EP8 Caesar at Hastings

it's hardcore history attendant so we're it's hardcore history attendant so we're finally getting enough of these hardcore finally getting enough of these hardcore finally getting enough of these hardcore history addendum shows out so that a history addendum shows out so that a history addendum shows out so that a little bit of the pattern I think is little bit of the pattern I think is little bit of the pattern I think is starting to establish itself in terms of starting to establish itself in terms of starting to establish itself in terms of why it was gonna be because we said at why it was gonna be because we said at why it was gonna be because we said at the outset I was hoping to use it as a the outset I was hoping to use it as a the outset I was hoping to use it as a subsidiary feed for things that just subsidiary feed for things that just subsidiary feed for things that just didn't really fit into the big hardcore didn't really fit into the big hardcore didn't really fit into the big hardcore history um experience should we say and history um experience should we say and history um experience should we say and so so far we've had interviews of so so far we've had interviews of so so far we've had interviews of Daniela lily and I did a program Daniela lily and I did a program Daniela lily and I did a program together we did a sort of a mini together we did a sort of a mini together we did a sort of a mini hardcore history episode on the sinking hardcore history episode on the sinking hardcore history episode on the sinking of the Indianapolis and all those sharks of the Indianapolis and all those sharks of the Indianapolis and all those sharks and now I think we will you know put the and now I think we will you know put the and now I think we will you know put the last piece maybe in place in terms of last piece maybe in place in terms of last piece maybe in place in terms of the strange stuff you might find on the the strange stuff you might find on the the strange stuff you might find on the hardcore history addendum feed with an hardcore history addendum feed with an hardcore history addendum feed with an admittedly somewhat perhaps historically admittedly somewhat perhaps historically admittedly somewhat perhaps historically goofy show but that doesn't mean it goofy show but that doesn't mean it goofy show but that doesn't mean it doesn't have interesting elements in it doesn't have interesting elements in it doesn't have interesting elements in it that might be worth examining the point that might be worth examining the point that might be worth examining the point to bigger societal historical trends but to bigger societal historical trends but to bigger societal historical trends but it falls into the category of these it falls into the category of these it falls into the category of these little teeny narrowly focused sort of little teeny narrowly focused sort of little teeny narrowly focused sort of subjects that once again I figure we'll subjects that once again I figure we'll subjects that once again I figure we'll use in the addendum program I mean it use in the addendum program I mean it use in the addendum program I mean it might be boxing it might be punk rock it might be boxing it might be punk rock it might be boxing it might be punk rock it might be comic books you never know but might be comic books you never know but might be comic books you never know but it's going to appeal more to a slice of it's going to appeal more to a slice of it's going to appeal more to a slice of the audience rather than a more wide the audience rather than a more wide the audience rather than a more wide section so I'm hoping that like in five section so I'm hoping that like in five section so I'm hoping that like in five years when you look at the whole years when you look at the whole years when you look at the whole archives it'll be full of stuff that you archives it'll be full of stuff that you archives it'll be full of stuff that you might not care for but other things that might not care for but other things that might not care for but other things that you really think is oh that's fun that's you really think is oh that's fun that's you really think is oh that's fun that's really an arrow I like that subject so really an arrow I like that subject so really an arrow I like that subject so in 1950 science fiction comic books my in 1950 science fiction comic books my in 1950 science fiction comic books my favorite today's program I'm gonna start favorite today's program I'm gonna start favorite today's program I'm gonna start it off with a question and sort of it off with a question and sort of it off with a question and sort of progressed from there if I can you know

progressed from there if I can you know progressed from there if I can you know these things aren't scripted so I don't these things aren't scripted so I don't these things aren't scripted so I don't always know where it goes I mean for all always know where it goes I mean for all always know where it goes I mean for all I know I'm starting off with one idea I know I'm starting off with one idea I know I'm starting off with one idea and this will be about 1950s science and this will be about 1950s science and this will be about 1950s science fiction comic books by the end so we fiction comic books by the end so we fiction comic books by the end so we will all see where this journey takes us will all see where this journey takes us will all see where this journey takes us but let me start with inviting you over but let me start with inviting you over but let me start with inviting you over for a war game with me and I'm talking for a war game with me and I'm talking for a war game with me and I'm talking about old school stuff this isn't about old school stuff this isn't about old school stuff this isn't computer deals this is we you know we we computer deals this is we you know we we computer deals this is we you know we we open up the trays and the boxes and we open up the trays and the boxes and we open up the trays and the boxes and we pull out the miniatures maybe we're pull out the miniatures maybe we're pull out the miniatures maybe we're gonna have a battle where I'm gonna pull gonna have a battle where I'm gonna pull gonna have a battle where I'm gonna pull out one tray for myself out one tray for myself out one tray for myself and you will take out a Second World War and you will take out a Second World War and you will take out a Second World War German army or Soviet army from 1942 I'm German army or Soviet army from 1942 I'm German army or Soviet army from 1942 I'm gonna give you another tray in another gonna give you another tray in another gonna give you another tray in another box and when you open it up you see box and when you open it up you see box and when you open it up you see miniatures from armies from 1914 the miniatures from armies from 1914 the miniatures from armies from 1914 the start of the first world war so in other start of the first world war so in other start of the first world war so in other words your friend Dan and invited you words your friend Dan and invited you words your friend Dan and invited you over for a nice fair war game may the over for a nice fair war game may the over for a nice fair war game may the best man win or woman win best man win or woman win best man win or woman win and I take a middle second world war and I take a middle second world war and I take a middle second world war army and I give you a start of the first army and I give you a start of the first army and I give you a start of the first world war army it's like 25 years world war army it's like 25 years world war army it's like 25 years difference that's practically cheating difference that's practically cheating difference that's practically cheating isn't it you stand no chance I like to isn't it you stand no chance I like to isn't it you stand no chance I like to stack the deck what can I say at this stack the deck what can I say at this stack the deck what can I say at this point you would declare this to be point you would declare this to be point you would declare this to be unfair site unsportsmanlike unfair site unsportsmanlike unfair site unsportsmanlike unsportsmanlike unsportsmanlike conduct unsportsmanlike unsportsmanlike conduct unsportsmanlike unsportsmanlike conduct and go home if however we decided we and go home if however we decided we and go home if however we decided we were gonna play you know what was always were gonna play you know what was always were gonna play you know what was always called ancients back in the day that's called ancients back in the day that's called ancients back in the day that's really anything pre gunpowder we're

really anything pre gunpowder we're really anything pre gunpowder we're gonna have a battle from the ancient gonna have a battle from the ancient gonna have a battle from the ancient period and I pull out an army from 1066 period and I pull out an army from 1066 period and I pull out an army from 1066 you know pull out some Normans the army you know pull out some Normans the army you know pull out some Normans the army that invaded Britain and deposed the that invaded Britain and deposed the that invaded Britain and deposed the anglo-saxon monarchy there right 1066 anglo-saxon monarchy there right 1066 anglo-saxon monarchy there right 1066 and I give you an army from more than a and I give you an army from more than a and I give you an army from more than a thousand years earlier you may depending thousand years earlier you may depending thousand years earlier you may depending on the army be perfectly willing to on the army be perfectly willing to on the army be perfectly willing to fight with it and in fact think that I fight with it and in fact think that I fight with it and in fact think that I put myself at a disadvantage what if I put myself at a disadvantage what if I put myself at a disadvantage what if I gave you alexander the great's army from gave you alexander the great's army from gave you alexander the great's army from three let's just say 338 throwing out a three let's just say 338 throwing out a three let's just say 338 throwing out a number there makedonia pnes against number there makedonia pnes against number there makedonia pnes against Normans now anybody that actually played Normans now anybody that actually played Normans now anybody that actually played war games in the era that I did knows war games in the era that I did knows war games in the era that I did knows that you were forced to fight battles that you were forced to fight battles that you were forced to fight battles like this all the time you were forced like this all the time you were forced like this all the time you were forced to fight alternative history battles by to fight alternative history battles by to fight alternative history battles by the nature of the economics of the hobby the nature of the economics of the hobby the nature of the economics of the hobby let me explain and see this is where we let me explain and see this is where we let me explain and see this is where we go into territory there's a lot of go into territory there's a lot of go into territory there's a lot of people are gonna go why do we care about people are gonna go why do we care about people are gonna go why do we care about this I'll check out another addendum this I'll check out another addendum this I'll check out another addendum show later and hopefully it's your show later and hopefully it's your show later and hopefully it's your favorite topic when you do see you later favorite topic when you do see you later favorite topic when you do see you later okay okay okay for the rest of you and you'll probably for the rest of you and you'll probably for the rest of you and you'll probably whittle down the audience to 1950 whittle down the audience to 1950 whittle down the audience to 1950 science science science comic book lovers by the end only maybe comic book lovers by the end only maybe comic book lovers by the end only maybe only like spanish-language 1950s science only like spanish-language 1950s science only like spanish-language 1950s science fiction comic books by the end but in fiction comic books by the end but in fiction comic books by the end but in this case as I said every pre gunpowder this case as I said every pre gunpowder this case as I said every pre gunpowder era war gamer from the 1970s for example era war gamer from the 1970s for example era war gamer from the 1970s for example except for you total hardcores was a

except for you total hardcores was a except for you total hardcores was a fantasy war gamer because we played fantasy war gamer because we played fantasy war gamer because we played twenty five-millimeter first of all twenty five-millimeter first of all twenty five-millimeter first of all folks which meant the figures were folks which meant the figures were folks which meant the figures were relatively big and relatively expensive relatively big and relatively expensive relatively big and relatively expensive especially if you were a kid then you especially if you were a kid then you especially if you were a kid then you had to paint him yourself and that took had to paint him yourself and that took had to paint him yourself and that took a long time I mean the whole process a long time I mean the whole process a long time I mean the whole process involved a loving commitment to an army involved a loving commitment to an army involved a loving commitment to an army back in those days lots of money lots of back in those days lots of money lots of back in those days lots of money lots of time to build your army what were the time to build your army what were the time to build your army what were the odds that anybody else was building a odds that anybody else was building a odds that anybody else was building a historical enemy for your army and the historical enemy for your army and the historical enemy for your army and the answer to that is it wasn't common answer to that is it wasn't common answer to that is it wasn't common usually you'd be fighting two armies usually you'd be fighting two armies usually you'd be fighting two armies that never were anywhere close to each that never were anywhere close to each that never were anywhere close to each other on the map and were from wildly other on the map and were from wildly other on the map and were from wildly different periods because what choice different periods because what choice different periods because what choice did you have right Romans against did you have right Romans against did you have right Romans against Knights not that unusual Knights not that unusual Knights not that unusual but the interesting question that has but the interesting question that has but the interesting question that has the larger impact and is maybe more the larger impact and is maybe more the larger impact and is maybe more interesting for people who aren't interesting for people who aren't interesting for people who aren't totally into this hobby like some of us totally into this hobby like some of us totally into this hobby like some of us have been um is why if you have a First have been um is why if you have a First have been um is why if you have a First World War Army from 1914 totally World War Army from 1914 totally World War Army from 1914 totally outclassed to the point of it's not even outclassed to the point of it's not even outclassed to the point of it's not even worth getting out the miniatures to worth getting out the miniatures to worth getting out the miniatures to fight a 1942 army you know a quarter fight a 1942 army you know a quarter fight a 1942 army you know a quarter century difference why can a single century difference why can a single century difference why can a single period from the dawn of humanity to period from the dawn of humanity to period from the dawn of humanity to about the Renaissance be covered in the about the Renaissance be covered in the about the Renaissance be covered in the same wargames rule booklet just for same wargames rule booklet just for same wargames rule booklet just for those of you who care war games research those of you who care war games research those of you who care war games research rules 4 5 & 6 were the ones we played rules 4 5 & 6 were the ones we played rules 4 5 & 6 were the ones we played and if you look at those rules by the and if you look at those rules by the and if you look at those rules by the last of them you have Knights and

last of them you have Knights and last of them you have Knights and Egyptian you know fur onic armies in the Egyptian you know fur onic armies in the Egyptian you know fur onic armies in the same rule booklet totally able to fight same rule booklet totally able to fight same rule booklet totally able to fight each other in the tournament oh by the each other in the tournament oh by the each other in the tournament oh by the way why is that see that to me is the way why is that see that to me is the way why is that see that to me is the the bigger societal question because it the bigger societal question because it the bigger societal question because it says something about the pace of change says something about the pace of change says something about the pace of change and a ton of other things that are and a ton of other things that are and a ton of other things that are integral to why you get the kind of integral to why you get the kind of integral to why you get the kind of militaries in history that you get I militaries in history that you get I militaries in history that you get I mean there's a lot of inch mean there's a lot of inch mean there's a lot of inch books um I read one by John Lynn a books um I read one by John Lynn a books um I read one by John Lynn a historian who wrote battle a history of historian who wrote battle a history of historian who wrote battle a history of combat and culture and he makes he makes combat and culture and he makes he makes combat and culture and he makes he makes a point that we all understand what he a point that we all understand what he a point that we all understand what he wrote a whole book specifically pointing wrote a whole book specifically pointing wrote a whole book specifically pointing it out about how the cultures of all it out about how the cultures of all it out about how the cultures of all these societies especially when you go these societies especially when you go these societies especially when you go back to periods where militaries weren't back to periods where militaries weren't back to periods where militaries weren't standardized the way they are now even standardized the way they are now even standardized the way they are now even though culture still plays a role you go though culture still plays a role you go though culture still plays a role you go look at a military in any country in the look at a military in any country in the look at a military in any country in the world and it looks broadly similar to world and it looks broadly similar to world and it looks broadly similar to other militaries I mean we have a sort other militaries I mean we have a sort other militaries I mean we have a sort of a standardized thing now you need to of a standardized thing now you need to of a standardized thing now you need to do to win back in the day it was much do to win back in the day it was much do to win back in the day it was much more exotic and militaries could really more exotic and militaries could really more exotic and militaries could really differ from one to another and differ from one to another and differ from one to another and especially region to region and so the especially region to region and so the especially region to region and so the culture had such an influence on the culture had such an influence on the culture had such an influence on the militaries that it kind of determined at militaries that it kind of determined at militaries that it kind of determined at times how they even fought right you times how they even fought right you times how they even fought right you might have a military that in terms of might have a military that in terms of might have a military that in terms of technology and weapons and and ferocity technology and weapons and and ferocity technology and weapons and and ferocity and numbers and all these other factors and numbers and all these other factors and numbers and all these other factors was the equal of its opponent but was the equal of its opponent but was the equal of its opponent but because of some cultural question because of some cultural question because of some cultural question they were inhibited or maybe even they were inhibited or maybe even they were inhibited or maybe even enhanced how can one not think for enhanced how can one not think for enhanced how can one not think for example of the Native American practice

example of the Native American practice example of the Native American practice of counting coup as a wonderful example of counting coup as a wonderful example of counting coup as a wonderful example of how a culture can influence one's of how a culture can influence one's of how a culture can influence one's warfare is that the smart thing to do warfare is that the smart thing to do warfare is that the smart thing to do from a military standpoint probably not from a military standpoint probably not from a military standpoint probably not but it's part of the culture and you but it's part of the culture and you but it's part of the culture and you know you lose something important to the know you lose something important to the know you lose something important to the people who are involved if they don't do people who are involved if they don't do people who are involved if they don't do this and and especially in the earlier this and and especially in the earlier this and and especially in the earlier period you see this in most militaries period you see this in most militaries period you see this in most militaries one way or the other I mean try to one way or the other I mean try to one way or the other I mean try to figure out why the heck a night is a figure out why the heck a night is a figure out why the heck a night is a night when it comes to their performance night when it comes to their performance night when it comes to their performance on the battlefield right you start on the battlefield right you start on the battlefield right you start getting into all kinds of cultural getting into all kinds of cultural getting into all kinds of cultural questions because it's not just weapons questions because it's not just weapons questions because it's not just weapons systems and armor right there's other systems and armor right there's other systems and armor right there's other stuff going on but good luck quantifying stuff going on but good luck quantifying stuff going on but good luck quantifying it and good luck making a case and you it and good luck making a case and you it and good luck making a case and you can go back to what the people of the can go back to what the people of the can go back to what the people of the time thought but they were a bunch of by time thought but they were a bunch of by time thought but they were a bunch of by today's standards racist EDNOS today's standards racist EDNOS today's standards racist EDNOS ethnocentrism phobes i mean who's gonna ethnocentrism phobes i mean who's gonna ethnocentrism phobes i mean who's gonna believe those guys of course they think believe those guys of course they think believe those guys of course they think there's something special about there's something special about there's something special about themselves we don't do that these days themselves we don't do that these days themselves we don't do that these days of course not of course not now just so of course not of course not now just so of course not of course not now just so you know this is hardly a new idea I'm you know this is hardly a new idea I'm you know this is hardly a new idea I'm just deciding to look at it in this just deciding to look at it in this just deciding to look at it in this particular program but people have been particular program but people have been particular program but people have been fascinated by this forever fascinated by this forever fascinated by this forever I mean how many wonderful I mean how many wonderful I mean how many wonderful movie or TV themes can we remember that movie or TV themes can we remember that movie or TV themes can we remember that play with this idea it's really play with this idea it's really play with this idea it's really alternative history or what if history alternative history or what if history alternative history or what if history that's the category it falls into I've that's the category it falls into I've that's the category it falls into I've probably mentioned before because it's a probably mentioned before because it's a probably mentioned before because it's a perfect example of those movies that are perfect example of those movies that are perfect example of those movies that are not good movies but because of what not good movies but because of what not good movies but because of what they're doing in the movie I'm hooked they're doing in the movie I'm hooked they're doing in the movie I'm hooked anyway the 1980 movie the final anyway the 1980 movie the final anyway the 1980 movie the final countdown that's not a good movie but if

countdown that's not a good movie but if countdown that's not a good movie but if you like stuff like I like stuff it's you like stuff like I like stuff it's you like stuff like I like stuff it's worth checking out because the premise worth checking out because the premise worth checking out because the premise is easy to understand you have the USS is easy to understand you have the USS is easy to understand you have the USS Nimitz a super carrier when this movie's Nimitz a super carrier when this movie's Nimitz a super carrier when this movie's made in 1980 its state-of-the-art made in 1980 its state-of-the-art made in 1980 its state-of-the-art basically this was by the way sort of a basically this was by the way sort of a basically this was by the way sort of a half publicity piece for the US Navy so half publicity piece for the US Navy so half publicity piece for the US Navy so they cooperated but that's part of what they cooperated but that's part of what they cooperated but that's part of what made it so cool and so the premise is made it so cool and so the premise is made it so cool and so the premise is that the USS Nimitz from 1980 gets in that the USS Nimitz from 1980 gets in that the USS Nimitz from 1980 gets in this weird storm that transports them this weird storm that transports them this weird storm that transports them back in time serendipitously enough to back in time serendipitously enough to back in time serendipitously enough to the day before the 1941 Pearl Harbor the day before the 1941 Pearl Harbor the day before the 1941 Pearl Harbor strike and they happen to be right in strike and they happen to be right in strike and they happen to be right in the vicinity so as they figure out oh my the vicinity so as they figure out oh my the vicinity so as they figure out oh my gosh we've been sent back in time and oh gosh we've been sent back in time and oh gosh we've been sent back in time and oh my gosh it's the day before Pearl Harbor my gosh it's the day before Pearl Harbor my gosh it's the day before Pearl Harbor oh my gosh what can you know um you get oh my gosh what can you know um you get oh my gosh what can you know um you get this wonderful set up that's about to this wonderful set up that's about to this wonderful set up that's about to happen as this movie goes on right and happen as this movie goes on right and happen as this movie goes on right and and and they lead up to it great I mean and and they lead up to it great I mean and and they lead up to it great I mean there's there's a scene that for people there's there's a scene that for people there's there's a scene that for people like me is worth the price of admission like me is worth the price of admission like me is worth the price of admission alone where you see 1980s era jets using alone where you see 1980s era jets using alone where you see 1980s era jets using missiles to down replicas of zeros and missiles to down replicas of zeros and missiles to down replicas of zeros and you know this is pre CGI so they're you know this is pre CGI so they're you know this is pre CGI so they're really flying these thing I mean it was really flying these thing I mean it was really flying these thing I mean it was it's great right but what you're setting it's great right but what you're setting it's great right but what you're setting up of course is what everybody really up of course is what everybody really up of course is what everybody really wants to see which is the 1980 super wants to see which is the 1980 super wants to see which is the 1980 super carrier USS Nimitz going to intercept carrier USS Nimitz going to intercept carrier USS Nimitz going to intercept the Japanese fleet on the way to Pearl the Japanese fleet on the way to Pearl the Japanese fleet on the way to Pearl Harbor right does one 1980s super Harbor right does one 1980s super Harbor right does one 1980s super carrier equal six second world war early carrier equal six second world war early carrier equal six second world war early second world war aircraft carriers and second world war aircraft carriers and second world war aircraft carriers and and corresponding fleet with them I and corresponding fleet with them I and corresponding fleet with them I think so but we're gonna find out right think so but we're gonna find out right think so but we're gonna find out right as the final countdown goes on but then

as the final countdown goes on but then as the final countdown goes on but then the storm comes back and takes the the storm comes back and takes the the storm comes back and takes the Nimitz back to its own time period I Nimitz back to its own time period I Nimitz back to its own time period I like to call that time travel like to call that time travel like to call that time travel interruptus and there's nothing more interruptus and there's nothing more interruptus and there's nothing more unsatisfying than not getting to see unsatisfying than not getting to see unsatisfying than not getting to see that battle but there are other that battle but there are other that battle but there are other television shows and movie plots and television shows and movie plots and television shows and movie plots and premise C's premises premise C's premises premise C's premises that do the same thing I mean who that do the same thing I mean who that do the same thing I mean who doesn't recall if you're a original doesn't recall if you're a original doesn't recall if you're a original Twilight Zone series fan as I am the Twilight Zone series fan as I am the Twilight Zone series fan as I am the episode that involved the Army episode that involved the Army episode that involved the Army reservists who were on maneuvers on the reservists who were on maneuvers on the reservists who were on maneuvers on the battlefield where Custer's last stand battlefield where Custer's last stand battlefield where Custer's last stand happened the Battle of the Little happened the Battle of the Little happened the Battle of the Little Bighorn the plot is also simple these Bighorn the plot is also simple these Bighorn the plot is also simple these guys have a tank I think it's like a guys have a tank I think it's like a guys have a tank I think it's like a world war two leftover m3 Stuart light world war two leftover m3 Stuart light world war two leftover m3 Stuart light tank 37 millimeter three browning tank 37 millimeter three browning tank 37 millimeter three browning machine guns but a light tank right but machine guns but a light tank right but machine guns but a light tank right but they're on maneuvers at the site or they're on maneuvers at the site or they're on maneuvers at the site or right around the site of the Battle of right around the site of the Battle of right around the site of the Battle of the Little Bighorn and as time goes on the Little Bighorn and as time goes on the Little Bighorn and as time goes on they like the Nimitz in the final they like the Nimitz in the final they like the Nimitz in the final countdown begin to realize that they've countdown begin to realize that they've countdown begin to realize that they've somehow been transported back in time somehow been transported back in time somehow been transported back in time and the Battle of the Little Bighorn is and the Battle of the Little Bighorn is and the Battle of the Little Bighorn is unfolding you know nearby and you know unfolding you know nearby and you know unfolding you know nearby and you know more and more clues begin to surface the more and more clues begin to surface the more and more clues begin to surface the final clue being an arrow between the final clue being an arrow between the final clue being an arrow between the shoulder blades of one of these you know shoulder blades of one of these you know shoulder blades of one of these you know 1950s 1960s Army reservists and then at 1950s 1960s Army reservists and then at 1950s 1960s Army reservists and then at the end when they realize where they are the end when they realize where they are the end when they realize where they are they go back to their tank and they you they go back to their tank and they you they go back to their tank and they you know going from memory here but I've know going from memory here but I've know going from memory here but I've seen it a million times they go back to seen it a million times they go back to seen it a million times they go back to their tank and they pull out like their their tank and they pull out like their their tank and they pull out like their submachine guns or whatever and they run submachine guns or whatever and they run submachine guns or whatever and they run off to the battlefield in order to help off to the battlefield in order to help off to the battlefield in order to help and then the next scene is um it's

and then the next scene is um it's and then the next scene is um it's something like the the memorial for the something like the the memorial for the something like the the memorial for the for the people who fell there right and for the people who fell there right and for the people who fell there right and it's got all of you know the custard it's got all of you know the custard it's got all of you know the custard victims names on a plaque and on the victims names on a plaque and on the victims names on a plaque and on the plaque now are added the three names of plaque now are added the three names of plaque now are added the three names of the modern reservists and it's this you the modern reservists and it's this you the modern reservists and it's this you know puzzle and then the last scene is know puzzle and then the last scene is know puzzle and then the last scene is sort of showing their commander as he sort of showing their commander as he sort of showing their commander as he figures out wow they must have gone back figures out wow they must have gone back figures out wow they must have gone back in time in a while they must have died in time in a while they must have died in time in a while they must have died at the battlefield and fought there and at the battlefield and fought there and at the battlefield and fought there and then the last line is something to the then the last line is something to the then the last line is something to the effect of it's too bad they couldn't effect of it's too bad they couldn't effect of it's too bad they couldn't have brought the tank it might have made have brought the tank it might have made have brought the tank it might have made a difference or something like that a difference or something like that a difference or something like that well of course that's the final well of course that's the final well of course that's the final countdown ending - don't you want to see countdown ending - don't you want to see countdown ending - don't you want to see the 1m3 against what was it like 2000 the 1m3 against what was it like 2000 the 1m3 against what was it like 2000 2500 you know Native American Plains 2500 you know Native American Plains 2500 you know Native American Plains warriors truthfully I don't think it's warriors truthfully I don't think it's warriors truthfully I don't think it's much of a battle as soon as they figure much of a battle as soon as they figure much of a battle as soon as they figure out they have nothing to penetrate this out they have nothing to penetrate this out they have nothing to penetrate this thing with and as it's mowing down thing with and as it's mowing down thing with and as it's mowing down natives I think they're gone I think the natives I think they're gone I think the natives I think they're gone I think the morale breaks I think anybody's would morale breaks I think anybody's would morale breaks I think anybody's would but just still want to see it don't you but just still want to see it don't you but just still want to see it don't you so someday when I make this movie I was so someday when I make this movie I was so someday when I make this movie I was gonna write a book maybe it'll be a gonna write a book maybe it'll be a gonna write a book maybe it'll be a movie some big I called fighting out of movie some big I called fighting out of movie some big I called fighting out of time and it was gonna be these questions time and it was gonna be these questions time and it was gonna be these questions I'm gonna do it as a podcast today I'm gonna do it as a podcast today I'm gonna do it as a podcast today instead and sort of explore it a little instead and sort of explore it a little instead and sort of explore it a little bit but the idea would be to actually bit but the idea would be to actually bit but the idea would be to actually have that battle I mean if you're gonna have that battle I mean if you're gonna have that battle I mean if you're gonna have a great battle why not show it and have a great battle why not show it and have a great battle why not show it and it's it's fantasy and yet its historical it's it's fantasy and yet its historical it's it's fantasy and yet its historical at the same time I mean take for example at the same time I mean take for example at the same time I mean take for example one of the wild ideas that blew my mind one of the wild ideas that blew my mind one of the wild ideas that blew my mind when I first heard it and I first heard when I first heard it and I first heard when I first heard it and I first heard it in 1985 it was not particularly new it in 1985 it was not particularly new it in 1985 it was not particularly new even then because it involves two of the even then because it involves two of the even then because it involves two of the great military commanders in history so great military commanders in history so great military commanders in history so it is normal for people to compare them

it is normal for people to compare them it is normal for people to compare them and they've been doing so for a long and they've been doing so for a long and they've been doing so for a long time in this case its Napoleon and time in this case its Napoleon and time in this case its Napoleon and Alexander the Great the book that blew Alexander the Great the book that blew Alexander the Great the book that blew my mind on this was a book it's called my mind on this was a book it's called my mind on this was a book it's called the origins of war from the Stone Age to the origins of war from the Stone Age to the origins of war from the Stone Age to Alexander the Great by military Alexander the Great by military Alexander the Great by military historian Arthur Farrell and at the time historian Arthur Farrell and at the time historian Arthur Farrell and at the time in the middle 1980s you know I was a to in the middle 1980s you know I was a to in the middle 1980s you know I was a to get back to the wargaming thing I had an get back to the wargaming thing I had an get back to the wargaming thing I had an acumen and Persian army and I had a neo acumen and Persian army and I had a neo acumen and Persian army and I had a neo Assyrian army and getting updated Assyrian army and getting updated Assyrian army and getting updated information on either one of those was information on either one of those was information on either one of those was nearly impossible and then in the 1980s nearly impossible and then in the 1980s nearly impossible and then in the 1980s little bits of real information began to little bits of real information began to little bits of real information began to trickle out again the first real glut of trickle out again the first real glut of trickle out again the first real glut of information in like 20 or 30 years and information in like 20 or 30 years and information in like 20 or 30 years and this book had some of it so I mean I this book had some of it so I mean I this book had some of it so I mean I desperately needed this book but when desperately needed this book but when desperately needed this book but when you get to the last chapter in an effort you get to the last chapter in an effort you get to the last chapter in an effort to make his case that Alexander the to make his case that Alexander the to make his case that Alexander the Great had brought warfare to a point Great had brought warfare to a point Great had brought warfare to a point where it was modern enough so that you where it was modern enough so that you where it was modern enough so that you could begin to make weird comparisons he could begin to make weird comparisons he could begin to make weird comparisons he tried to reimagine the Battle of tried to reimagine the Battle of tried to reimagine the Battle of Waterloo right early 1800s the Duke of Waterloo right early 1800s the Duke of Waterloo right early 1800s the Duke of Wellington with his anglo-dutch army on Wellington with his anglo-dutch army on Wellington with his anglo-dutch army on one side Napoleon back from exile you one side Napoleon back from exile you one side Napoleon back from exile you know the comeback kid with his army the know the comeback kid with his army the know the comeback kid with his army the Prussians in the distance on the way Prussians in the distance on the way Prussians in the distance on the way maybe the most written about battle in maybe the most written about battle in maybe the most written about battle in human history I'm not sure I think I human history I'm not sure I think I human history I'm not sure I think I read that somewhere but if not the most read that somewhere but if not the most read that somewhere but if not the most one of the most which is why it gets one of the most which is why it gets one of the most which is why it gets studied so often by the way because when studied so often by the way because when studied so often by the way because when you have this many accounts from this you have this many accounts from this you have this many accounts from this many angles you can begin to piece many angles you can begin to piece many angles you can begin to piece things together really well and this is things together really well and this is things together really well and this is by the way one of the earlier battles in by the way one of the earlier battles in by the way one of the earlier battles in relatively modern history where people relatively modern history where people relatively modern history where people were able to do that and they did it were able to do that and they did it were able to do that and they did it with real interest especially for the with real interest especially for the with real interest especially for the rest of the 1800s because this was the

rest of the 1800s because this was the rest of the 1800s because this was the ultimate battle of the Age and a lot of ultimate battle of the Age and a lot of ultimate battle of the Age and a lot of veterans on multiple sides had fought veterans on multiple sides had fought veterans on multiple sides had fought there there there what Farrell does first is try to what Farrell does first is try to what Farrell does first is try to imagine how Alexander the Great would imagine how Alexander the Great would imagine how Alexander the Great would have done at that battle if he were have done at that battle if he were have done at that battle if he were commanding Napoleon's army instead of commanding Napoleon's army instead of commanding Napoleon's army instead of Napoleon so this was part of his effort Napoleon so this was part of his effort Napoleon so this was part of his effort to show that Alexander would have to show that Alexander would have to show that Alexander would have wouldn't have been daunted by the wouldn't have been daunted by the wouldn't have been daunted by the numbers or the scale or the size of the numbers or the scale or the size of the numbers or the scale or the size of the battlefield or those things because he battlefield or those things because he battlefield or those things because he had relatively similar numbers and had relatively similar numbers and had relatively similar numbers and battlefield sizes and all that kind of battlefield sizes and all that kind of battlefield sizes and all that kind of stuff in his day stuff in his day stuff in his day then Farrell goes on however to do the then Farrell goes on however to do the then Farrell goes on however to do the part that just blows your mind if you're part that just blows your mind if you're part that just blows your mind if you're a person like me and tries to imagine in a person like me and tries to imagine in a person like me and tries to imagine in order to make a point order to make a point order to make a point how Alexander would have done at the how Alexander would have done at the how Alexander would have done at the Battle of Waterloo in place of Napoleon Battle of Waterloo in place of Napoleon Battle of Waterloo in place of Napoleon if he also used his own army instead of if he also used his own army instead of if he also used his own army instead of Napoleon's French one this seems on the Napoleon's French one this seems on the Napoleon's French one this seems on the surface preposterous you're going to surface preposterous you're going to surface preposterous you're going to replace early 1800s era Napoleonic replace early 1800s era Napoleonic replace early 1800s era Napoleonic French with makedonia --nz from French with makedonia --nz from French with makedonia --nz from something like the 330s BCE an army that something like the 330s BCE an army that something like the 330s BCE an army that was ancient by the standards of the was ancient by the standards of the was ancient by the standards of the Roman Empire preposterous but maybe not Roman Empire preposterous but maybe not Roman Empire preposterous but maybe not as preposterous as you might think as preposterous as you might think as preposterous as you might think initially Pharaoh makes an interesting initially Pharaoh makes an interesting initially Pharaoh makes an interesting sort of a point and he does it with the sort of a point and he does it with the sort of a point and he does it with the usual disclaimers you always have to do usual disclaimers you always have to do usual disclaimers you always have to do with counterfactuals or alternative

with counterfactuals or alternative with counterfactuals or alternative history for example he concedes that the history for example he concedes that the history for example he concedes that the gunpowder and the sound of explosives gunpowder and the sound of explosives gunpowder and the sound of explosives and stuff would have a big impact on and stuff would have a big impact on and stuff would have a big impact on Alexander's troops and the horses and Alexander's troops and the horses and Alexander's troops and the horses and all that so you take that out that all that so you take that out that all that so you take that out that becomes one of those things that you becomes one of those things that you becomes one of those things that you make allowances for you pretend that make allowances for you pretend that make allowances for you pretend that Alexander's makedonia n--'s had fought Alexander's makedonia n--'s had fought Alexander's makedonia n--'s had fought gunpowder before and then try to measure gunpowder before and then try to measure gunpowder before and then try to measure how it would go but then it gets kind of how it would go but then it gets kind of how it would go but then it gets kind of interesting because Farrell points out interesting because Farrell points out interesting because Farrell points out things that you might not consider for things that you might not consider for things that you might not consider for example that my first thought you just example that my first thought you just example that my first thought you just think how are Alexander's men lined up think how are Alexander's men lined up think how are Alexander's men lined up shoulder-to-shoulder in these deep shoulder-to-shoulder in these deep shoulder-to-shoulder in these deep blocks like you know so many bowling blocks like you know so many bowling blocks like you know so many bowling pins how are they going to get past all pins how are they going to get past all pins how are they going to get past all this musketry in this cannons and this musketry in this cannons and this musketry in this cannons and everything like that but farro reminds everything like that but farro reminds everything like that but farro reminds us that at Waterloo Napoleon had a lot us that at Waterloo Napoleon had a lot us that at Waterloo Napoleon had a lot of infantry formations that were formed of infantry formations that were formed of infantry formations that were formed up in column deeper than Alexander's and up in column deeper than Alexander's and up in column deeper than Alexander's and they still got right up to the they still got right up to the they still got right up to the Dutch lines before the anglo-dutch Dutch lines before the anglo-dutch Dutch lines before the anglo-dutch opened fire with their muskets let's opened fire with their muskets let's opened fire with their muskets let's talk about that for a minute there's a talk about that for a minute there's a talk about that for a minute there's a famous phrase you may recall that you're famous phrase you may recall that you're famous phrase you may recall that you're not supposed to fire until you see the not supposed to fire until you see the not supposed to fire until you see the whites of the enemy's eyes that's whites of the enemy's eyes that's whites of the enemy's eyes that's because the muskets when you singly are because the muskets when you singly are because the muskets when you singly are pretty ineffective and inaccurate during pretty ineffective and inaccurate during pretty ineffective and inaccurate during this time period but if you wait till this time period but if you wait till this time period but if you wait till someone's right in front of you and you someone's right in front of you and you someone's right in front of you and you fire a whole bunch of them at once you fire a whole bunch of them at once you fire a whole bunch of them at once you can do great damage the problem always can do great damage the problem always can do great damage the problem always comes with the reloading because in this comes with the reloading because in this comes with the reloading because in this time period that's a pretty slow process time period that's a pretty slow process time period that's a pretty slow process and even if you have ranks fire in and even if you have ranks fire in and even if you have ranks fire in sequence so the first rank fires then sequence so the first rank fires then sequence so the first rank fires then kneels and begins to reload second rank kneels and begins to reload second rank kneels and begins to reload second rank fire fire fire there's still these pauses between the

there's still these pauses between the there's still these pauses between the discharge of the weapons between the discharge of the weapons between the discharge of the weapons between the volleys it's what's gonna happen during volleys it's what's gonna happen during volleys it's what's gonna happen during that low that's maybe going to make a that low that's maybe going to make a that low that's maybe going to make a difference here if the Duke of difference here if the Duke of difference here if the Duke of Wellington and his anglo-dutch forces Wellington and his anglo-dutch forces Wellington and his anglo-dutch forces stand up from you know behind a ridge at stand up from you know behind a ridge at stand up from you know behind a ridge at 20 yards or 15 yards and opens fire at 20 yards or 15 yards and opens fire at 20 yards or 15 yards and opens fire at the makedonia n-- pikemen in front of the makedonia n-- pikemen in front of the makedonia n-- pikemen in front of them they may blow them away they did them they may blow them away they did them they may blow them away they did this against Napoleon's forces and this against Napoleon's forces and this against Napoleon's forces and caused terrible trouble right they could caused terrible trouble right they could caused terrible trouble right they could blow them away so the same thing would blow them away so the same thing would blow them away so the same thing would happen no worse than how the French did happen no worse than how the French did happen no worse than how the French did right but if they don't blow them away right but if they don't blow them away right but if they don't blow them away remember unlike Napoleonic infantry remember unlike Napoleonic infantry remember unlike Napoleonic infantry they're not armed they're not armed they're not armed for combat for hand-to-hand combat with for combat for hand-to-hand combat with for combat for hand-to-hand combat with a long musket and a knife on the end of a long musket and a knife on the end of a long musket and a knife on the end of it a bayonet they have those fourteen it a bayonet they have those fourteen it a bayonet they have those fourteen foot long Spears they have them arrayed foot long Spears they have them arrayed foot long Spears they have them arrayed in a formation that makes them look like in a formation that makes them look like in a formation that makes them look like a hedgehog or a pin cushion the Roman a hedgehog or a pin cushion the Roman a hedgehog or a pin cushion the Roman general he was Emilia spaulos described general he was Emilia spaulos described general he was Emilia spaulos described the sight of a phalanx a pike phalanx the sight of a phalanx a pike phalanx the sight of a phalanx a pike phalanx advancing as absolutely terrifying and advancing as absolutely terrifying and advancing as absolutely terrifying and he didn't think it could be defeated on he didn't think it could be defeated on he didn't think it could be defeated on level ground if it kept its formation level ground if it kept its formation level ground if it kept its formation what would that do to the thin lines of what would that do to the thin lines of what would that do to the thin lines of Musketeers if they ever got past that Musketeers if they ever got past that Musketeers if they ever got past that initial volley right charged at the Run initial volley right charged at the Run initial volley right charged at the Run which they were trained to do between which they were trained to do between which they were trained to do between the volleys in the interim the volleys in the interim the volleys in the interim yikes and remember unlike the Napoleonic

yikes and remember unlike the Napoleonic yikes and remember unlike the Napoleonic infantry they would be charged infantry they would be charged infantry they would be charged into they have armor and helmets they into they have armor and helmets they into they have armor and helmets they have swords for sidearms they are ready have swords for sidearms they are ready have swords for sidearms they are ready for hand-to-hand combat in fact it's the for hand-to-hand combat in fact it's the for hand-to-hand combat in fact it's the only thing they do Pharaoh also points only thing they do Pharaoh also points only thing they do Pharaoh also points out that these skirmishers the people out that these skirmishers the people out that these skirmishers the people with slings and bows and arrows and with slings and bows and arrows and with slings and bows and arrows and javelins fighting as light infantry javelins fighting as light infantry javelins fighting as light infantry people that they might do better against people that they might do better against people that they might do better against Napoleon's forces than they did Napoleon's forces than they did Napoleon's forces than they did historically because historically historically because historically historically because historically they're usually launching their sling they're usually launching their sling they're usually launching their sling stones and arrows and javelins against stones and arrows and javelins against stones and arrows and javelins against people who have shields or helmets or people who have shields or helmets or people who have shields or helmets or armor or all three the de poliana troops armor or all three the de poliana troops armor or all three the de poliana troops have none of those things so they may be have none of those things so they may be have none of those things so they may be more vulnerable than the ancient more vulnerable than the ancient more vulnerable than the ancient opponents and targets of the skirmishers opponents and targets of the skirmishers opponents and targets of the skirmishers were finally you have the cavalry were finally you have the cavalry were finally you have the cavalry question and this is a big open-ended question and this is a big open-ended question and this is a big open-ended one because you know you have the one because you know you have the one because you know you have the involvement of some technology here we involvement of some technology here we involvement of some technology here we talked about technology changing slowly talked about technology changing slowly talked about technology changing slowly but there's a priest stirrup and a but there's a priest stirrup and a but there's a priest stirrup and a poster of a period when it comes to poster of a period when it comes to poster of a period when it comes to cavalry and stirrups and how much of a cavalry and stirrups and how much of a cavalry and stirrups and how much of a difference that makes is heavily debated difference that makes is heavily debated difference that makes is heavily debated I'll tell you this I think you'd I'll tell you this I think you'd I'll tell you this I think you'd probably have and I could be wrong about probably have and I could be wrong about probably have and I could be wrong about this I think you'd probably have more this I think you'd probably have more this I think you'd probably have more good cavalry on the makedonia inside so good cavalry on the makedonia inside so good cavalry on the makedonia inside so even if they weren't able to compete even if they weren't able to compete even if they weren't able to compete person-by-person I think they might not person-by-person I think they might not person-by-person I think they might not number them and I certainly think that number them and I certainly think that number them and I certainly think that if I'm on horseback with a twelve foot if I'm on horseback with a twelve foot if I'm on horseback with a twelve foot nine to twelve foot Lance I'd rather nine to twelve foot Lance I'd rather nine to twelve foot Lance I'd rather have that than a man on horseback have that than a man on horseback have that than a man on horseback charging with a saber and well that's charging with a saber and well that's charging with a saber and well that's just me that's a personal preference just me that's a personal preference just me that's a personal preference question isn't it my point is that it's question isn't it my point is that it's question isn't it my point is that it's both goofy and fascinating because what

both goofy and fascinating because what both goofy and fascinating because what does it say about development the pace does it say about development the pace does it say about development the pace of change how cultures influence of change how cultures influence of change how cultures influence militaries I mean it brings up some very militaries I mean it brings up some very militaries I mean it brings up some very interesting questions like how could an interesting questions like how could an interesting questions like how could an army fighting more than 2,000 years army fighting more than 2,000 years army fighting more than 2,000 years before the one fighting at the Battle of before the one fighting at the Battle of before the one fighting at the Battle of Waterloo have any chance at all at the Waterloo have any chance at all at the Waterloo have any chance at all at the Battle of Waterloo when you wouldn't Battle of Waterloo when you wouldn't Battle of Waterloo when you wouldn't stand a chance in hell against me if you stand a chance in hell against me if you stand a chance in hell against me if you were using a 1914 army and I was using a were using a 1914 army and I was using a were using a 1914 army and I was using a 1942 one you would like to say that it 1942 one you would like to say that it 1942 one you would like to say that it is a simple question of the speeding up is a simple question of the speeding up is a simple question of the speeding up of the pace of change that once upon a of the pace of change that once upon a of the pace of change that once upon a time change moved rather slowly compared time change moved rather slowly compared time change moved rather slowly compared to today I mean for example to today I mean for example to today I mean for example they were using things like Spears and they were using things like Spears and they were using things like Spears and bows and arrows in warfare from bows and arrows in warfare from bows and arrows in warfare from prehistoric times until right around the prehistoric times until right around the prehistoric times until right around the Middle Ages of the Renaissance even Middle Ages of the Renaissance even Middle Ages of the Renaissance even after the Renaissance that's a long time after the Renaissance that's a long time after the Renaissance that's a long time with certain elements in place with certain elements in place with certain elements in place technologically speaking you might argue technologically speaking you might argue technologically speaking you might argue as many do that when the pace of change as many do that when the pace of change as many do that when the pace of change speeds up usually dated to around the speeds up usually dated to around the speeds up usually dated to around the middle 1800s right middle of the 19th middle 1800s right middle of the 19th middle 1800s right middle of the 19th century think us civil war think century think us civil war think century think us civil war think franco-prussian war in Europe that from franco-prussian war in Europe that from franco-prussian war in Europe that from that moment on technology speeds up to a that moment on technology speeds up to a that moment on technology speeds up to a point where armies need to stay point where armies need to stay point where armies need to stay technologically current or lose and technologically current or lose and technologically current or lose and that's not to say that they didn't need that's not to say that they didn't need that's not to say that they didn't need to before it just became a much more to before it just became a much more to before it just became a much more overriding issue and you see that by the overriding issue and you see that by the overriding issue and you see that by the way if you look at any of the major Wars

way if you look at any of the major Wars way if you look at any of the major Wars from the 1850s onward there's there's from the 1850s onward there's there's from the 1850s onward there's there's the beginning of the war where there's a the beginning of the war where there's a the beginning of the war where there's a sort of shock as everyone's getting sort of shock as everyone's getting sort of shock as everyone's getting accustomed to the power of the new accustomed to the power of the new accustomed to the power of the new weaponry and trying to learn how to use weaponry and trying to learn how to use weaponry and trying to learn how to use it and integrate it into systems and all it and integrate it into systems and all it and integrate it into systems and all that kind of stuff you see that in each that kind of stuff you see that in each that kind of stuff you see that in each of these wars just this utter shock it of these wars just this utter shock it of these wars just this utter shock it at at what 10 years or 20 years of at at what 10 years or 20 years of at at what 10 years or 20 years of change has wrought on the old rules and change has wrought on the old rules and change has wrought on the old rules and it's about this time period and I'm not it's about this time period and I'm not it's about this time period and I'm not saying that the saying dates from that saying that the saying dates from that saying that the saying dates from that but that the idea of generals are always but that the idea of generals are always but that the idea of generals are always fighting the last war seems to be fighting the last war seems to be fighting the last war seems to be relevant because this is where fighting relevant because this is where fighting relevant because this is where fighting the last war can get you killed fighting the last war can get you killed fighting the last war can get you killed fighting the last war didn't get you killed the last war didn't get you killed the last war didn't get you killed through most of human history fighting through most of human history fighting through most of human history fighting the last war was often the best way to the last war was often the best way to the last war was often the best way to fight the next war especially if you did fight the next war especially if you did fight the next war especially if you did well if you are a Roman general there's well if you are a Roman general there's well if you are a Roman general there's not that much gonna change in your not that much gonna change in your not that much gonna change in your lifetime on the basics of war if you are lifetime on the basics of war if you are lifetime on the basics of war if you are a general if you're a soldier in 1914 a general if you're a soldier in 1914 a general if you're a soldier in 1914 who ends up being a general in 1945 look who ends up being a general in 1945 look who ends up being a general in 1945 look at all the change that went on in your at all the change that went on in your at all the change that went on in your life so the pressures been on the modern life so the pressures been on the modern life so the pressures been on the modern generals right to try to adapt quickly generals right to try to adapt quickly generals right to try to adapt quickly to a pace of change that earlier to a pace of change that earlier to a pace of change that earlier generals never had to deal with and of generals never had to deal with and of generals never had to deal with and of course the funny thing is we moderns can course the funny thing is we moderns can course the funny thing is we moderns can relate to their situation more easily relate to their situation more easily relate to their situation more easily than we can relate to say the Roman than we can relate to say the Roman than we can relate to say the Roman general situation because we understand general situation because we understand general situation because we understand the accelerated pace of change the accelerated pace of change the accelerated pace of change intrinsically don't we it's such a part intrinsically don't we it's such a part intrinsically don't we it's such a part of our of our of our modern lives that it's become difficult modern lives that it's become difficult modern lives that it's become difficult to try to imagine that it's ever been to try to imagine that it's ever been to try to imagine that it's ever been otherwise and yet it's only been this

otherwise and yet it's only been this otherwise and yet it's only been this way for a relatively short period of way for a relatively short period of way for a relatively short period of time that to me when you start thinking time that to me when you start thinking time that to me when you start thinking about how human history has been for about how human history has been for about how human history has been for most of human history and begins to most of human history and begins to most of human history and begins to sound like science fiction that's when sound like science fiction that's when sound like science fiction that's when you know we live in really interesting you know we live in really interesting you know we live in really interesting times right I mean take for example this times right I mean take for example this times right I mean take for example this pace of change question forget the fact pace of change question forget the fact pace of change question forget the fact that it can sometimes seemingly move that it can sometimes seemingly move that it can sometimes seemingly move backwards right and knowledge can get backwards right and knowledge can get backwards right and knowledge can get lost in certain places at certain times lost in certain places at certain times lost in certain places at certain times and capabilities can go down like a and capabilities can go down like a and capabilities can go down like a civilizational stock market and decline civilizational stock market and decline civilizational stock market and decline forget all that for a second and you forget all that for a second and you forget all that for a second and you know I love those things I mean I can know I love those things I mean I can know I love those things I mean I can hardly keep from just going off on hardly keep from just going off on hardly keep from just going off on tangents on those but I do that enough tangents on those but I do that enough tangents on those but I do that enough on other shows check them out if you on other shows check them out if you on other shows check them out if you haven't already but just focus on all haven't already but just focus on all haven't already but just focus on all the ramifications that happen in the the ramifications that happen in the the ramifications that happen in the society when knowledge especially things society when knowledge especially things society when knowledge especially things like technological knowledge when those like technological knowledge when those like technological knowledge when those things stay current for much longer things stay current for much longer things stay current for much longer swathes of time I mean here's an analogy swathes of time I mean here's an analogy swathes of time I mean here's an analogy it's science fiction but it's more it's science fiction but it's more it's science fiction but it's more representative of human history than the representative of human history than the representative of human history than the way we live now imagine if we today way we live now imagine if we today way we live now imagine if we today we're still using and you guys you know we're still using and you guys you know we're still using and you guys you know don't give me these notes saying go you don't give me these notes saying go you don't give me these notes saying go you wouldn't do it the viruses we would have wouldn't do it the viruses we would have wouldn't do it the viruses we would have by now you have no idea imagine we were by now you have no idea imagine we were by now you have no idea imagine we were still using the computers from 1995 still using the computers from 1995 still using the computers from 1995 windows 95 on every desktop except for windows 95 on every desktop except for windows 95 on every desktop except for you people that have the early apples you people that have the early apples you people that have the early apples running around your office but my point running around your office but my point running around your office but my point being imagined that we are very little being imagined that we are very little being imagined that we are very little changed from the technology of when changed from the technology of when changed from the technology of when computers first became something a lot computers first became something a lot computers first became something a lot of people had in their homes if you were

of people had in their homes if you were of people had in their homes if you were a person who began using computers back a person who began using computers back a person who began using computers back in 1995 or for that matter 2005 think in 1995 or for that matter 2005 think in 1995 or for that matter 2005 think about how competent you'd be on this about how competent you'd be on this about how competent you'd be on this operating system by now right operating system by now right operating system by now right think about what a guru these old people think about what a guru these old people think about what a guru these old people would be in any of these companies would be in any of these companies would be in any of these companies simply because of the hours of simply because of the hours of simply because of the hours of experience that had accrued over a long experience that had accrued over a long experience that had accrued over a long lifetime using the same operating system lifetime using the same operating system lifetime using the same operating system that you're using today you know as a 17 that you're using today you know as a 17 that you're using today you know as a 17 year old hacker now instead of talking year old hacker now instead of talking year old hacker now instead of talking about computers and operating systems about computers and operating systems about computers and operating systems imagine if we're talking about web imagine if we're talking about web imagine if we're talking about web in warfare there's a sort of a physics in warfare there's a sort of a physics in warfare there's a sort of a physics to the pre-modern battlefield that to the pre-modern battlefield that to the pre-modern battlefield that remains relatively constant over time I remains relatively constant over time I remains relatively constant over time I mean this is why Arthur Farrell thought mean this is why Arthur Farrell thought mean this is why Arthur Farrell thought to put Alexander in charge of Napoleon's to put Alexander in charge of Napoleon's to put Alexander in charge of Napoleon's troops because he wouldn't have been troops because he wouldn't have been troops because he wouldn't have been daunted by the scope and the scale and daunted by the scope and the scale and daunted by the scope and the scale and all that kind of stuff all that kind of stuff all that kind of stuff well the pre gunpowder especially era well the pre gunpowder especially era well the pre gunpowder especially era there are limitations on human and there are limitations on human and there are limitations on human and animal muscle power for example space animal muscle power for example space animal muscle power for example space range I mean think about the speed the range I mean think about the speed the range I mean think about the speed the fastest thing on a battlefield in the fastest thing on a battlefield in the fastest thing on a battlefield in the biblical era of warfare is a horse the biblical era of warfare is a horse the biblical era of warfare is a horse the fastest thing on the battlefield in the fastest thing on the battlefield in the fastest thing on the battlefield in the Civil War era of the United States in Civil War era of the United States in Civil War era of the United States in the middle 1800s is a horse so these the middle 1800s is a horse so these the middle 1800s is a horse so these sorts of things meant that the realities sorts of things meant that the realities sorts of things meant that the realities that generals dealt with in terms of that generals dealt with in terms of that generals dealt with in terms of limitations and speed and how things limitations and speed and how things limitations and speed and how things moved in the amount of food everybody

moved in the amount of food everybody moved in the amount of food everybody ate and all that kind of stuff we're the ate and all that kind of stuff we're the ate and all that kind of stuff we're the same for the Romans as they were for you same for the Romans as they were for you same for the Romans as they were for you know the Chinese and the Tang Dynasty know the Chinese and the Tang Dynasty know the Chinese and the Tang Dynasty and this is why if I pull out my 25 and this is why if I pull out my 25 and this is why if I pull out my 25 millimeter ancients and I'm feeling millimeter ancients and I'm feeling millimeter ancients and I'm feeling magnanimous and I allow you to pick magnanimous and I allow you to pick magnanimous and I allow you to pick which side you want and I pull out an which side you want and I pull out an which side you want and I pull out an army from 1066 and I pull out another army from 1066 and I pull out another army from 1066 and I pull out another army from 54 BCE so about a thousand army from 54 BCE so about a thousand army from 54 BCE so about a thousand years a little bit more apart and I say years a little bit more apart and I say years a little bit more apart and I say pick whichever one you want and we'll pick whichever one you want and we'll pick whichever one you want and we'll fight it's a sucker's game if you pick fight it's a sucker's game if you pick fight it's a sucker's game if you pick the later army now of course it depends the later army now of course it depends the later army now of course it depends on what the later army is in this case on what the later army is in this case on what the later army is in this case what if we picked two armies that both what if we picked two armies that both what if we picked two armies that both successfully invaded Britain my Normans successfully invaded Britain my Normans successfully invaded Britain my Normans from 1066 that fought at the Battle of from 1066 that fought at the Battle of from 1066 that fought at the Battle of Hastings often referred to as the last Hastings often referred to as the last Hastings often referred to as the last outside power to ever conquer Britain outside power to ever conquer Britain outside power to ever conquer Britain and Julius Caesar's Romans who did it in and Julius Caesar's Romans who did it in and Julius Caesar's Romans who did it in 54 BCE he's often referred to as the 54 BCE he's often referred to as the 54 BCE he's often referred to as the first person to do it although there was first person to do it although there was first person to do it although there was probably some Celtic person in probably some Celtic person in probably some Celtic person in prehistory that did it first but you prehistory that did it first but you prehistory that did it first but you know what I mean what if those two know what I mean what if those two know what I mean what if those two armies fought each other armies fought each other armies fought each other instead of the opponent's they actually instead of the opponent's they actually instead of the opponent's they actually did did did now first of all tell me you're not now first of all tell me you're not now first of all tell me you're not buying a ticket for the movie to watch buying a ticket for the movie to watch buying a ticket for the movie to watch that play out on the screen I mean I'm that play out on the screen I mean I'm that play out on the screen I mean I'm going to a movie to watch a 1980s jet going to a movie to watch a 1980s jet going to a movie to watch a 1980s jet shoot down a second world war Japanese 0 shoot down a second world war Japanese 0 shoot down a second world war Japanese 0 I sure as heck I'm gonna go watch

I sure as heck I'm gonna go watch I sure as heck I'm gonna go watch legionaries take on you know Norman legionaries take on you know Norman legionaries take on you know Norman proto Knights but you know beyond just proto Knights but you know beyond just proto Knights but you know beyond just the geeking out about history this would the geeking out about history this would the geeking out about history this would have a square off has all kinds of have a square off has all kinds of have a square off has all kinds of interesting overtones concerning the interesting overtones concerning the interesting overtones concerning the pace of change that I'm not sure you can pace of change that I'm not sure you can pace of change that I'm not sure you can you know conclusively label in any you know conclusively label in any you know conclusively label in any single direction but just take for single direction but just take for single direction but just take for example the fact that if those two example the fact that if those two example the fact that if those two armies actually met it's going to be the armies actually met it's going to be the armies actually met it's going to be the earlier army that has the higher level earlier army that has the higher level earlier army that has the higher level of capability in most of the categories of capability in most of the categories of capability in most of the categories and if you're an ancients fan like I am and if you're an ancients fan like I am and if you're an ancients fan like I am you may just have already internalized you may just have already internalized you may just have already internalized that to the point where you don't even that to the point where you don't even that to the point where you don't even notice it anymore but think about how notice it anymore but think about how notice it anymore but think about how strange it would be if we said that same strange it would be if we said that same strange it would be if we said that same thing today I mean what if we could put thing today I mean what if we could put thing today I mean what if we could put a man on Mars 500 years ago but we can't a man on Mars 500 years ago but we can't a man on Mars 500 years ago but we can't quite do that again yet as weird as that quite do that again yet as weird as that quite do that again yet as weird as that would be to us living today there were would be to us living today there were would be to us living today there were lots of periods in human history where lots of periods in human history where lots of periods in human history where at least somewhere else in the world at least somewhere else in the world at least somewhere else in the world there were civilizations that were dead there were civilizations that were dead there were civilizations that were dead and gone that had capabilities above and gone that had capabilities above and gone that had capabilities above your own however you want to define that your own however you want to define that your own however you want to define that in this particular situation we are in this particular situation we are in this particular situation we are defining it in terms of the army that defining it in terms of the army that defining it in terms of the army that ends up on the field and in this case ends up on the field and in this case ends up on the field and in this case both of those armies when they're on both of those armies when they're on both of those armies when they're on opposite sides of a battlefield are opposite sides of a battlefield are opposite sides of a battlefield are representatives of the civilization and representatives of the civilization and representatives of the civilization and society that supports them and it raises society that supports them and it raises society that supports them and it raises them and it creates a system that them and it creates a system that them and it creates a system that results in them I mean for example the results in them I mean for example the results in them I mean for example the Roman system is a highly organized

Roman system is a highly organized Roman system is a highly organized system the British would call it in my system the British would call it in my system the British would call it in my world games research rules a regular world games research rules a regular world games research rules a regular military you know they are drilled the military you know they are drilled the military you know they are drilled the way our military is they regular pay way our military is they regular pay way our military is they regular pay they have engineers and cooks and they have engineers and cooks and they have engineers and cooks and logistics people I mean it's an entire logistics people I mean it's an entire logistics people I mean it's an entire operation that goes on generation after operation that goes on generation after operation that goes on generation after generation officers ranks all these kind generation officers ranks all these kind generation officers ranks all these kind of things the Duke of Normandy czar me of things the Duke of Normandy czar me of things the Duke of Normandy czar me is something that's totally different is something that's totally different is something that's totally different and it's a reflection of the society and it's a reflection of the society and it's a reflection of the society comes from first of all it is comes from first of all it is comes from first of all it is a rigidly structured society in terms of a rigidly structured society in terms of a rigidly structured society in terms of people's place although not as rigidly people's place although not as rigidly people's place although not as rigidly structured as it would be 200 years from structured as it would be 200 years from structured as it would be 200 years from now and where you were in the society now and where you were in the society now and where you were in the society determined how you fought what your role determined how you fought what your role determined how you fought what your role on the battlefield was I mean think on the battlefield was I mean think on the battlefield was I mean think about the Japanese and the samurai is about the Japanese and the samurai is about the Japanese and the samurai is that necessarily the best military that that necessarily the best military that that necessarily the best military that country can come up with no but it's the country can come up with no but it's the country can come up with no but it's the one that matches the societal conditions one that matches the societal conditions one that matches the societal conditions and the hierarchy and all these other and the hierarchy and all these other and the hierarchy and all these other aspects of the culture that ends up aspects of the culture that ends up aspects of the culture that ends up playing into the military now things are playing into the military now things are playing into the military now things are so standardized that a Chinese military so standardized that a Chinese military so standardized that a Chinese military or Brazilian military a US military look or Brazilian military a US military look or Brazilian military a US military look more alike than different but in the more alike than different but in the more alike than different but in the pre-modern era it got really exotic pre-modern era it got really exotic pre-modern era it got really exotic especially place to place and region to especially place to place and region to especially place to place and region to region I know I said that already but it region I know I said that already but it region I know I said that already but it bears repeating it's one of the main bears repeating it's one of the main bears repeating it's one of the main attractions of the period from a attractions of the period from a attractions of the period from a wargaming standpoint because even when wargaming standpoint because even when wargaming standpoint because even when you're looking at something like you're looking at something like you're looking at something like Napoleon's era or the u.s. Civil War I Napoleon's era or the u.s. Civil War I Napoleon's era or the u.s. Civil War I mean both sides are wearing you know mean both sides are wearing you know mean both sides are wearing you know uniforms that are relatively similar I uniforms that are relatively similar I uniforms that are relatively similar I mean it's not all that different but you mean it's not all that different but you mean it's not all that different but you go to the ancients period and you've got go to the ancients period and you've got go to the ancients period and you've got I mean there'll be elephants on the

I mean there'll be elephants on the I mean there'll be elephants on the battlefield there'll be people in Armour battlefield there'll be people in Armour battlefield there'll be people in Armour there'll be tribesmen I mean it'll be there'll be tribesmen I mean it'll be there'll be tribesmen I mean it'll be everything you can think of it's very everything you can think of it's very everything you can think of it's very colorful very different the armies are colorful very different the armies are colorful very different the armies are really um there's a discordant field of really um there's a discordant field of really um there's a discordant field of the whole thing but it's part of the the whole thing but it's part of the the whole thing but it's part of the attraction there's a much more rigid attraction there's a much more rigid attraction there's a much more rigid standardized way of doing things even by standardized way of doing things even by standardized way of doing things even by Napoleon's time the kind of soldier that Napoleon's time the kind of soldier that Napoleon's time the kind of soldier that the the early Middle Ages produced is the the early Middle Ages produced is the the early Middle Ages produced is going to be what the war games research going to be what the war games research going to be what the war games research rules of my day would have called any rules of my day would have called any rules of my day would have called any regular soldier irregular meaning not regular soldier irregular meaning not regular soldier irregular meaning not that they were that there was something that they were that there was something that they were that there was something wrong with them but that they were wrong with them but that they were wrong with them but that they were trained differently than people like the trained differently than people like the trained differently than people like the Romans or for that matter people like Romans or for that matter people like Romans or for that matter people like the militaries today you think of a the militaries today you think of a the militaries today you think of a tribal warrior or you think of someone tribal warrior or you think of someone tribal warrior or you think of someone who comes from a hereditary warrior who comes from a hereditary warrior who comes from a hereditary warrior class where training is sort of based on class where training is sort of based on class where training is sort of based on your place in the society a knight an your place in the society a knight an your place in the society a knight an upper class warrior these are people upper class warrior these are people upper class warrior these are people whose training with weapons and fighting whose training with weapons and fighting whose training with weapons and fighting is in no way necessarily inferior to is in no way necessarily inferior to is in no way necessarily inferior to someone like the Romans or someone like someone like the Romans or someone like someone like the Romans or someone like the makedonia --nz they're just trained the makedonia --nz they're just trained the makedonia --nz they're just trained differently on a one-to-one level differently on a one-to-one level differently on a one-to-one level they might be superior would you rather they might be superior would you rather they might be superior would you rather face your average makedonia in Spearman face your average makedonia in Spearman face your average makedonia in Spearman or would you rather face a knight on the or would you rather face a knight on the or would you rather face a knight on the other hand would you rather face a unit other hand would you rather face a unit other hand would you rather face a unit of knights or a unit of makedonia in of knights or a unit of makedonia in of knights or a unit of makedonia in Spearman I mean once you start talking Spearman I mean once you start talking Spearman I mean once you start talking about units moving together and all that about units moving together and all that about units moving together and all that sort of stuff it's a different argument sort of stuff it's a different argument sort of stuff it's a different argument but the armies of the early Middle Ages

but the armies of the early Middle Ages but the armies of the early Middle Ages in Western Europe were irregular armies in Western Europe were irregular armies in Western Europe were irregular armies they were ad-hoc armies meaning they they were ad-hoc armies meaning they they were ad-hoc armies meaning they were thrown together for battles were thrown together for battles were thrown together for battles sometimes you'd get lucky and have some sometimes you'd get lucky and have some sometimes you'd get lucky and have some training the Duke of Normandy famously training the Duke of Normandy famously training the Duke of Normandy famously is supposed to have gotten some training is supposed to have gotten some training is supposed to have gotten some training time in before he crossed the channel time in before he crossed the channel time in before he crossed the channel and a little bit afterwards so by the and a little bit afterwards so by the and a little bit afterwards so by the standards of his day he's bringing a standards of his day he's bringing a standards of his day he's bringing a somewhat trained and somewhat cohesive somewhat trained and somewhat cohesive somewhat trained and somewhat cohesive army across the channel unfortunately army across the channel unfortunately army across the channel unfortunately he's facing a very trained and very he's facing a very trained and very he's facing a very trained and very cohesive army and trained as an army I cohesive army and trained as an army I cohesive army and trained as an army I was trying to think about how we should was trying to think about how we should was trying to think about how we should structure this movie and try to look at structure this movie and try to look at structure this movie and try to look at it from you know Dan Carlin filmmaker it from you know Dan Carlin filmmaker it from you know Dan Carlin filmmaker screenwriter showrunner screenwriter showrunner screenwriter showrunner standpoint and if you figure that standpoint and if you figure that standpoint and if you figure that probably the way the Battle of Hastings probably the way the Battle of Hastings probably the way the Battle of Hastings happened although there are some happened although there are some happened although there are some dissenters is that the the Normans dissenters is that the the Normans dissenters is that the the Normans crossed the channel arrived and they crossed the channel arrived and they crossed the channel arrived and they find the anglo-saxons waiting for them find the anglo-saxons waiting for them find the anglo-saxons waiting for them on the famous hill nearby Hastings so on the famous hill nearby Hastings so on the famous hill nearby Hastings so we're going to assume that the Romans we're going to assume that the Romans we're going to assume that the Romans also get there first I mean they were also get there first I mean they were also get there first I mean they were there a thousand years earlier I assume there a thousand years earlier I assume there a thousand years earlier I assume they've had time to set up and in my they've had time to set up and in my they've had time to set up and in my movie I haven't walked the ground and movie I haven't walked the ground and movie I haven't walked the ground and measured this and thought it out but I'm measured this and thought it out but I'm measured this and thought it out but I'm just going to assume the battle does not just going to assume the battle does not just going to assume the battle does not take place in the same spot in the movie take place in the same spot in the movie take place in the same spot in the movie that it did historically because there's that it did historically because there's that it did historically because there's a lot more Romans than there were Anglo a lot more Romans than there were Anglo a lot more Romans than there were Anglo Saxons I'm not sure a guy like Julius Saxons I'm not sure a guy like Julius Saxons I'm not sure a guy like Julius Caesar is going to be able to deploy his Caesar is going to be able to deploy his Caesar is going to be able to deploy his army where the anglo-saxons deployed army where the anglo-saxons deployed army where the anglo-saxons deployed there's not enough room and that's where there's not enough room and that's where there's not enough room and that's where we should start this movie how much room we should start this movie how much room we should start this movie how much room do you need in 54 BCE Caesar took five

do you need in 54 BCE Caesar took five do you need in 54 BCE Caesar took five legions across the channel in what the legions across the channel in what the legions across the channel in what the ancient sources say were six to eight ancient sources say were six to eight ancient sources say were six to eight hundred ships hundred ships hundred ships think about that for a minute in your think about that for a minute in your think about that for a minute in your mind's eye and an ancient society doing mind's eye and an ancient society doing mind's eye and an ancient society doing this and in fact Caesar had his people this and in fact Caesar had his people this and in fact Caesar had his people go to work and produce this fleet over a go to work and produce this fleet over a go to work and produce this fleet over a winter winter winter as the winters here by the end of winter as the winters here by the end of winter as the winters here by the end of winter you have six to eight hundred ships some you have six to eight hundred ships some you have six to eight hundred ships some of which are capable of carrying lots of of which are capable of carrying lots of of which are capable of carrying lots of horses the English Channel is no picnic horses the English Channel is no picnic horses the English Channel is no picnic no matter when you want to cross it and no matter when you want to cross it and no matter when you want to cross it and when in 54 BCE Caesar crossed it he had when in 54 BCE Caesar crossed it he had when in 54 BCE Caesar crossed it he had crossed it the year before the first crossed it the year before the first crossed it the year before the first time the Romans get word of what lies time the Romans get word of what lies time the Romans get word of what lies beyond the ends of the earth and you beyond the ends of the earth and you beyond the ends of the earth and you know this misty area that no one know this misty area that no one know this misty area that no one actually knows about and you know actually knows about and you know actually knows about and you know tribesmen have been going back and forth tribesmen have been going back and forth tribesmen have been going back and forth forever but no civilized man from the forever but no civilized man from the forever but no civilized man from the Mediterranean has ever gone and explored Mediterranean has ever gone and explored Mediterranean has ever gone and explored like Davy Crockett this mysterious land like Davy Crockett this mysterious land like Davy Crockett this mysterious land and so in 55 BCE with a smaller force and so in 55 BCE with a smaller force and so in 55 BCE with a smaller force Caesar goes over there writes about this Caesar goes over there writes about this Caesar goes over there writes about this we should take a little sidebar tangent we should take a little sidebar tangent we should take a little sidebar tangent moment to point out that if you ever moment to point out that if you ever moment to point out that if you ever wanted to get started and read some wanted to get started and read some wanted to get started and read some great ancient history you could do a lot great ancient history you could do a lot great ancient history you could do a lot worse than starting the Caesar remember worse than starting the Caesar remember worse than starting the Caesar remember this is a guy who's writing his war this is a guy who's writing his war this is a guy who's writing his war memoirs in real time sort of surreal memoirs in real time sort of surreal memoirs in real time sort of surreal eyes like you know someone would do for eyes like you know someone would do for eyes like you know someone would do for a magazine today where you get one a magazine today where you get one a magazine today where you get one chapter at a time of the magazine as chapter at a time of the magazine as chapter at a time of the magazine as he's writing it or as his people are he's writing it or as his people are he's writing it or as his people are writing it and Caesars on campaign here writing it and Caesars on campaign here writing it and Caesars on campaign here he's part Conqueror part politician on he's part Conqueror part politician on he's part Conqueror part politician on the rise part ethnographer part Charles the rise part ethnographer part Charles the rise part ethnographer part Charles Darwin in part Lewis & Clark as he goes

Darwin in part Lewis & Clark as he goes Darwin in part Lewis & Clark as he goes across and thrills the readers of home across and thrills the readers of home across and thrills the readers of home with tales of what lies beyond you know with tales of what lies beyond you know with tales of what lies beyond you know the ends of the earth in 55 BCE the ends of the earth in 55 BCE the ends of the earth in 55 BCE depending on your view of Caesar either depending on your view of Caesar either depending on your view of Caesar either because he was just launching a because he was just launching a because he was just launching a reconnaissance and always planned to reconnaissance and always planned to reconnaissance and always planned to come back or because he underestimated come back or because he underestimated come back or because he underestimated how many people he'd need for the job how many people he'd need for the job how many people he'd need for the job and was sort of defeated Caesar comes and was sort of defeated Caesar comes and was sort of defeated Caesar comes back in 54 with a conquest army five back in 54 with a conquest army five back in 54 with a conquest army five legions that's 25,000 men or something legions that's 25,000 men or something legions that's 25,000 men or something probably under strength because let's probably under strength because let's probably under strength because let's recall that this is just a little side recall that this is just a little side recall that this is just a little side gig for Caesar at this time he's in the gig for Caesar at this time he's in the gig for Caesar at this time he's in the process of conquering all of Gaul and process of conquering all of Gaul and process of conquering all of Gaul and punching the Germans in the nose a punching the Germans in the nose a punching the Germans in the nose a couple times during the process I mean couple times during the process I mean couple times during the process I mean that's the big deal the main show this that's the big deal the main show this that's the big deal the main show this is a sidebar giggy's like that big band is a sidebar giggy's like that big band is a sidebar giggy's like that big band that comes into play New York or LA but that comes into play New York or LA but that comes into play New York or LA but you know you got to pay the hotel bill you know you got to pay the hotel bill you know you got to pay the hotel bill so the night before you do something so the night before you do something so the night before you do something over in Bakersfield or you know Roanoke over in Bakersfield or you know Roanoke over in Bakersfield or you know Roanoke there's a little irony on two aspects of there's a little irony on two aspects of there's a little irony on two aspects of this Caesar expedition one is that this this Caesar expedition one is that this this Caesar expedition one is that this conquest of Gaul conquest of Gaul conquest of Gaul involved in is going to include the very involved in is going to include the very involved in is going to include the very area is that these Normans will come area is that these Normans will come area is that these Normans will come from eventually so Caesars conquering it from eventually so Caesars conquering it from eventually so Caesars conquering it during this time trade so maybe this is during this time trade so maybe this is during this time trade so maybe this is the Normans coming back you know as the Normans coming back you know as the Normans coming back you know as descendants trying to prevent the descendants trying to prevent the descendants trying to prevent the original conquest of their territory the original conquest of their territory the original conquest of their territory the other thing that's worth pointing out is other thing that's worth pointing out is other thing that's worth pointing out is that the real Battle of Hastings both that the real Battle of Hastings both that the real Battle of Hastings both sides probably approached the sides probably approached the sides probably approached the battlefield on centuries-old roads built battlefield on centuries-old roads built battlefield on centuries-old roads built by the Romans that were still better by the Romans that were still better by the Romans that were still better than anyone was producing locally since than anyone was producing locally since than anyone was producing locally since they left so little irony there in the

they left so little irony there in the they left so little irony there in the historical situation of course as historical situation of course as historical situation of course as pointed out in Caesars memoirs he pointed out in Caesars memoirs he pointed out in Caesars memoirs he portrays the inhabitants these Britons portrays the inhabitants these Britons portrays the inhabitants these Britons as very similar to the Gauls in what's as very similar to the Gauls in what's as very similar to the Gauls in what's now modern-day France but with their own now modern-day France but with their own now modern-day France but with their own little cultural differences one they little cultural differences one they little cultural differences one they were still using chariots which were were still using chariots which were were still using chariots which were antiquated over on the continent by then antiquated over on the continent by then antiquated over on the continent by then so running around with horse-drawn so running around with horse-drawn so running around with horse-drawn chariots and they also painted chariots and they also painted chariots and they also painted themselves blue with woad which made themselves blue with woad which made themselves blue with woad which made them look somewhat different than most them look somewhat different than most them look somewhat different than most of the Gauls on the continent I don't of the Gauls on the continent I don't of the Gauls on the continent I don't know their me there was so much cultural know their me there was so much cultural know their me there was so much cultural transmission over the English Channel transmission over the English Channel transmission over the English Channel but sometimes the Garlic tribes in the but sometimes the Garlic tribes in the but sometimes the Garlic tribes in the very north of France had a lot of very north of France had a lot of very north of France had a lot of similarities and that's sort of how similarities and that's sort of how similarities and that's sort of how Caesar kind of saw them similar but Caesar kind of saw them similar but Caesar kind of saw them similar but slightly different slightly different slightly different the Romans basically had no problems in the Romans basically had no problems in the Romans basically had no problems in field battles with them at all so the field battles with them at all so the field battles with them at all so the Britons resorted to the same Britons resorted to the same Britons resorted to the same tried-and-true strategy that most people tried-and-true strategy that most people tried-and-true strategy that most people do when they can't field a field army do when they can't field a field army do when they can't field a field army that's competitive they go guerrilla and that's competitive they go guerrilla and that's competitive they go guerrilla and non-traditional and Caesars left trying non-traditional and Caesars left trying non-traditional and Caesars left trying to deal with what appears if you read to deal with what appears if you read to deal with what appears if you read between the lines to be a rather vicious between the lines to be a rather vicious between the lines to be a rather vicious counterinsurgency war of the sort you counterinsurgency war of the sort you counterinsurgency war of the sort you saw all through the 20th century for saw all through the 20th century for saw all through the 20th century for example and the Romans were very good at example and the Romans were very good at example and the Romans were very good at these by the way it sounds particularly these by the way it sounds particularly these by the way it sounds particularly vicious and then Caesar throws in a few vicious and then Caesar throws in a few vicious and then Caesar throws in a few friendly leaders signs a few whatever friendly leaders signs a few whatever friendly leaders signs a few whatever passes for like deals or contracts or passes for like deals or contracts or passes for like deals or contracts or agreements crosses back across the agreements crosses back across the agreements crosses back across the channel and gets back to his main task channel and gets back to his main task channel and gets back to his main task which is conquer and go on and then which is conquer and go on and then which is conquer and go on and then going and really becoming the guy who going and really becoming the guy who going and really becoming the guy who brings down the Roman Republic right so brings down the Roman Republic right so brings down the Roman Republic right so a lot of stuff ahead for Caesar no time a lot of stuff ahead for Caesar no time a lot of stuff ahead for Caesar no time to mess around in in Britain and it was

to mess around in in Britain and it was to mess around in in Britain and it was an easy task dealing with any field an easy task dealing with any field an easy task dealing with any field battles now we should point out battles now we should point out battles now we should point out something about field battles because I something about field battles because I something about field battles because I think in our little comparison here it think in our little comparison here it think in our little comparison here it matters matters matters it's easier probably fought more field it's easier probably fought more field it's easier probably fought more field battles than anybody you can think of battles than anybody you can think of battles than anybody you can think of from that era famously he's supposed to from that era famously he's supposed to from that era famously he's supposed to have fought over 50/50 field battles is have fought over 50/50 field battles is have fought over 50/50 field battles is so much it's hard to get your mind so much it's hard to get your mind so much it's hard to get your mind around compared to the people that are around compared to the people that are around compared to the people that are considered to be in his class I mean considered to be in his class I mean considered to be in his class I mean think about a guy like Alexander the think about a guy like Alexander the think about a guy like Alexander the Great you can argue depending on how you Great you can argue depending on how you Great you can argue depending on how you want to classify what constitutes a want to classify what constitutes a want to classify what constitutes a field battle that's a formal battle field battle that's a formal battle field battle that's a formal battle where both sides sort of line up and get where both sides sort of line up and get where both sides sort of line up and get to it to it to it Adrian Goldsworthy gives Alexander five Adrian Goldsworthy gives Alexander five Adrian Goldsworthy gives Alexander five field battles it's not unreasonable but field battles it's not unreasonable but field battles it's not unreasonable but compare that to more than fifty four compare that to more than fifty four compare that to more than fifty four Caesar Caesar's battles were also huge Caesar Caesar's battles were also huge Caesar Caesar's battles were also huge and this matters in our comparison about and this matters in our comparison about and this matters in our comparison about the pace of change Caesar and again you the pace of change Caesar and again you the pace of change Caesar and again you have to allow for exaggeration and all have to allow for exaggeration and all have to allow for exaggeration and all the sorts of stuff that come with these the sorts of stuff that come with these the sorts of stuff that come with these numbers but even if you take the low numbers but even if you take the low numbers but even if you take the low numbers Caesars battles would all be numbers Caesars battles would all be numbers Caesars battles would all be considered to be very large by William considered to be very large by William considered to be very large by William the conquerer standards and that time the conquerer standards and that time the conquerer standards and that time period now some of you might make a case period now some of you might make a case period now some of you might make a case and I think you'd have a good one that and I think you'd have a good one that and I think you'd have a good one that this is a bit of an apples and oranges this is a bit of an apples and oranges this is a bit of an apples and oranges comparison here because we are comparing comparison here because we are comparing comparison here because we are comparing a society like Caesars and urban dense a society like Caesars and urban dense a society like Caesars and urban dense civilization of Imperial size and civilization of Imperial size and civilization of Imperial size and strength to a small feudal territory the strength to a small feudal territory the strength to a small feudal territory the Duke of Normandy was in control of the Duke of Normandy was in control of the Duke of Normandy was in control of the resources manpower and an territory of resources manpower and an territory of resources manpower and an territory of something that would be too small to be something that would be too small to be something that would be too small to be a Roman province in their republic or

a Roman province in their republic or a Roman province in their republic or empire so if you compare them to say the empire so if you compare them to say the empire so if you compare them to say the song Chinese in 1066 a similar kind of song Chinese in 1066 a similar kind of song Chinese in 1066 a similar kind of organized people capable of putting organized people capable of putting organized people capable of putting large numbers of organized people into large numbers of organized people into large numbers of organized people into armies and then feeding them and caring armies and then feeding them and caring armies and then feeding them and caring for them and all that kind of stuff for them and all that kind of stuff for them and all that kind of stuff might be a better comparison that'd be might be a better comparison that'd be might be a better comparison that'd be an interesting battle by the way worth an interesting battle by the way worth an interesting battle by the way worth saying though that in 1066 it's one of saying though that in 1066 it's one of saying though that in 1066 it's one of those periods where no you don't have those periods where no you don't have those periods where no you don't have any great armies dominating the scene any great armies dominating the scene any great armies dominating the scene and even the song Chinese are at one of and even the song Chinese are at one of and even the song Chinese are at one of their low points having the traditional their low points having the traditional their low points having the traditional Chinese problems with the northern Chinese problems with the northern Chinese problems with the northern barbarians and it's a particularly bad barbarians and it's a particularly bad barbarians and it's a particularly bad time I consider to be along with many time I consider to be along with many time I consider to be along with many others I think the Normans are one of others I think the Normans are one of others I think the Normans are one of the better armies in the period but the better armies in the period but the better armies in the period but they're really different there are a few they're really different there are a few they're really different there are a few little society taking on a society much little society taking on a society much little society taking on a society much more like our own probably than the more like our own probably than the more like our own probably than the Norman one was Norman one was Norman one was now the Norman Army that William the now the Norman Army that William the now the Norman Army that William the conquerer brought over has been compared conquerer brought over has been compared conquerer brought over has been compared by some people it's not a bad analogy by some people it's not a bad analogy by some people it's not a bad analogy his expeditions been compared to some his expeditions been compared to some his expeditions been compared to some sort of like a venture capitalist sort of like a venture capitalist sort of like a venture capitalist entrepreneurial kind of thing a profit entrepreneurial kind of thing a profit entrepreneurial kind of thing a profit sharing deal where you know anyone who sharing deal where you know anyone who sharing deal where you know anyone who wanted to get in on this you sign up wanted to get in on this you sign up wanted to get in on this you sign up we're gonna go over there it's we're gonna go over there it's we're gonna go over there it's speculative but if I win and if I become speculative but if I win and if I become speculative but if I win and if I become the king of this territory will parcel the king of this territory will parcel the king of this territory will parcel it up and you'll get a piece commiserate it up and you'll get a piece commiserate it up and you'll get a piece commiserate with the amount of investments you put with the amount of investments you put with the amount of investments you put in and that might mean you know how many in and that might mean you know how many in and that might mean you know how many men did you bring with you because men did you bring with you because men did you bring with you because William the Conqueror is going to William the Conqueror is going to William the Conqueror is going to conquer the British Isles with an ad hoc conquer the British Isles with an ad hoc conquer the British Isles with an ad hoc army which was pretty much the way that army which was pretty much the way that army which was pretty much the way that they did things you know at that time

they did things you know at that time they did things you know at that time and at that place these people often and at that place these people often and at that place these people often fought a lot a guy like William the fought a lot a guy like William the fought a lot a guy like William the Conqueror fought a lot just like Caesar Conqueror fought a lot just like Caesar Conqueror fought a lot just like Caesar did but most of the battles he's going did but most of the battles he's going did but most of the battles he's going to have been involved in are going to be to have been involved in are going to be to have been involved in are going to be very different kinds of affairs sieges very different kinds of affairs sieges very different kinds of affairs sieges ambushes you know looting raiding ambushes you know looting raiding ambushes you know looting raiding anti-guerrilla looting and raiding small anti-guerrilla looting and raiding small anti-guerrilla looting and raiding small scale battles just between heavy cavalry scale battles just between heavy cavalry scale battles just between heavy cavalry I mean a lot of these battles if you I mean a lot of these battles if you I mean a lot of these battles if you look at the history of the early Middle look at the history of the early Middle look at the history of the early Middle Ages or what used to be called the late Ages or what used to be called the late Ages or what used to be called the late Dark Ages now late antiquity you'll see Dark Ages now late antiquity you'll see Dark Ages now late antiquity you'll see these battles between like you know 500 these battles between like you know 500 these battles between like you know 500 heavy cavalry on one side and 800 heavy heavy cavalry on one side and 800 heavy heavy cavalry on one side and 800 heavy cavalry on the other side and they just cavalry on the other side and they just cavalry on the other side and they just let the infantry at home and that's a let the infantry at home and that's a let the infantry at home and that's a battle in julius caesar's day and at you battle in julius caesar's day and at you battle in julius caesar's day and at you know in his world know in his world know in his world that's a skirmish that doesn't count as that's a skirmish that doesn't count as that's a skirmish that doesn't count as one of his 50-plus battles but it counts one of his 50-plus battles but it counts one of his 50-plus battles but it counts as one of William the Conqueror's so as one of William the Conqueror's so as one of William the Conqueror's so it's pretty darn likely that when it's pretty darn likely that when it's pretty darn likely that when William the Conqueror shows up at the William the Conqueror shows up at the William the Conqueror shows up at the British Isles he's commanding the British Isles he's commanding the British Isles he's commanding the largest number of human beings he's ever largest number of human beings he's ever largest number of human beings he's ever commanded maybe by a lot and the numbers commanded maybe by a lot and the numbers commanded maybe by a lot and the numbers are all over the map typical of the era are all over the map typical of the era are all over the map typical of the era you get some low numbers at like five you get some low numbers at like five you get some low numbers at like five thousand eight thousands more often the thousand eight thousands more often the thousand eight thousands more often the low you get some high numbers at like low you get some high numbers at like low you get some high numbers at like 17,000 a lot of people put it in the 17,000 a lot of people put it in the 17,000 a lot of people put it in the eleven twelve thousand range and it's eleven twelve thousand range and it's eleven twelve thousand range and it's not quite understood how many of these not quite understood how many of these not quite understood how many of these people are considered to be combatants people are considered to be combatants people are considered to be combatants versus non-combatants versus non-combatants versus non-combatants both sides have non-combatants the both sides have non-combatants the both sides have non-combatants the Romans are employing cooks and people Romans are employing cooks and people Romans are employing cooks and people who do the armored repair I mean they've who do the armored repair I mean they've who do the armored repair I mean they've got giant cities attached to each of got giant cities attached to each of got giant cities attached to each of these legions basically and every night these legions basically and every night these legions basically and every night let's recall they build a camp and the let's recall they build a camp and the let's recall they build a camp and the camp to the Normans would look

camp to the Normans would look camp to the Normans would look like a giant fortified city and every like a giant fortified city and every like a giant fortified city and every day that that camp stays in the same day that that camp stays in the same day that that camp stays in the same place the Romans fortify it and make it place the Romans fortify it and make it place the Romans fortify it and make it more permanent that's one of the things more permanent that's one of the things more permanent that's one of the things that someone like Williams gonna have to that someone like Williams gonna have to that someone like Williams gonna have to deal with he's got a bunch of as we were deal with he's got a bunch of as we were deal with he's got a bunch of as we were saying entrepreneurial partners who are saying entrepreneurial partners who are saying entrepreneurial partners who are not under his direct command other than not under his direct command other than not under his direct command other than by agreement right you can't order them by agreement right you can't order them by agreement right you can't order them around at a certain point you know you around at a certain point you know you around at a certain point you know you piss off some of these other people piss off some of these other people piss off some of these other people because they're gonna be contingents of because they're gonna be contingents of because they're gonna be contingents of nobility and and higher class people nobility and and higher class people nobility and and higher class people from France and among the Breton's and from France and among the Breton's and from France and among the Breton's and these other people that will come over these other people that will come over these other people that will come over you know Williams got to kind of be you you know Williams got to kind of be you you know Williams got to kind of be you can't be too hard ass can't be too can't be too hard ass can't be too can't be too hard ass can't be too General Patton with them because they're General Patton with them because they're General Patton with them because they're there because they want to be there or there because they want to be there or there because they want to be there or because they own the favor or whatever because they own the favor or whatever because they own the favor or whatever it might be these are the people by the it might be these are the people by the it might be these are the people by the way that are going to be something that way that are going to be something that way that are going to be something that Williams gonna rely on in this and this Williams gonna rely on in this and this Williams gonna rely on in this and this encounter if we are setting up the tale encounter if we are setting up the tale encounter if we are setting up the tale of the tape here before this encounter of the tape here before this encounter of the tape here before this encounter William the Conqueror's army because you William the Conqueror's army because you William the Conqueror's army because you know I like the boxing analogies know I like the boxing analogies know I like the boxing analogies reminded me of like Mike Tyson in the reminded me of like Mike Tyson in the reminded me of like Mike Tyson in the later years of his career he's not very later years of his career he's not very later years of his career he's not very dangerous in any of the other ways that dangerous in any of the other ways that dangerous in any of the other ways that he used to be but he still got this left he used to be but he still got this left he used to be but he still got this left hook this punch that will just ruin you hook this punch that will just ruin you hook this punch that will just ruin you no matter who you are are you know under no matter who you are are you know under no matter who you are are you know under the right conditions you will lose don't the right conditions you will lose don't the right conditions you will lose don't underestimate you know what the striking underestimate you know what the striking underestimate you know what the striking arm of William the Conqueror's army can arm of William the Conqueror's army can arm of William the Conqueror's army can do and the striking arm are these proto do and the striking arm are these proto do and the striking arm are these proto Knights let's call them proto Knights Knights let's call them proto Knights Knights let's call them proto Knights because they're not really nice yet when

because they're not really nice yet when because they're not really nice yet when people think of Knights they're thinking people think of Knights they're thinking people think of Knights they're thinking of the Knights of the High Middle Ages of the Knights of the High Middle Ages of the Knights of the High Middle Ages say the 1300s or the 1400 or maybe even say the 1300s or the 1400 or maybe even say the 1300s or the 1400 or maybe even the 1500s these mounted tanks on giant the 1500s these mounted tanks on giant the 1500s these mounted tanks on giant horses who charge with a lance horses who charge with a lance horses who charge with a lance underneath their arm in a fashion known underneath their arm in a fashion known underneath their arm in a fashion known as couched these are not them they are as couched these are not them they are as couched these are not them they are on the way to becoming them I like to on the way to becoming them I like to on the way to becoming them I like to think of you know because I do I like to think of you know because I do I like to think of you know because I do I like to think of European cavalry as sort of think of European cavalry as sort of think of European cavalry as sort of progressing through stages let's progressing through stages let's progressing through stages let's remember it is the Romans and the Greeks remember it is the Romans and the Greeks remember it is the Romans and the Greeks who first write about encountering these who first write about encountering these who first write about encountering these people north of them and what we would people north of them and what we would people north of them and what we would consider to be you know central and consider to be you know central and consider to be you know central and western in Northern Europe western in Northern Europe western in Northern Europe and the first cavalry that they and the first cavalry that they and the first cavalry that they encounter from these regions that will encounter from these regions that will encounter from these regions that will continue to produce cavalry over these continue to produce cavalry over these continue to produce cavalry over these eras I like to call it European cavalry eras I like to call it European cavalry eras I like to call it European cavalry 1.0 it's the Garlic cavalry the various 1.0 it's the Garlic cavalry the various 1.0 it's the Garlic cavalry the various sorts of cavalry although you know sorts of cavalry although you know sorts of cavalry although you know probably their great-great probably their great-great probably their great-great great-great-grandfather's that caesar is great-great-grandfather's that caesar is great-great-grandfather's that caesar is both fighting against in his wars in both fighting against in his wars in both fighting against in his wars in gaul in 54 in the 50's BCE and using in gaul in 54 in the 50's BCE and using in gaul in 54 in the 50's BCE and using in his own army during caesar's period they his own army during caesar's period they his own army during caesar's period they didn't have their own cavalry or not didn't have their own cavalry or not didn't have their own cavalry or not much of it anymore much of it anymore much of it anymore they used what were called auxiliary they used what were called auxiliary they used what were called auxiliary cavalry they used locals they used cavalry they used locals they used cavalry they used locals they used mercenaries they use people they could mercenaries they use people they could mercenaries they use people they could hire or people that wanted to fight or hire or people that wanted to fight or hire or people that wanted to fight or people that owed them you know that they people that owed them you know that they people that owed them you know that they conquered previously and caesar will conquered previously and caesar will conquered previously and caesar will have 2,000 have 2,000 have 2,000 Garlick cavalry with him when he invades Garlick cavalry with him when he invades Garlick cavalry with him when he invades britain and when he fights William the britain and when he fights William the britain and when he fights William the Conqueror in our film I considered that Conqueror in our film I considered that Conqueror in our film I considered that to be European cavalry 1.0 I only bring

to be European cavalry 1.0 I only bring to be European cavalry 1.0 I only bring them up at this moment to point out the them up at this moment to point out the them up at this moment to point out the difference between they and this cavalry difference between they and this cavalry difference between they and this cavalry of the early Middle Ages these Normans of the early Middle Ages these Normans of the early Middle Ages these Normans these proto Knights because they're more these proto Knights because they're more these proto Knights because they're more like European cavalry 3.0 and let's say like European cavalry 3.0 and let's say like European cavalry 3.0 and let's say European cavalry 2.0 the middle one is European cavalry 2.0 the middle one is European cavalry 2.0 the middle one is that Gothic cavalry the stuff from what that Gothic cavalry the stuff from what that Gothic cavalry the stuff from what we used to call the Dark Ages the stuff we used to call the Dark Ages the stuff we used to call the Dark Ages the stuff that was involved you know in in the the that was involved you know in in the the that was involved you know in in the the latter parts of the Roman Empire and latter parts of the Roman Empire and latter parts of the Roman Empire and afterwards call that 2.0 and so by this afterwards call that 2.0 and so by this afterwards call that 2.0 and so by this time you have this Norman cavalry unlike time you have this Norman cavalry unlike time you have this Norman cavalry unlike most of European cavalry 1.0 these most of European cavalry 1.0 these most of European cavalry 1.0 these Normans and these French and these Normans and these French and these Normans and these French and these Breton's all this Western European heavy Breton's all this Western European heavy Breton's all this Western European heavy cavalry made up of generally you know cavalry made up of generally you know cavalry made up of generally you know the higher class warriors these guys are the higher class warriors these guys are the higher class warriors these guys are all gonna have armor from head to thigh all gonna have armor from head to thigh all gonna have armor from head to thigh male you know interlocked rings and a male you know interlocked rings and a male you know interlocked rings and a lot of neck pieces of it they'll wear lot of neck pieces of it they'll wear lot of neck pieces of it they'll wear the traditional this was really the the traditional this was really the the traditional this was really the traditional helmet of the what again traditional helmet of the what again traditional helmet of the what again they used to call it the Viking era in they used to call it the Viking era in they used to call it the Viking era in in European military history you saw it in European military history you saw it in European military history you saw it all the time it's a conical helmet like all the time it's a conical helmet like all the time it's a conical helmet like a cone that they wear on their head and a cone that they wear on their head and a cone that they wear on their head and then it either has or doesn't have the then it either has or doesn't have the then it either has or doesn't have the nose piece the nasal the the strip of nose piece the nasal the the strip of nose piece the nasal the the strip of metal that follows the nose you know all metal that follows the nose you know all metal that follows the nose you know all the way from sort of the tip up to the the way from sort of the tip up to the the way from sort of the tip up to the you know between the eyes and it's one you know between the eyes and it's one you know between the eyes and it's one of the more obvious pieces of armor in of the more obvious pieces of armor in of the more obvious pieces of armor in terms of terms of terms of what it's intended to do I mean you what it's intended to do I mean you what it's intended to do I mean you don't have to be very imaginative to don't have to be very imaginative to don't have to be very imaginative to just see that just see that just see that oh yeah that's to prevent somebody from oh yeah that's to prevent somebody from oh yeah that's to prevent somebody from slashing across your face sideways with slashing across your face sideways with slashing across your face sideways with a sword strike one of the major things

a sword strike one of the major things a sword strike one of the major things that happened during this period by the that happened during this period by the that happened during this period by the way way way so these Norman and Breton and French so these Norman and Breton and French so these Norman and Breton and French proto Knights would also carry what was proto Knights would also carry what was proto Knights would also carry what was called a kite shield which looks like a called a kite shield which looks like a called a kite shield which looks like a giant teardrop and extended teardrop giant teardrop and extended teardrop giant teardrop and extended teardrop they carried a 9-foot Lance or somewhere they carried a 9-foot Lance or somewhere they carried a 9-foot Lance or somewhere around 9 feet how they used it seemed to around 9 feet how they used it seemed to around 9 feet how they used it seemed to depend on the either the man himself or depend on the either the man himself or depend on the either the man himself or one of many styles because the Bayou one of many styles because the Bayou one of many styles because the Bayou tapestry which is an account of the tapestry which is an account of the tapestry which is an account of the Battle of Hastings which you know people Battle of Hastings which you know people Battle of Hastings which you know people actually made shows a lot of these sorts actually made shows a lot of these sorts actually made shows a lot of these sorts of you know elements of the battle but of you know elements of the battle but of you know elements of the battle but they were armed and armored like how they were armed and armored like how they were armed and armored like how they you know rode up and did things and they you know rode up and did things and they you know rode up and did things and they show these proto Knights some of they show these proto Knights some of they show these proto Knights some of them are using the Spears in the fashion them are using the Spears in the fashion them are using the Spears in the fashion that they will later on but they're that they will later on but they're that they will later on but they're throwing them you know big nine-foot throwing them you know big nine-foot throwing them you know big nine-foot Spears they're throwing them they're Spears they're throwing them they're Spears they're throwing them they're using them overhand so it seems like using them overhand so it seems like using them overhand so it seems like once again we're not quite at this once again we're not quite at this once again we're not quite at this period where later on you're gonna have period where later on you're gonna have period where later on you're gonna have these medieval knights with the lance these medieval knights with the lance these medieval knights with the lance under the arm you have these proto under the arm you have these proto under the arm you have these proto Knights in addition to that let's not Knights in addition to that let's not Knights in addition to that let's not think about them riding these massive think about them riding these massive think about them riding these massive scary war horses which will it be scary war horses which will it be scary war horses which will it be something that does happen later on something that does happen later on something that does happen later on although that might be overplayed but in although that might be overplayed but in although that might be overplayed but in this period historian John France is one this period historian John France is one this period historian John France is one of the people that suggests that these of the people that suggests that these of the people that suggests that these horses might have been a lot smaller horses might have been a lot smaller horses might have been a lot smaller than we think in most cases not all than we think in most cases not all than we think in most cases not all cases but most cases I mean he gives a cases but most cases I mean he gives a cases but most cases I mean he gives a possible size as like 12 hands high possible size as like 12 hands high possible size as like 12 hands high doing the measurements from the artwork doing the measurements from the artwork doing the measurements from the artwork 12 hands high he points out is you know 12 hands high he points out is you know 12 hands high he points out is you know a Shetland pony is ten hands high so a Shetland pony is ten hands high so a Shetland pony is ten hands high so this is not your Knights of the Middle this is not your Knights of the Middle this is not your Knights of the Middle Ages when we and the Conqueror shows up Ages when we and the Conqueror shows up Ages when we and the Conqueror shows up to fight the locals he's fighting a

to fight the locals he's fighting a to fight the locals he's fighting a bunch of people who represent the bunch of people who represent the bunch of people who represent the predominant troop type of the you know predominant troop type of the you know predominant troop type of the you know era that's coming to an end a lot of era that's coming to an end a lot of era that's coming to an end a lot of people used to put you know in the good people used to put you know in the good people used to put you know in the good old days the Viking era ends and the era old days the Viking era ends and the era old days the Viking era ends and the era of the Middle Ages begins at the Battle of the Middle Ages begins at the Battle of the Middle Ages begins at the Battle of Hastings as though you could have a of Hastings as though you could have a of Hastings as though you could have a moment like that there was such a clean moment like that there was such a clean moment like that there was such a clean break but that's how it used to be break but that's how it used to be break but that's how it used to be portrayed if you think about all the portrayed if you think about all the portrayed if you think about all the people to fought of the Battle of people to fought of the Battle of people to fought of the Battle of Hastings as sort of looking like things Hastings as sort of looking like things Hastings as sort of looking like things from the Viking Age it's not a bad from the Viking Age it's not a bad from the Viking Age it's not a bad visual image visual image visual image the anglo-saxon forces that William the anglo-saxon forces that William the anglo-saxon forces that William defeated at that crucial battle you know defeated at that crucial battle you know defeated at that crucial battle you know once again the emphasis on English in once again the emphasis on English in once again the emphasis on English in European history being what it is it was European history being what it is it was European history being what it is it was always touted as you know open up most always touted as you know open up most always touted as you know open up most important battles of all human history important battles of all human history important battles of all human history well nowadays when you rank it amongst well nowadays when you rank it amongst well nowadays when you rank it amongst all the battles that are out there it's all the battles that are out there it's all the battles that are out there it's fallen quite a bit but even when I was a fallen quite a bit but even when I was a fallen quite a bit but even when I was a kid this was one of these great kid this was one of these great kid this was one of these great important battles of all time when important battles of all time when important battles of all time when William shows up at the site where this William shows up at the site where this William shows up at the site where this battle was fought he finds something battle was fought he finds something battle was fought he finds something like 10,000 of the locals awaiting him like 10,000 of the locals awaiting him like 10,000 of the locals awaiting him on a hill these Anglo Saxons these on a hill these Anglo Saxons these on a hill these Anglo Saxons these English these proto English I'm not sure English these proto English I'm not sure English these proto English I'm not sure what stage we could definitively refer what stage we could definitively refer what stage we could definitively refer to them by at this point had just come to them by at this point had just come to them by at this point had just come from fighting another battle and people from fighting another battle and people from fighting another battle and people differ as to whether or not this was differ as to whether or not this was differ as to whether or not this was just sort of luck on William's part to just sort of luck on William's part to just sort of luck on William's part to show up when he did good timing or show up when he did good timing or show up when he did good timing or whether or not he knew about all this whether or not he knew about all this whether or not he knew about all this and was taking advantage of the fact and was taking advantage of the fact and was taking advantage of the fact that there was a Viking actually wrong that there was a Viking actually wrong that there was a Viking actually wrong word for it by this period a Norse word for it by this period a Norse word for it by this period a Norse invasion of the North of the British invasion of the North of the British invasion of the North of the British Isles and the anglo-saxon King the

Isles and the anglo-saxon King the Isles and the anglo-saxon King the monarchy it went up there they brought monarchy it went up there they brought monarchy it went up there they brought the army they raised the troops and they the army they raised the troops and they the army they raised the troops and they fought these Norse up north and they had fought these Norse up north and they had fought these Norse up north and they had one of those battles where it's a one of those battles where it's a one of those battles where it's a glorious victory and they decimated the glorious victory and they decimated the glorious victory and they decimated the other side but they really took it on other side but they really took it on other side but they really took it on the chin in doing so and then the chin in doing so and then the chin in doing so and then immediately had to run down because news immediately had to run down because news immediately had to run down because news that William had landed and was going to that William had landed and was going to that William had landed and was going to move on London had reached them and so move on London had reached them and so move on London had reached them and so they basically ran down the length of they basically ran down the length of they basically ran down the length of the British Isles to get to the site of the British Isles to get to the site of the British Isles to get to the site of Hastings blocking William from his goal Hastings blocking William from his goal Hastings blocking William from his goal but the whole army hadn't made it yet but the whole army hadn't made it yet but the whole army hadn't made it yet they're kind of strung out over the they're kind of strung out over the they're kind of strung out over the length and breadth they raised some length and breadth they raised some length and breadth they raised some locals but it seems like they were locals but it seems like they were locals but it seems like they were trying to get their act together at the trying to get their act together at the trying to get their act together at the last minute and so when William arrives last minute and so when William arrives last minute and so when William arrives in the battlefield he looks up and on in the battlefield he looks up and on in the battlefield he looks up and on this hill this famous hill you find the this hill this famous hill you find the this hill this famous hill you find the anglo-saxon army what there is of it anglo-saxon army what there is of it anglo-saxon army what there is of it awaiting him like I said maybe 10,000 awaiting him like I said maybe 10,000 awaiting him like I said maybe 10,000 people the best part of it are a bunch people the best part of it are a bunch people the best part of it are a bunch of people that seem like Viking of people that seem like Viking of people that seem like Viking housecarls they're anglo-saxon housecarls they're anglo-saxon housecarls they're anglo-saxon housecarls housecarls housecarls these are professional troops although these are professional troops although these are professional troops although almost certainly professional troops in almost certainly professional troops in almost certainly professional troops in the same way that the the core of the same way that the the core of the same way that the the core of knights around knights around knights around William of Normandy probably were William of Normandy probably were William of Normandy probably were professional warriors highly trained and professional warriors highly trained and professional warriors highly trained and skilled and nasty fighters individually skilled and nasty fighters individually skilled and nasty fighters individually but but but you wouldn't want him marching around you wouldn't want him marching around you wouldn't want him marching around the battlefield and drill formation that the battlefield and drill formation that the battlefield and drill formation that wouldn't work out but they provide that wouldn't work out but they provide that wouldn't work out but they provide that the core the spine of this army on the the core the spine of this army on the the core the spine of this army on the hill the rest is provided by a bunch of hill the rest is provided by a bunch of hill the rest is provided by a bunch of people that range from Fain's which are people that range from Fain's which are people that range from Fain's which are sort of well-armed upper-class people sort of well-armed upper-class people sort of well-armed upper-class people but not quite as upper classes as the but not quite as upper classes as the but not quite as upper classes as the leadership all the way down to what are

leadership all the way down to what are leadership all the way down to what are called the furred and the select furred called the furred and the select furred called the furred and the select furred which at a certain point if you're if which at a certain point if you're if which at a certain point if you're if you're really bringing up the drags has you're really bringing up the drags has you're really bringing up the drags has like pitchforks and that kind of thing like pitchforks and that kind of thing like pitchforks and that kind of thing and a lot of people no armor no helmets and a lot of people no armor no helmets and a lot of people no armor no helmets almost everybody tries to bring a shield almost everybody tries to bring a shield almost everybody tries to bring a shield and they fight in a shield wall that and they fight in a shield wall that and they fight in a shield wall that famous formation from the era where famous formation from the era where famous formation from the era where everybody sort of gets as close as they everybody sort of gets as close as they everybody sort of gets as close as they can to each other and and provides an can to each other and and provides an can to each other and and provides an almost solid object for the other side almost solid object for the other side almost solid object for the other side to try to beat themselves to death to try to beat themselves to death to try to beat themselves to death trying to break down which is a little trying to break down which is a little trying to break down which is a little bit how this battle is going to go and bit how this battle is going to go and bit how this battle is going to go and if you're a battle of hastings fan you if you're a battle of hastings fan you if you're a battle of hastings fan you know that and this is going to be so know that and this is going to be so know that and this is going to be so different than what the Normans are different than what the Normans are different than what the Normans are going to have to do if they're facing going to have to do if they're facing going to have to do if they're facing Julius Caesar in the Romans the Normans Julius Caesar in the Romans the Normans Julius Caesar in the Romans the Normans can just sort of approach the can just sort of approach the can just sort of approach the battlefield and do whatever they want at battlefield and do whatever they want at battlefield and do whatever they want at their leisure they will control when their leisure they will control when their leisure they will control when encounters happen where they happen I encounters happen where they happen I encounters happen where they happen I mean the only thing these anglo-saxons mean the only thing these anglo-saxons mean the only thing these anglo-saxons are going to be able to do is stay in are going to be able to do is stay in are going to be able to do is stay in their shield wall on the hill because their shield wall on the hill because their shield wall on the hill because they only have one type of troop type they only have one type of troop type they only have one type of troop type its infantry there's no cavalry they its infantry there's no cavalry they its infantry there's no cavalry they there might have been some people who there might have been some people who there might have been some people who rode to this battlefield but they rode to this battlefield but they rode to this battlefield but they dismounted and fought in the traditional dismounted and fought in the traditional dismounted and fought in the traditional infantry formation there's also no infantry formation there's also no infantry formation there's also no skirmishers so there's no one to go out skirmishers so there's no one to go out skirmishers so there's no one to go out and and force any action on william at and and force any action on william at and and force any action on william at all so if he wants to initiate contact all so if he wants to initiate contact all so if he wants to initiate contact on the left side of the line for a while on the left side of the line for a while on the left side of the line for a while and if his left does badly they retire and if his left does badly they retire and if his left does badly they retire down from the hill lick their wounds down from the hill lick their wounds down from the hill lick their wounds have some lunch and maybe william says have some lunch and maybe william says have some lunch and maybe william says okay you know maybe after lunch we'll go okay you know maybe after lunch we'll go okay you know maybe after lunch we'll go over and tackle her over and tackle her over and tackle her I mean he's got that kind of freedom I mean he's got that kind of freedom I mean he's got that kind of freedom he's not gonna have that against Julius he's not gonna have that against Julius he's not gonna have that against Julius Caesar in the traditional battle though Caesar in the traditional battle though Caesar in the traditional battle though what ends up happening and it's

what ends up happening and it's what ends up happening and it's important if we're trying to figure out important if we're trying to figure out important if we're trying to figure out whether William would win or Caesar whether William would win or Caesar whether William would win or Caesar would win how the Battle of Hastings would win how the Battle of Hastings would win how the Battle of Hastings actually went because William who actually went because William who actually went because William who probably outnumbered the anglo-saxons probably outnumbered the anglo-saxons probably outnumbered the anglo-saxons would several times attack up this hill would several times attack up this hill would several times attack up this hill he divides his army by the way into a he divides his army by the way into a he divides his army by the way into a formation that was used by Normans at formation that was used by Normans at formation that was used by Normans at other times so maybe it was used in this other times so maybe it was used in this other times so maybe it was used in this battle that never happened that we're battle that never happened that we're battle that never happened that we're going to have a scholarly analysis going to have a scholarly analysis going to have a scholarly analysis of a fantasy battle that we will break of a fantasy battle that we will break of a fantasy battle that we will break down logically you know and down logically you know and down logically you know and scientifically but these Normans would scientifically but these Normans would scientifically but these Normans would bring three separate groups as part of bring three separate groups as part of bring three separate groups as part of their army to bring a corps of archers a their army to bring a corps of archers a their army to bring a corps of archers a corps of melee infantry we'll call them corps of melee infantry we'll call them corps of melee infantry we'll call them and then a corps of divided into the and then a corps of divided into the and then a corps of divided into the traditional medieval three three types traditional medieval three three types traditional medieval three three types in a corps of this heavy cavalry at in a corps of this heavy cavalry at in a corps of this heavy cavalry at Hastings he lined them up sort of in Hastings he lined them up sort of in Hastings he lined them up sort of in three lines the first group were the three lines the first group were the three lines the first group were the archers and Hastings these had self bows archers and Hastings these had self bows archers and Hastings these had self bows which are the least powerful to the which are the least powerful to the which are the least powerful to the Romans these would be non impressive but Romans these would be non impressive but Romans these would be non impressive but in this period there were not a lot of in this period there were not a lot of in this period there were not a lot of people using a lot of bows so it might people using a lot of bows so it might people using a lot of bows so it might have been unusual and different at other have been unusual and different at other have been unusual and different at other battles the Normans would use crossbows battles the Normans would use crossbows battles the Normans would use crossbows which would be much more effective than which would be much more effective than which would be much more effective than the second group that they had were all the second group that they had were all the second group that they had were all these melee infantry so think about a we these melee infantry so think about a we these melee infantry so think about a we used to sort of call them your your used to sort of call them your your used to sort of call them your your mixed medieval rabble but that's not mixed medieval rabble but that's not mixed medieval rabble but that's not fair but it would be whatever the person fair but it would be whatever the person fair but it would be whatever the person had in terms of protection so it would had in terms of protection so it would had in terms of protection so it would range from nothing to leather armor to range from nothing to leather armor to range from nothing to leather armor to various forms of metal armor some would various forms of metal armor some would various forms of metal armor some would have helmets some wouldn't almost have helmets some wouldn't almost have helmets some wouldn't almost everybody would try to bring a shield everybody would try to bring a shield everybody would try to bring a shield the weapons would range from Spears to the weapons would range from Spears to the weapons would range from Spears to sidearms to here's something that I love

sidearms to here's something that I love sidearms to here's something that I love in terms of weapon continuity there were in terms of weapon continuity there were in terms of weapon continuity there were people using clubs on both sides at the people using clubs on both sides at the people using clubs on both sides at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 is there any Battle of Hastings in 1066 is there any Battle of Hastings in 1066 is there any older weapon than clubs maybe stones and older weapon than clubs maybe stones and older weapon than clubs maybe stones and the anglo-saxons were throwing stones at the anglo-saxons were throwing stones at the anglo-saxons were throwing stones at the Normans so what did we say earlier the Normans so what did we say earlier the Normans so what did we say earlier the shelf life of experience well how the shelf life of experience well how the shelf life of experience well how about the shelf life of weapons about the shelf life of weapons about the shelf life of weapons technology but what ended up happening technology but what ended up happening technology but what ended up happening was the archers were supposed to go in was the archers were supposed to go in was the archers were supposed to go in there and start to break up that there and start to break up that there and start to break up that shoulder-to-shoulder almost solid shoulder-to-shoulder almost solid shoulder-to-shoulder almost solid formation of the anglo-saxons then the formation of the anglo-saxons then the formation of the anglo-saxons then the melee infantry were going to go in there melee infantry were going to go in there melee infantry were going to go in there and batter it down even more the goal to and batter it down even more the goal to and batter it down even more the goal to loosen it up and if you could disorder loosen it up and if you could disorder loosen it up and if you could disorder it disorders the phrase we used to use it disorders the phrase we used to use it disorders the phrase we used to use in war game it means if the cohesion of in war game it means if the cohesion of in war game it means if the cohesion of the of the formation begins to break up the of the formation begins to break up the of the formation begins to break up so there's holes in it and gaps and so there's holes in it and gaps and so there's holes in it and gaps and spaces that other troops can break into spaces that other troops can break into spaces that other troops can break into especially if they're still in tight especially if they're still in tight especially if they're still in tight formation you begin to fall apart formation you begin to fall apart formation you begin to fall apart so these melee infantry we're gonna go so these melee infantry we're gonna go so these melee infantry we're gonna go in there and hopefully take advantage of in there and hopefully take advantage of in there and hopefully take advantage of any problems that the archers had caused any problems that the archers had caused any problems that the archers had caused and then the next line was going to be and then the next line was going to be and then the next line was going to be the exclamation point that won the the exclamation point that won the the exclamation point that won the battle battle battle so when I think of a Norman army and I so when I think of a Norman army and I so when I think of a Norman army and I think of why I would want to be careful think of why I would want to be careful think of why I would want to be careful facing one I try to figure out how I'm facing one I try to figure out how I'm facing one I try to figure out how I'm gonna deal with these these are the Mike gonna deal with these these are the Mike gonna deal with these these are the Mike Tyson side of the army apart that you Tyson side of the army apart that you Tyson side of the army apart that you have to be worried about even at the end have to be worried about even at the end have to be worried about even at the end of Tyson's career when he doesn't have of Tyson's career when he doesn't have of Tyson's career when he doesn't have much that you need to worry about you much that you need to worry about you much that you need to worry about you always need to be worried about the always need to be worried about the always need to be worried about the potential punch and that's made from potential punch and that's made from potential punch and that's made from these troops especially the Corps of these troops especially the Corps of these troops especially the Corps of Norman proto nights around William Norman proto nights around William Norman proto nights around William himself these guys are hard to figure

himself these guys are hard to figure himself these guys are hard to figure and Caesars gonna have trouble with them and Caesars gonna have trouble with them and Caesars gonna have trouble with them because they're hard to figure they're because they're hard to figure they're because they're hard to figure they're sort of the wild card in this army sort of the wild card in this army sort of the wild card in this army they're heavy cavalry as we said so now they're heavy cavalry as we said so now they're heavy cavalry as we said so now this is the setup let's say 12,000 of this is the setup let's say 12,000 of this is the setup let's say 12,000 of these soldiers they approach the area these soldiers they approach the area these soldiers they approach the area around Hastings and their scouts come around Hastings and their scouts come around Hastings and their scouts come back to them probably not that far from back to them probably not that far from back to them probably not that far from the battlefield because neither the the battlefield because neither the the battlefield because neither the early middle-aged Europeans or the early middle-aged Europeans or the early middle-aged Europeans or the Romans to be honest we're great at Romans to be honest we're great at Romans to be honest we're great at reconnaissance both of them more reconnaissance both of them more reconnaissance both of them more surprised than you would hope for but surprised than you would hope for but surprised than you would hope for but probably William get some feedback and probably William get some feedback and probably William get some feedback and the feedback is that up ahead is a much the feedback is that up ahead is a much the feedback is that up ahead is a much larger army than we expected and they larger army than we expected and they larger army than we expected and they don't look like anglo-saxons now I could don't look like anglo-saxons now I could don't look like anglo-saxons now I could not decide if I found it more intriguing not decide if I found it more intriguing not decide if I found it more intriguing to imagine both of these sides coming to imagine both of these sides coming to imagine both of these sides coming together in my movie with no knowledge together in my movie with no knowledge together in my movie with no knowledge about the other side or if it was cooler about the other side or if it was cooler about the other side or if it was cooler to imagine that there'd been some prep to imagine that there'd been some prep to imagine that there'd been some prep right I mean you have a score sheet or right I mean you have a score sheet or right I mean you have a score sheet or you have an advisor or some video on the you have an advisor or some video on the you have an advisor or some video on the other side or maybe a caddie like in other side or maybe a caddie like in other side or maybe a caddie like in golf you know the caddie could come up golf you know the caddie could come up golf you know the caddie could come up to maybe Julius Caesar who's probably to maybe Julius Caesar who's probably to maybe Julius Caesar who's probably being you know who he is he's probably being you know who he is he's probably being you know who he is he's probably dictating five letters seducing a woman dictating five letters seducing a woman dictating five letters seducing a woman bad-mouthing a political opponent and bad-mouthing a political opponent and bad-mouthing a political opponent and listening intently to everything the listening intently to everything the listening intently to everything the caddie says and absorbing it this may be caddie says and absorbing it this may be caddie says and absorbing it this may be by the way the part of this battle that

by the way the part of this battle that by the way the part of this battle that just screws it up for everybody because just screws it up for everybody because just screws it up for everybody because if you've got a genius like Caesar on if you've got a genius like Caesar on if you've got a genius like Caesar on one side is it really representative of one side is it really representative of one side is it really representative of anything you might be able to put Caesar anything you might be able to put Caesar anything you might be able to put Caesar on the Norman side and it becomes a rout on the Norman side and it becomes a rout on the Norman side and it becomes a rout just because you know genius is genius just because you know genius is genius just because you know genius is genius but in this case the advisor the Caddy but in this case the advisor the Caddy but in this case the advisor the Caddy could tell Caesar listen these people on could tell Caesar listen these people on could tell Caesar listen these people on the other side are a little bit like a the other side are a little bit like a the other side are a little bit like a better armed and armored version of what better armed and armored version of what better armed and armored version of what you're already facing you're facing you're already facing you're facing you're already facing you're facing barbarians these are kind of barbarians barbarians these are kind of barbarians barbarians these are kind of barbarians I mean they're not trained in any units I mean they're not trained in any units I mean they're not trained in any units they don't have a deep organized they don't have a deep organized they don't have a deep organized hierarchical civilization or anything hierarchical civilization or anything hierarchical civilization or anything like that there's their army is like that there's their army is like that there's their army is simplistic but they have those traits simplistic but they have those traits simplistic but they have those traits that you've become accustomed to seeing that you've become accustomed to seeing that you've become accustomed to seeing on the continent I mean when you run on the continent I mean when you run on the continent I mean when you run into the Germans Caesar they have that into the Germans Caesar they have that into the Germans Caesar they have that attitude they have that impetus they had attitude they have that impetus they had attitude they have that impetus they had they get berserk there's a frenzy they get berserk there's a frenzy they get berserk there's a frenzy there's there's that unquantifiable there's there's that unquantifiable there's there's that unquantifiable thing we always talk about and Caesar thing we always talk about and Caesar thing we always talk about and Caesar would be well aware of it they called it would be well aware of it they called it would be well aware of it they called it the Fuehrer Teutonic as' and Caesars the Fuehrer Teutonic as' and Caesars the Fuehrer Teutonic as' and Caesars time but it seems to be something you time but it seems to be something you time but it seems to be something you ran into in Western Europe Central ran into in Western Europe Central ran into in Western Europe Central Europe northern Europe and what the heck Europe northern Europe and what the heck Europe northern Europe and what the heck do you define it as but whatever it was do you define it as but whatever it was do you define it as but whatever it was the Normans had a - and for what it's the Normans had a - and for what it's the Normans had a - and for what it's worth the old theory used to be that the worth the old theory used to be that the worth the old theory used to be that the Normans had it because they were Vikings Normans had it because they were Vikings Normans had it because they were Vikings basically a couple of generations basically a couple of generations basically a couple of generations removed from the old country so to speak removed from the old country so to speak removed from the old country so to speak those of you who like continuity should those of you who like continuity should those of you who like continuity should note that the way William of Normandy note that the way William of Normandy note that the way William of Normandy became the duke of normandy was very became the duke of normandy was very became the duke of normandy was very similar to how the old barbarians got a

similar to how the old barbarians got a similar to how the old barbarians got a piece of the old roman empire it was piece of the old roman empire it was piece of the old roman empire it was sort of let's call it a farming out of sort of let's call it a farming out of sort of let's call it a farming out of the traditional military the traditional military the traditional military responsibilities or maybe you call it responsibilities or maybe you call it responsibilities or maybe you call it privatizing it but when Rome couldn't privatizing it but when Rome couldn't privatizing it but when Rome couldn't defend some of its territory from defend some of its territory from defend some of its territory from barbarians it used to let those barbarians it used to let those barbarians it used to let those barbarians settle in the territory and barbarians settle in the territory and barbarians settle in the territory and the deal was that they had they could the deal was that they had they could the deal was that they had they could live off of it they could settle there live off of it they could settle there live off of it they could settle there they could raise their families or they they could raise their families or they they could raise their families or they could farm it whatever they wanted to do could farm it whatever they wanted to do could farm it whatever they wanted to do but they had to protect it against the but they had to protect it against the but they had to protect it against the people you know like themselves and they people you know like themselves and they people you know like themselves and they owed their allegiance to you right so owed their allegiance to you right so owed their allegiance to you right so they were still it was still you know they were still it was still you know they were still it was still you know basically all yours you had just farmed basically all yours you had just farmed basically all yours you had just farmed it out the Carolingians in this period it out the Carolingians in this period it out the Carolingians in this period right before Hastings had done the same right before Hastings had done the same right before Hastings had done the same thing thing thing they had Viking problems during the they had Viking problems during the they had Viking problems during the Viking eras this area around Normandy Viking eras this area around Normandy Viking eras this area around Normandy was getting hit all the time so the best was getting hit all the time so the best was getting hit all the time so the best idea was maybe turn it over to a bunch idea was maybe turn it over to a bunch idea was maybe turn it over to a bunch of Vikings tell him to settle their of Vikings tell him to settle their of Vikings tell him to settle their Christianize them and Christianize them and Christianize them and let them keep the other Vikings out and let them keep the other Vikings out and let them keep the other Vikings out and they'll owe their allegiance to us well they'll owe their allegiance to us well they'll owe their allegiance to us well as happens sometimes with the Roman as happens sometimes with the Roman as happens sometimes with the Roman Empire these Normans as they were called Empire these Normans as they were called Empire these Normans as they were called which was just another word some people which was just another word some people which was just another word some people used for Vikings Norseman's very close used for Vikings Norseman's very close used for Vikings Norseman's very close these guys were probably Danish but these guys were probably Danish but these guys were probably Danish but again not not a hundred percent certain again not not a hundred percent certain again not not a hundred percent certain they settled in Normandy quickly forgot they settled in Normandy quickly forgot they settled in Normandy quickly forgot that part of the deal that said were that part of the deal that said were that part of the deal that said were vassals of you and became a thorn in the vassals of you and became a thorn in the vassals of you and became a thorn in the side of the rulers of France for a side of the rulers of France for a side of the rulers of France for a couple hundred years while also making couple hundred years while also making couple hundred years while also making their presence felt in a way that defies their presence felt in a way that defies their presence felt in a way that defies logic punching way above their weight logic punching way above their weight logic punching way above their weight class for reasons people have speculated class for reasons people have speculated class for reasons people have speculated upon forever I love some of the

upon forever I love some of the upon forever I love some of the adjectives used to describe them energy adjectives used to describe them energy adjectives used to describe them energy is one of the words you hear the Normans is one of the words you hear the Normans is one of the words you hear the Normans had amazing energy for 200 years but had amazing energy for 200 years but had amazing energy for 200 years but what it meant was they were fighting and what it meant was they were fighting and what it meant was they were fighting and rabble-rousing causing trouble rabble-rousing causing trouble rabble-rousing causing trouble conquering places as far apart as conquering places as far apart as conquering places as far apart as England continental France Italy England continental France Italy England continental France Italy fighting for and against the Byzantines fighting for and against the Byzantines fighting for and against the Byzantines playing a major role in the First playing a major role in the First playing a major role in the First Crusade and eventually what ends up Crusade and eventually what ends up Crusade and eventually what ends up happening to them as they get absorbed happening to them as they get absorbed happening to them as they get absorbed in all these societies that they were in all these societies that they were in all these societies that they were involved in so into the into the history involved in so into the into the history involved in so into the into the history of England eventually subverted into the of England eventually subverted into the of England eventually subverted into the history of continental France they their history of continental France they their history of continental France they their their aspect will become a part of their aspect will become a part of their aspect will become a part of Italian history again foreign against Italian history again foreign against Italian history again foreign against the Byzantines and in the Holy Land well the Byzantines and in the Holy Land well the Byzantines and in the Holy Land well as long as there was a European as long as there was a European as long as there was a European crusading presence in the Holy Land crusading presence in the Holy Land crusading presence in the Holy Land the fume of the Normans the stench of the fume of the Normans the stench of the fume of the Normans the stench of the Normans as maybe some of the the Normans as maybe some of the the Normans as maybe some of the Byzantine royalty would suggest would Byzantine royalty would suggest would Byzantine royalty would suggest would linger they had a lot of energy and some linger they had a lot of energy and some linger they had a lot of energy and some people suggested this was because people suggested this was because people suggested this was because William the Conqueror's I think it was William the Conqueror's I think it was William the Conqueror's I think it was great great great I think three greats great great great I think three greats great great great I think three greats grandfather was a Viking and that grandfather was a Viking and that grandfather was a Viking and that wonderful Viking berserk frenzy in the wonderful Viking berserk frenzy in the wonderful Viking berserk frenzy in the war games research rules it was known as war games research rules it was known as war games research rules it was known as impetuous quality that in your rule set impetuous quality that in your rule set impetuous quality that in your rule set nobody knew why they had it but Normans nobody knew why they had it but Normans nobody knew why they had it but Normans just like Vikings got like a special just like Vikings got like a special just like Vikings got like a special plus because they had this quality once plus because they had this quality once plus because they had this quality once again what is the rule set reflecting again what is the rule set reflecting again what is the rule set reflecting when it gives you that special plus what when it gives you that special plus what when it gives you that special plus what the heck is that the heck is that the heck is that it's that question of what makes a night it's that question of what makes a night it's that question of what makes a night and night once you get beyond you know and night once you get beyond you know and night once you get beyond you know the weapons and armor there's something the weapons and armor there's something the weapons and armor there's something else going on what makes a samurai a else going on what makes a samurai a else going on what makes a samurai a samurai it's not just the weapons and

samurai it's not just the weapons and samurai it's not just the weapons and armor so it's armor so it's armor so it's part of history that's unquantifiable part of history that's unquantifiable part of history that's unquantifiable it's also the part that because it's it's also the part that because it's it's also the part that because it's unquantifiable Julius Caesar needs to unquantifiable Julius Caesar needs to unquantifiable Julius Caesar needs to worry about as he looks across listens worry about as he looks across listens worry about as he looks across listens to what the Caddy says continues to woo to what the Caddy says continues to woo to what the Caddy says continues to woo the woman bad mouthed the political the woman bad mouthed the political the woman bad mouthed the political opponent and dictate five letters at the opponent and dictate five letters at the opponent and dictate five letters at the same time and sees this army from the same time and sees this army from the same time and sees this army from the early Middle Ages approaching him first early Middle Ages approaching him first early Middle Ages approaching him first thing he's going to notice being who he thing he's going to notice being who he thing he's going to notice being who he is is that it's small he's used to is is that it's small he's used to is is that it's small he's used to fighting much larger armies than this fighting much larger armies than this fighting much larger armies than this and there was only three years before and there was only three years before and there was only three years before that the Battle of the Somme burr that the Battle of the Somme burr that the Battle of the Somme burr happened right across the English happened right across the English happened right across the English Channel you may recall because we did Channel you may recall because we did Channel you may recall because we did the show where this was included once the show where this was included once the show where this was included once that at that battle according to Caesar that at that battle according to Caesar that at that battle according to Caesar himself so let's imagine that he doubled himself so let's imagine that he doubled himself so let's imagine that he doubled the enemy numbers but he said the Romans the enemy numbers but he said the Romans the enemy numbers but he said the Romans thought that they were in a safe spot thought that they were in a safe spot thought that they were in a safe spot once again never the greatest once again never the greatest once again never the greatest reconnaissance on Rama's part they were reconnaissance on Rama's part they were reconnaissance on Rama's part they were also they had the weapons stack their also they had the weapons stack their also they had the weapons stack their armor wasn't on everybody was all armor wasn't on everybody was all armor wasn't on everybody was all scurrying around like a bunch of ants scurrying around like a bunch of ants scurrying around like a bunch of ants building their fort and all that kind of building their fort and all that kind of building their fort and all that kind of stuff and all of a sudden unexpectedly stuff and all of a sudden unexpectedly stuff and all of a sudden unexpectedly 60,000 garlic tribesmen come screaming 60,000 garlic tribesmen come screaming 60,000 garlic tribesmen come screaming out of the woods charging the completely out of the woods charging the completely out of the woods charging the completely unprepared Romans 60,000 sounds like a unprepared Romans 60,000 sounds like a unprepared Romans 60,000 sounds like a crazy number but let's just say it was crazy number but let's just say it was crazy number but let's just say it was 30,000 if it's 30,000 it's still like 30,000 if it's 30,000 it's still like 30,000 if it's 30,000 it's still like more than twice as many people as more than twice as many people as more than twice as many people as William the Conqueror is going to bring William the Conqueror is going to bring William the Conqueror is going to bring to our you know filmed battle once more to our you know filmed battle once more to our you know filmed battle once more we're assuming that Julius Caesar is we're assuming that Julius Caesar is we're assuming that Julius Caesar is waiting for these Normans to arrive just waiting for these Normans to arrive just waiting for these Normans to arrive just like the anglo-saxons were at the Battle like the anglo-saxons were at the Battle like the anglo-saxons were at the Battle of the Sombra three years previously

of the Sombra three years previously of the Sombra three years previously with a lot of these same troops it with a lot of these same troops it with a lot of these same troops it should be pointed out so Caesars should be pointed out so Caesars should be pointed out so Caesars fighting with these people who remember fighting with these people who remember fighting with these people who remember being at that battle when the supposedly being at that battle when the supposedly being at that battle when the supposedly 60,000 but maybe closer to 30,000 60,000 but maybe closer to 30,000 60,000 but maybe closer to 30,000 tribesmen come screaming out of the tribesmen come screaming out of the tribesmen come screaming out of the woods and long story short Caesar and woods and long story short Caesar and woods and long story short Caesar and the Romans won that battle so that shows the Romans won that battle so that shows the Romans won that battle so that shows you the crazy superiority that these you the crazy superiority that these you the crazy superiority that these supremely organized armies can have over supremely organized armies can have over supremely organized armies can have over the disorganized ones and I say the disorganized ones and I say the disorganized ones and I say disorganized I don't mean it disorganized I don't mean it disorganized I don't mean it intentionally because the funny thing intentionally because the funny thing intentionally because the funny thing about it is a guy like William would about it is a guy like William would about it is a guy like William would have thought his army was organized by have thought his army was organized by have thought his army was organized by his standards but that's because they his standards but that's because they his standards but that's because they didn't do things anymore the way for didn't do things anymore the way for didn't do things anymore the way for example the Romans did not in that part example the Romans did not in that part example the Romans did not in that part of the world that is also a sign about of the world that is also a sign about of the world that is also a sign about the pace of change in how earlier the pace of change in how earlier the pace of change in how earlier societies can sometimes have societies can sometimes have societies can sometimes have capabilities that later societies don't capabilities that later societies don't capabilities that later societies don't have now there were contemporaries if have now there were contemporaries if have now there were contemporaries if somebody wanted to try to be the caddy somebody wanted to try to be the caddy somebody wanted to try to be the caddy for William I mean how do you do that for William I mean how do you do that for William I mean how do you do that it's funny because it's easier to it's funny because it's easier to it's funny because it's easier to imagine the less sophisticated army than imagine the less sophisticated army than imagine the less sophisticated army than it is to imagine the more sophisticated it is to imagine the more sophisticated it is to imagine the more sophisticated one if you went to the commander of the one if you went to the commander of the one if you went to the commander of the USS Nimitz in 1980 and said in the final USS Nimitz in 1980 and said in the final USS Nimitz in 1980 and said in the final countdown you're about to face out Merle countdown you're about to face out Merle countdown you're about to face out Merle Nagumo and his six strike carriers from Nagumo and his six strike carriers from Nagumo and his six strike carriers from late 1941 the commander of the 1980 late 1941 the commander of the 1980 late 1941 the commander of the 1980 Nimitz is going to go okay I know what Nimitz is going to go okay I know what Nimitz is going to go okay I know what I'm up against right it's easy for him I'm up against right it's easy for him I'm up against right it's easy for him to imagine the less complicated to imagine the less complicated to imagine the less complicated technology and tactics and ships a lot technology and tactics and ships a lot technology and tactics and ships a lot harder to go to Admiral Nagumo on the

harder to go to Admiral Nagumo on the harder to go to Admiral Nagumo on the other side and say Admiral you're about other side and say Admiral you're about other side and say Admiral you're about to face the USS Nimitz from 1980 it's a to face the USS Nimitz from 1980 it's a to face the USS Nimitz from 1980 it's a super carrier it's only one carrier it super carrier it's only one carrier it super carrier it's only one carrier it doesn't really have any other ships with doesn't really have any other ships with doesn't really have any other ships with it but you'll probably have everything it but you'll probably have everything it but you'll probably have everything in your fleet destroyed before you even in your fleet destroyed before you even in your fleet destroyed before you even see it I mean that's like trying to see it I mean that's like trying to see it I mean that's like trying to explain that the HG Welles War of the explain that the HG Welles War of the explain that the HG Welles War of the Worlds aliens are coming let me tell you Worlds aliens are coming let me tell you Worlds aliens are coming let me tell you about what they're gonna be able to do about what they're gonna be able to do about what they're gonna be able to do to you it might be a much longer to you it might be a much longer to you it might be a much longer conversation before they understood and conversation before they understood and conversation before they understood and the Cadi speaking to Williams probably the Cadi speaking to Williams probably the Cadi speaking to Williams probably going to have the same problem how do going to have the same problem how do going to have the same problem how do you explain an army that's more you explain an army that's more you explain an army that's more sophisticated than his to him well sophisticated than his to him well sophisticated than his to him well here's my movies angle on that may or here's my movies angle on that may or here's my movies angle on that may or may not be true but certainly could be may not be true but certainly could be may not be true but certainly could be these Normans were famous mercenaries these Normans were famous mercenaries these Normans were famous mercenaries and they fought for and against people and they fought for and against people and they fought for and against people like the Byzantines you may recall that like the Byzantines you may recall that like the Byzantines you may recall that the Byzantines did not call themselves the Byzantines did not call themselves the Byzantines did not call themselves the Byzantines they called themselves in the Byzantines they called themselves in the Byzantines they called themselves in the time of the Normans the Romans the time of the Normans the Romans the time of the Normans the Romans because really as many people point out because really as many people point out because really as many people point out they're the part of the Roman Empire they're the part of the Roman Empire they're the part of the Roman Empire that never fell the eastern side they're that never fell the eastern side they're that never fell the eastern side they're still around centuries later and they still around centuries later and they still around centuries later and they never lost the understanding of how to never lost the understanding of how to never lost the understanding of how to organize troops in a professional organize troops in a professional organize troops in a professional regular way right drill them the same regular way right drill them the same regular way right drill them the same way the cadets on the parade ground at way the cadets on the parade ground at way the cadets on the parade ground at graduation at military academies all graduation at military academies all graduation at military academies all over the world still March that's how over the world still March that's how over the world still March that's how the Romans marched saw the Byzantines the Romans marched saw the Byzantines the Romans marched saw the Byzantines marched so maybe the Cadi could go up to marched so maybe the Cadi could go up to marched so maybe the Cadi could go up to William and say you know those William and say you know those William and say you know those Byzantines we talked about those guys Byzantines we talked about those guys Byzantines we talked about those guys that move around the battlefield that move around the battlefield that move around the battlefield in complete unison with each other at in complete unison with each other at in complete unison with each other at the commit that can change facing on an

the commit that can change facing on an the commit that can change facing on an order you know remember those guys these order you know remember those guys these order you know remember those guys these guys fight like that and I always love guys fight like that and I always love guys fight like that and I always love bringing up Han stillbrook bringing up Han stillbrook bringing up Han stillbrook and for those of you don't know Han and for those of you don't know Han and for those of you don't know Han Stubb rook he's a hard-to-explain guy Stubb rook he's a hard-to-explain guy Stubb rook he's a hard-to-explain guy he's one of those historians that has he's one of those historians that has he's one of those historians that has managed to remain relevant in some ways managed to remain relevant in some ways managed to remain relevant in some ways long after his historical information is long after his historical information is long after his historical information is is relevant because in all the years is relevant because in all the years is relevant because in all the years since del Brooke lived and he was since del Brooke lived and he was since del Brooke lived and he was writing more than 100 years ago the writing more than 100 years ago the writing more than 100 years ago the historical knowledge has just changed so historical knowledge has just changed so historical knowledge has just changed so much that his information is just wrong much that his information is just wrong much that his information is just wrong but he talks about some of that physics but he talks about some of that physics but he talks about some of that physics of the battlefield stuff the limitations of the battlefield stuff the limitations of the battlefield stuff the limitations of muscle power human power animal power of muscle power human power animal power of muscle power human power animal power logistics all these kinds of things that logistics all these kinds of things that logistics all these kinds of things that in a lot of ways especially you know up in a lot of ways especially you know up in a lot of ways especially you know up until you start getting things like until you start getting things like until you start getting things like vehicles on the battlefield cars and vehicles on the battlefield cars and vehicles on the battlefield cars and stuff I mean stuff that basically stuff I mean stuff that basically stuff I mean stuff that basically remained pretty constant and he's so remained pretty constant and he's so remained pretty constant and he's so skeptical that he's a wonderful piece of skeptical that he's a wonderful piece of skeptical that he's a wonderful piece of ballast to anchor you before you read ballast to anchor you before you read ballast to anchor you before you read other people's stuff just to make you other people's stuff just to make you other people's stuff just to make you suspicious automatically but tell Brooke suspicious automatically but tell Brooke suspicious automatically but tell Brooke talks about the Romans in Caesar's army talks about the Romans in Caesar's army talks about the Romans in Caesar's army facing the Gauls which as I said is what facing the Gauls which as I said is what facing the Gauls which as I said is what he's doing during this period he's doing during this period he's doing during this period historically and talks about why the historically and talks about why the historically and talks about why the Romans are going to beat the Gauls and Romans are going to beat the Gauls and Romans are going to beat the Gauls and it has to do with things like it has to do with things like it has to do with things like organization versus ad hoc sorts of organization versus ad hoc sorts of organization versus ad hoc sorts of organization this would apply just as organization this would apply just as organization this would apply just as much to Williams army as it applies to much to Williams army as it applies to much to Williams army as it applies to the Gauls listen to what Dale brook the Gauls listen to what Dale brook the Gauls listen to what Dale brook writes though and understand that what writes though and understand that what writes though and understand that what the Romans are going to do to this army the Romans are going to do to this army the Romans are going to do to this army from the early Middle Ages is they're from the early Middle Ages is they're from the early Middle Ages is they're gonna move on it don't book writes about gonna move on it don't book writes about gonna move on it don't book writes about the Romans and the Gauls quote the the Romans and the Gauls quote the the Romans and the Gauls quote the superiority of the Roman art of warfare

superiority of the Roman art of warfare superiority of the Roman art of warfare was based on the army organization as a was based on the army organization as a was based on the army organization as a whole a system that permitted very large whole a system that permitted very large whole a system that permitted very large masses of men to be concentrated at a masses of men to be concentrated at a masses of men to be concentrated at a given point to move in an orderly given point to move in an orderly given point to move in an orderly fashion to be fed and to be kept fashion to be fed and to be kept fashion to be fed and to be kept together together together the Gauls could do none of these things the Gauls could do none of these things the Gauls could do none of these things it was not so much the courage of the it was not so much the courage of the it was not so much the courage of the Romans which was in no way greater than Romans which was in no way greater than Romans which was in no way greater than their own but the Roman mass power that their own but the Roman mass power that their own but the Roman mass power that subdued them and again not that their subdued them and again not that their subdued them and again not that their own mass of itself would not have been own mass of itself would not have been own mass of itself would not have been much greater but their mass was an inert much greater but their mass was an inert much greater but their mass was an inert one incapable of movement it was the one incapable of movement it was the one incapable of movement it was the Roman civilization that conquered Roman civilization that conquered Roman civilization that conquered barbarism for imparting the capable barbarism for imparting the capable barbarism for imparting the capable movement to a large mass is a work of movement to a large mass is a work of movement to a large mass is a work of art that only a higher civilization can art that only a higher civilization can art that only a higher civilization can achieve barbarism cannot do it the Roman achieve barbarism cannot do it the Roman achieve barbarism cannot do it the Roman army was not simply a mass but an army was not simply a mass but an army was not simply a mass but an organized mass and it could be a mass organized mass and it could be a mass organized mass and it could be a mass only because it was organized and formed only because it was organized and formed only because it was organized and formed a complex and living entity end quote a complex and living entity end quote a complex and living entity end quote so these enemies from the early Middle so these enemies from the early Middle so these enemies from the early Middle Ages in Europe have a problem and that's Ages in Europe have a problem and that's Ages in Europe have a problem and that's that they have the famous choice of this that they have the famous choice of this that they have the famous choice of this era which is you can stand still and era which is you can stand still and era which is you can stand still and keep your formation intact right you can keep your formation intact right you can keep your formation intact right you can be the anglo-saxons on the hill you can be the anglo-saxons on the hill you can be the anglo-saxons on the hill you can have your shield wall you can be have your shield wall you can be have your shield wall you can be shoulder to shoulder you can be solid shoulder to shoulder you can be solid shoulder to shoulder you can be solid but when people start to move because but when people start to move because but when people start to move because they can't they move as individuals it they can't they move as individuals it they can't they move as individuals it all falls apart now if that happens and all falls apart now if that happens and all falls apart now if that happens and the enemy gets their hands on you the enemy gets their hands on you the enemy gets their hands on you especially with cavalry you are meat so especially with cavalry you are meat so especially with cavalry you are meat so your choice is we stay here and we don't your choice is we stay here and we don't your choice is we stay here and we don't move and we don't fall into disorder but

move and we don't fall into disorder but move and we don't fall into disorder but that allows all the impetus to go to that allows all the impetus to go to that allows all the impetus to go to your opponent right you have no way of your opponent right you have no way of your opponent right you have no way of pressing them that's why the English pressing them that's why the English pressing them that's why the English axis stayed on the hill and never axis stayed on the hill and never axis stayed on the hill and never bothered William down at the bottom of bothered William down at the bottom of bothered William down at the bottom of the hill the only way they could bother the hill the only way they could bother the hill the only way they could bother mr. come down they came down he'd killed mr. come down they came down he'd killed mr. come down they came down he'd killed them the reason you know this is because them the reason you know this is because them the reason you know this is because that's what actually happened in the that's what actually happened in the that's what actually happened in the Battle of Hastings several times these Battle of Hastings several times these Battle of Hastings several times these Saxons thinking they were pursuing Saxons thinking they were pursuing Saxons thinking they were pursuing retreating horsemen broke formation and retreating horsemen broke formation and retreating horsemen broke formation and ran down the hill and when they were ran down the hill and when they were ran down the hill and when they were strung out all along the hill as strung out all along the hill as strung out all along the hill as individuals the cavalry came back and individuals the cavalry came back and individuals the cavalry came back and killed him still undetermined whether killed him still undetermined whether killed him still undetermined whether the maneuver that made these the maneuver that made these the maneuver that made these anglo-saxons so excited they thought anglo-saxons so excited they thought anglo-saxons so excited they thought they went one was a feigned flight a they went one was a feigned flight a they went one was a feigned flight a planned tactic or whether or not you planned tactic or whether or not you planned tactic or whether or not you know they had just kicked the Breton's know they had just kicked the Breton's know they had just kicked the Breton's butts or something like that and they butts or something like that and they butts or something like that and they were running away in disorder and just were running away in disorder and just were running away in disorder and just oh you look you got your chocolate in my oh you look you got your chocolate in my oh you look you got your chocolate in my peanut butter and all those anglo-saxons peanut butter and all those anglo-saxons peanut butter and all those anglo-saxons ran down the hill so we could kill them ran down the hill so we could kill them ran down the hill so we could kill them imagine that let's do that again imagine that let's do that again imagine that let's do that again that's an example of another tactic that that's an example of another tactic that that's an example of another tactic that probably would not have worked against probably would not have worked against probably would not have worked against Caesar Caesar Caesar so as william approaches this battle in so as william approaches this battle in so as william approaches this battle in my movie let's imagine what's going to my movie let's imagine what's going to my movie let's imagine what's going to happen here I'm going to think that happen here I'm going to think that happen here I'm going to think that several miles from the battle around the several miles from the battle around the several miles from the battle around the same time that William is getting word same time that William is getting word same time that William is getting word about this strange army that's deployed about this strange army that's deployed about this strange army that's deployed on a much larger piece of ground than on a much larger piece of ground than on a much larger piece of ground than the anglo-saxons historically deployed the anglo-saxons historically deployed the anglo-saxons historically deployed upon and that its way upon and that its way upon and that its way for them I imagine you'd start getting for them I imagine you'd start getting for them I imagine you'd start getting reports that there were encounters reports that there were encounters reports that there were encounters happening probably with light-infantry happening probably with light-infantry happening probably with light-infantry skirmishers Caesars got we know he's got

skirmishers Caesars got we know he's got skirmishers Caesars got we know he's got slingers and light troops so people with slingers and light troops so people with slingers and light troops so people with javelins people with maybe bows and javelins people with maybe bows and javelins people with maybe bows and arrows and a bunch of other people and arrows and a bunch of other people and arrows and a bunch of other people and they're going to engage the the Duke of they're going to engage the the Duke of they're going to engage the the Duke of Normandy czar me before he gets to the Normandy czar me before he gets to the Normandy czar me before he gets to the battlefield they're going to swarm battlefield they're going to swarm battlefield they're going to swarm around him like mosquitos they're not around him like mosquitos they're not around him like mosquitos they're not going to do a ton of damage but they going to do a ton of damage but they going to do a ton of damage but they keep you from being able to leisurely keep you from being able to leisurely keep you from being able to leisurely just deploy things that your will they just deploy things that your will they just deploy things that your will they are killing you know this guy and that are killing you know this guy and that are killing you know this guy and that guy here and there they're wounding that guy here and there they're wounding that guy here and there they're wounding that guy I mean it's a pain in the rear and guy I mean it's a pain in the rear and guy I mean it's a pain in the rear and it's going to be the beginning of an it's going to be the beginning of an it's going to be the beginning of an encounter where the Normans are not encounter where the Normans are not encounter where the Normans are not going to be given any time to just sort going to be given any time to just sort going to be given any time to just sort of sit around and think what they want of sit around and think what they want of sit around and think what they want to do and lick their wounds and then to do and lick their wounds and then to do and lick their wounds and then leisurely attack later Caesar and the leisurely attack later Caesar and the leisurely attack later Caesar and the Romans will be on them before they get Romans will be on them before they get Romans will be on them before they get to the battlefield inhibiting their to the battlefield inhibiting their to the battlefield inhibiting their ability to deploy William really doesn't ability to deploy William really doesn't ability to deploy William really doesn't have any troops capable of doing this have any troops capable of doing this have any troops capable of doing this unless we want to buy into the theory unless we want to buy into the theory unless we want to buy into the theory which is probable though that the Breton which is probable though that the Breton which is probable though that the Breton cavalry he has could skirmish I'm not cavalry he has could skirmish I'm not cavalry he has could skirmish I'm not sure you want to have a bunch of sure you want to have a bunch of sure you want to have a bunch of basically proto Knightly skirmishing basically proto Knightly skirmishing basically proto Knightly skirmishing cavalry out there against the Romans but cavalry out there against the Romans but cavalry out there against the Romans but you can do it if you want to remember you can do it if you want to remember you can do it if you want to remember Caesar himself has cavalry mm Golic Caesar himself has cavalry mm Golic Caesar himself has cavalry mm Golic cavalry famously European cavalry one cavalry famously European cavalry one cavalry famously European cavalry one point oh I'm thinking and you know point oh I'm thinking and you know point oh I'm thinking and you know sometimes these battles if you read the sometimes these battles if you read the sometimes these battles if you read the ancient accounts sometimes they'd be ancient accounts sometimes they'd be ancient accounts sometimes they'd be these skirmishes ahead of time that sort these skirmishes ahead of time that sort these skirmishes ahead of time that sort of let one side feel out the other and a of let one side feel out the other and a of let one side feel out the other and a lot of times it had to do with cavalry lot of times it had to do with cavalry lot of times it had to do with cavalry because they were still mobile because they were still mobile because they were still mobile maybe Caesar has his mm garlic cavalry maybe Caesar has his mm garlic cavalry maybe Caesar has his mm garlic cavalry or some of them skirmish a little bit or some of them skirmish a little bit or some of them skirmish a little bit with some of these early middle aged with some of these early middle aged with some of these early middle aged proto Knights and sees what happens but proto Knights and sees what happens but proto Knights and sees what happens but if he does he's gonna see that uh I if he does he's gonna see that uh I if he does he's gonna see that uh I don't think we want to encounter them don't think we want to encounter them don't think we want to encounter them close up so maybe the Gauls skirmish

close up so maybe the Gauls skirmish close up so maybe the Gauls skirmish which some people have suggested that which some people have suggested that which some people have suggested that that's what they fight like anyway but that's what they fight like anyway but that's what they fight like anyway but no one knows but if I'm the Cadi around no one knows but if I'm the Cadi around no one knows but if I'm the Cadi around William the Conqueror giving him advice William the Conqueror giving him advice William the Conqueror giving him advice I'm gonna tell him that you're gonna I'm gonna tell him that you're gonna I'm gonna tell him that you're gonna feel better if you can see that cavalry feel better if you can see that cavalry feel better if you can see that cavalry because if you don't see the mm Gallic because if you don't see the mm Gallic because if you don't see the mm Gallic cavalry you've got to worry about where cavalry you've got to worry about where cavalry you've got to worry about where they are if you're Julius Caesar you they are if you're Julius Caesar you they are if you're Julius Caesar you might send that cavalry on a wideout might send that cavalry on a wideout might send that cavalry on a wideout flanking maneuver you know out of view flanking maneuver you know out of view flanking maneuver you know out of view and then right when the battle reaches and then right when the battle reaches and then right when the battle reaches it's crucial point they come crashing in it's crucial point they come crashing in it's crucial point they come crashing in you know from you know from you know from behind you or something turning the tide behind you or something turning the tide behind you or something turning the tide or maybe Caesar has them make an even or maybe Caesar has them make an even or maybe Caesar has them make an even wider out flanking movement and they go wider out flanking movement and they go wider out flanking movement and they go and they sack the Norman camp in the and they sack the Norman camp in the and they sack the Norman camp in the rear where all their stuff is the rear where all their stuff is the rear where all their stuff is the non-combatants are maybe the Treasury is non-combatants are maybe the Treasury is non-combatants are maybe the Treasury is oh maybe Caesar goes even farther around oh maybe Caesar goes even farther around oh maybe Caesar goes even farther around the flank than that goes all the way to the flank than that goes all the way to the flank than that goes all the way to the coast burns the ships that Williams the coast burns the ships that Williams the coast burns the ships that Williams gonna need to get home if you don't see gonna need to get home if you don't see gonna need to get home if you don't see the mm garlic cavalry you better be the mm garlic cavalry you better be the mm garlic cavalry you better be thinking why you don't see them thinking why you don't see them thinking why you don't see them Williams army is divided into the three Williams army is divided into the three Williams army is divided into the three sections as we said the core of archers sections as we said the core of archers sections as we said the core of archers the core of melee infantry and then the core of melee infantry and then the core of melee infantry and then behind them the heavy cavalry in three behind them the heavy cavalry in three behind them the heavy cavalry in three lines the Romans are in a traditional lines the Romans are in a traditional lines the Romans are in a traditional formation understand that the Romans formation understand that the Romans formation understand that the Romans built this army that happened in Caesars built this army that happened in Caesars built this army that happened in Caesars time and this is the height of the Roman time and this is the height of the Roman time and this is the height of the Roman army of the legions so right from before army of the legions so right from before army of the legions so right from before seizures you know maybe his uh maybe his seizures you know maybe his uh maybe his seizures you know maybe his uh maybe his relative Marius is the guy that you date relative Marius is the guy that you date relative Marius is the guy that you date this era from - about the - mid 200s

this era from - about the - mid 200s this era from - about the - mid 200s maybe is the height of the great maybe is the height of the great maybe is the height of the great legionary armies in the same way that legionary armies in the same way that legionary armies in the same way that the Norman army really relies on the the the Norman army really relies on the the the Norman army really relies on the the power of this Norman proto Knightly power of this Norman proto Knightly power of this Norman proto Knightly cavalry to do its business the Roman cavalry to do its business the Roman cavalry to do its business the Roman Army's about the Legionaries in this Army's about the Legionaries in this Army's about the Legionaries in this stage some armies have lots of different stage some armies have lots of different stage some armies have lots of different things they can you know hit you with things they can you know hit you with things they can you know hit you with and sting you with the Normans are about and sting you with the Normans are about and sting you with the Normans are about the proto Knights the Romans are about the proto Knights the Romans are about the proto Knights the Romans are about the Legionaries and that's why in my the Legionaries and that's why in my the Legionaries and that's why in my movie it's going to be those two movie it's going to be those two movie it's going to be those two elements coming together that are going elements coming together that are going elements coming together that are going to decide things this isn't gonna be to decide things this isn't gonna be to decide things this isn't gonna be something where oh the skirmishers something where oh the skirmishers something where oh the skirmishers decided it or that or the cavalry were decided it or that or the cavalry were decided it or that or the cavalry were on the flank decided in this battle on the flank decided in this battle on the flank decided in this battle you're going to have what you didn't get you're going to have what you didn't get you're going to have what you didn't get in the final countdown' or that Twilight in the final countdown' or that Twilight in the final countdown' or that Twilight Zone episode you're gonna get to see Zone episode you're gonna get to see Zone episode you're gonna get to see legionaries against Normans now the legionaries against Normans now the legionaries against Normans now the Legionaries during this period represent Legionaries during this period represent Legionaries during this period represent sort of a cross-section of the soon to sort of a cross-section of the soon to sort of a cross-section of the soon to be Roman Empire remember this is the end be Roman Empire remember this is the end be Roman Empire remember this is the end of the Republican in the same way that of the Republican in the same way that of the Republican in the same way that the cultures of these feudal societies the cultures of these feudal societies the cultures of these feudal societies determine how their militaries look and determine how their militaries look and determine how their militaries look and operate the cultures of societies like operate the cultures of societies like operate the cultures of societies like well the late Roman Republic do - it well the late Roman Republic do - it well the late Roman Republic do - it influences for example how these influences for example how these influences for example how these commanders behave they're jockeying for commanders behave they're jockeying for commanders behave they're jockeying for political position in Rome and things political position in Rome and things political position in Rome and things like what the old newspapers are saying like what the old newspapers are saying like what the old newspapers are saying or the equivalent the scuttlebutt or the equivalent the scuttlebutt or the equivalent the scuttlebutt in Rome about your conduct on the in Rome about your conduct on the in Rome about your conduct on the battlefield matters so it influences battlefield matters so it influences battlefield matters so it influences your conduct on the battlefield these your conduct on the battlefield these your conduct on the battlefield these really in the in the width and breadth really in the in the width and breadth really in the in the width and breadth of the history of the Roman army this is of the history of the Roman army this is of the history of the Roman army this is a Roman army in transition from the era a Roman army in transition from the era a Roman army in transition from the era where you know how much money you had where you know how much money you had where you know how much money you had determined you know which ranks or what

determined you know which ranks or what determined you know which ranks or what type of troops you were on the type of troops you were on the type of troops you were on the battlefield - one where these are after battlefield - one where these are after battlefield - one where these are after Caesars time not that long after Caesars Caesars time not that long after Caesars Caesars time not that long after Caesars time are going to be professional time are going to be professional time are going to be professional state-run forces of long serving state-run forces of long serving state-run forces of long serving professionals they're not quite there professionals they're not quite there professionals they're not quite there yet they're on their way these are yet they're on their way these are yet they're on their way these are volunteers who are recruited but they volunteers who are recruited but they volunteers who are recruited but they often sort of reuptake route Minh tab often sort of reuptake route Minh tab often sort of reuptake route Minh tab unsafe ight with the general for a while unsafe ight with the general for a while unsafe ight with the general for a while because they become attached to them in because they become attached to them in because they become attached to them in a financial and prosperity sense in some a financial and prosperity sense in some a financial and prosperity sense in some cases to their allegiance becomes to cases to their allegiance becomes to cases to their allegiance becomes to these generals so they stick around these generals so they stick around these generals so they stick around by the time Caesars fighting in Britain by the time Caesars fighting in Britain by the time Caesars fighting in Britain in 54 BCE some of these units and troops in 54 BCE some of these units and troops in 54 BCE some of these units and troops have been fighting with him for quite have been fighting with him for quite have been fighting with him for quite some time some of them have been some time some of them have been some time some of them have been involved in you know skin of their teeth involved in you know skin of their teeth involved in you know skin of their teeth battles in Gaul in previous years so battles in Gaul in previous years so battles in Gaul in previous years so this is an experienced veteran force and this is an experienced veteran force and this is an experienced veteran force and the Romans got very good when their the Romans got very good when their the Romans got very good when their soldiers have been serving for a while soldiers have been serving for a while soldiers have been serving for a while the Legionaries are all heavy infantry the Legionaries are all heavy infantry the Legionaries are all heavy infantry and heavy infantry during the pre and heavy infantry during the pre and heavy infantry during the pre gunpowder era their job is to engage in gunpowder era their job is to engage in gunpowder era their job is to engage in hand-to-hand combat with the other side hand-to-hand combat with the other side hand-to-hand combat with the other side so usually to break the enemy's main so usually to break the enemy's main so usually to break the enemy's main battle line because normally you're battle line because normally you're battle line because normally you're fighting you know the major portions of fighting you know the major portions of fighting you know the major portions of armies are infantry not always but armies are infantry not always but armies are infantry not always but usually the Roman legionaries have been usually the Roman legionaries have been usually the Roman legionaries have been called by some the best pre-modern heavy called by some the best pre-modern heavy called by some the best pre-modern heavy infantry that ever were I don't know infantry that ever were I don't know infantry that ever were I don't know about that specifically but I think if about that specifically but I think if about that specifically but I think if they're not in your top three you're they're not in your top three you're they're not in your top three you're insane they are all armored by this insane they are all armored by this insane they are all armored by this period the armor being provided by the period the armor being provided by the period the armor being provided by the state they are equipped with weapons

state they are equipped with weapons state they are equipped with weapons provided by the state they're run and provided by the state they're run and provided by the state they're run and they have factories that create this they have factories that create this they have factories that create this stuff and the quality is high the metal stuff and the quality is high the metal stuff and the quality is high the metal quality is high for example the quality is high for example the quality is high for example the standardization is high in the standardization is high in the standardization is high in the standardization allows the army to be standardization allows the army to be standardization allows the army to be trained in ways that some of these trained in ways that some of these trained in ways that some of these tribal or early armies from the Middle tribal or early armies from the Middle tribal or early armies from the Middle Ages they don't have the same kind of Ages they don't have the same kind of Ages they don't have the same kind of standardization right you want an axe at standardization right you want an axe at standardization right you want an axe at the battle you bring your axe you want the battle you bring your axe you want the battle you bring your axe you want to sword you bring a sword but it makes to sword you bring a sword but it makes to sword you bring a sword but it makes it tough to coordinate the Romans are it tough to coordinate the Romans are it tough to coordinate the Romans are all are all are all are the Legionaries are all armed the same the Legionaries are all armed the same the Legionaries are all armed the same so their tactics can be standardized so their tactics can be standardized so their tactics can be standardized first of all they are at ground zero a first of all they are at ground zero a first of all they are at ground zero a swordsman they have a big shield by the swordsman they have a big shield by the swordsman they have a big shield by the way that covers you know about 3/4 of way that covers you know about 3/4 of way that covers you know about 3/4 of their body big ol heavy shield though their body big ol heavy shield though their body big ol heavy shield though because you're not supposed to be moving because you're not supposed to be moving because you're not supposed to be moving around dodging and weaving your job is around dodging and weaving your job is around dodging and weaving your job is to run into the enemy head-on with that to run into the enemy head-on with that to run into the enemy head-on with that shield you're gonna hit him with the shield you're gonna hit him with the shield you're gonna hit him with the shield first you got a sword that is one shield first you got a sword that is one shield first you got a sword that is one of the great swords in history if you've of the great swords in history if you've of the great swords in history if you've never held a good recreation of the never held a good recreation of the never held a good recreation of the Gladius Gladius Gladius it's worth your time if you're a fan of it's worth your time if you're a fan of it's worth your time if you're a fan of history like I am and the sword changed history like I am and the sword changed history like I am and the sword changed over time started as a Spanish sword did over time started as a Spanish sword did over time started as a Spanish sword did so much damage against the Romans they so much damage against the Romans they so much damage against the Romans they adopted it and it would it would get adopted it and it would it would get adopted it and it would it would get longer and shorter and change its shape longer and shorter and change its shape longer and shorter and change its shape and have various versions Julius and have various versions Julius and have various versions Julius Caesar's version is actually a little Caesar's version is actually a little Caesar's version is actually a little longer than the one that will come in longer than the one that will come in longer than the one that will come in the famous impacts about Adrienne the famous impacts about Adrienne the famous impacts about Adrienne Goldsworthy puts it at like 2 feet 6 Goldsworthy puts it at like 2 feet 6 Goldsworthy puts it at like 2 feet 6 inches so a little longer than you might inches so a little longer than you might inches so a little longer than you might think for a Roman sword but not like the think for a Roman sword but not like the think for a Roman sword but not like the one the Normans carry usually the one the Normans carry usually the one the Normans carry usually the Normans have a wide variety of course Normans have a wide variety of course Normans have a wide variety of course because they're not standardized the one because they're not standardized the one because they're not standardized the one thing you notice when you pick up a thing you notice when you pick up a thing you notice when you pick up a Gladius of any kind is its its weighted

Gladius of any kind is its its weighted Gladius of any kind is its its weighted nests it's not a heavy sword swords are nests it's not a heavy sword swords are nests it's not a heavy sword swords are generally lighter than most people think generally lighter than most people think generally lighter than most people think anyway but it's weight balance is such anyway but it's weight balance is such anyway but it's weight balance is such that it feels like a cleaver you know that it feels like a cleaver you know that it feels like a cleaver you know like you could swing it in about halfway like you could swing it in about halfway like you could swing it in about halfway down your swinging motion the sword down your swinging motion the sword down your swinging motion the sword itself helps pick up steam but it's itself helps pick up steam but it's itself helps pick up steam but it's really the point that does the majority really the point that does the majority really the point that does the majority of the damage it's got a point that just of the damage it's got a point that just of the damage it's got a point that just is meant for just puncturing through is meant for just puncturing through is meant for just puncturing through things like armor and the Roman training things like armor and the Roman training things like armor and the Roman training generally insisted that they run up to generally insisted that they run up to generally insisted that they run up to the enemy's battle line shove the big the enemy's battle line shove the big the enemy's battle line shove the big old shield in their face and stab upward old shield in their face and stab upward old shield in their face and stab upward with this sword into the guts of the with this sword into the guts of the with this sword into the guts of the opponent because as the manuals pointed opponent because as the manuals pointed opponent because as the manuals pointed out a slashing cut rarely kills but a out a slashing cut rarely kills but a out a slashing cut rarely kills but a stabbing wound even an inch into the stabbing wound even an inch into the stabbing wound even an inch into the enemy is often fatal weird as that may enemy is often fatal weird as that may enemy is often fatal weird as that may sound right an era before medicine you sound right an era before medicine you sound right an era before medicine you pierced the viscera and somebody's pierced the viscera and somebody's pierced the viscera and somebody's probably going to die good chance of it probably going to die good chance of it probably going to die good chance of it anyway let's let's qualify that remark anyway let's let's qualify that remark anyway let's let's qualify that remark especially if you're using Roman especially if you're using Roman especially if you're using Roman medicine the Romans of course had medicine the Romans of course had medicine the Romans of course had another weapon for which they were another weapon for which they were another weapon for which they were famous the pilum famous the pilum famous the pilum the pilum is a heavy heavy javelin if the pilum is a heavy heavy javelin if the pilum is a heavy heavy javelin if you've ever held it it's a it's another you've ever held it it's a it's another you've ever held it it's a it's another interesting weapon and you look at you interesting weapon and you look at you interesting weapon and you look at you just kind of it's it's sort of ingenious just kind of it's it's sort of ingenious just kind of it's it's sort of ingenious a variation like most of the Roman a variation like most of the Roman a variation like most of the Roman weapons of something they encountered weapons of something they encountered weapons of something they encountered once upon a time and then decided they once upon a time and then decided they once upon a time and then decided they could make a better version themselves could make a better version themselves could make a better version themselves and then standardize it basically and and then standardize it basically and and then standardize it basically and and Adrian Goldsworthy says it's a myth and Adrian Goldsworthy says it's a myth and Adrian Goldsworthy says it's a myth that they were deliberately built to be that they were deliberately built to be that they were deliberately built to be flimsy at one point so that it would

flimsy at one point so that it would flimsy at one point so that it would Bend because we all grew up thinking Bend because we all grew up thinking Bend because we all grew up thinking that you know these had a long tip and that you know these had a long tip and that you know these had a long tip and then when they were thrown the weight of then when they were thrown the weight of then when they were thrown the weight of the handle would bend the pilum downward the handle would bend the pilum downward the handle would bend the pilum downward so if it was sticking in your body or so if it was sticking in your body or so if it was sticking in your body or your shields or whatever you had this your shields or whatever you had this your shields or whatever you had this thing that was impeding you goals really thing that was impeding you goals really thing that was impeding you goals really says that's a myth which sort of implies says that's a myth which sort of implies says that's a myth which sort of implies that it was just bad craftsmanship that it was just bad craftsmanship that it was just bad craftsmanship nonetheless these heavy javelins are a nonetheless these heavy javelins are a nonetheless these heavy javelins are a whole different animal than the lighter whole different animal than the lighter whole different animal than the lighter ones you throw it's a distance although ones you throw it's a distance although ones you throw it's a distance although the Romans had those too but these the Romans had those too but these the Romans had those too but these things were much more like the Duke of things were much more like the Duke of things were much more like the Duke of Normandy muskets where in your head you Normandy muskets where in your head you Normandy muskets where in your head you may be thinking that they're shooting may be thinking that they're shooting may be thinking that they're shooting real far away you know at things but real far away you know at things but real far away you know at things but they weren't in the Napoleonic era they weren't in the Napoleonic era they weren't in the Napoleonic era because they weren't that accurate you because they weren't that accurate you because they weren't that accurate you had to fire a lot of them at short range had to fire a lot of them at short range had to fire a lot of them at short range and then they started mowing people down and then they started mowing people down and then they started mowing people down what's the same principle sort of with what's the same principle sort of with what's the same principle sort of with the the heavy javelin the heavy throwing the the heavy javelin the heavy throwing the the heavy javelin the heavy throwing weapon is what the war games research weapon is what the war games research weapon is what the war games research rules used to classify it as that's in rules used to classify it as that's in rules used to classify it as that's in line with the the equivalents were like line with the the equivalents were like line with the the equivalents were like Frankish throwing axes I mean heavy Frankish throwing axes I mean heavy Frankish throwing axes I mean heavy throwing weapons were nasty because they throwing weapons were nasty because they throwing weapons were nasty because they mess up your unit right and they're mess up your unit right and they're mess up your unit right and they're thrown in volley so imagine you and a thrown in volley so imagine you and a thrown in volley so imagine you and a bunch of your friends get together bunch of your friends get together bunch of your friends get together line up in shield-wall formation because line up in shield-wall formation because line up in shield-wall formation because that's a good one for people you know that's a good one for people you know that's a good one for people you know that haven't trained together you think that haven't trained together you think that haven't trained together you think oh let's just get together form a solid oh let's just get together form a solid oh let's just get together form a solid body will overlap shields you can kind body will overlap shields you can kind body will overlap shields you can kind of work that improvise that and it works of work that improvise that and it works of work that improvise that and it works okay if you don't try to move so you okay if you don't try to move so you okay if you don't try to move so you imagine you're in that formation and imagine you're in that formation and imagine you're in that formation and these Romans come up and they fought these Romans come up and they fought these Romans come up and they fought during this time period in cohorts a during this time period in cohorts a during this time period in cohorts a cohort is about 480 men on paper but if

cohort is about 480 men on paper but if cohort is about 480 men on paper but if we're going to be historical about our we're going to be historical about our we're going to be historical about our fantasy battle here and you know I like fantasy battle here and you know I like fantasy battle here and you know I like to be rigorous in my logical breakdown to be rigorous in my logical breakdown to be rigorous in my logical breakdown the fantasy battles then I think you've the fantasy battles then I think you've the fantasy battles then I think you've got to say that these are probably under got to say that these are probably under got to say that these are probably under strength units by now I mean after all strength units by now I mean after all strength units by now I mean after all caesar's been fighting in france right caesar's been fighting in france right caesar's been fighting in france right and it's been nasty so i think let's and it's been nasty so i think let's and it's been nasty so i think let's just cut our just cut our just cut our or 80 paper strength down to 350 and now or 80 paper strength down to 350 and now or 80 paper strength down to 350 and now you have to imagine that these people you have to imagine that these people you have to imagine that these people are in blocks if you could view it from are in blocks if you could view it from are in blocks if you could view it from the Goodyear blimp looking down the the Goodyear blimp looking down the the Goodyear blimp looking down the Roman cohorts that's what they're called Roman cohorts that's what they're called Roman cohorts that's what they're called of 480 men on paper are like little of 480 men on paper are like little of 480 men on paper are like little rectangular blocks on the battlefield rectangular blocks on the battlefield rectangular blocks on the battlefield their normal tactic is especially their normal tactic is especially their normal tactic is especially against infantry that when they're about against infantry that when they're about against infantry that when they're about 15 yards or something this could vary 15 yards or something this could vary 15 yards or something this could vary they unleash a volley of these heavy they unleash a volley of these heavy they unleash a volley of these heavy javelins so imagine in this case 350 of javelins so imagine in this case 350 of javelins so imagine in this case 350 of them at an opponent and then they take them at an opponent and then they take them at an opponent and then they take advantage of the disorder created by advantage of the disorder created by advantage of the disorder created by that I mean if you and your buddies are that I mean if you and your buddies are that I mean if you and your buddies are in your shield wall formation and 350 in your shield wall formation and 350 in your shield wall formation and 350 heavy javelins come at you all in one heavy javelins come at you all in one heavy javelins come at you all in one volley how long does it take you to open volley how long does it take you to open volley how long does it take you to open up your eyes again and be ready and gird up your eyes again and be ready and gird up your eyes again and be ready and gird down again and get ready for something down again and get ready for something down again and get ready for something how long's with the time period because how long's with the time period because how long's with the time period because the Romans are then going to charge the Romans are then going to charge the Romans are then going to charge right on top of the volley of heavy right on top of the volley of heavy right on top of the volley of heavy javelins and try to take advantage of javelins and try to take advantage of javelins and try to take advantage of what that volley did to you with these what that volley did to you with these what that volley did to you with these swords as a cutting machine that's how swords as a cutting machine that's how swords as a cutting machine that's how they did it so in this battle this they did it so in this battle this they did it so in this battle this fantasy battle as it begins I'm going to fantasy battle as it begins I'm going to fantasy battle as it begins I'm going to think that William moves I'm gonna say

think that William moves I'm gonna say think that William moves I'm gonna say he moves because if he doesn't move he moves because if he doesn't move he moves because if he doesn't move Julius Caesar will kill him one of two Julius Caesar will kill him one of two Julius Caesar will kill him one of two ways either he will just if the Romans ways either he will just if the Romans ways either he will just if the Romans sit there they will be building stuff sit there they will be building stuff sit there they will be building stuff and he will have like fortifications and he will have like fortifications and he will have like fortifications built if William sits around for too built if William sits around for too built if William sits around for too long you wait three days it's going to long you wait three days it's going to long you wait three days it's going to be like you know World War one in the be like you know World War one in the be like you know World War one in the early Middle Ages so I don't think early Middle Ages so I don't think early Middle Ages so I don't think Williams gonna sit there and let the Williams gonna sit there and let the Williams gonna sit there and let the Romans do that I also truly don't think Romans do that I also truly don't think Romans do that I also truly don't think Caesar would even bother I think if the Caesar would even bother I think if the Caesar would even bother I think if the enemy showed up their seizures going to enemy showed up their seizures going to enemy showed up their seizures going to to force them to do something and I to force them to do something and I to force them to do something and I think those skirmishers will be the think those skirmishers will be the think those skirmishers will be the reason that it happens go look at a reason that it happens go look at a reason that it happens go look at a video on online of rioters and by the video on online of rioters and by the video on online of rioters and by the way I think that that and I could be way I think that that and I could be way I think that that and I could be wrong about this this is just my own own wrong about this this is just my own own wrong about this this is just my own own belief but when I look at these videos belief but when I look at these videos belief but when I look at these videos of really big riots the ones with a the of really big riots the ones with a the of really big riots the ones with a the authorities come out in shields that authorities come out in shields that authorities come out in shields that might be like Roman shields and they get might be like Roman shields and they get might be like Roman shields and they get in formation I think that looks very in formation I think that looks very in formation I think that looks very much like what a pre-modern formation much like what a pre-modern formation much like what a pre-modern formation might and when you see them up against might and when you see them up against might and when you see them up against sometimes these sometimes these sometimes these crowds that are sort of chaotic and crowds that are sort of chaotic and crowds that are sort of chaotic and moving like a swarm of bees and they moving like a swarm of bees and they moving like a swarm of bees and they come forward and backwards come forward and backwards come forward and backwards I think that's both what skirmishing and I think that's both what skirmishing and I think that's both what skirmishing and what a lot of earlier battles must have what a lot of earlier battles must have what a lot of earlier battles must have looked like when we talked about the looked like when we talked about the looked like when we talked about the physics of warfare I think you're physics of warfare I think you're physics of warfare I think you're getting a pretty good idea when you look getting a pretty good idea when you look getting a pretty good idea when you look at those videos finally some of them at those videos finally some of them at those videos finally some of them have horsemen that charge into the mass have horsemen that charge into the mass have horsemen that charge into the mass the authorities bring in cavalry they the authorities bring in cavalry they the authorities bring in cavalry they charge into the mass of the protesters charge into the mass of the protesters charge into the mass of the protesters and again I think you're seeing you know and again I think you're seeing you know and again I think you're seeing you know elements of muscle power and range and elements of muscle power and range and elements of muscle power and range and how horses interact with people that how horses interact with people that how horses interact with people that might give us a clue better than some of might give us a clue better than some of might give us a clue better than some of the other sources in terms of things we

the other sources in terms of things we the other sources in terms of things we can visualize especially better than can visualize especially better than can visualize especially better than movies and TV and that kind of thing movies and TV and that kind of thing movies and TV and that kind of thing about what the physics of warfare might about what the physics of warfare might about what the physics of warfare might be like and I think if Cesar's got a be like and I think if Cesar's got a be like and I think if Cesar's got a couple thousand let's just say five couple thousand let's just say five couple thousand let's just say five thousand skirmishers in front of thousand skirmishers in front of thousand skirmishers in front of Williams troops as they try to sit there Williams troops as they try to sit there Williams troops as they try to sit there they're gonna be pretty badly stung by they're gonna be pretty badly stung by they're gonna be pretty badly stung by the time this battle even starts I the time this battle even starts I the time this battle even starts I especially think his archers are going especially think his archers are going especially think his archers are going to have had trouble because shooting at to have had trouble because shooting at to have had trouble because shooting at these skirmishers is going to prove these skirmishers is going to prove these skirmishers is going to prove fruitless I mean they only have so many fruitless I mean they only have so many fruitless I mean they only have so many arrows do they really want to waste them arrows do they really want to waste them arrows do they really want to waste them on a bunch of unarmored guys dodging and on a bunch of unarmored guys dodging and on a bunch of unarmored guys dodging and running and moving around and trying to running and moving around and trying to running and moving around and trying to not get hit by their arrows who they not get hit by their arrows who they not get hit by their arrows who they want to save them for you know the want to save them for you know the want to save them for you know the troops that they really have to use them troops that they really have to use them troops that they really have to use them against I'm gonna suggest that they save against I'm gonna suggest that they save against I'm gonna suggest that they save them and I'm gonna think that when that them and I'm gonna think that when that them and I'm gonna think that when that happens they're gonna lose a lot of happens they're gonna lose a lot of happens they're gonna lose a lot of people in the process and you're not people in the process and you're not people in the process and you're not going to be able to keep the skirmishers going to be able to keep the skirmishers going to be able to keep the skirmishers off you when these archers approached off you when these archers approached off you when these archers approached Caesar's ranks and unleash their arrows Caesar's ranks and unleash their arrows Caesar's ranks and unleash their arrows I don't think the arrows are going to do I don't think the arrows are going to do I don't think the arrows are going to do anything the Romans have formations anything the Romans have formations anything the Romans have formations where they can create their shield wall where they can create their shield wall where they can create their shield wall of their own but the Romans famously of their own but the Romans famously of their own but the Romans famously have a roof to their shield wall what's have a roof to their shield wall what's have a roof to their shield wall what's called the testudo the tortoise called the testudo the tortoise called the testudo the tortoise formation if Caesar wants to he can just formation if Caesar wants to he can just formation if Caesar wants to he can just have his troops on a command create this have his troops on a command create this have his troops on a command create this formation where they look like a box of formation where they look like a box of formation where they look like a box of shields these little self bows that the shields these little self bows that the shields these little self bows that the anglo-saxon era Norman infantry are anglo-saxon era Norman infantry are anglo-saxon era Norman infantry are using are probably as weak as anything using are probably as weak as anything using are probably as weak as anything the Romans have faced I mean remember the Romans have faced I mean remember the Romans have faced I mean remember the Romans have faced bows from the east the Romans have faced bows from the east the Romans have faced bows from the east where they're fantastically powerful

where they're fantastically powerful where they're fantastically powerful composite bows these would not damage composite bows these would not damage composite bows these would not damage the Romans and so I see the archers in a the Romans and so I see the archers in a the Romans and so I see the archers in a shooting all their arrows running out shooting all their arrows running out shooting all their arrows running out not having much to work with so they do not having much to work with so they do not having much to work with so they do what they did his store what they did his store what they did his store at the Battle of Hastings and after at the Battle of Hastings and after at the Battle of Hastings and after shooting their arrows retiring behind shooting their arrows retiring behind shooting their arrows retiring behind the melee infantry you know this group the melee infantry you know this group the melee infantry you know this group of mixed early Middle Ages infantry that of mixed early Middle Ages infantry that of mixed early Middle Ages infantry that then move up and try to deal with the then move up and try to deal with the then move up and try to deal with the Roman legionaries now this is where we Roman legionaries now this is where we Roman legionaries now this is where we can have some fun do they move up and can have some fun do they move up and can have some fun do they move up and try to deal with the Roman legionaries try to deal with the Roman legionaries try to deal with the Roman legionaries because if they move their formation is because if they move their formation is because if they move their formation is probably going to be disordered do they probably going to be disordered do they probably going to be disordered do they really want to be disordered against really want to be disordered against really want to be disordered against these formations in front of them that these formations in front of them that these formations in front of them that looked like blocks of marching men in looked like blocks of marching men in looked like blocks of marching men in unison I don't know maybe it depends on unison I don't know maybe it depends on unison I don't know maybe it depends on you know what the people in charge of you know what the people in charge of you know what the people in charge of that unit the historical commanders that unit the historical commanders that unit the historical commanders running things want to do I don't know running things want to do I don't know running things want to do I don't know but if they want to maintain their but if they want to maintain their but if they want to maintain their formation they're going to have to stay formation they're going to have to stay formation they're going to have to stay in place if they stay in place these in place if they stay in place these in place if they stay in place these legionaries are going to move around legionaries are going to move around legionaries are going to move around them they're going to outflank them so them they're going to outflank them so them they're going to outflank them so that they're going to be surrounded at that they're going to be surrounded at that they're going to be surrounded at least on one side maybe on both sides so least on one side maybe on both sides so least on one side maybe on both sides so you see the problem that these untrained you see the problem that these untrained you see the problem that these untrained troops in these units have they can't troops in these units have they can't troops in these units have they can't move and they're fighting people who can move and they're fighting people who can move and they're fighting people who can so either you have at some point a bunch so either you have at some point a bunch so either you have at some point a bunch of disordered melee infantry running of disordered melee infantry running of disordered melee infantry running into the Legionaries and running into into the Legionaries and running into into the Legionaries and running into that storm of heavy javelins followed by that storm of heavy javelins followed by that storm of heavy javelins followed by the swords disordered and out of the swords disordered and out of the swords disordered and out of formation and without cohesion in which

formation and without cohesion in which formation and without cohesion in which case they'll get killed or you see them case they'll get killed or you see them case they'll get killed or you see them maintaining their cohesion but getting maintaining their cohesion but getting maintaining their cohesion but getting outflanked in which case they'll get outflanked in which case they'll get outflanked in which case they'll get killed so I don't see the infantry from killed so I don't see the infantry from killed so I don't see the infantry from this period causing the Romans any this period causing the Romans any this period causing the Romans any trouble it'll be just as easy and trouble it'll be just as easy and trouble it'll be just as easy and they're probably less of them than what they're probably less of them than what they're probably less of them than what Cesar's been dealing with on the Cesar's been dealing with on the Cesar's been dealing with on the continent in Gaul historically the continent in Gaul historically the continent in Gaul historically the problem of course and the crux you know problem of course and the crux you know problem of course and the crux you know the money seen in this in this film is the money seen in this in this film is the money seen in this in this film is going to be how Caesar deals with the going to be how Caesar deals with the going to be how Caesar deals with the unquantifiable you know Norman Mike unquantifiable you know Norman Mike unquantifiable you know Norman Mike Tyson punch that can lay you low at the Tyson punch that can lay you low at the Tyson punch that can lay you low at the Battle of Hastings after the melee Battle of Hastings after the melee Battle of Hastings after the melee infantry retired not having been able by infantry retired not having been able by infantry retired not having been able by the way to break the anglo-saxons on the the way to break the anglo-saxons on the the way to break the anglo-saxons on the hill it was the turn of the heavy hill it was the turn of the heavy hill it was the turn of the heavy cavalry I would see the same thing the cavalry I would see the same thing the cavalry I would see the same thing the heavy cavalry coming and trying to deal heavy cavalry coming and trying to deal heavy cavalry coming and trying to deal maybe with one of these cohorts that maybe with one of these cohorts that maybe with one of these cohorts that seemed a little exposed maybe the seemed a little exposed maybe the seemed a little exposed maybe the asked one on the front lines and they asked one on the front lines and they asked one on the front lines and they were set up often in a checkerboard were set up often in a checkerboard were set up often in a checkerboard formation so that you would have one formation so that you would have one formation so that you would have one covering another and they they had a covering another and they they had a covering another and they they had a reserve so unlike most of these armies reserve so unlike most of these armies reserve so unlike most of these armies from the early Middle Ages who didn't from the early Middle Ages who didn't from the early Middle Ages who didn't have a reserve there were people behind have a reserve there were people behind have a reserve there were people behind the front of the Roman line in case the front of the Roman line in case the front of the Roman line in case somebody broke through or in case somebody broke through or in case somebody broke through or in case somebody surrounded you you have to you somebody surrounded you you have to you somebody surrounded you you have to you have to create a new front you take have to create a new front you take have to create a new front you take someone from the rear and a cohort from someone from the rear and a cohort from someone from the rear and a cohort from there and you make then the new front there and you make then the new front there and you make then the new front line on the edge on the flank line on the edge on the flank line on the edge on the flank so maybe the Normans see the best place so maybe the Normans see the best place so maybe the Normans see the best place to strike at the front in my movie of to strike at the front in my movie of to strike at the front in my movie of the line at the at the edge and they

the line at the at the edge and they the line at the at the edge and they come barreling in and I have to try to come barreling in and I have to try to come barreling in and I have to try to figure out now how I want to interpret figure out now how I want to interpret figure out now how I want to interpret you know the physics of ancient warfare you know the physics of ancient warfare you know the physics of ancient warfare the best account I ever heard of the the best account I ever heard of the the best account I ever heard of the questions involved that experts have you questions involved that experts have you questions involved that experts have you would think we would understand this would think we would understand this would think we would understand this right I mean it's crazy to think we right I mean it's crazy to think we right I mean it's crazy to think we don't was the one that historian David don't was the one that historian David don't was the one that historian David Nicole gave in the Osprey book on the Nicole gave in the Osprey book on the Nicole gave in the Osprey book on the Normans it's a rather introductory book Normans it's a rather introductory book Normans it's a rather introductory book but I had never seen anybody do such a but I had never seen anybody do such a but I had never seen anybody do such a great rundown of the major questions great rundown of the major questions great rundown of the major questions involved and and he's doing it in terms involved and and he's doing it in terms involved and and he's doing it in terms of discussing the Normans specifically of discussing the Normans specifically of discussing the Normans specifically but it applies to all pre-modern battles but it applies to all pre-modern battles but it applies to all pre-modern battles you just don't know how they fought the you just don't know how they fought the you just don't know how they fought the very common questions about what happens very common questions about what happens very common questions about what happens when two groups of people blocks and men when two groups of people blocks and men when two groups of people blocks and men run into each other we wish we knew any run into each other we wish we knew any run into each other we wish we knew any of these things that's why when people of these things that's why when people of these things that's why when people say Dan what would you do with the time say Dan what would you do with the time say Dan what would you do with the time machine I always said I want to be in a machine I always said I want to be in a machine I always said I want to be in a hot air balloon a hundred yards above hot air balloon a hundred yards above hot air balloon a hundred yards above one of these ancient battles just so I one of these ancient battles just so I one of these ancient battles just so I can see how the whole thing works can see how the whole thing works can see how the whole thing works here's what historian David Nicol sort here's what historian David Nicol sort here's what historian David Nicol sort of sums up some of the major questions of sums up some of the major questions of sums up some of the major questions here and when you hear it you kind of go here and when you hear it you kind of go here and when you hear it you kind of go wow yeah that is a lot of stuff to not wow yeah that is a lot of stuff to not wow yeah that is a lot of stuff to not really understand how it worked and by really understand how it worked and by really understand how it worked and by the way several of these words I'm not the way several of these words I'm not the way several of these words I'm not going to cut up the narrative with it going to cut up the narrative with it going to cut up the narrative with it but they're in quotes because for but they're in quotes because for but they're in quotes because for example a word like cavalry shock example a word like cavalry shock example a word like cavalry shock tactics which is something you'll hear tactics which is something you'll hear tactics which is something you'll hear people use is an implicit belief right people use is an implicit belief right people use is an implicit belief right there that that's what cavalry did so there that that's what cavalry did so there that that's what cavalry did so some of these words are in quotation some of these words are in quotation some of these words are in quotation marks and he writes quote only recently marks and he writes quote only recently marks and he writes quote only recently have historians used psychological

have historians used psychological have historians used psychological techniques developed during and after techniques developed during and after techniques developed during and after the Second World War the Second World War the Second World War to probe the probable stresses faced by to probe the probable stresses faced by to probe the probable stresses faced by men and animals in pre-industrial men and animals in pre-industrial men and animals in pre-industrial warfare what for example was the reality warfare what for example was the reality warfare what for example was the reality of medieval cavalry shock tactics of medieval cavalry shock tactics of medieval cavalry shock tactics against disciplined or at least against disciplined or at least against disciplined or at least determined infantry were infantry more determined infantry were infantry more determined infantry were infantry more afraid of horses or of the men riding afraid of horses or of the men riding afraid of horses or of the men riding them did cavalry fear archers more or them did cavalry fear archers more or them did cavalry fear archers more or less than they feared other cavalry what less than they feared other cavalry what less than they feared other cavalry what happened when charging cavalry met happened when charging cavalry met happened when charging cavalry met disciplined infantry in ranks and at disciplined infantry in ranks and at disciplined infantry in ranks and at what speed did they come into contact what speed did they come into contact what speed did they come into contact what affected the impact have on any what affected the impact have on any what affected the impact have on any second rank of cavalry or on the further second rank of cavalry or on the further second rank of cavalry or on the further ranks of infantry what happened when two ranks of infantry what happened when two ranks of infantry what happened when two forces of cavalry on the move met forces of cavalry on the move met forces of cavalry on the move met head-on and how closely packed were such head-on and how closely packed were such head-on and how closely packed were such units when they collided how in fact did units when they collided how in fact did units when they collided how in fact did cavalry passed through other cavalry or cavalry passed through other cavalry or cavalry passed through other cavalry or ride down infantry clearly he writes the ride down infantry clearly he writes the ride down infantry clearly he writes the results of combat were intended to be results of combat were intended to be results of combat were intended to be more predictable than the results of a more predictable than the results of a more predictable than the results of a suicidal accident unfortunately he says suicidal accident unfortunately he says suicidal accident unfortunately he says medieval illustrations of battle often medieval illustrations of battle often medieval illustrations of battle often portray what looks like the split-second portray what looks like the split-second portray what looks like the split-second prior to a violent encounter rather than prior to a violent encounter rather than prior to a violent encounter rather than realistic combat end quote realistic combat end quote realistic combat end quote so does this heavy cavalry charge into so does this heavy cavalry charge into so does this heavy cavalry charge into the Roman legionaries like driving a car the Roman legionaries like driving a car the Roman legionaries like driving a car into a crowd of people or is that more into a crowd of people or is that more into a crowd of people or is that more of a you know one of those tragic of a you know one of those tragic of a you know one of those tragic accidents Nicole was talking about maybe accidents Nicole was talking about maybe accidents Nicole was talking about maybe they come up and they throw their Spears

they come up and they throw their Spears they come up and they throw their Spears the way it shows in the Bayou tapestry the way it shows in the Bayou tapestry the way it shows in the Bayou tapestry and they wait to see if that has any and they wait to see if that has any and they wait to see if that has any effect and if it breaks the formation a effect and if it breaks the formation a effect and if it breaks the formation a little bit then they can you know charge little bit then they can you know charge little bit then they can you know charge in there with swords and stuff like that in there with swords and stuff like that in there with swords and stuff like that they may ride along the front of the they may ride along the front of the they may ride along the front of the infantry and just spear them as they go infantry and just spear them as they go infantry and just spear them as they go by in sort of a spearfishing fashion or by in sort of a spearfishing fashion or by in sort of a spearfishing fashion or Nicole's suggests or theorizes that it's Nicole's suggests or theorizes that it's Nicole's suggests or theorizes that it's possible that the horses of the Normans possible that the horses of the Normans possible that the horses of the Normans were trained to push as it's called and were trained to push as it's called and were trained to push as it's called and that the Normans would go up and with that the Normans would go up and with that the Normans would go up and with their spear tip essentially touch the their spear tip essentially touch the their spear tip essentially touch the spear tip onto the enemy's shield or spear tip onto the enemy's shield or spear tip onto the enemy's shield or human body and sort of jostle it and if human body and sort of jostle it and if human body and sort of jostle it and if you have 40 50 60 guys against the front you have 40 50 60 guys against the front you have 40 50 60 guys against the front lines doing this jostling at the same lines doing this jostling at the same lines doing this jostling at the same time well he says was the time well he says was the time well he says was the anglo-saxon formation at Hastings anglo-saxon formation at Hastings anglo-saxon formation at Hastings jostled to death maybe he said jostle to jostled to death maybe he said jostle to jostled to death maybe he said jostle to defeat but he was just sort of defeat but he was just sort of defeat but he was just sort of theorizing there and who doesn't love theorizing there and who doesn't love theorizing there and who doesn't love that I know I do as I'm theorizing about that I know I do as I'm theorizing about that I know I do as I'm theorizing about this situation I can't help but think this situation I can't help but think this situation I can't help but think that whether or not the Norman or the that whether or not the Norman or the that whether or not the Norman or the other heavy cavalry here are gonna crash other heavy cavalry here are gonna crash other heavy cavalry here are gonna crash into the Roman ranks whether or not into the Roman ranks whether or not into the Roman ranks whether or not they're gonna ride along the front like they're gonna ride along the front like they're gonna ride along the front like their spear fishing for legionaries or their spear fishing for legionaries or their spear fishing for legionaries or whether or not they're gonna do whether or not they're gonna do whether or not they're gonna do something like throw these Lance's and something like throw these Lance's and something like throw these Lance's and wait for some effect to happen so they wait for some effect to happen so they wait for some effect to happen so they can charge him with swords I think can charge him with swords I think can charge him with swords I think they're gonna have to deal with one they're gonna have to deal with one they're gonna have to deal with one immediate thing that's going to be sort immediate thing that's going to be sort immediate thing that's going to be sort of the you know the judgement moment of the you know the judgement moment of the you know the judgement moment here is how do they handle when at some here is how do they handle when at some here is how do they handle when at some point they come too close or decide to point they come too close or decide to point they come too close or decide to charge into the Legionaries and they get

charge into the Legionaries and they get charge into the Legionaries and they get what did we say an under strength cohort what did we say an under strength cohort what did we say an under strength cohort so we'll say 350 of these heavy javelins so we'll say 350 of these heavy javelins so we'll say 350 of these heavy javelins thrown simultaneously in a volley you thrown simultaneously in a volley you thrown simultaneously in a volley you know tossed at their face forget about know tossed at their face forget about know tossed at their face forget about the men by the way think about what that the men by the way think about what that the men by the way think about what that does to the horses the horses of the does to the horses the horses of the does to the horses the horses of the European cavalry at this period are not European cavalry at this period are not European cavalry at this period are not armored the men are but the horses armored the men are but the horses armored the men are but the horses aren't even if they were I'm not sure it aren't even if they were I'm not sure it aren't even if they were I'm not sure it makes a ton of difference that is a makes a ton of difference that is a makes a ton of difference that is a storm of Steel ancient style doesn't it storm of Steel ancient style doesn't it storm of Steel ancient style doesn't it sound like you'd have this awful train sound like you'd have this awful train sound like you'd have this awful train wreck 15 yards 10 yards in front of the wreck 15 yards 10 yards in front of the wreck 15 yards 10 yards in front of the Roman frontlines as everybody fell on Roman frontlines as everybody fell on Roman frontlines as everybody fell on top of everybody and then the rear ranks top of everybody and then the rear ranks top of everybody and then the rear ranks fell over them and then when that mess fell over them and then when that mess fell over them and then when that mess is screaming and writhing one second is screaming and writhing one second is screaming and writhing one second after the collapse then the 350 to 480 after the collapse then the 350 to 480 after the collapse then the 350 to 480 Romans in that cohort charged with their Romans in that cohort charged with their Romans in that cohort charged with their swords so I'm thinking 90% chance that's swords so I'm thinking 90% chance that's swords so I'm thinking 90% chance that's how it goes how it goes how it goes here's the problem the Normans like here's the problem the Normans like here's the problem the Normans like Tyson late in his career still have a Tyson late in his career still have a Tyson late in his career still have a puncher's chance the possibility exists puncher's chance the possibility exists puncher's chance the possibility exists that with whatever it is that that with whatever it is that that with whatever it is that unquantifiable thing that always gets unquantifiable thing that always gets unquantifiable thing that always gets them applause in the war games rules I them applause in the war games rules I them applause in the war games rules I grew up playing based on contemporary grew up playing based on contemporary grew up playing based on contemporary accounts and people's attitudes at the accounts and people's attitudes at the accounts and people's attitudes at the time of although you know bias as they time of although you know bias as they time of although you know bias as they were and what not even the Byzantines were and what not even the Byzantines were and what not even the Byzantines who couldn't stand the Normans called who couldn't stand the Normans called who couldn't stand the Normans called their charge their charge their charge irresistible so how did how do you model irresistible so how did how do you model irresistible so how did how do you model that in your wargames rules so maybe

that in your wargames rules so maybe that in your wargames rules so maybe it's irresistible to the Legionaries too it's irresistible to the Legionaries too it's irresistible to the Legionaries too you don't become a person on the world you don't become a person on the world you don't become a person on the world stage the way the Normans were people on stage the way the Normans were people on stage the way the Normans were people on the world stage for a couple of hundred the world stage for a couple of hundred the world stage for a couple of hundred years without having something special years without having something special years without having something special who the hell knows what that is but it who the hell knows what that is but it who the hell knows what that is but it was a battlefield quality and I'm was a battlefield quality and I'm was a battlefield quality and I'm suggesting that like the salute kids at suggesting that like the salute kids at suggesting that like the salute kids at the Battle of magnesia the Roman cohort the Battle of magnesia the Roman cohort the Battle of magnesia the Roman cohort that first gets hit by these cavalry that first gets hit by these cavalry that first gets hit by these cavalry breaks the Romans by the way the breaks the Romans by the way the breaks the Romans by the way the Legionaries had famously throughout Legionaries had famously throughout Legionaries had famously throughout their history faced heavy cavalry really their history faced heavy cavalry really their history faced heavy cavalry really heavy cavalry on multiple occasions and heavy cavalry on multiple occasions and heavy cavalry on multiple occasions and multiple different kinds of heavy multiple different kinds of heavy multiple different kinds of heavy cavalry they faced as I just said the cavalry they faced as I just said the cavalry they faced as I just said the salute kids who were like Alexander the salute kids who were like Alexander the salute kids who were like Alexander the Great successors and they were fully Great successors and they were fully Great successors and they were fully armored men on fully armored horses armored men on fully armored horses armored men on fully armored horses those are called cataphracts by the way those are called cataphracts by the way those are called cataphracts by the way and the Romans would develop their own and the Romans would develop their own and the Romans would develop their own cataphracts to imitate them the Romans cataphracts to imitate them the Romans cataphracts to imitate them the Romans faced the Parthian 's and the sassanids faced the Parthian 's and the sassanids faced the Parthian 's and the sassanids both of whom used cataracts they faced both of whom used cataracts they faced both of whom used cataracts they faced thus our nation's a step people like the thus our nation's a step people like the thus our nation's a step people like the skid thien's and the Huns and those skid thien's and the Huns and those skid thien's and the Huns and those kinds of people who also rode fully kinds of people who also rode fully kinds of people who also rode fully armored horses and had fully armored men armored horses and had fully armored men armored horses and had fully armored men and used the cantos a big long lance and and used the cantos a big long lance and and used the cantos a big long lance and the Legionaries never liked facing them the Legionaries never liked facing them the Legionaries never liked facing them but did pretty well they did break the but did pretty well they did break the but did pretty well they did break the left flank supposedly of the Romans at left flank supposedly of the Romans at left flank supposedly of the Romans at magnesia and the cataphracts tried to magnesia and the cataphracts tried to magnesia and the cataphracts tried to raid the Roman camp in the Roman camp raid the Roman camp in the Roman camp raid the Roman camp in the Roman camp being like a castle almost gave them too being like a castle almost gave them too being like a castle almost gave them too much trouble in other words um despite much trouble in other words um despite much trouble in other words um despite the occasional problems that the Romans the occasional problems that the Romans the occasional problems that the Romans had with this cavalry by and large they had with this cavalry by and large they had with this cavalry by and large they dealt with it and I think they would dealt with it and I think they would dealt with it and I think they would have dealt with the Norman knights too

have dealt with the Norman knights too have dealt with the Norman knights too even if that first cohort ran because as even if that first cohort ran because as even if that first cohort ran because as I said the Romans are going to have a I said the Romans are going to have a I said the Romans are going to have a reserve there's going to be another reserve there's going to be another reserve there's going to be another cohort that's going to move up and move cohort that's going to move up and move cohort that's going to move up and move on the Normans as they're pursuing this on the Normans as they're pursuing this on the Normans as they're pursuing this other you know so imagine what this other you know so imagine what this other you know so imagine what this looks like on film they've just they've looks like on film they've just they've looks like on film they've just they've splattered into this one Legion the 480 splattered into this one Legion the 480 splattered into this one Legion the 480 or so men are now running there's a it's or so men are now running there's a it's or so men are now running there's a it's devolved into a million little battles devolved into a million little battles devolved into a million little battles one Norman on two fleeing Romans you one Norman on two fleeing Romans you one Norman on two fleeing Romans you know and it stretched out over a long know and it stretched out over a long know and it stretched out over a long space and then a a unit of formed men space and then a a unit of formed men space and then a a unit of formed men marching in formation like a block marching in formation like a block marching in formation like a block marches right up to that and then just marches right up to that and then just marches right up to that and then just tears it up and tears it up and tears it up and Mike Tyson super punch that you have to Mike Tyson super punch that you have to Mike Tyson super punch that you have to worry about was out boxed there are worry about was out boxed there are worry about was out boxed there are other things Caesar could have done by other things Caesar could have done by other things Caesar could have done by the way if you think about the way the the way if you think about the way the the way if you think about the way the Byzantines used to handle the Normans Byzantines used to handle the Normans Byzantines used to handle the Normans they fought the Normans for real didn't they fought the Normans for real didn't they fought the Normans for real didn't like it didn't like facing any of the like it didn't like facing any of the like it didn't like facing any of the Western European cavalry but they had Western European cavalry but they had Western European cavalry but they had all sorts of ways to beat them most of all sorts of ways to beat them most of all sorts of ways to beat them most of them involved around boxing them not them involved around boxing them not them involved around boxing them not fighting them starving them they said fighting them starving them they said fighting them starving them they said they had all these wonderful qualities they had all these wonderful qualities they had all these wonderful qualities that made them like Vikings and at the that made them like Vikings and at the that made them like Vikings and at the same time they were like children in same time they were like children in same time they were like children in other respects tactically other respects tactically other respects tactically unsophisticated not willing to put up unsophisticated not willing to put up unsophisticated not willing to put up with much hardship I mean I think the with much hardship I mean I think the with much hardship I mean I think the strategic on specifically says that if strategic on specifically says that if strategic on specifically says that if they run out of wine the army will go they run out of wine the army will go they run out of wine the army will go home and so the Byzantines often just home and so the Byzantines often just home and so the Byzantines often just sort of refuse to actually settle down sort of refuse to actually settle down sort of refuse to actually settle down and fight them and they would often just and fight them and they would often just and fight them and they would often just go home but when they did fight them go home but when they did fight them go home but when they did fight them they also had all these little they also had all these little they also had all these little stratagems on the battlefield one of the stratagems on the battlefield one of the stratagems on the battlefield one of the most caltrops a good way to think of

most caltrops a good way to think of most caltrops a good way to think of caltrops is like tacks that somebody caltrops is like tacks that somebody caltrops is like tacks that somebody would throw on the floor in front of a would throw on the floor in front of a would throw on the floor in front of a doorway so that when someone walked in doorway so that when someone walked in doorway so that when someone walked in the doorway all of a sudden their bare the doorway all of a sudden their bare the doorway all of a sudden their bare feet they've got tacks everywhere these feet they've got tacks everywhere these feet they've got tacks everywhere these are like tacks for horses and oftentimes are like tacks for horses and oftentimes are like tacks for horses and oftentimes the Byzantines would set up a whole zone the Byzantines would set up a whole zone the Byzantines would set up a whole zone of these things in front of their of these things in front of their of these things in front of their infantry formations so think about like infantry formations so think about like infantry formations so think about like a a 50 yard by 50 yards square you know a a 50 yard by 50 yards square you know a a 50 yard by 50 yards square you know ten yards in front of the front lines ten yards in front of the front lines ten yards in front of the front lines when the Normans of the Frankish cavalry when the Normans of the Frankish cavalry when the Normans of the Frankish cavalry or whatever it is charge they hit those or whatever it is charge they hit those or whatever it is charge they hit those tacks and the same thing happens to the tacks and the same thing happens to the tacks and the same thing happens to the cavalry that we imagined happening when cavalry that we imagined happening when cavalry that we imagined happening when 350 heavy javelins hit it right they 350 heavy javelins hit it right they 350 heavy javelins hit it right they fall apart into a car crash fall apart into a car crash fall apart into a car crash and you can either counter charge them and you can either counter charge them and you can either counter charge them or in the case the Byzantines probably or in the case the Byzantines probably or in the case the Byzantines probably just shoot them down from there we also just shoot them down from there we also just shoot them down from there we also should remember that it's at this point should remember that it's at this point should remember that it's at this point that it's very possible in my movie that that it's very possible in my movie that that it's very possible in my movie that the 2000 Golic cavalry the European the 2000 Golic cavalry the European the 2000 Golic cavalry the European cavalry 1.0 that would never want to cavalry 1.0 that would never want to cavalry 1.0 that would never want to face these Norman proto Knights head-on face these Norman proto Knights head-on face these Norman proto Knights head-on arrive to face them when the Normans are arrive to face them when the Normans are arrive to face them when the Normans are least capable of resisting when their least capable of resisting when their least capable of resisting when their routing when they're running away when routing when they're running away when routing when they're running away when they're trying to escape when they're in they're trying to escape when they're in they're trying to escape when they're in ones and twos and all of a sudden the ones and twos and all of a sudden the ones and twos and all of a sudden the 2000 cowboy just sweep down on the 2000 cowboy just sweep down on the 2000 cowboy just sweep down on the battlefield spearing down everything if battlefield spearing down everything if battlefield spearing down everything if they haven't already burned the Norman they haven't already burned the Norman they haven't already burned the Norman camp or the ships to have them go home camp or the ships to have them go home camp or the ships to have them go home unlike the real Battle of Hastings which unlike the real Battle of Hastings which unlike the real Battle of Hastings which took all day nine took all day nine took all day nine a.m. to sundown and which the normans a.m. to sundown and which the normans a.m. to sundown and which the normans office almost lost on a couple of office almost lost on a couple of office almost lost on a couple of occasions during the day I don't think occasions during the day I don't think occasions during the day I don't think this would take too long and unlike that this would take too long and unlike that this would take too long and unlike that battle had the Normans lost I think a

battle had the Normans lost I think a battle had the Normans lost I think a lot of them would have gotten away lot of them would have gotten away lot of them would have gotten away because those infantrymen would not have because those infantrymen would not have because those infantrymen would not have been very good pursuers I don't think been very good pursuers I don't think been very good pursuers I don't think many of these Norman's get away this many of these Norman's get away this many of these Norman's get away this time time time I think the Garlic cavalry and all the I think the Garlic cavalry and all the I think the Garlic cavalry and all the light troops meet the Normans on the light troops meet the Normans on the light troops meet the Normans on the beach trying to get away and you have an beach trying to get away and you have an beach trying to get away and you have an ancient version of the Dunkirk battle ancient version of the Dunkirk battle ancient version of the Dunkirk battle from 1940 in the Second World War but from 1940 in the Second World War but from 1940 in the Second World War but this time this side trying to get away this time this side trying to get away this time this side trying to get away by the skin of its teeth doesn't make it by the skin of its teeth doesn't make it by the skin of its teeth doesn't make it I think Julius Caesar in my movie walks I think Julius Caesar in my movie walks I think Julius Caesar in my movie walks up to William the Conqueror and offers up to William the Conqueror and offers up to William the Conqueror and offers him a drink in his tent before he has him a drink in his tent before he has him a drink in his tent before he has him executed then again maybe he him executed then again maybe he him executed then again maybe he wouldn't Caesar was known for his wouldn't Caesar was known for his wouldn't Caesar was known for his clemency after all especially if his clemency after all especially if his clemency after all especially if his clemency would get him something on the clemency would get him something on the clemency would get him something on the other hand I prefer to think about him other hand I prefer to think about him other hand I prefer to think about him treating William the Conqueror the way treating William the Conqueror the way treating William the Conqueror the way he treated somebody like the garlic he treated somebody like the garlic he treated somebody like the garlic leader there kangana Rex put him on ice leader there kangana Rex put him on ice leader there kangana Rex put him on ice for a while save him for the party and for a while save him for the party and for a while save him for the party and then when we eventually have the triumph then when we eventually have the triumph then when we eventually have the triumph for this whole region not just this one for this whole region not just this one for this whole region not just this one little area we'll bring him on display little area we'll bring him on display little area we'll bring him on display with the other malcontents March him with the other malcontents March him with the other malcontents March him down one of the main streets in Rome so down one of the main streets in Rome so down one of the main streets in Rome so everybody can jeer at him and give me everybody can jeer at him and give me everybody can jeer at him and give me credit for defeating him and then we'll credit for defeating him and then we'll credit for defeating him and then we'll have him ritually strangled with the have him ritually strangled with the have him ritually strangled with the rest of them William the conquerer rest of them William the conquerer rest of them William the conquerer ritually strangled by Julius Caesar it ritually strangled by Julius Caesar it ritually strangled by Julius Caesar it has a ring to it doesn't it especially has a ring to it doesn't it especially has a ring to it doesn't it especially if you're Roman but let's not be too if you're Roman but let's not be too if you're Roman but let's not be too trusting of the pre-fight analysts the trusting of the pre-fight analysts the trusting of the pre-fight analysts the pundits the prognosticators who suggest

pundits the prognosticators who suggest pundits the prognosticators who suggest that this Roman victory over the Normans that this Roman victory over the Normans that this Roman victory over the Normans is a foregone conclusion because you is a foregone conclusion because you is a foregone conclusion because you know sometimes the puncher wins the know sometimes the puncher wins the know sometimes the puncher wins the closest analogy maybe you can find for closest analogy maybe you can find for closest analogy maybe you can find for an actual battle between Normans and an actual battle between Normans and an actual battle between Normans and Romans is when the Normans fought the Romans is when the Normans fought the Romans is when the Normans fought the people who still called themselves people who still called themselves people who still called themselves Romans the Byzantines how about the Romans the Byzantines how about the Romans the Byzantines how about the Battle of de rocky I'm in 1081 that's Battle of de rocky I'm in 1081 that's Battle of de rocky I'm in 1081 that's one of those battles where there's an one of those battles where there's an one of those battles where there's an interesting ironic twist that all you interesting ironic twist that all you interesting ironic twist that all you fans true fans of the fans true fans of the fans true fans of the of Hastings already know about in this of Hastings already know about in this of Hastings already know about in this case you have an army let's just case you have an army let's just case you have an army let's just politely say it is far off the highs of politely say it is far off the highs of politely say it is far off the highs of Byzantine strength and power and the Byzantine strength and power and the Byzantine strength and power and the Byzantine state in this period and the Byzantine state in this period and the Byzantine state in this period and the Norman state in this period put together Norman state in this period put together Norman state in this period put together don't equal a tiny percentage of Julius don't equal a tiny percentage of Julius don't equal a tiny percentage of Julius Caesar's late Republic power but it Caesar's late Republic power but it Caesar's late Republic power but it makes him a better match against each makes him a better match against each makes him a better match against each other and they met at the Battle of other and they met at the Battle of other and they met at the Battle of Durham in modern-day Albania amongst the Durham in modern-day Albania amongst the Durham in modern-day Albania amongst the Byzantine army is a famous unit that's Byzantine army is a famous unit that's Byzantine army is a famous unit that's been around for a long time by this time been around for a long time by this time been around for a long time by this time period they're called the Varangian period they're called the Varangian period they're called the Varangian guard Varangians another word usually guard Varangians another word usually guard Varangians another word usually used in the east for Vikings Viking is used in the east for Vikings Viking is used in the east for Vikings Viking is more of a vocation than an ethnics more of a vocation than an ethnics more of a vocation than an ethnics ethnic term we should point out but the ethnic term we should point out but the ethnic term we should point out but the Varangian guard used to be composed of Varangian guard used to be composed of Varangian guard used to be composed of all those swedes and people like that all those swedes and people like that all those swedes and people like that who fought with battle axes and looked a who fought with battle axes and looked a who fought with battle axes and looked a lot like Vikings to us by this time lot like Vikings to us by this time lot like Vikings to us by this time period they're using what's left of period they're using what's left of period they're using what's left of those kinds of people I love the way

those kinds of people I love the way those kinds of people I love the way from a hundred years ago a historian from a hundred years ago a historian from a hundred years ago a historian like Sir Charles Oman probably would like Sir Charles Oman probably would like Sir Charles Oman probably would have put it I'm putting words into his have put it I'm putting words into his have put it I'm putting words into his mouth but he was one of those guys that mouth but he was one of those guys that mouth but he was one of those guys that would have been very comfortable saying would have been very comfortable saying would have been very comfortable saying that the Middle Ages began at the fields that the Middle Ages began at the fields that the Middle Ages began at the fields of Hastings when the Viking system of of Hastings when the Viking system of of Hastings when the Viking system of warfare of infantry using battle axes warfare of infantry using battle axes warfare of infantry using battle axes and and going into shield walls was and and going into shield walls was and and going into shield walls was decisively defeated by you know the decisively defeated by you know the decisively defeated by you know the mounted Knights now of Europe who will mounted Knights now of Europe who will mounted Knights now of Europe who will rule the roost for several hundred years rule the roost for several hundred years rule the roost for several hundred years something like the Battle of dirac IAM something like the Battle of dirac IAM something like the Battle of dirac IAM and 1081 would be something like you and 1081 would be something like you and 1081 would be something like you know the final appeal of the Viking Age know the final appeal of the Viking Age know the final appeal of the Viking Age being denied when the results of being denied when the results of being denied when the results of Hastings are confirmed a guy like Oman Hastings are confirmed a guy like Oman Hastings are confirmed a guy like Oman might say because what happened at the might say because what happened at the might say because what happened at the Battle of durock ium is the Byzantines Battle of durock ium is the Byzantines Battle of durock ium is the Byzantines were using mercenaries and auxiliaries were using mercenaries and auxiliaries were using mercenaries and auxiliaries just as the Romans had in this case some just as the Romans had in this case some just as the Romans had in this case some of them were refugees from the Battle of of them were refugees from the Battle of of them were refugees from the Battle of Hastings much of the Varangian guard in Hastings much of the Varangian guard in Hastings much of the Varangian guard in 1081 or anglo-saxons and the ironic 1081 or anglo-saxons and the ironic 1081 or anglo-saxons and the ironic twist from the Battle of Hastings is not twist from the Battle of Hastings is not twist from the Battle of Hastings is not only are there anglo-saxons who fought only are there anglo-saxons who fought only are there anglo-saxons who fought at the Battle of Hastings at the Battle at the Battle of Hastings at the Battle at the Battle of Hastings at the Battle of Durham they're once again fighting of Durham they're once again fighting of Durham they're once again fighting Normans in fact Normans where it's very Normans in fact Normans where it's very Normans in fact Normans where it's very likely there were some people who fought likely there were some people who fought likely there were some people who fought at the Battle of Hastings - this is like at the Battle of Hastings - this is like at the Battle of Hastings - this is like getting a second crack you know Frazier getting a second crack you know Frazier getting a second crack you know Frazier Ali won this is Frazier Ali - Ali won this is Frazier Ali - Ali won this is Frazier Ali - and just like the first fight though the and just like the first fight though the and just like the first fight though the anglo-saxons anglo-saxons anglo-saxons in the Varangian guard it if you believe in the Varangian guard it if you believe in the Varangian guard it if you believe the sources pursuing what they thought the sources pursuing what they thought the sources pursuing what they thought was a defeated foe once again just like was a defeated foe once again just like was a defeated foe once again just like it Hastings blows themselves out like a it Hastings blows themselves out like a it Hastings blows themselves out like a bunch of horses who have run too far and bunch of horses who have run too far and bunch of horses who have run too far and too fast loses their cohesion and gets

too fast loses their cohesion and gets too fast loses their cohesion and gets their rear and handed to them again their rear and handed to them again their rear and handed to them again famously they're supposed to have tried famously they're supposed to have tried famously they're supposed to have tried to take refuge in a nearby church which to take refuge in a nearby church which to take refuge in a nearby church which the Normans proceeded to burn down the Normans proceeded to burn down the Normans proceeded to burn down killing them all killing them all killing them all welcome to norman history by the way the welcome to norman history by the way the welcome to norman history by the way the ironic part about it is they were ironic part about it is they were ironic part about it is they were supposed to be pursuing a beaten foe supposed to be pursuing a beaten foe supposed to be pursuing a beaten foe because the byzantines had managed to because the byzantines had managed to because the byzantines had managed to blow away a whole flank of Normans and blow away a whole flank of Normans and blow away a whole flank of Normans and Norman knights so this should have been Norman knights so this should have been Norman knights so this should have been the beginning of the end they should the beginning of the end they should the beginning of the end they should have been able to to wrap around them in have been able to to wrap around them in have been able to to wrap around them in a Halfmoon sort of fashion and just a Halfmoon sort of fashion and just a Halfmoon sort of fashion and just begin to roll up the enemy army but what begin to roll up the enemy army but what begin to roll up the enemy army but what saved them is the proverbial big punch saved them is the proverbial big punch saved them is the proverbial big punch when the Norman knights charged again when the Norman knights charged again when the Norman knights charged again supposedly at a joint in the line so if supposedly at a joint in the line so if supposedly at a joint in the line so if you think about the Byzantine front line you think about the Byzantine front line you think about the Byzantine front line having a left wing and a right wing in having a left wing and a right wing in having a left wing and a right wing in the center there are joints or hinges the center there are joints or hinges the center there are joints or hinges between you know a wing and the centre between you know a wing and the centre between you know a wing and the centre they're supposed to have charged at one they're supposed to have charged at one they're supposed to have charged at one of those wings maybe again physics a of those wings maybe again physics a of those wings maybe again physics a battle thing in in small groups that battle thing in in small groups that battle thing in in small groups that just continually scared the hell out of just continually scared the hell out of just continually scared the hell out of the people they were running into the people they were running into the people they were running into remember the Byzantines considered the remember the Byzantines considered the remember the Byzantines considered the Norman charge Norman charge Norman charge irresistible and the funny part about irresistible and the funny part about irresistible and the funny part about that is just like a boxing match where that is just like a boxing match where that is just like a boxing match where psychology comes into play and they used psychology comes into play and they used psychology comes into play and they used to say if you were going to face a Tyson to say if you were going to face a Tyson to say if you were going to face a Tyson or a George Foreman or a Sonny Liston or a George Foreman or a Sonny Liston or a George Foreman or a Sonny Liston that you could be so intimidated that that you could be so intimidated that that you could be so intimidated that you were beaten before you even crawled you were beaten before you even crawled you were beaten before you even crawled into the ring if you read or hear or into the ring if you read or hear or into the ring if you read or hear or there's a reputation going around the there's a reputation going around the there's a reputation going around the scuttlebutt here in the military scuttlebutt here in the military scuttlebutt here in the military barracks that the norm in charge is barracks that the norm in charge is barracks that the norm in charge is irresistible and all of a sudden you see irresistible and all of a sudden you see irresistible and all of a sudden you see them coming at you how much of that them coming at you how much of that them coming at you how much of that becomes a forgone psychological becomes a forgone psychological becomes a forgone psychological conclusion and remember when you're

conclusion and remember when you're conclusion and remember when you're talking about group psychology as talking about group psychology as talking about group psychology as opposed to some somebody who maybe can opposed to some somebody who maybe can opposed to some somebody who maybe can toughen it out in the ring you're only toughen it out in the ring you're only toughen it out in the ring you're only as strong as your weakest link how many as strong as your weakest link how many as strong as your weakest link how many people in your formed formation lined up people in your formed formation lined up people in your formed formation lined up like bowling pins have to decide that like bowling pins have to decide that like bowling pins have to decide that listen the first people who run away listen the first people who run away listen the first people who run away here are going to be the people who here are going to be the people who here are going to be the people who survive how many of them have to decide survive how many of them have to decide survive how many of them have to decide that they're gonna flee before the whole that they're gonna flee before the whole that they're gonna flee before the whole formation melts I had a gun pointed at formation melts I had a gun pointed at formation melts I had a gun pointed at me once I always wondered how I'd behave me once I always wondered how I'd behave me once I always wondered how I'd behave and it was and it was and it was ridiculous situation because the police ridiculous situation because the police ridiculous situation because the police officers just ran at me I was in a crowd officers just ran at me I was in a crowd officers just ran at me I was in a crowd of other people and just said with it we of other people and just said with it we of other people and just said with it we had to run away but the gun was blocks had to run away but the gun was blocks had to run away but the gun was blocks away I mean there was really no danger away I mean there was really no danger away I mean there was really no danger at all but I've never forgotten the at all but I've never forgotten the at all but I've never forgotten the sense of contagious panic that took over sense of contagious panic that took over sense of contagious panic that took over instantly I always wondered how I'd instantly I always wondered how I'd instantly I always wondered how I'd behave but I always assumed I'd have behave but I always assumed I'd have behave but I always assumed I'd have some time to think about it instead it some time to think about it instead it some time to think about it instead it just takes over remember the Greek god just takes over remember the Greek god just takes over remember the Greek god of panic is the ruler of battlefields of panic is the ruler of battlefields of panic is the ruler of battlefields and it doesn't take a whole lot to spark and it doesn't take a whole lot to spark and it doesn't take a whole lot to spark a collapse and it looks like at the a collapse and it looks like at the a collapse and it looks like at the Battle of Jericho the Norman charged at Battle of Jericho the Norman charged at Battle of Jericho the Norman charged at the hinge in the Byzantine line again if the hinge in the Byzantine line again if the hinge in the Byzantine line again if that's correct and you believe it is that's correct and you believe it is that's correct and you believe it is supposed to have caused the entire supposed to have caused the entire supposed to have caused the entire senator just sort of collapse so before senator just sort of collapse so before senator just sort of collapse so before we look at the paper and decide that we look at the paper and decide that we look at the paper and decide that these legionaries will automatically these legionaries will automatically these legionaries will automatically obviously beat the Normans let's account obviously beat the Normans let's account obviously beat the Normans let's account for the fact that sometimes you know the for the fact that sometimes you know the for the fact that sometimes you know the same reason my wargames research rules same reason my wargames research rules same reason my wargames research rules gives that's plus one to Normans Vikings gives that's plus one to Normans Vikings gives that's plus one to Normans Vikings ancient Chairman's and early Celtic ancient Chairman's and early Celtic ancient Chairman's and early Celtic people or whatever it is you never know people or whatever it is you never know people or whatever it is you never know what they might you know what sort of what they might you know what sort of what they might you know what sort of rabbit the Normans might pull out of a rabbit the Normans might pull out of a rabbit the Normans might pull out of a hat I guess when we try to look at this hat I guess when we try to look at this hat I guess when we try to look at this in terms of my movie I think that's the

in terms of my movie I think that's the in terms of my movie I think that's the kind of thing that's gonna have to be kind of thing that's gonna have to be kind of thing that's gonna have to be included in the director's cut and of included in the director's cut and of included in the director's cut and of course you know me being a capitalist course you know me being a capitalist course you know me being a capitalist there'll be an extra charge for that if you think the show you just heard is if you think the show you just heard is worth a dollar dan and Ben would love to worth a dollar dan and Ben would love to worth a dollar dan and Ben would love to have it go to Dan Karlin comm for have it go to Dan Karlin comm for have it go to Dan Karlin comm for information on how to donate to the show information on how to donate to the show information on how to donate to the show for the latest news information and for the latest news information and for the latest news information and thoughts from dan make sure to follow thoughts from dan make sure to follow thoughts from dan make sure to follow his history feed on twitter the address his history feed on twitter the address his history feed on twitter the address is at hard core history so I just heard is at hard core history so I just heard is at hard core history so I just heard the audio that you just heard and my the audio that you just heard and my the audio that you just heard and my first reaction afterwards was we'll see first reaction afterwards was we'll see first reaction afterwards was we'll see that's why we have a hardcore history that's why we have a hardcore history that's why we have a hardcore history addendum feed you would not want a addendum feed you would not want a addendum feed you would not want a narrowly targeted show like that on a narrowly targeted show like that on a narrowly targeted show like that on a more broadly based program like the big more broadly based program like the big more broadly based program like the big hardcore history one right I'm hoping as hardcore history one right I'm hoping as hardcore history one right I'm hoping as I said that in five years when you look I said that in five years when you look I said that in five years when you look at the archives it's a bunch of stuff at the archives it's a bunch of stuff at the archives it's a bunch of stuff maybe you don't care about but hopefully maybe you don't care about but hopefully maybe you don't care about but hopefully a few of them are really hitting your a few of them are really hitting your a few of them are really hitting your sweet spot I mean if you're a pre sweet spot I mean if you're a pre sweet spot I mean if you're a pre industrial military history alternative industrial military history alternative industrial military history alternative history fan this show probably just history fan this show probably just history fan this show probably just totally tickles your fancy right what a totally tickles your fancy right what a totally tickles your fancy right what a tickled mine so I hope you enjoyed it tickled mine so I hope you enjoyed it tickled mine so I hope you enjoyed it those of you who stuck around I do have those of you who stuck around I do have those of you who stuck around I do have a few announcements to make the cynical a few announcements to make the cynical a few announcements to make the cynical amongst you may consider them nothing amongst you may consider them nothing amongst you may consider them nothing more than a cheap excuse for why the more than a cheap excuse for why the more than a cheap excuse for why the next big hardcore history show is going next big hardcore history show is going next big hardcore history show is going to be late I would argue with that to be late I would argue with that to be late I would argue with that because I don't think it's a cheap

because I don't think it's a cheap because I don't think it's a cheap excuse I think it's a good excuse excuse I think it's a good excuse excuse I think it's a good excuse those of you who are familiar with the those of you who are familiar with the those of you who are familiar with the old Ed Sullivan Show act with the guy old Ed Sullivan Show act with the guy old Ed Sullivan Show act with the guy who used to spin plates and he'd have who used to spin plates and he'd have who used to spin plates and he'd have like five or six spinning plates on like five or six spinning plates on like five or six spinning plates on these canes or sticks or rods or these canes or sticks or rods or these canes or sticks or rods or whatever they were and of course you whatever they were and of course you whatever they were and of course you know the plates will start spinning at know the plates will start spinning at know the plates will start spinning at some point and well I had all these some point and well I had all these some point and well I had all these plates successfully spinning for a while plates successfully spinning for a while plates successfully spinning for a while and then they all started wobbling at and then they all started wobbling at and then they all started wobbling at once and well the next hardcore once and well the next hardcore once and well the next hardcore history's Big Show supernova in the East history's Big Show supernova in the East history's Big Show supernova in the East will be a little late I guess is what will be a little late I guess is what will be a little late I guess is what I'm saying I'm saying I'm saying but I have a good reason why and I think but I have a good reason why and I think but I have a good reason why and I think you might like this stuff and it's you might like this stuff and it's you might like this stuff and it's multiple things right like I said multiple things right like I said multiple things right like I said multiple spinning plates the first one multiple spinning plates the first one multiple spinning plates the first one was I was fortunate enough to be was I was fortunate enough to be was I was fortunate enough to be involved in the Jordan Peele reboot of involved in the Jordan Peele reboot of involved in the Jordan Peele reboot of The Twilight Zone series and you know The Twilight Zone series and you know The Twilight Zone series and you know what a Twilight Zone fan I am there's a what a Twilight Zone fan I am there's a what a Twilight Zone fan I am there's a lot of this show that's got some basis lot of this show that's got some basis lot of this show that's got some basis in that I'm sure genetically you know in that I'm sure genetically you know in that I'm sure genetically you know early developmentally speaking early developmentally speaking early developmentally speaking it was a remake of the famous William it was a remake of the famous William it was a remake of the famous William Shatner in the plane with the gremlin on Shatner in the plane with the gremlin on Shatner in the plane with the gremlin on the wing episode and it was revamped so the wing episode and it was revamped so the wing episode and it was revamped so that there's a podcast involved and that there's a podcast involved and that there's a podcast involved and you'll never guess who they chose to be you'll never guess who they chose to be you'll never guess who they chose to be the voice in the podcast and not only the voice in the podcast and not only the voice in the podcast and not only did I get to be in this remake of a show did I get to be in this remake of a show did I get to be in this remake of a show that you know I think its formative that you know I think its formative that you know I think its formative important in my formative development I important in my formative development I important in my formative development I got to be Rodman Edwards was the name got to be Rodman Edwards was the name got to be Rodman Edwards was the name that was the host of the podcast well that was the host of the podcast well that was the host of the podcast well that's Rod Serling's name Rodman Edward that's Rod Serling's name Rodman Edward that's Rod Serling's name Rodman Edward Serling so that was really cool one of Serling so that was really cool one of Serling so that was really cool one of those opportunities that you just have those opportunities that you just have those opportunities that you just have to say to yourself well I don't care if

to say to yourself well I don't care if to say to yourself well I don't care if this takes some time can't turn this this takes some time can't turn this this takes some time can't turn this down by the way my thanks to the down by the way my thanks to the down by the way my thanks to the producers for thinking I'd be good at producers for thinking I'd be good at producers for thinking I'd be good at that gig now in addition to that the that gig now in addition to that the that gig now in addition to that the long awaited much-anticipated virtual long awaited much-anticipated virtual long awaited much-anticipated virtual reality project that I've been working reality project that I've been working reality project that I've been working on for a while is here the World War one on for a while is here the World War one on for a while is here the World War one experience we call it war remains by the experience we call it war remains by the experience we call it war remains by the way it debuted at the Tribeca Film way it debuted at the Tribeca Film way it debuted at the Tribeca Film Festival not even quite a month ago I Festival not even quite a month ago I Festival not even quite a month ago I don't think and it's getting rave don't think and it's getting rave don't think and it's getting rave reviews I guess is the only way to say I reviews I guess is the only way to say I reviews I guess is the only way to say I mean you know I'm not a big self mean you know I'm not a big self mean you know I'm not a big self promoter although I'm gonna have to promoter although I'm gonna have to promoter although I'm gonna have to learn in the near future I guess but it learn in the near future I guess but it learn in the near future I guess but it looks like people like it you know me I looks like people like it you know me I looks like people like it you know me I always with everything I do think about always with everything I do think about always with everything I do think about what I would have done differently and what I would have done differently and what I would have done differently and my main complaint about war remains is my main complaint about war remains is my main complaint about war remains is it's not long enough why can't it be as it's not long enough why can't it be as it's not long enough why can't it be as long as a podcast why can't I have you long as a podcast why can't I have you long as a podcast why can't I have you in my virtual reality experience for six in my virtual reality experience for six in my virtual reality experience for six hours hours hours I will transform you but there might be I will transform you but there might be I will transform you but there might be some counseling involved afterwards so some counseling involved afterwards so some counseling involved afterwards so you know more responsible and you know more responsible and you know more responsible and intelligent people talk to me back from intelligent people talk to me back from intelligent people talk to me back from the ledge on that but I've been working the ledge on that but I've been working the ledge on that but I've been working with some really really good folk and with some really really good folk and with some really really good folk and they've made a really cool thing I mean they've made a really cool thing I mean they've made a really cool thing I mean the sound was done by Skywalker I mean the sound was done by Skywalker I mean the sound was done by Skywalker I mean okay who do you want doing your sound okay who do you want doing your sound okay who do you want doing your sound brandon Oldenburg an award-winning brandon Oldenburg an award-winning brandon Oldenburg an award-winning creative artist put this whole thing creative artist put this whole thing creative artist put this whole thing together and if you're in a room with together and if you're in a room with together and if you're in a room with him and you watch him start drawing on him and you watch him start drawing on him and you watch him start drawing on the board you just sit there and go holy the board you just sit there and go holy the board you just sit there and go holy crap Madison Wells was in charge of this crap Madison Wells was in charge of this crap Madison Wells was in charge of this whole thing and they're doing movies now whole thing and they're doing movies now whole thing and they're doing movies now so I mean it was a really cool group of so I mean it was a really cool group of so I mean it was a really cool group of people to work with and what they put people to work with and what they put people to work with and what they put together was we could we call it a taste

together was we could we call it a taste together was we could we call it a taste a taste of the trench warfare in the a taste of the trench warfare in the a taste of the trench warfare in the the reason we call it a taste is because the reason we call it a taste is because the reason we call it a taste is because the first thing you have to acknowledge the first thing you have to acknowledge the first thing you have to acknowledge even trying to do something like this is even trying to do something like this is even trying to do something like this is it's nothing like the real thing right it's nothing like the real thing right it's nothing like the real thing right cuz you're not gonna get hurt there's no cuz you're not gonna get hurt there's no cuz you're not gonna get hurt there's no you know you're not gonna come back with you know you're not gonna come back with you know you're not gonna come back with a leg missing what we always try to say a leg missing what we always try to say a leg missing what we always try to say though is it's nothing like the real though is it's nothing like the real though is it's nothing like the real thing it's just more like the real thing thing it's just more like the real thing thing it's just more like the real thing than anything you've been exposed to yet than anything you've been exposed to yet than anything you've been exposed to yet and there were some really interesting and there were some really interesting and there were some really interesting meetings during the creative sessions meetings during the creative sessions meetings during the creative sessions for this whole thing where you ask these for this whole thing where you ask these for this whole thing where you ask these really interesting questions one of the really interesting questions one of the really interesting questions one of the questions was relating to how we form a questions was relating to how we form a questions was relating to how we form a mental conception of things like war and mental conception of things like war and mental conception of things like war and we try to imagine if you had never seen we try to imagine if you had never seen we try to imagine if you had never seen a war movie or modern or like World War a war movie or modern or like World War a war movie or modern or like World War 2 war for a portrayed on television if 2 war for a portrayed on television if 2 war for a portrayed on television if you'd only read about it or only heard a you'd only read about it or only heard a you'd only read about it or only heard a radio report of it or something like radio report of it or something like radio report of it or something like that how much different would your that how much different would your that how much different would your mental visualization of what that looked mental visualization of what that looked mental visualization of what that looked like be the the motion picture version like be the the motion picture version like be the the motion picture version of let's just say second world war of let's just say second world war of let's just say second world war combat allows you to get a much better combat allows you to get a much better combat allows you to get a much better idea of what it visually and audibly idea of what it visually and audibly idea of what it visually and audibly sounded like right what a better sounded like right what a better sounded like right what a better impression of what it really was now is impression of what it really was now is impression of what it really was now is that anything like it really was not that anything like it really was not that anything like it really was not really asking I mean you know war on the really asking I mean you know war on the really asking I mean you know war on the ground is war on the ground and watching ground is war on the ground and watching ground is war on the ground and watching the movies watching a movie but it's the movies watching a movie but it's the movies watching a movie but it's more like a book it's more like war than more like a book it's more like war than more like a book it's more like war than a radio broadcast and this virtual a radio broadcast and this virtual a radio broadcast and this virtual reality production is more like the reality production is more like the reality production is more like the first world war than anything else first world war than anything else first world war than anything else you've seen that's all we can say about you've seen that's all we can say about you've seen that's all we can say about it my goal from the very beginning was

it my goal from the very beginning was it my goal from the very beginning was to get as close to realistic as possible to get as close to realistic as possible to get as close to realistic as possible there is a problem with that and this there is a problem with that and this there is a problem with that and this was one of the second big questions and was one of the second big questions and was one of the second big questions and conversations that happened during the conversations that happened during the conversations that happened during the creative meetings how close do you want creative meetings how close do you want creative meetings how close do you want to simulate a negative human experience to simulate a negative human experience to simulate a negative human experience because we're all curious about this but because we're all curious about this but because we're all curious about this but we don't want to get our legs blown off we don't want to get our legs blown off we don't want to get our legs blown off and we had to sit there and try to and we had to sit there and try to and we had to sit there and try to figure out how uncomfortable to make it figure out how uncomfortable to make it figure out how uncomfortable to make it because you can already miss Skywalker because you can already miss Skywalker because you can already miss Skywalker could turn up the sound and blow your could turn up the sound and blow your could turn up the sound and blow your eardrums out right but who wants to pay eardrums out right but who wants to pay eardrums out right but who wants to pay to get a ticket for that and yet I had to get a ticket for that and yet I had to get a ticket for that and yet I had one of my military history four one of my military history four one of my military history four professors used to yell at us all the professors used to yell at us all the professors used to yell at us all the time and it took me a long time to time and it took me a long time to time and it took me a long time to realize he wasn't yelling because he was realize he wasn't yelling because he was realize he wasn't yelling because he was a Yeller he was yelling because he was a Yeller he was yelling because he was a Yeller he was yelling because he was half deaf because he was an artillery half deaf because he was an artillery half deaf because he was an artillery guy guy guy in war during these periods were a lot in war during these periods were a lot in war during these periods were a lot of these big guns are firing people's of these big guns are firing people's of these big guns are firing people's hearing gets damaged so if you want to hearing gets damaged so if you want to hearing gets damaged so if you want to have an experience more like the have an experience more like the have an experience more like the veterans should we damage your hearing veterans should we damage your hearing veterans should we damage your hearing I was probably on that we should damage I was probably on that we should damage I was probably on that we should damage your hearing side the more responsible your hearing side the more responsible your hearing side the more responsible people talk to me out of that but you people talk to me out of that but you people talk to me out of that but you could see what an interesting dilemma it could see what an interesting dilemma it could see what an interesting dilemma it is if I was promising to take you into a is if I was promising to take you into a is if I was promising to take you into a virtual reality experience of you know virtual reality experience of you know virtual reality experience of you know 18th century dentistry and it'll seem 18th century dentistry and it'll seem 18th century dentistry and it'll seem real I doubt you're buying a ticket for real I doubt you're buying a ticket for real I doubt you're buying a ticket for that right so there's these interesting that right so there's these interesting that right so there's these interesting questions that come up about how real questions that come up about how real questions that come up about how real you want to make it and you know and you want to make it and you know and you want to make it and you know and you're trying to hit the sweet spot of you're trying to hit the sweet spot of you're trying to hit the sweet spot of people because some people are gonna be people because some people are gonna be people because some people are gonna be really hardcore and can handle more and really hardcore and can handle more and really hardcore and can handle more and some people are gonna be really softcore some people are gonna be really softcore some people are gonna be really softcore and need less so how do you know where and need less so how do you know where and need less so how do you know where is the sweet spot for people and we is the sweet spot for people and we is the sweet spot for people and we thought about it something like you know thought about it something like you know thought about it something like you know jaws when I was a kid you went to see jaws when I was a kid you went to see jaws when I was a kid you went to see the movie Jaws I mean it was so at the

the movie Jaws I mean it was so at the the movie Jaws I mean it was so at the time it was so scary that it scared time it was so scary that it scared time it was so scary that it scared people from going to see the movie and people from going to see the movie and people from going to see the movie and yet at the same time it created this yet at the same time it created this yet at the same time it created this attraction where you kind of wanted to attraction where you kind of wanted to attraction where you kind of wanted to see it I kept telling the guy as we were see it I kept telling the guy as we were see it I kept telling the guy as we were doing this with and I liked everybody we doing this with and I liked everybody we doing this with and I liked everybody we work at the flight school guys I mean work at the flight school guys I mean work at the flight school guys I mean everybody um everybody um everybody um I kept telling them that this is exactly I kept telling them that this is exactly I kept telling them that this is exactly the kind of thing I want to go to and so the kind of thing I want to go to and so the kind of thing I want to go to and so I kind of had that in the back of my I kind of had that in the back of my I kind of had that in the back of my mind the whole time and what would I mind the whole time and what would I mind the whole time and what would I like to see one of the things we didn't like to see one of the things we didn't like to see one of the things we didn't do is we consciously didn't come up with do is we consciously didn't come up with do is we consciously didn't come up with a story or a person to follow we a story or a person to follow we a story or a person to follow we consciously didn't try to tell you how consciously didn't try to tell you how consciously didn't try to tell you how to interpret what you were seeing and we to interpret what you were seeing and we to interpret what you were seeing and we had discussions I was talking about had discussions I was talking about had discussions I was talking about people like Ernst younger you know from people like Ernst younger you know from people like Ernst younger you know from the storm of Steel book where he didn't the storm of Steel book where he didn't the storm of Steel book where he didn't have the the typical reaction that you have the the typical reaction that you have the the typical reaction that you get in books like All Quiet on the get in books like All Quiet on the get in books like All Quiet on the Western Front where you get this Western Front where you get this Western Front where you get this terrible anti-war feeling from all the terrible anti-war feeling from all the terrible anti-war feeling from all the waste and all the carnage and all that waste and all the carnage and all that waste and all the carnage and all that which is pretty typical but there were which is pretty typical but there were which is pretty typical but there were people that felt differently about it people that felt differently about it people that felt differently about it right it had a whole different take on right it had a whole different take on right it had a whole different take on it it it so we focused more on the experience so we focused more on the experience so we focused more on the experience itself and figured that you would have a itself and figured that you would have a itself and figured that you would have a chance afterwards to sort of take it all chance afterwards to sort of take it all chance afterwards to sort of take it all in and decide how you felt about it and in and decide how you felt about it and in and decide how you felt about it and how you interpreted and what sort of how you interpreted and what sort of how you interpreted and what sort of lens you saw it through I hope you like lens you saw it through I hope you like lens you saw it through I hope you like it I hope you get a chance to see it um it I hope you get a chance to see it um it I hope you get a chance to see it um there's a lot of fun and it's creativity there's a lot of fun and it's creativity there's a lot of fun and it's creativity on a really wild level when you add the on a really wild level when you add the on a really wild level when you add the virtual reality aspect to it virtual reality aspect to it virtual reality aspect to it my thanks to everybody involved Brandon my thanks to everybody involved Brandon my thanks to everybody involved Brandon Ethan all you guys Clint Kisker Ethan all you guys Clint Kisker Ethan all you guys Clint Kisker I'm forgetting everybody but you know I'm forgetting everybody but you know I'm forgetting everybody but you know I'll have time to thank everybody I'll have time to thank everybody I'll have time to thank everybody finally um there is a book that I've

finally um there is a book that I've finally um there is a book that I've been working on for some time but you been working on for some time but you been working on for some time but you know me not long enough it's been know me not long enough it's been know me not long enough it's been interesting working with deadlines again interesting working with deadlines again interesting working with deadlines again as I tell you that the next big hardcore as I tell you that the next big hardcore as I tell you that the next big hardcore history shows going to be delayed that's history shows going to be delayed that's history shows going to be delayed that's not something you can get away with in not something you can get away with in not something you can get away with in the literary world so it's been the literary world so it's been the literary world so it's been interesting working with deadlines again interesting working with deadlines again interesting working with deadlines again and I just want to say that um it was and I just want to say that um it was and I just want to say that um it was really interesting consciously knowing really interesting consciously knowing really interesting consciously knowing that things were not going to be as easy that things were not going to be as easy that things were not going to be as easy to do as as people suggested but you to do as as people suggested but you to do as as people suggested but you know that that means I think I know that that means I think I know that that means I think I consciously or unconsciously wanted to consciously or unconsciously wanted to consciously or unconsciously wanted to do this opportunity so there will be a do this opportunity so there will be a do this opportunity so there will be a book for you in the not-too-distant book for you in the not-too-distant book for you in the not-too-distant future I don't have a final name for you future I don't have a final name for you future I don't have a final name for you yet nor do I have a release date more yet nor do I have a release date more yet nor do I have a release date more will be forthcoming on that but the will be forthcoming on that but the will be forthcoming on that but the majority of the heavy lifting is over majority of the heavy lifting is over majority of the heavy lifting is over again it probably delayed the next show again it probably delayed the next show again it probably delayed the next show a little bit I hope that when you know a little bit I hope that when you know a little bit I hope that when you know all the spinning plates are taken all the spinning plates are taken all the spinning plates are taken together you think it was worth it and together you think it was worth it and together you think it was worth it and folks we've said this before I know it folks we've said this before I know it folks we've said this before I know it sounds like pandering but it's really sounds like pandering but it's really sounds like pandering but it's really the way I feel I understand that none of the way I feel I understand that none of the way I feel I understand that none of these opportunities are here except for these opportunities are here except for these opportunities are here except for the podcast and and the listeners so the podcast and and the listeners so the podcast and and the listeners so thank you I appreciate your patience thank you I appreciate your patience thank you I appreciate your patience you're the best crowd in the world when you're the best crowd in the world when you're the best crowd in the world when it comes to that we've got you well it comes to that we've got you well it comes to that we've got you well trained don't don't we but you know I've trained don't don't we but you know I've trained don't don't we but you know I've missed y'all it's nice to be back I missed y'all it's nice to be back I missed y'all it's nice to be back I don't really feel like I was gone but don't really feel like I was gone but don't really feel like I was gone but sometimes we feel like we're off the air sometimes we feel like we're off the air sometimes we feel like we're off the air sometimes around here but we're not you sometimes around here but we're not you sometimes around here but we're not you know you can follow us by the way at know you can follow us by the way at know you can follow us by the way at hard core history the war remains folk hard core history the war remains folk hard core history the war remains folk also have a twitter handle it's at war also have a twitter handle it's at war also have a twitter handle it's at war remains you could hashtag more remains remains you could hashtag more remains remains you could hashtag more remains to and when the book gets a little

to and when the book gets a little to and when the book gets a little farther along and I have more to report farther along and I have more to report farther along and I have more to report there will be updates we are currently there will be updates we are currently there will be updates we are currently working on supernova in the east part 3 working on supernova in the east part 3 working on supernova in the east part 3 it's under way don't worry I don't know it's under way don't worry I don't know it's under way don't worry I don't know when it's coming out but I never do when it's coming out but I never do when it's coming out but I never do because after all one of the wonderful because after all one of the wonderful because after all one of the wonderful benefits of this podcast and your benefits of this podcast and your benefits of this podcast and your indulgence is that I don't have to work indulgence is that I don't have to work indulgence is that I don't have to work around any hard deadlines we can just around any hard deadlines we can just around any hard deadlines we can just focus more importantly that it at least focus more importantly that it at least focus more importantly that it at least meets my minimum you know quality meets my minimum you know quality meets my minimum you know quality standards and I can almost guarantee you standards and I can almost guarantee you standards and I can almost guarantee you the next one will and hopefully it won't the next one will and hopefully it won't the next one will and hopefully it won't be too far in the distance so hopefully be too far in the distance so hopefully be too far in the distance so hopefully there'll be another hardcore history there'll be another hardcore history there'll be another hardcore history addendum show before too long addendum show before too long addendum show before too long nice to talk with you all again