corinth is together in this league of Corinth is your worst nightmare fortunately nobody your worst nightmare fortunately nobody your worst nightmare fortunately nobody is better at throwing money around to is better at throwing money around to is better at throwing money around to achieve geopolitical goals than the Akim achieve geopolitical goals than the Akim achieve geopolitical goals than the Akim Persian Empire and if they did that here Persian Empire and if they did that here Persian Empire and if they did that here it would surprise it would surprise it would surprise nobody later in his career Alexander is nobody later in his career Alexander is nobody later in his career Alexander is actually supposed to have confronted the actually supposed to have confronted the actually supposed to have confronted the Persians via a letter directly about Persians via a letter directly about Persians via a letter directly about involvement in his dad's assassination involvement in his dad's assassination involvement in his dad's assassination that could be propaganda too so you that could be propaganda too so you that could be propaganda too so you can't trust it but one gets a sense that can't trust it but one gets a sense that can't trust it but one gets a sense that if Philip II ceased to exist the if Philip II ceased to exist the if Philip II ceased to exist the Persians might be pretty happy about Persians might be pretty happy about Persians might be pretty happy about that after all what are the odds that's that after all what are the odds that's that after all what are the odds that's not going to be better for for not going to be better for for not going to be better for for you what are the odds of getting two

you what are the odds of getting two you what are the odds of getting two Philip II's in a row you know in the Philip II's in a row you know in the Philip II's in a row you know in the monarchy monarchy monarchy Lottery they've got a 20 in blackjack Lottery they've got a 20 in blackjack Lottery they've got a 20 in blackjack and they're pretty certain it's a good and they're pretty certain it's a good and they're pretty certain it's a good time to stick wouldn't you what are the time to stick wouldn't you what are the time to stick wouldn't you what are the odds that someone's going to get a 21 odds that someone's going to get a 21 odds that someone's going to get a 21 and then someone does get a 21 and all of a sudden instead of Philip 21 and all of a sudden instead of Philip II you have given the keys to the most II you have given the keys to the most II you have given the keys to the most most dangerous Mass killing machine ever most dangerous Mass killing machine ever most dangerous Mass killing machine ever produced right the Macedonian Maserati produced right the Macedonian Maserati produced right the Macedonian Maserati to a guy who is perhaps abnormally eager to a guy who is perhaps abnormally eager to a guy who is perhaps abnormally eager to make history with it it is always to make history with it it is always to make history with it it is always interesting to speculate how this story interesting to speculate how this story interesting to speculate how this story might have gone might have gone might have gone differently if a man of lesser ambition differently if a man of lesser ambition differently if a man of lesser ambition or lesser ability or both got a hold of or lesser ability or both got a hold of or lesser ability or both got a hold of that Army cuz it was a nasty enough Army that Army cuz it was a nasty enough Army that Army cuz it was a nasty enough Army to have done damage in just about any to have done damage in just about any to have done damage in just about any competent person's hand competent person's hand competent person's hand but instead it gets but instead it gets but instead it gets fused with a level of leadership a fused with a level of leadership a fused with a level of leadership a fusion of Army and Leadership that's fusion of Army and Leadership that's fusion of Army and Leadership that's rarely been rarely been rarely been equaled you know those two things sort equaled you know those two things sort equaled you know those two things sort of meeting in in a perfect of meeting in in a perfect of meeting in in a perfect instrument which is awesome if you instrument which is awesome if you instrument which is awesome if you happen to be on the same side as the happen to be on the same side as the happen to be on the same side as the perfect instrument lot less awesome if perfect instrument lot less awesome if perfect instrument lot less awesome if you're in the crosshairs of the you're in the crosshairs of the you're in the crosshairs of the instrument I mean what happens if you instrument I mean what happens if you instrument I mean what happens if you have endless have endless have endless ambition and nobody can beat ambition and nobody can beat ambition and nobody can beat you and you're

20 if you think the show you just heard 20 if you think the show you just heard is worth a dollar Dan and Ben would love is worth a dollar Dan and Ben would love is worth a dollar Dan and Ben would love to have it go to dancarlin.com for to have it go to dancarlin.com for to have it go to dancarlin.com for information on how to donate to the show information on how to donate to the show information on how to donate to the show so this is supposed to be the tease for so this is supposed to be the tease for so this is supposed to be the tease for part two and what you've heard just now part two and what you've heard just now part two and what you've heard just now is clearly part one of a multi-part is clearly part one of a multi-part is clearly part one of a multi-part series on Alexander the Great and we are series on Alexander the Great and we are series on Alexander the Great and we are more than 4 hours in into it and we've more than 4 hours in into it and we've more than 4 hours in into it and we've mostly talked about his dad and his mom mostly talked about his dad and his mom mostly talked about his dad and his mom and where he comes from and his and where he comes from and his and where he comes from and his upbringing and all that but if you think upbringing and all that but if you think upbringing and all that but if you think about a biographical narrative those are about a biographical narrative those are about a biographical narrative those are kind of important things aren't they kind of important things aren't they kind of important things aren't they especially when it is such a key especially when it is such a key especially when it is such a key component of you know creating this component of you know creating this component of you know creating this unusual figure you got to have parents unusual figure you got to have parents unusual figure you got to have parents like that and well they deserve a a part like that and well they deserve a a part like that and well they deserve a a part one of a multi-part series all to one of a multi-part series all to one of a multi-part series all to themselves I would think we are as we themselves I would think we are as we themselves I would think we are as we always say a addicted to context around always say a addicted to context around always say a addicted to context around here though and what would Alexander's here though and what would Alexander's here though and what would Alexander's story have been without story have been without story have been without Phillip I mean Alexander is a classic Phillip I mean Alexander is a classic Phillip I mean Alexander is a classic case of the second generation corporate case of the second generation corporate case of the second generation corporate CEO or whatever right I mean a good one CEO or whatever right I mean a good one CEO or whatever right I mean a good one not Tommy Boy or something but you know not Tommy Boy or something but you know not Tommy Boy or something but you know you take over the family business from you take over the family business from you take over the family business from Dad Dad built it from nothing it's a Dad Dad built it from nothing it's a Dad Dad built it from nothing it's a little bit different when you sort of little bit different when you sort of little bit different when you sort of inherit a going concern even if it's inherit a going concern even if it's inherit a going concern even if it's going to require greatness from you on going to require greatness from you on going to require greatness from you on your part to take it to the next levels your part to take it to the next levels your part to take it to the next levels that it belongs at the level of that it belongs at the level of that it belongs at the level of greatness is of a different sort it greatness is of a different sort it greatness is of a different sort it takes a different skill set to build it takes a different skill set to build it takes a different skill set to build it from scratch than to keep it

from scratch than to keep it from scratch than to keep it going and the difference in the Styles going and the difference in the Styles going and the difference in the Styles between Philip and Alexander sort of between Philip and Alexander sort of between Philip and Alexander sort of exemplify this whereas Philip is a exemplify this whereas Philip is a exemplify this whereas Philip is a whatever it takes kind of dude uh clever whatever it takes kind of dude uh clever whatever it takes kind of dude uh clever deception deception deception diplomacy um you know rear end kissing diplomacy um you know rear end kissing diplomacy um you know rear end kissing versus I mean whatever it takes Alex is versus I mean whatever it takes Alex is versus I mean whatever it takes Alex is going to be much more high-handed he going to be much more high-handed he going to be much more high-handed he it's his way or the highway he knows it's his way or the highway he knows it's his way or the highway he knows he's got the great Army um he's not a he's got the great Army um he's not a he's got the great Army um he's not a big compromiser and he takes offense big compromiser and he takes offense big compromiser and he takes offense pretty easily it's a little bit of a pretty easily it's a little bit of a pretty easily it's a little bit of a different style a little bit more different style a little bit more different style a little bit more entitled if you entitled if you entitled if you will but while almost anyone may have will but while almost anyone may have will but while almost anyone may have done well with that Army especially with done well with that Army especially with done well with that Army especially with the generals that come with it it's the generals that come with it it's the generals that come with it it's Alexander's ambition that's the great Alexander's ambition that's the great Alexander's ambition that's the great historical wild card here cuz as we said historical wild card here cuz as we said historical wild card here cuz as we said at the end of the conversation just at the end of the conversation just at the end of the conversation just now if nothing can stop you where do you now if nothing can stop you where do you now if nothing can stop you where do you stop if you're only 20 years old when stop if you're only 20 years old when stop if you're only 20 years old when you start your conquering career gives you start your conquering career gives you start your conquering career gives you a lot of time to keep conquering you a lot of time to keep conquering you a lot of time to keep conquering what if there are no natural limits to what if there are no natural limits to what if there are no natural limits to how far you go but of course the question of go but of course the question of Alexander's unsto ability is still in Alexander's unsto ability is still in Alexander's unsto ability is still in the future as plutar says about his the future as plutar says about his the future as plutar says about his career at this moment when he SE exceeds career at this moment when he SE exceeds career at this moment when he SE exceeds his just murdered father he faces quote his just murdered father he faces quote his just murdered father he faces quote great jealousies terrible hatred and great jealousies terrible hatred and great jealousies terrible hatred and danger everywhere end quote he may have inherited a lot but

quote he may have inherited a lot but it's going to take an extremely it's going to take an extremely it's going to take an extremely formidable individual to hold together formidable individual to hold together formidable individual to hold together what Philip built after the earthquake what Philip built after the earthquake what Philip built after the earthquake that was Philip's death shakes the that was Philip's death shakes the that was Philip's death shakes the entire budding Empire to its entire budding Empire to its entire budding Empire to its foundations Alex Ander has a lot of foundations Alex Ander has a lot of foundations Alex Ander has a lot of benefits in life by virtue of who his benefits in life by virtue of who his benefits in life by virtue of who his parents were but from here on parents were but from here on parents were but from here on in he's on his own how would you like to receive an own how would you like to receive an email whenever a new Hardcore History email whenever a new Hardcore History email whenever a new Hardcore History show is released just sign up for Dan's show is released just sign up for Dan's show is released just sign up for Dan's substack newsletter we'll send you a substack newsletter we'll send you a substack newsletter we'll send you a note when a new show drops and whenever note when a new show drops and whenever note when a new show drops and whenever there's something worth telling you there's something worth telling you there's something worth telling you about it's free and it's easy just go to about it's free and it's easy just go to about it's free and it's easy just go to Dan carins substack Dan carins substack Dan carins substack docomond Punic nightmares Apache tear docomond Punic nightmares Apache tear docomond Punic nightmares Apache tear and of course ghosts of the ostfront and of course ghosts of the ostfront and of course ghosts of the ostfront just a few of the classic Hardcore just a few of the classic Hardcore just a few of the classic Hardcore History titles available from Dan History titles available from Dan History titles available from Dan car.com every true fan has heard these car.com every true fan has heard these car.com every true fan has heard these favorites hey they make great gifts too favorites hey they make great gifts too favorites hey they make great gifts too quick message here about speaking tours quick message here about speaking tours quick message here about speaking tours uh we did one recently in 2024 and it uh we did one recently in 2024 and it uh we did one recently in 2024 and it was to sort of stick your toe in the was to sort of stick your toe in the was to sort of stick your toe in the water and see if there's much a demand water and see if there's much a demand water and see if there's much a demand and it went really well so we're going and it went really well so we're going and it went really well so we're going to I think do some more cities down the to I think do some more cities down the to I think do some more cities down the road if it's something you might be road if it's something you might be road if it's something you might be interested in we will provide updates as interested in we will provide updates as interested in we will provide updates as they become available on the substack they become available on the substack they become available on the substack page for free of course at Dan car.

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