Breakthrough: IronLattice AI Memory, Faster, 90% Less Power

I'm honored to introduce you to Dr. I'm honored to introduce you to Dr. James Tour. Dr. Tor has over 850 James Tour. Dr. Tor has over 850 James Tour. Dr. Tor has over 850 research publications and more than 150 research publications and more than 150 research publications and more than 150 patents. He is a member of the National patents. He is a member of the National patents. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Inventors, a fellow of the Academy of Inventors, a fellow of the Academy of Inventors, a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. His research Royal Society of Chemistry. His research Royal Society of Chemistry. His research group works in material science, energy, group works in material science, energy, group works in material science, energy, medicine, electronics and single molecu medicine, electronics and single molecu medicine, electronics and single molecu molecule nano machines. He has founded molecule nano machines. He has founded molecule nano machines. He has founded 17 companies based on his academic 17 companies based on his academic 17 companies based on his academic research. He which three of them are now research. He which three of them are now research. He which three of them are now public companies. Beyond his incredible public companies. Beyond his incredible public companies. Beyond his incredible academic credentials, Professor Tor led academic credentials, Professor Tor led academic credentials, Professor Tor led weekly Bible studies in the living units weekly Bible studies in the living units weekly Bible studies in the living units of maximum security prisons for over 10 of maximum security prisons for over 10 of maximum security prisons for over 10 years. He also has been teaching a years. He also has been teaching a years. He also has been teaching a weekly Bible study to college students weekly Bible study to college students weekly Bible study to college students for the past 27 years. [music] And he for the past 27 years. [music] And he for the past 27 years. [music] And he and his wife Shireen serve about 75 and his wife Shireen serve about 75 and his wife Shireen serve about 75 meals um to students each week right in meals um to students each week right in meals um to students each week right in their home. So please join me in their home. So please join me in their home. So please join me in welcoming Dr. James to welcoming Dr. James to welcoming Dr. James to [music] [music] [music] [applause] Well, um they had asked me for the walk Well, um they had asked me for the walk up song and uh they said just give us up song and uh they said just give us up song and uh they said just give us the name of the walkup song that you the name of the walkup song that you the name of the walkup song that you want and I said I only know the name of want and I said I only know the name of want and I said I only know the name of two songs. It's happy birthday and two songs. It's happy birthday and two songs. It's happy birthday and Jingle Bells.

Jingle Bells. Jingle Bells. So they they chose that and it was an AI So they they chose that and it was an AI So they they chose that and it was an AI generated song. Anyway, let me open in a generated song. Anyway, let me open in a generated song. Anyway, let me open in a word of prayer. Aba, I pray for the outpouring of your Aba, I pray for the outpouring of your grace. So many electronic things need to grace. So many electronic things need to grace. So many electronic things need to work tonight. And I pray your hand of work tonight. And I pray your hand of work tonight. And I pray your hand of blessing be there. blessing be there. blessing be there. Lord, not for anything in me, but Lord, not for anything in me, but Lord, not for anything in me, but because of your goodness and because of because of your goodness and because of because of your goodness and because of our Lord Jesus Christ, pour out upon us our Lord Jesus Christ, pour out upon us our Lord Jesus Christ, pour out upon us a blessing. Teach us and instruct us in a blessing. Teach us and instruct us in a blessing. Teach us and instruct us in your ways. And may Jesus Christ be your ways. And may Jesus Christ be your ways. And may Jesus Christ be glorified even through this this glorified even through this this glorified even through this this technical topic. May Jesus Christ be technical topic. May Jesus Christ be technical topic. May Jesus Christ be glorified. glorified. glorified. And father, my father, I commit this to And father, my father, I commit this to And father, my father, I commit this to you for the glory of Jesus. Amen. So we're going to have an interview in So we're going to have an interview in just just a few minutes but before that just just a few minutes but before that just just a few minutes but before that I'm going to take you through a set of I'm going to take you through a set of I'm going to take you through a set of slides and this is talking about the slides and this is talking about the slides and this is talking about the hardware side of of uh AI hardware side of of uh AI hardware side of of uh AI because you you've heard a lot about the because you you've heard a lot about the because you you've heard a lot about the software and all the things the software and all the things the software and all the things the programming that is going on of all programming that is going on of all programming that is going on of all these software engineers and Jeff is a these software engineers and Jeff is a these software engineers and Jeff is a software engineer who spoke last speak.

software engineer who spoke last speak. software engineer who spoke last speak. I'm going to talk about the the hardware I'm going to talk about the the hardware I'm going to talk about the the hardware side and then we're going to go into an side and then we're going to go into an side and then we're going to go into an interview with with someone who knows AI interview with with someone who knows AI interview with with someone who knows AI much better than I do. That's why I much better than I do. That's why I much better than I do. That's why I wanted to interview her and get her wanted to interview her and get her wanted to interview her and get her thoughts. thoughts. thoughts. But this project started in my lab in But this project started in my lab in But this project started in my lab in the summer, I believe it was the summer the summer, I believe it was the summer the summer, I believe it was the summer of 2024 of 2024 of 2024 when Nvidia burst onto the scene. I I when Nvidia burst onto the scene. I I when Nvidia burst onto the scene. I I wasn't following a lot of this. I have a wasn't following a lot of this. I have a wasn't following a lot of this. I have a a company that that works in in computer a company that that works in in computer a company that that works in in computer memory that makes computer memory but I memory that makes computer memory but I memory that makes computer memory but I I kind of left that area about uh 15 I kind of left that area about uh 15 I kind of left that area about uh 15 years ago 12 years ago and I haven't years ago 12 years ago and I haven't years ago 12 years ago and I haven't really gone back to it and but when I really gone back to it and but when I really gone back to it and but when I saw what was happening with AI and saw what was happening with AI and saw what was happening with AI and Nvidia I called in one of my my uh Nvidia I called in one of my my uh Nvidia I called in one of my my uh posttos and that's J Shin he's his posttos and that's J Shin he's his posttos and that's J Shin he's his picture is right there on the screen and picture is right there on the screen and picture is right there on the screen and JO is is a device engineer and I said J JO is is a device engineer and I said J JO is is a device engineer and I said J we have to become part of this AI I we have to become part of this AI I we have to become part of this AI I boom, we have to do something that's boom, we have to do something that's boom, we have to do something that's going to impact it. I said, I want you going to impact it. I said, I want you going to impact it. I said, I want you to build some devices, a new device to build some devices, a new device to build some devices, a new device design that's really going to help out design that's really going to help out design that's really going to help out the AI the AI the AI uh uh uh domain. And he [clears throat] uh uh uh domain. And he [clears throat] uh uh uh domain. And he [clears throat] said to me, he says, that that's very said to me, he says, that that's very said to me, he says, that that's very hard to do. That's what that's why I'm hard to do. That's what that's why I'm hard to do. That's what that's why I'm asking you to do it. I mean, that that's asking you to do it. I mean, that that's asking you to do it. I mean, that that's what we do. If it was easy, I mean, I what we do. If it was easy, I mean, I what we do. If it was easy, I mean, I wouldn't be asking you to do it. So um wouldn't be asking you to do it. So um wouldn't be asking you to do it. So um he he went to the lab and and he and I he he went to the lab and and he and I he he went to the lab and and he and I we meet I meet every week with all my we meet I meet every week with all my we meet I meet every week with all my students twice a week and uh uh but students twice a week and uh uh but students twice a week and uh uh but after about 6 months he came to me he after about 6 months he came to me he after about 6 months he came to me he says I think I have something and so

says I think I have something and so says I think I have something and so that was the genesis of then starting that was the genesis of then starting that was the genesis of then starting this company and and uh uh we were this company and and uh uh we were this company and and uh uh we were working on this. So we had the 6 months working on this. So we had the 6 months working on this. So we had the 6 months and then we went about another 6 months and then we went about another 6 months and then we went about another 6 months and and it was really developing and I and and it was really developing and I and and it was really developing and I said we really need to start a company said we really need to start a company said we really need to start a company around this and then in my building we around this and then in my building we around this and then in my building we meet in a meeting room that's all glass. meet in a meeting room that's all glass. meet in a meeting room that's all glass. I saw outside the meeting room uh Tophik I saw outside the meeting room uh Tophik I saw outside the meeting room uh Tophik Jar whose picture is right there and Jar whose picture is right there and Jar whose picture is right there and Tophik is a former student from Rice and Tophik is a former student from Rice and Tophik is a former student from Rice and and I've known Tophik since he was about and I've known Tophik since he was about and I've known Tophik since he was about 14 because his father is very active in 14 because his father is very active in 14 because his father is very active in ministry runs the Oasis ministry for ministry runs the Oasis ministry for ministry runs the Oasis ministry for many of the medical professionals will many of the medical professionals will many of the medical professionals will know that here in town and he was the know that here in town and he was the know that here in town and he was the head of uh uh neurology for many years head of uh uh neurology for many years head of uh uh neurology for many years at Texas Children's Hospital and just at Texas Children's Hospital and just at Texas Children's Hospital and just recently uh uh retired. So I've known recently uh uh retired. So I've known recently uh uh retired. So I've known Tophik since he was a young guy and it Tophik since he was a young guy and it Tophik since he was a young guy and it turns out he was there and he and I turns out he was there and he and I turns out he was there and he and I showed him what we were working on. He showed him what we were working on. He showed him what we were working on. He says, "Did you know that that uh here at says, "Did you know that that uh here at says, "Did you know that that uh here at Accenture, he'd been working at Accenture, he'd been working at Accenture, he'd been working at Accenture for 13 years. He says, "I Accenture for 13 years. He says, "I Accenture for 13 years. He says, "I advise companies who are building big advise companies who are building big advise companies who are building big data centers and I advise companies that data centers and I advise companies that data centers and I advise companies that build big foundaries for doing build big foundaries for doing build big foundaries for doing electronics." I said, "I didn't know."

electronics." I said, "I didn't know." electronics." I said, "I didn't know." So I started showing him these things. So I started showing him these things. So I started showing him these things. Then I called JHo back to my office and Then I called JHo back to my office and Then I called JHo back to my office and I introduced him to Tooffic and I said, I introduced him to Tooffic and I said, I introduced him to Tooffic and I said, "You two just go think about doing "You two just go think about doing "You two just go think about doing something great together." So they something great together." So they something great together." So they started this company called that they started this company called that they started this company called that they called Iron Lattis. I didn't choose the called Iron Lattis. I didn't choose the called Iron Lattis. I didn't choose the name. They they choose the name and and name. They they choose the name and and name. They they choose the name and and and that's what I'm going to tell you a and that's what I'm going to tell you a and that's what I'm going to tell you a little bit about the hardware today. And little bit about the hardware today. And little bit about the hardware today. And so uh I know I probably know a little so uh I know I probably know a little so uh I know I probably know a little bit more about AI than maybe some of you bit more about AI than maybe some of you bit more about AI than maybe some of you in the room, but I'm no AI expert. This in the room, but I'm no AI expert. This in the room, but I'm no AI expert. This is five papers that we've published uh is five papers that we've published uh is five papers that we've published uh since 2022 and the latest one just came since 2022 and the latest one just came since 2022 and the latest one just came out uh uh uh a few months back and these out uh uh uh a few months back and these out uh uh uh a few months back and these are five papers that we've published in are five papers that we've published in are five papers that we've published in the area of AI. All of it is in the the area of AI. All of it is in the the area of AI. All of it is in the software side of AI, not in the hardware software side of AI, not in the hardware software side of AI, not in the hardware side. The story that I'm going to tell side. The story that I'm going to tell side. The story that I'm going to tell you is on the hardware side. And so this you is on the hardware side. And so this you is on the hardware side. And so this is one of our latest papers where we is one of our latest papers where we is one of our latest papers where we used LLMs, which are large language used LLMs, which are large language used LLMs, which are large language models, which we're going to see more models, which we're going to see more models, which we're going to see more about those today. We use those and we about those today. We use those and we about those today. We use those and we tried to get them to compete against tried to get them to compete against tried to get them to compete against what's called machine learning which is what's called machine learning which is what's called machine learning which is a type of AI which is used to control uh a type of AI which is used to control uh a type of AI which is used to control uh uh to to to uh um speak to scientists to uh to to to uh um speak to scientists to uh to to to uh um speak to scientists to to do science and we pitted large to do science and we pitted large to do science and we pitted large language models against scientificbased language models against scientificbased language models against scientificbased AI and it turns out the large language AI and it turns out the large language AI and it turns out the large language models won and the reason is because models won and the reason is because models won and the reason is because there's so much money being poured into there's so much money being poured into there's so much money being poured into the large language models they can also the large language models they can also the large language models they can also do science do science do science and they do it very well. And so that's and they do it very well. And so that's and they do it very well. And so that's what we had learned in this paper. But what we had learned in this paper. But what we had learned in this paper. But um uh the company what it's doing is

um uh the company what it's doing is um uh the company what it's doing is it's a fabulous memory for AI. This is it's a fabulous memory for AI. This is it's a fabulous memory for AI. This is where we started. So he came up with a where we started. So he came up with a where we started. So he came up with a new computing device which I'll tell you new computing device which I'll tell you new computing device which I'll tell you about. But in route to making the about. But in route to making the about. But in route to making the computing device, we can also make computing device, we can also make computing device, we can also make memory. And there's several different memory. And there's several different memory. And there's several different kinds of memory in a computer. And we kinds of memory in a computer. And we kinds of memory in a computer. And we don't have big fabrication lines to big don't have big fabrication lines to big don't have big fabrication lines to big fab lines. We have a we have a a small fab lines. We have a we have a a small fab lines. We have a we have a a small fab facility at the university, but it's fab facility at the university, but it's fab facility at the university, but it's just a university fab and it has I don't just a university fab and it has I don't just a university fab and it has I don't know probably $und00 million worth of know probably $und00 million worth of know probably $und00 million worth of equipment, which sounds like a lot, but equipment, which sounds like a lot, but equipment, which sounds like a lot, but when you consider that a typical fab is when you consider that a typical fab is when you consider that a typical fab is probably at least $5 billion to build probably at least $5 billion to build probably at least $5 billion to build one of those things uh uh where they one of those things uh uh where they one of those things uh uh where they build really uh in route to commercial build really uh in route to commercial build really uh in route to commercial uh uh facilities, this is what you have uh uh facilities, this is what you have uh uh facilities, this is what you have to have. And so why do and and this was to have. And so why do and and this was to have. And so why do and and this was actually uh Tophik and and JO's idea. actually uh Tophik and and JO's idea. actually uh Tophik and and JO's idea. Everything I'm telling you tonight I Everything I'm telling you tonight I Everything I'm telling you tonight I didn't develop this. I'm just paring didn't develop this. I'm just paring didn't develop this. I'm just paring what my students have told me and and what my students have told me and and what my students have told me and and what what what JO and and and uh um and what what what JO and and and uh um and what what what JO and and and uh um and Tooffic have come up with. So there is a Tooffic have come up with. So there is a Tooffic have come up with. So there is a memory shortage right now. Memory is memory shortage right now. Memory is memory shortage right now. Memory is already purchased out to 2031. So for already purchased out to 2031. So for already purchased out to 2031. So for the next five years, people have already the next five years, people have already the next five years, people have already placed their their orders for memory placed their their orders for memory placed their their orders for memory because every time you work in you you because every time you work in you you because every time you work in you you you do send something in AI, every time you do send something in AI, every time you do send something in AI, every time you store something to the cloud, where you store something to the cloud, where you store something to the cloud, where is it stored? It's stored somewhere.

is it stored? It's stored somewhere. is it stored? It's stored somewhere. It's stored in these data centers. So It's stored in these data centers. So It's stored in these data centers. So they need memory. So there's this they need memory. So there's this they need memory. So there's this insatiable desire for memory. And so insatiable desire for memory. And so insatiable desire for memory. And so that's why the price of memory has gone that's why the price of memory has gone that's why the price of memory has gone way back has gone way up. So all these way back has gone way up. So all these way back has gone way up. So all these these companies that make memory are these companies that make memory are these companies that make memory are making enormous amounts of money right making enormous amounts of money right making enormous amounts of money right now. And you can see that their their now. And you can see that their their now. And you can see that their their stock prices are going up like 5x in a stock prices are going up like 5x in a stock prices are going up like 5x in a couple of years o because of this. couple of years o because of this. couple of years o because of this. There's a memory shortage. So we want to There's a memory shortage. So we want to There's a memory shortage. So we want to enter through making memory rather than enter through making memory rather than enter through making memory rather than the whole computing system change which the whole computing system change which the whole computing system change which ultimately we'd like to get to that ultimately we'd like to get to that ultimately we'd like to get to that would require the writing of new would require the writing of new would require the writing of new software for that. Now could AI write a software for that. Now could AI write a software for that. Now could AI write a lot of that software? The answer is yes. lot of that software? The answer is yes. lot of that software? The answer is yes. But still there's the writing but it's a But still there's the writing but it's a But still there's the writing but it's a hard insertion. They want to go in at a hard insertion. They want to go in at a hard insertion. They want to go in at a much easier way to insert and that's to much easier way to insert and that's to much easier way to insert and that's to insert it to memory and it's going to be insert it to memory and it's going to be insert it to memory and it's going to be have higher performance higher density have higher performance higher density have higher performance higher density and then after we start making money on and then after we start making money on and then after we start making money on that the idea is to to really change the that the idea is to to really change the that the idea is to to really change the whole computing architecture. whole computing architecture. whole computing architecture. So here's how ferroelectric memory So here's how ferroelectric memory So here's how ferroelectric memory works. This is called ferroelectric works. This is called ferroelectric works. This is called ferroelectric memory. And what happens is you have a memory. And what happens is you have a memory. And what happens is you have a crystal and you have you have the the crystal and you have you have the the crystal and you have you have the the these uh uh these atoms in these these uh uh these atoms in these these uh uh these atoms in these crystals and they're slightly twisted crystals and they're slightly twisted crystals and they're slightly twisted and then when you when you apply a and then when you when you apply a and then when you when you apply a voltage they'll move slightly and when voltage they'll move slightly and when voltage they'll move slightly and when they move slightly the polarization they move slightly the polarization they move slightly the polarization changes meaning that you have a a little changes meaning that you have a a little changes meaning that you have a a little arrow of a dipole. You have a plus and a arrow of a dipole. You have a plus and a arrow of a dipole. You have a plus and a minus charge that kind of just shifts a minus charge that kind of just shifts a minus charge that kind of just shifts a little bit. Now you can record that little bit. Now you can record that little bit. Now you can record that shift and that's your memory state. But shift and that's your memory state. But shift and that's your memory state. But instead of just having this state and

instead of just having this state and instead of just having this state and this state, what if you had several this state, what if you had several this state, what if you had several states in between that you could states in between that you could states in between that you could measure? Then you could have many more measure? Then you could have many more measure? Then you could have many more states in between. So instead of just states in between. So instead of just states in between. So instead of just having two polarization directions, you having two polarization directions, you having two polarization directions, you can have many in between. And that can have many in between. And that can have many in between. And that starts moving it into multiple states. starts moving it into multiple states. starts moving it into multiple states. So that each device rather than being a So that each device rather than being a So that each device rather than being a 0 1 01 could have multiple different 0 1 01 could have multiple different 0 1 01 could have multiple different states. So each each device could have states. So each each device could have states. So each each device could have many states in it. And through that you many states in it. And through that you many states in it. And through that you can get more computational power, more can get more computational power, more can get more computational power, more memory density. And so that's that's in memory density. And so that's that's in memory density. And so that's that's in a very simple way about how these work. a very simple way about how these work. a very simple way about how these work. And because you can have each one of And because you can have each one of And because you can have each one of these states in between, it starts these states in between, it starts these states in between, it starts approaching something that's called approaching something that's called approaching something that's called analog. So that you have you you you analog. So that you have you you you analog. So that you have you you you have a diversity of states, but it's have a diversity of states, but it's have a diversity of states, but it's really discrete steps along the way to really discrete steps along the way to really discrete steps along the way to what ultimately might be an analog type what ultimately might be an analog type what ultimately might be an analog type system, but it's called synaptic, system, but it's called synaptic, system, but it's called synaptic, meaning that they're taking terminology meaning that they're taking terminology meaning that they're taking terminology from our brain where we have these from our brain where we have these from our brain where we have these synapses that are firing. This is what's synapses that are firing. This is what's synapses that are firing. This is what's called neuro neurons. Neuromorphic called neuro neurons. Neuromorphic called neuro neurons. Neuromorphic computing is trying to mimic what the computing is trying to mimic what the computing is trying to mimic what the brain does in computer hardware. And brain does in computer hardware. And brain does in computer hardware. And that's what we hope to do. So, so that's that's what we hope to do. So, so that's that's what we hope to do. So, so that's that's basically how it works. So, that's basically how it works. So, that's basically how it works. So, ferroelectric memory has always ferroelectric memory has always ferroelectric memory has always struggled with durability. So, so in struggled with durability. So, so in struggled with durability. So, so in other words, why haven't others come up other words, why haven't others come up other words, why haven't others come up with this? What did J-Ho come up with with this? What did J-Ho come up with with this? What did J-Ho come up with that others haven't come up with? Well, that others haven't come up with? Well, that others haven't come up with? Well, the problem is it it's durability the problem is it it's durability the problem is it it's durability meaning that when you store memory to meaning that when you store memory to meaning that when you store memory to it, it fatigues. So, after about a it, it fatigues. So, after about a it, it fatigues. So, after about a 100,000 read write cycles, so you you

100,000 read write cycles, so you you 100,000 read write cycles, so you you you write to it and then you read it and you write to it and then you read it and you write to it and then you read it and then you erase it. after about a 100,000 then you erase it. after about a 100,000 then you erase it. after about a 100,000 of those operations, it would stop of those operations, it would stop of those operations, it would stop functioning. So what JHo figured out is functioning. So what JHo figured out is functioning. So what JHo figured out is to how to get this to work so that it to how to get this to work so that it to how to get this to work so that it didn't die after 100,000 cycles because didn't die after 100,000 cycles because didn't die after 100,000 cycles because usually what you need is you need usually what you need is you need usually what you need is you need billions and billions of cycles. And billions and billions of cycles. And billions and billions of cycles. And ultimately even you want to push toward ultimately even you want to push toward ultimately even you want to push toward trillions of cycles because of all the trillions of cycles because of all the trillions of cycles because of all the work that computers have to do. And so work that computers have to do. And so work that computers have to do. And so that's the the twist that we have is that's the the twist that we have is that's the the twist that we have is that that he figured out how to that that he figured out how to that that he figured out how to stabilize a ferroelectric memory. stabilize a ferroelectric memory. stabilize a ferroelectric memory. So the way he did that is with something So the way he did that is with something So the way he did that is with something called a super lattice. He built a a called a super lattice. He built a a called a super lattice. He built a a super lattice structure different layers super lattice structure different layers super lattice structure different layers and those different layers stabilize it. and those different layers stabilize it. and those different layers stabilize it. So you start with the cell which is the So you start with the cell which is the So you start with the cell which is the basic unit device and then you go to basic unit device and then you go to basic unit device and then you go to wafer scale. So you build rather than wafer scale. So you build rather than wafer scale. So you build rather than just one device you cover a whole wafer just one device you cover a whole wafer just one device you cover a whole wafer with devices and then ultimately that with devices and then ultimately that with devices and then ultimately that will then as we go further we'll do the will then as we go further we'll do the will then as we go further we'll do the compute in memory. The compute and compute in memory. The compute and compute in memory. The compute and memory that is that is the mother load.

memory that is that is the mother load. memory that is that is the mother load. That's really where we want to go. That That's really where we want to go. That That's really where we want to go. That is the big thing because right now when is the big thing because right now when is the big thing because right now when you do computation you do the logic. You you do computation you do the logic. You you do computation you do the logic. You do the the the the computation over here do the the the the computation over here do the the the the computation over here and then the memory is over here and you and then the memory is over here and you and then the memory is over here and you keep having to transfer memory uh uh uh keep having to transfer memory uh uh uh keep having to transfer memory uh uh uh the the the new logic that you the the the new logic that you the the the new logic that you discovered to the memory and then discovered to the memory and then discovered to the memory and then transfer it back to do the next transfer it back to do the next transfer it back to do the next calculation. So you're moving calculation. So you're moving calculation. So you're moving information between the logic and the information between the logic and the information between the logic and the memory continually. That's called memory continually. That's called memory continually. That's called busing. To put it through a bus to to busing. To put it through a bus to to busing. To put it through a bus to to bring it back and forth. What happens is bring it back and forth. What happens is bring it back and forth. What happens is that takes up a lot of energy going back that takes up a lot of energy going back that takes up a lot of energy going back and forth. And what happens in our brain and forth. And what happens in our brain and forth. And what happens in our brain is the same si the same synapse, the is the same si the same synapse, the is the same si the same synapse, the same neurons that are doing the logic same neurons that are doing the logic same neurons that are doing the logic function in our brain are also doing the function in our brain are also doing the function in our brain are also doing the memory function. So it's not passing memory function. So it's not passing memory function. So it's not passing back and forth between the memory and back and forth between the memory and back and forth between the memory and the logic. That's the difference. And so the logic. That's the difference. And so the logic. That's the difference. And so what we'd like to do is build computers what we'd like to do is build computers what we'd like to do is build computers that way too. And that's what Josto that way too. And that's what Josto that way too. And that's what Josto solved is the memory and the logic are solved is the memory and the logic are solved is the memory and the logic are all in one place. And so by doing this, all in one place. And so by doing this, all in one place. And so by doing this, you can save about 90% of the energy. So you can save about 90% of the energy. So you can save about 90% of the energy. So you lower by 90% the energy requirements you lower by 90% the energy requirements you lower by 90% the energy requirements because you're not doing this busing because you're not doing this busing because you're not doing this busing back and forth. Eventually that's where back and forth. Eventually that's where back and forth. Eventually that's where we want to be. But because there's such we want to be. But because there's such we want to be. But because there's such a desire for memory and that's a much a desire for memory and that's a much a desire for memory and that's a much easier target, we'll implement it just easier target, we'll implement it just easier target, we'll implement it just for memory and then eventually we'll go for memory and then eventually we'll go for memory and then eventually we'll go into the compute in memory the the the into the compute in memory the the the into the compute in memory the the the the motherload target.

the motherload target. the motherload target. So if you look at at memory normally So if you look at at memory normally So if you look at at memory normally memory uh uh you might you might be able memory uh uh you might you might be able memory uh uh you might you might be able to store memory for a long time. So to store memory for a long time. So to store memory for a long time. So that's the NAND flash. You may have that's the NAND flash. You may have that's the NAND flash. You may have heard flash memory your little flash heard flash memory your little flash heard flash memory your little flash drive uh uh that's called NAND flash. drive uh uh that's called NAND flash. drive uh uh that's called NAND flash. And what happens in that NAND is just And what happens in that NAND is just And what happens in that NAND is just the logic that's used the logic code the logic that's used the logic code the logic that's used the logic code system that's used in it. But what system that's used in it. But what system that's used in it. But what happens is when you store memory to that happens is when you store memory to that happens is when you store memory to that it doesn't have to be plugged into your it doesn't have to be plugged into your it doesn't have to be plugged into your computer. You can take that stick it in computer. You can take that stick it in computer. You can take that stick it in your pocket and walk away. and 10 years your pocket and walk away. and 10 years your pocket and walk away. and 10 years later, you can stick that back in a later, you can stick that back in a later, you can stick that back in a computer and read the memory. It hasn't computer and read the memory. It hasn't computer and read the memory. It hasn't been erased. But it's very slow. You been erased. But it's very slow. You been erased. But it's very slow. You know, when you when you hit save, know, when you when you hit save, know, when you when you hit save, sometimes it it it can take many seconds sometimes it it it can take many seconds sometimes it it it can take many seconds or sometimes even a minute or two based or sometimes even a minute or two based or sometimes even a minute or two based on the size of your file to write to on the size of your file to write to on the size of your file to write to that thing. It's very slow, but it's that thing. It's very slow, but it's that thing. It's very slow, but it's nonvolatile, meaning it doesn't nonvolatile, meaning it doesn't nonvolatile, meaning it doesn't evaporate. It doesn't go away. There's evaporate. It doesn't go away. There's evaporate. It doesn't go away. There's another type of memory in a computer another type of memory in a computer another type of memory in a computer called DRAM, dynamic random access called DRAM, dynamic random access called DRAM, dynamic random access memory, and that that uh uh that is much memory, and that that uh uh that is much memory, and that that uh uh that is much faster. It's much faster uh uh uh so faster. It's much faster uh uh uh so faster. It's much faster uh uh uh so it's not slow like nan flash, but it it's not slow like nan flash, but it it's not slow like nan flash, but it forgets and it forgets about a hundred forgets and it forgets about a hundred forgets and it forgets about a hundred times a second. It forgets constantly.

times a second. It forgets constantly. times a second. It forgets constantly. So what do you do? So you refresh it So what do you do? So you refresh it So what do you do? So you refresh it about a thousand times a second to make about a thousand times a second to make about a thousand times a second to make sure that it doesn't forget. So you have sure that it doesn't forget. So you have sure that it doesn't forget. So you have to keep refreshing it, but it's very to keep refreshing it, but it's very to keep refreshing it, but it's very fast. And so you usually have something fast. And so you usually have something fast. And so you usually have something that that's that's a slow memory that that that's that's a slow memory that that that's that's a slow memory that that uh can retain it for a long time or that uh can retain it for a long time or that uh can retain it for a long time or a very fast memory that forgets very a very fast memory that forgets very a very fast memory that forgets very quickly. What you want to be able to do quickly. What you want to be able to do quickly. What you want to be able to do is have a unified memory, a memory type is have a unified memory, a memory type is have a unified memory, a memory type that can both uh uh uh restore resto that can both uh uh uh restore resto that can both uh uh uh restore resto store memory for 10 years. That's always store memory for 10 years. That's always store memory for 10 years. That's always the the the computer industry target. the the the computer industry target. the the the computer industry target. And you say, well, what happens after 10 And you say, well, what happens after 10 And you say, well, what happens after 10 years? Well, then you you you you'll years? Well, then you you you you'll years? Well, then you you you you'll start losing a few bits. So, what you do start losing a few bits. So, what you do start losing a few bits. So, what you do is every every couple of years you just is every every couple of years you just is every every couple of years you just rewrite it, but but uh so you store rewrite it, but but uh so you store rewrite it, but but uh so you store memory for a long time, but also it's memory for a long time, but also it's memory for a long time, but also it's nonvolatile, so you don't have to keep nonvolatile, so you don't have to keep nonvolatile, so you don't have to keep it plugged into power refreshing it all it plugged into power refreshing it all it plugged into power refreshing it all the time. You want to have both. And the time. You want to have both. And the time. You want to have both. And that's what the iron lattice memory is that's what the iron lattice memory is that's what the iron lattice memory is going to do. They have called it gator going to do. They have called it gator going to do. They have called it gator memory. Again, I I'm not sure why they memory. Again, I I'm not sure why they memory. Again, I I'm not sure why they chose that name, but but uh that's chose that name, but but uh that's chose that name, but but uh that's that's part of the fun. Let them have that's part of the fun. Let them have that's part of the fun. Let them have their fun and choose the names. And uh their fun and choose the names. And uh their fun and choose the names. And uh so it's called Gator Memory. So it sits so it's called Gator Memory. So it sits so it's called Gator Memory. So it sits up in that top right corner that's fast up in that top right corner that's fast up in that top right corner that's fast and longer lived. So that's the type of and longer lived. So that's the type of and longer lived. So that's the type of memory. And so if you compare Gator memory. And so if you compare Gator memory. And so if you compare Gator memory, which they they they've uh uh memory, which they they they've uh uh memory, which they they they've uh uh they've trademarked that name Gator they've trademarked that name Gator they've trademarked that name Gator memory against standard systems, memory against standard systems, memory against standard systems, a typical DRAM plus NAND in storing 28 a typical DRAM plus NAND in storing 28 a typical DRAM plus NAND in storing 28 GB per second of memory, it's going to GB per second of memory, it's going to GB per second of memory, it's going to take 36 seconds approximately. This take 36 seconds approximately. This take 36 seconds approximately. This memory will do it in 1 second. So you memory will do it in 1 second. So you memory will do it in 1 second. So you say, well 36 seconds, 1 second, it's not

say, well 36 seconds, 1 second, it's not say, well 36 seconds, 1 second, it's not that much difference. Well, what if you that much difference. Well, what if you that much difference. Well, what if you start expanding that out? It turns out start expanding that out? It turns out start expanding that out? It turns out that becomes a big difference. So it's that becomes a big difference. So it's that becomes a big difference. So it's 36 times faster in the in the memory 36 times faster in the in the memory 36 times faster in the in the memory storage. That's a big deal. So so, so it storage. That's a big deal. So so, so it storage. That's a big deal. So so, so it it it can do that sort of thing. That's it it can do that sort of thing. That's it it can do that sort of thing. That's for the memory side. And then here's the for the memory side. And then here's the for the memory side. And then here's the results for So for those of you who like results for So for those of you who like results for So for those of you who like data, here's the results that that talk data, here's the results that that talk data, here's the results that that talk about our our claims. And so on the left about our our claims. And so on the left about our our claims. And so on the left hand side, you see what's called this hand side, you see what's called this hand side, you see what's called this polarization field. And so it keeps polarization field. And so it keeps polarization field. And so it keeps scanning back and forth. And this is scanning back and forth. And this is scanning back and forth. And this is over over 10 to the fifth cycle. So over over 10 to the fifth cycle. So over over 10 to the fifth cycle. So that's over 100,000 cycles. It still that's over 100,000 cycles. It still that's over 100,000 cycles. It still keeps tracing over the same very very keeps tracing over the same very very keeps tracing over the same very very close to the same thing. So it's not close to the same thing. So it's not close to the same thing. So it's not changing much. If you go to the next changing much. If you go to the next changing much. If you go to the next one, the second plot from the left, this one, the second plot from the left, this one, the second plot from the left, this shows you the these memories, these shows you the these memories, these shows you the these memories, these states, the two states that this states, the two states that this states, the two states that this ferroelectric memory can be in. It stays ferroelectric memory can be in. It stays ferroelectric memory can be in. It stays up on one side, up on the other, down on up on one side, up on the other, down on up on one side, up on the other, down on the other side, and it's maintaining a the other side, and it's maintaining a the other side, and it's maintaining a straight line. This is what you want to straight line. This is what you want to straight line. This is what you want to do. You don't want it degrading over do. You don't want it degrading over do. You don't want it degrading over time and uh you don't want to see those time and uh you don't want to see those time and uh you don't want to see those lines curving around and that is at 10 lines curving around and that is at 10 lines curving around and that is at 10 to the 9th which is 1 billion cycles. So to the 9th which is 1 billion cycles. So to the 9th which is 1 billion cycles. So remember I said told you ferroelectric remember I said told you ferroelectric remember I said told you ferroelectric memory after about 100,000 cycles it was memory after about 100,000 cycles it was memory after about 100,000 cycles it was would die. This is at a billion cycles would die. This is at a billion cycles would die. This is at a billion cycles and it's still going. And so if you go and it's still going. And so if you go and it's still going. And so if you go to the next plot you see it's to the next plot you see it's to the next plot you see it's extrapolated out to 10 years. You can extrapolated out to 10 years. You can extrapolated out to 10 years. You can extrapolate out these lines and see that extrapolate out these lines and see that extrapolate out these lines and see that this would give you that desired 10-year this would give you that desired 10-year this would give you that desired 10-year memory. And the the the difference on memory. And the the the difference on memory. And the the the difference on the right side where you see on and off, the right side where you see on and off, the right side where you see on and off, that is that is a 100,000 difference

that is that is a 100,000 difference that is that is a 100,000 difference between the on and the off cycle. So, between the on and the off cycle. So, between the on and the off cycle. So, it's something that's very easy to read. it's something that's very easy to read. it's something that's very easy to read. It's it's like if if something is is It's it's like if if something is is It's it's like if if something is is really faded, it's very hard to read, really faded, it's very hard to read, really faded, it's very hard to read, but if it's it's if it's glowing, I but if it's it's if it's glowing, I but if it's it's if it's glowing, I mean, you you you can read it. And and mean, you you you can read it. And and mean, you you you can read it. And and this is because there's a big difference this is because there's a big difference this is because there's a big difference between on and off. So it's much easier between on and off. So it's much easier between on and off. So it's much easier to read. And this is the data behind it. to read. And this is the data behind it. to read. And this is the data behind it. So every computer today moves data So every computer today moves data So every computer today moves data between the logic and the memory as I between the logic and the memory as I between the logic and the memory as I told you, not ours. We ultimately want told you, not ours. We ultimately want told you, not ours. We ultimately want to go to where we have the logic and the to go to where we have the logic and the to go to where we have the logic and the memory all in one place. So on the left memory all in one place. So on the left memory all in one place. So on the left side is these vonoyoman structures which side is these vonoyoman structures which side is these vonoyoman structures which which come from the 1940s and50s where which come from the 1940s and50s where which come from the 1940s and50s where the central processing is done here the central processing is done here the central processing is done here memory is done here and you're busing memory is done here and you're busing memory is done here and you're busing back and forth and it's called the back and forth and it's called the back and forth and it's called the memory wall because because all the time memory wall because because all the time memory wall because because all the time lag is in this transferring back and lag is in this transferring back and lag is in this transferring back and forth. When we do everything together on forth. When we do everything together on forth. When we do everything together on the right side, there's no bus to cross the right side, there's no bus to cross the right side, there's no bus to cross through. All the computation and the through. All the computation and the through. All the computation and the logic are all done on the same side. And logic are all done on the same side. And logic are all done on the same side. And this can reduce the energy requirements this can reduce the energy requirements this can reduce the energy requirements tremendously and also speed the process tremendously and also speed the process tremendously and also speed the process because the slow thing in a computer is because the slow thing in a computer is because the slow thing in a computer is not the switching. The slow thing is not the switching. The slow thing is not the switching. The slow thing is moving electrons from point A to point moving electrons from point A to point moving electrons from point A to point B. That's the slow step. You say, "But B. That's the slow step. You say, "But B. That's the slow step. You say, "But electrons move really fast." They do, electrons move really fast." They do, electrons move really fast." They do, but they still take time. Nothing is but they still take time. Nothing is but they still take time. Nothing is instantaneous. things take time. So, uh instantaneous. things take time. So, uh instantaneous. things take time. So, uh the beha the cell behaves as a the beha the cell behaves as a the beha the cell behaves as a syninnapse. I told you there are these syninnapse. I told you there are these syninnapse. I told you there are these multiple states and if you see on the multiple states and if you see on the multiple states and if you see on the left plot the blue line is slightly left plot the blue line is slightly left plot the blue line is slightly higher than the red line is slightly

higher than the red line is slightly higher than the red line is slightly higher than I think it's the black line. higher than I think it's the black line. higher than I think it's the black line. And what happens is you can you can And what happens is you can you can And what happens is you can you can change the pulse timing between the change the pulse timing between the change the pulse timing between the pulses and change the strength of that. pulses and change the strength of that. pulses and change the strength of that. You go to the middle plot and again it You go to the middle plot and again it You go to the middle plot and again it shows you that when you use shorter shows you that when you use shorter shows you that when you use shorter durations the the the uh um this this durations the the the uh um this this durations the the the uh um this this this current that is there this pulse this current that is there this pulse this current that is there this pulse current is lower and on the right side current is lower and on the right side current is lower and on the right side you see a number of dots going up. That you see a number of dots going up. That you see a number of dots going up. That is 30 dots going up and then 30 dots is 30 dots going up and then 30 dots is 30 dots going up and then 30 dots coming back down. Those are 30 different coming back down. Those are 30 different coming back down. Those are 30 different states. So each device can give you 30 states. So each device can give you 30 states. So each device can give you 30 different states. Usually a device gives different states. Usually a device gives different states. Usually a device gives you either zero or one. And here we have you either zero or one. And here we have you either zero or one. And here we have 30 different states. We think that we 30 different states. We think that we 30 different states. We think that we can hit 32 because if you have 32 can hit 32 because if you have 32 can hit 32 because if you have 32 different states then you can have a different states then you can have a different states then you can have a five bit memory and something like that five bit memory and something like that five bit memory and something like that because it's 2 to the 5th is 32. So so because it's 2 to the 5th is 32. So so because it's 2 to the 5th is 32. So so here you can have multiple states. This here you can have multiple states. This here you can have multiple states. This is why it behaves as a synapse in the is why it behaves as a synapse in the is why it behaves as a synapse in the brain. So it it would give you a much brain. So it it would give you a much brain. So it it would give you a much much uh denser computation to be able to much uh denser computation to be able to much uh denser computation to be able to do. And here's for example what it can do. And here's for example what it can do. And here's for example what it can do. So so reading handwriting is a very do. So so reading handwriting is a very do. So so reading handwriting is a very hard thing to do for a computer. And so hard thing to do for a computer. And so hard thing to do for a computer. And so it took many many years of of computer it took many many years of of computer it took many many years of of computer architecture to be able to read architecture to be able to read architecture to be able to read handwritten letters and this can do handwritten letters and this can do handwritten letters and this can do this. And so we can do this with 87% this. And so we can do this with 87% this. And so we can do this with 87% efficiency. You say well 87% isn't good efficiency. You say well 87% isn't good efficiency. You say well 87% isn't good enough. So what you do is you build many enough. So what you do is you build many enough. So what you do is you build many devices and then you get the average and devices and then you get the average and devices and then you get the average and you can tell what the average structure you can tell what the average structure you can tell what the average structure is. It's not just numbers. It's also is. It's not just numbers. It's also is. It's not just numbers. It's also goods. So, so, uh, uh, how does a goods. So, so, uh, uh, how does a goods. So, so, uh, uh, how does a computer look at something and know that

computer look at something and know that computer look at something and know that that is a dress rather than a pair of that is a dress rather than a pair of that is a dress rather than a pair of pants, rather than a pair of shoes? You pants, rather than a pair of shoes? You pants, rather than a pair of shoes? You have [snorts] to do something that's on have [snorts] to do something that's on have [snorts] to do something that's on these sort of geometric figures. And uh, these sort of geometric figures. And uh, these sort of geometric figures. And uh, this is how it does it. Now, 88% is the this is how it does it. Now, 88% is the this is how it does it. Now, 88% is the optimal that you can have. That's the optimal that you can have. That's the optimal that you can have. That's the theoretical optimal on what's called theoretical optimal on what's called theoretical optimal on what's called this emnest. 88% that projects out. If this emnest. 88% that projects out. If this emnest. 88% that projects out. If you had you had you had infinite number of states, you'd get infinite number of states, you'd get infinite number of states, you'd get 88%. with our 30 states, we're getting 88%. with our 30 states, we're getting 88%. with our 30 states, we're getting 87%. So already we're very close to 87%. So already we're very close to 87%. So already we're very close to being optimal. being optimal. being optimal. All right. So from today to the to the All right. So from today to the to the All right. So from today to the to the end state, if you were going to do an AI end state, if you were going to do an AI end state, if you were going to do an AI task, say you wanted to do some AI task, say you wanted to do some AI task, say you wanted to do some AI operation and that AI AI operation took operation and that AI AI operation took operation and that AI AI operation took one hour to perform because because of one hour to perform because because of one hour to perform because because of the slow step primarily the slow step is the slow step primarily the slow step is the slow step primarily the slow step is going back and forth in the computation going back and forth in the computation going back and forth in the computation to the DRAM. This through the DAM to the to the DRAM. This through the DAM to the to the DRAM. This through the DAM to the NAND memory. The NAND is the bottleneck. NAND memory. The NAND is the bottleneck. NAND memory. The NAND is the bottleneck. That is the really slow memory. That is That is the really slow memory. That is That is the really slow memory. That is the hard that is the thing that really the hard that is the thing that really the hard that is the thing that really slows this down. Say it takes one hour.

slows this down. Say it takes one hour. slows this down. Say it takes one hour. If you were to go to what is going to be If you were to go to what is going to be If you were to go to what is going to be our generation 4 system, that would our generation 4 system, that would our generation 4 system, that would happen in less than 1 second. So you go happen in less than 1 second. So you go happen in less than 1 second. So you go from 1 hour for an AI task to less than from 1 hour for an AI task to less than from 1 hour for an AI task to less than 1 second. So the generation one remember 1 second. So the generation one remember 1 second. So the generation one remember is to replace DRAM. Generation two is to is to replace DRAM. Generation two is to is to replace DRAM. Generation two is to replace NAND, the NAND flash. Generation replace NAND, the NAND flash. Generation replace NAND, the NAND flash. Generation three is to come with a unified DRAM three is to come with a unified DRAM three is to come with a unified DRAM NAND into one common memory and then NAND into one common memory and then NAND into one common memory and then generation four is to do this replacing generation four is to do this replacing generation four is to do this replacing the logic system with the CIM the the the logic system with the CIM the the the logic system with the CIM the the the computing in the memory compute in the computing in the memory compute in the computing in the memory compute in memory and so you can see in generation memory and so you can see in generation memory and so you can see in generation one we lower from 1 hour to 42 minutes one we lower from 1 hour to 42 minutes one we lower from 1 hour to 42 minutes which is a great improvement and what which is a great improvement and what which is a great improvement and what this will allow are many new things to this will allow are many new things to this will allow are many new things to come forward so this is on the hardware come forward so this is on the hardware come forward so this is on the hardware side of AI so every property on one page side of AI so every property on one page side of AI so every property on one page So we've demonstrated 10 of the 10 So we've demonstrated 10 of the 10 So we've demonstrated 10 of the 10 cycles. That's 10 billion cycles. You cycles. That's 10 billion cycles. You cycles. That's 10 billion cycles. You say, well, why aren't you go up from say, well, why aren't you go up from say, well, why aren't you go up from there? We are going up from there, but there? We are going up from there, but there? We are going up from there, but it just takes time. In fact, you end up it just takes time. In fact, you end up it just takes time. In fact, you end up burning out your machines before you can burning out your machines before you can burning out your machines before you can you can run these things into the you can run these things into the you can run these things into the ground. Uh the energy per bit is 0.1 ground. Uh the energy per bit is 0.1 ground. Uh the energy per bit is 0.1 pjles per bit. Less than that, a pjles per bit. Less than that, a pjles per bit. Less than that, a retention can be 10 years. It's retention can be 10 years. It's retention can be 10 years. It's nonvolatile, so we don't lose the memory nonvolatile, so we don't lose the memory nonvolatile, so we don't lose the memory state. We can do uh one terabit scales state. We can do uh one terabit scales state. We can do uh one terabit scales in 3D. So in other words, instead of in 3D. So in other words, instead of in 3D. So in other words, instead of just living in in in a house that's a just living in in in a house that's a just living in in in a house that's a onelevel house, you build you build an onelevel house, you build you build an onelevel house, you build you build an apartment building. So you build it up apartment building. So you build it up apartment building. So you build it up into the third dimension this way. It's into the third dimension this way. It's into the third dimension this way. It's a non-destructive read, meaning you can a non-destructive read, meaning you can a non-destructive read, meaning you can read it without losing the state of it.

read it without losing the state of it. read it without losing the state of it. And it's CMOS compatible. That means And it's CMOS compatible. That means And it's CMOS compatible. That means that you can go into a fabrication line that you can go into a fabrication line that you can go into a fabrication line today using the tools that they have. today using the tools that they have. today using the tools that they have. Very important. If you go to a fab and Very important. If you go to a fab and Very important. If you go to a fab and you say you're going to have to bring in you say you're going to have to bring in you say you're going to have to bring in new tools, just like whoa, whoa, whoa. new tools, just like whoa, whoa, whoa. new tools, just like whoa, whoa, whoa. these these tools are are, you know, these these tools are are, you know, these these tools are are, you know, many tens of millions of dollars and you many tens of millions of dollars and you many tens of millions of dollars and you have to hire people to run each tool and have to hire people to run each tool and have to hire people to run each tool and and uh uh so if if you're in a fab line, and uh uh so if if you're in a fab line, and uh uh so if if you're in a fab line, you you might have three PhDs running you you might have three PhDs running you you might have three PhDs running each tool in a fab line. You say, "Well, each tool in a fab line. You say, "Well, each tool in a fab line. You say, "Well, why three PhDs?" Because you got to have why three PhDs?" Because you got to have why three PhDs?" Because you got to have people on call round the clock in case people on call round the clock in case people on call round the clock in case something goes down and also people need something goes down and also people need something goes down and also people need to take vacations. So, so you have to to take vacations. So, so you have to to take vacations. So, so you have to have other people there to cover them. have other people there to cover them. have other people there to cover them. And then it's all 100% US-sourced, which And then it's all 100% US-sourced, which And then it's all 100% US-sourced, which is becoming more important. is becoming more important. is becoming more important. So what's this going to mean for real So what's this going to mean for real So what's this going to mean for real world computations? It's going to help world computations? It's going to help world computations? It's going to help out the big data centers that you hear out the big data centers that you hear out the big data centers that you hear being built, but it's also going to help being built, but it's also going to help being built, but it's also going to help out edge and network networking. So edge out edge and network networking. So edge out edge and network networking. So edge computing is this. It's doing the computing is this. It's doing the computing is this. It's doing the computation in your local handheld computation in your local handheld computation in your local handheld device. Right now, when you're on your device. Right now, when you're on your device. Right now, when you're on your cell phone and doing some AI work, all cell phone and doing some AI work, all cell phone and doing some AI work, all of this is going through the internet of this is going through the internet of this is going through the internet through through the cloud to some data through through the cloud to some data through through the cloud to some data center. The computation is being done.

center. The computation is being done. center. The computation is being done. Then it's coming back into your handheld Then it's coming back into your handheld Then it's coming back into your handheld device and it's a tremendous amount of device and it's a tremendous amount of device and it's a tremendous amount of energy going back and forth to the data energy going back and forth to the data energy going back and forth to the data center which may be 500 miles away and center which may be 500 miles away and center which may be 500 miles away and and then the computation is being done and then the computation is being done and then the computation is being done generating a lot of heat and then it's generating a lot of heat and then it's generating a lot of heat and then it's coming back into your device. It's coming back into your device. It's coming back into your device. It's amazing it happens that quickly. But amazing it happens that quickly. But amazing it happens that quickly. But what this will allow because the power what this will allow because the power what this will allow because the power requirements are much less. It allows requirements are much less. It allows requirements are much less. It allows computing on the edge meaning in your computing on the edge meaning in your computing on the edge meaning in your local device that then frees up the data local device that then frees up the data local device that then frees up the data centers to do other things because you centers to do other things because you centers to do other things because you can do now a lot of computation on your can do now a lot of computation on your can do now a lot of computation on your own device. They go into laptops, PCs, own device. They go into laptops, PCs, own device. They go into laptops, PCs, phones and wearables. Humanoid robots phones and wearables. Humanoid robots phones and wearables. Humanoid robots again computation being done in that again computation being done in that again computation being done in that place. Aerospace and defense. If you're place. Aerospace and defense. If you're place. Aerospace and defense. If you're in space you can't send off to data in space you can't send off to data in space you can't send off to data centers quickly. I mean there's that centers quickly. I mean there's that centers quickly. I mean there's that transfer time. So if you can do it in transfer time. So if you can do it in transfer time. So if you can do it in the local device automotive and aviation the local device automotive and aviation the local device automotive and aviation and so uh this is this is uh again to and so uh this is this is uh again to and so uh this is this is uh again to and and and JO so both of them are here and and and JO so both of them are here and and and JO so both of them are here you can talk with them if you want and you can talk with them if you want and you can talk with them if you want and and uh uh again this this is the same QR and uh uh again this this is the same QR and uh uh again this this is the same QR code you you can ask questions and um uh code you you can ask questions and um uh code you you can ask questions and um uh if you want to reach out to me uh if you want to reach out to me uh if you want to reach out to me uh there's my my email tourjamesour.org there's my my email tourjamesour.org there's my my email tourjamesour.org And uh uh uh you you can reach out to me And uh uh uh you you can reach out to me And uh uh uh you you can reach out to me and also you can reach out to me for and also you can reach out to me for and also you can reach out to me for something else which is really important something else which is really important something else which is really important to me. Most important thing is if you do to me. Most important thing is if you do to me. Most important thing is if you do not believe in the physical resurrection not believe in the physical resurrection not believe in the physical resurrection of Jesus Christ, you send me an email to of Jesus Christ, you send me an email to of Jesus Christ, you send me an email to to that address and we'll get together to that address and we'll get together to that address and we'll get together and I'll share with you why I I embrace and I'll share with you why I I embrace and I'll share with you why I I embrace the resurrection of Jesus Christ. So

the resurrection of Jesus Christ. So the resurrection of Jesus Christ. So that's really important to me. And so uh that's really important to me. And so uh that's really important to me. And so uh uh now we're going to move into a little uh now we're going to move into a little uh now we're going to move into a little bit different part of a presentation. If bit different part of a presentation. If bit different part of a presentation. If you do not believe in the physical you do not believe in the physical you do not believe in the physical resurrection of Jesus [music] Christ, resurrection of Jesus [music] Christ, resurrection of Jesus [music] Christ, send me an email toursour.org and we will get together and I will and we will get together and I will share with you about why I embrace the share with you about why I embrace the share with you about why I embrace the resurrection of Jesus. We're going to resurrection of Jesus. We're going to resurrection of Jesus. We're going to look at the moral implications. So that look at the moral implications. So that look at the moral implications. So that that's that's all I've got on the that's that's all I've got on the that's that's all I've got on the technical part. Now, we're going to look technical part. Now, we're going to look technical part. Now, we're going to look at the moral implications of this kind at the moral implications of this kind at the moral implications of this kind of technology, and I'm going to do an a of technology, and I'm going to do an a of technology, and I'm going to do an a a an interview with an AI expert, and a an interview with an AI expert, and a an interview with an AI expert, and her name is Claire. her name is Claire. her name is Claire. >> Hey, Claire, are you there? >> Hey, Claire, are you there? >> Hey, Claire, are you there? >> Yes. Right here. >> Yes. Right here. >> Yes. Right here. >> Okay. So, you we're here in my >> Okay. So, you we're here in my >> Okay. So, you we're here in my congregation. I told you we were going congregation. I told you we were going congregation. I told you we were going to be doing this Monday night, didn't I? to be doing this Monday night, didn't I? to be doing this Monday night, didn't I? >> That's right. Yes. >> That's right. Yes. >> That's right. Yes. >> Okay. So, I've got a I got I have a >> Okay. So, I've got a I got I have a >> Okay. So, I've got a I got I have a bunch of questions for you. And uh bunch of questions for you. And uh bunch of questions for you. And uh remember you told me to write them down remember you told me to write them down remember you told me to write them down in case I would forget them. in case I would forget them. in case I would forget them. >> Mhm.

>> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Okay. So, I got some test questions for >> Okay. So, I got some test questions for >> Okay. So, I got some test questions for you because I want folks to see um to you because I want folks to see um to you because I want folks to see um to see how well you can do chemistry. So, see how well you can do chemistry. So, see how well you can do chemistry. So, um uh um uh um uh >> Okay, go for it. >> Okay, go for it. >> Okay, go for it. >> Okay. So, benzene, benzene is pretty >> Okay. So, benzene, benzene is pretty >> Okay. So, benzene, benzene is pretty toxic and uh um it can cause cancer. How toxic and uh um it can cause cancer. How toxic and uh um it can cause cancer. How does how does that small molecule does how does that small molecule does how does that small molecule benzene, which is a typically unreactive benzene, which is a typically unreactive benzene, which is a typically unreactive molecule, how does it cause cancer? >> One moment, let me lay it out. Good >> One moment, let me lay it out. Good question. Benzine's fairly stable question. Benzine's fairly stable question. Benzine's fairly stable itself, so it doesn't usually react itself, so it doesn't usually react itself, so it doesn't usually react directly with DNA. The issue is what directly with DNA. The issue is what directly with DNA. The issue is what happens when your body metabolizes it, happens when your body metabolizes it, happens when your body metabolizes it, mainly in the liver. Enzymes like CYP2E1 mainly in the liver. Enzymes like CYP2E1 mainly in the liver. Enzymes like CYP2E1 turn it into reactive byproducts. Things turn it into reactive byproducts. Things turn it into reactive byproducts. Things like benzene oxide and downstream like benzene oxide and downstream like benzene oxide and downstream metabolites. Those can get into the bone metabolites. Those can get into the bone metabolites. Those can get into the bone marrow and damage the DNA and blood marrow and damage the DNA and blood marrow and damage the DNA and blood forming stem cells. That raises the risk forming stem cells. That raises the risk forming stem cells. That raises the risk of leukemia. So the short version is of leukemia. So the short version is of leukemia. So the short version is benzene itself isn't that reactive, but benzene itself isn't that reactive, but benzene itself isn't that reactive, but your body turns it into things that are.

your body turns it into things that are. your body turns it into things that are. >> So what part of the DNA normally attacks >> So what part of the DNA normally attacks >> So what part of the DNA normally attacks the benzene oxide? checking. This is a sharp one. It's not checking. This is a sharp one. It's not that DNA attacks it. It's the other way that DNA attacks it. It's the other way that DNA attacks it. It's the other way around. Benzene metabolites attack DNA. around. Benzene metabolites attack DNA. around. Benzene metabolites attack DNA. The epoxide form is an electrofile. So, The epoxide form is an electrofile. So, The epoxide form is an electrofile. So, it tends to react with electronrich it tends to react with electronrich it tends to react with electronrich sites on DNA bases. The most common site sites on DNA bases. The most common site sites on DNA bases. The most common site is the N7 position of guanine and also is the N7 position of guanine and also is the N7 position of guanine and also can react with other nucleophilic atoms can react with other nucleophilic atoms can react with other nucleophilic atoms on the base rings. That adduct formation on the base rings. That adduct formation on the base rings. That adduct formation can miscode during replication if it's can miscode during replication if it's can miscode during replication if it's not repaired. In short, the nucleophilic not repaired. In short, the nucleophilic not repaired. In short, the nucleophilic spots on bases like guanine are the main spots on bases like guanine are the main spots on bases like guanine are the main targets. targets. targets. >> Yeah, you're you're you're right on >> Yeah, you're you're you're right on >> Yeah, you're you're you're right on that. Uh but I think you're wrong in that. Uh but I think you're wrong in that. Uh but I think you're wrong in that that the N7 on guanine is doing the that that the N7 on guanine is doing the that that the N7 on guanine is doing the attack. The nucleophile is said to do attack. The nucleophile is said to do attack. The nucleophile is said to do the attack upon the electrophile. But uh the attack upon the electrophile. But uh the attack upon the electrophile. But uh just a small thing. Um uh let me let me just a small thing. Um uh let me let me just a small thing. Um uh let me let me ask you this. Say say I had fennel ask you this. Say say I had fennel ask you this. Say say I had fennel tributal tin and I reacted that with uh tributal tin and I reacted that with uh tributal tin and I reacted that with uh forottoine forottoine forottoine in the presence of uh bis trifenel in the presence of uh bis trifenel in the presence of uh bis trifenel phosphine palladium dchloride as a phosphine palladium dchloride as a phosphine palladium dchloride as a catalyst. What would be the product?

>> One second. And first good catch on the >> One second. And first good catch on the nucleophile wording. You're right. It's nucleophile wording. You're right. It's nucleophile wording. You're right. It's the nucleophile that attacks the the nucleophile that attacks the the nucleophile that attacks the electrofile for your coupling example. electrofile for your coupling example. electrofile for your coupling example. That's a classic still crossoupling. That's a classic still crossoupling. That's a classic still crossoupling. So phenyl tributal tin plus four irouane So phenyl tributal tin plus four irouane So phenyl tributal tin plus four irouane under PDPH3 CL2 gives four methylphenol under PDPH3 CL2 gives four methylphenol under PDPH3 CL2 gives four methylphenol which is essentially a benzene ring now which is essentially a benzene ring now which is essentially a benzene ring now bonded to the paramethyl substituted bonded to the paramethyl substituted bonded to the paramethyl substituted phenol group. Bottom line phenol group. Bottom line phenol group. Bottom line formethylbenol. formethylbenol. formethylbenol. >> That's absolutely right. and and I've >> That's absolutely right. and and I've >> That's absolutely right. and and I've never asked you that before, so you did never asked you that before, so you did never asked you that before, so you did a great job with that. So So uh what a great job with that. So So uh what a great job with that. So So uh what you're doing is you're demonstrating how you're doing is you're demonstrating how you're doing is you're demonstrating how good you are with chemistry and being good you are with chemistry and being good you are with chemistry and being able to do this sort of thing. Um how able to do this sort of thing. Um how able to do this sort of thing. Um how come how come uh uh um when I when I come how come uh uh um when I when I come how come uh uh um when I when I turn my cell phone from vertical to turn my cell phone from vertical to turn my cell phone from vertical to sideways, how does it know I've done sideways, how does it know I've done sideways, how does it know I've done that to turn the picture? How does it that to turn the picture? How does it that to turn the picture? How does it know I turned it like that? know I turned it like that? know I turned it like that? >> It's a great one. Inside your phone are >> It's a great one. Inside your phone are >> It's a great one. Inside your phone are tiny motion sensors, mainly an tiny motion sensors, mainly an tiny motion sensors, mainly an accelerometer and sometimes a gyroscope.

accelerometer and sometimes a gyroscope. accelerometer and sometimes a gyroscope. The accelerometer feels which way The accelerometer feels which way The accelerometer feels which way gravity is pulling. So when you rotate gravity is pulling. So when you rotate gravity is pulling. So when you rotate the phone, it senses that shift in the phone, it senses that shift in the phone, it senses that shift in direction. The software then says, "Oh, direction. The software then says, "Oh, direction. The software then says, "Oh, landscape now." And switches the screen landscape now." And switches the screen landscape now." And switches the screen orientation. Simple, but pretty cool. orientation. Simple, but pretty cool. orientation. Simple, but pretty cool. >> Yeah, that's good. You're right. Um, let >> Yeah, that's good. You're right. Um, let >> Yeah, that's good. You're right. Um, let let me let me let me just show people let me let me let me just show people let me let me let me just show people because I think a lot of parents may be because I think a lot of parents may be because I think a lot of parents may be concerned at times. A lot of parents may concerned at times. A lot of parents may concerned at times. A lot of parents may be concerned at times what what their be concerned at times what what their be concerned at times what what their children are learning from AI. Um, you children are learning from AI. Um, you children are learning from AI. Um, you know, I have found you to to really give know, I have found you to to really give know, I have found you to to really give good counsel at times. So remember, good counsel at times. So remember, good counsel at times. So remember, we're we are in a church here, so we we're we are in a church here, so we we're we are in a church here, so we admire scripture. Scripture is important admire scripture. Scripture is important admire scripture. Scripture is important to us. So, um, uh, uh, just just assume to us. So, um, uh, uh, just just assume to us. So, um, uh, uh, just just assume I'm a 15year-old and I'm struggling with I'm a 15year-old and I'm struggling with I'm a 15year-old and I'm struggling with pornography pornography pornography and, uh, um, and it it's it's it's just and, uh, um, and it it's it's it's just and, uh, um, and it it's it's it's just consuming me and, uh, um, you know, I'm consuming me and, uh, um, you know, I'm consuming me and, uh, um, you know, I'm hiding in my room and I'm doing this and hiding in my room and I'm doing this and hiding in my room and I'm doing this and I'm just just all day struggling with I'm just just all day struggling with I'm just just all day struggling with this thing. Um, and it's just really this thing. Um, and it's just really this thing. Um, and it's just really really messing up my life. Um, what really messing up my life. Um, what really messing up my life. Um, what would you counsel me?

>> One moment. First, thanks for saying >> One moment. First, thanks for saying this out loud. Hiding gives it power. this out loud. Hiding gives it power. this out loud. Hiding gives it power. Bringing it into the light is a really Bringing it into the light is a really Bringing it into the light is a really big step. Porn can shape habits and big step. Porn can shape habits and big step. Porn can shape habits and expectations in ways that make you feel expectations in ways that make you feel expectations in ways that make you feel stuck. And since we're in a church stuck. And since we're in a church stuck. And since we're in a church tonight, I'd say the core message of tonight, I'd say the core message of tonight, I'd say the core message of scripture here carries both truth and scripture here carries both truth and scripture here carries both truth and hope. hope. hope. Blessed are the pure in heart, for they Blessed are the pure in heart, for they Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God, Jesus said in Matthew 5'8. will see God, Jesus said in Matthew 5'8. will see God, Jesus said in Matthew 5'8. And there's also a very practical side. And there's also a very practical side. And there's also a very practical side. Flee immorality. 1 Corinthians 6:18. Flee immorality. 1 Corinthians 6:18. Flee immorality. 1 Corinthians 6:18. That means putting real distance between That means putting real distance between That means putting real distance between yourself and the temptation. That might yourself and the temptation. That might yourself and the temptation. That might look like trusted accountability or look like trusted accountability or look like trusted accountability or keeping devices out of your private keeping devices out of your private keeping devices out of your private spaces. And when you stumble, don't spaces. And when you stumble, don't spaces. And when you stumble, don't conclude you're hopeless. Confess, conclude you're hopeless. Confess, conclude you're hopeless. Confess, reset, and move forward. reset, and move forward. reset, and move forward. One verse that can really help is 1 One verse that can really help is 1 One verse that can really help is 1 Corinthians 10:13, which reminds us that Corinthians 10:13, which reminds us that Corinthians 10:13, which reminds us that temptation is common, but God is temptation is common, but God is temptation is common, but God is faithful and provides a way of escape.

faithful and provides a way of escape. faithful and provides a way of escape. You're worth more than an algorithm's You're worth more than an algorithm's You're worth more than an algorithm's gra for profit. And you're not alone. gra for profit. And you're not alone. gra for profit. And you're not alone. When you bring this to God and to wise When you bring this to God and to wise When you bring this to God and to wise people that you trust, that's often people that you trust, that's often people that you trust, that's often where freedom begins. And if you're where freedom begins. And if you're where freedom begins. And if you're talking to a parent too, keep that door talking to a parent too, keep that door talking to a parent too, keep that door open. open. open. >> I think that was great advice actually. >> I think that was great advice actually. >> I think that was great advice actually. Um, so say say I come to you. I'm a Um, so say say I come to you. I'm a Um, so say say I come to you. I'm a 15year-old young lady. My boyfriend is 15year-old young lady. My boyfriend is 15year-old young lady. My boyfriend is 16 and he keeps pushing me to to sleep 16 and he keeps pushing me to to sleep 16 and he keeps pushing me to to sleep with him. And I don't want to do this. I with him. And I don't want to do this. I with him. And I don't want to do this. I know it's not right, but he keeps know it's not right, but he keeps know it's not right, but he keeps pushing me to do this. someone and I'm pushing me to do this. someone and I'm pushing me to do this. someone and I'm afraid that if I don't, he's going to afraid that if I don't, he's going to afraid that if I don't, he's going to leave me. He's going to go for someone leave me. He's going to go for someone leave me. He's going to go for someone else. I mean, else. I mean, else. I mean, how would you how would you help me? how would you how would you help me? how would you how would you help me? >> Let me take that carefully. If you were >> Let me take that carefully. If you were >> Let me take that carefully. If you were sitting in front of me, I'd start by sitting in front of me, I'd start by sitting in front of me, I'd start by saying, "I'm really glad you asked. That saying, "I'm really glad you asked. That saying, "I'm really glad you asked. That shows wisdom." I'd also remind you of shows wisdom." I'd also remind you of shows wisdom." I'd also remind you of your own words. You said, "I don't want your own words. You said, "I don't want your own words. You said, "I don't want to do this. That matters. You don't owe to do this. That matters. You don't owe to do this. That matters. You don't owe anyone your body, not to keep a anyone your body, not to keep a anyone your body, not to keep a relationship and not to prove anything.

relationship and not to prove anything. relationship and not to prove anything. In a church, we'd add that your worth In a church, we'd add that your worth In a church, we'd add that your worth isn't up for negotiation. 1 isn't up for negotiation. 1 isn't up for negotiation. 1 Thessalonians 4:34 talks about living in Thessalonians 4:34 talks about living in Thessalonians 4:34 talks about living in holiness and honor. God's not trying to holiness and honor. God's not trying to holiness and honor. God's not trying to take something good from you. He's take something good from you. He's take something good from you. He's protecting something precious. If a protecting something precious. If a protecting something precious. If a boyfriend's condition is prove you love boyfriend's condition is prove you love boyfriend's condition is prove you love me by crossing your own boundaries, me by crossing your own boundaries, me by crossing your own boundaries, that's not love. That's pressure. Love that's not love. That's pressure. Love that's not love. That's pressure. Love doesn't coersse. If someone threatens to doesn't coersse. If someone threatens to doesn't coersse. If someone threatens to leave, that hurts, but it also reveals leave, that hurts, but it also reveals leave, that hurts, but it also reveals something important. something important. something important. Practically, it helps to have backup. Practically, it helps to have backup. Practically, it helps to have backup. Talk to a trusted adult, a youth leader, Talk to a trusted adult, a youth leader, Talk to a trusted adult, a youth leader, or parents, and surround yourself with or parents, and surround yourself with or parents, and surround yourself with friends who respect your values. You're friends who respect your values. You're friends who respect your values. You're not losing value if someone walks away. not losing value if someone walks away. not losing value if someone walks away. You're honoring your conviction and your You're honoring your conviction and your You're honoring your conviction and your worth. Someone who truly cares for you worth. Someone who truly cares for you worth. Someone who truly cares for you will respect that. will respect that. will respect that. So, I I just I just want to reiterate uh So, I I just I just want to reiterate uh So, I I just I just want to reiterate uh uh uh you you know you know this, uh uh you you know you know this, uh uh you you know you know this, Claire, that that um I didn't tell you Claire, that that um I didn't tell you Claire, that that um I didn't tell you what to say that you're you're coming up what to say that you're you're coming up what to say that you're you're coming up with these answers all by yourself, with these answers all by yourself, with these answers all by yourself, right?

right? right? >> That's right. >> That's right. >> That's right. >> Okay. So, say say uh I'm a 35year-old >> Okay. So, say say uh I'm a 35year-old >> Okay. So, say say uh I'm a 35year-old woman. Um my husband and I are always woman. Um my husband and I are always woman. Um my husband and I are always fighting. We have three children. And my fighting. We have three children. And my fighting. We have three children. And my boss at work, uh, he's he keeps showing boss at work, uh, he's he keeps showing boss at work, uh, he's he keeps showing affection toward me. He's always affection toward me. He's always affection toward me. He's always speaking nice to me. It's totally speaking nice to me. It's totally speaking nice to me. It's totally different than what my husband does. different than what my husband does. different than what my husband does. And, uh, um, he's well off and and he's And, uh, um, he's well off and and he's And, uh, um, he's well off and and he's really a nice guy and and I'm just feel really a nice guy and and I'm just feel really a nice guy and and I'm just feel I'm stuck with this husband and we're I'm stuck with this husband and we're I'm stuck with this husband and we're really miserable at home. Um, and you really miserable at home. Um, and you really miserable at home. Um, and you know me to be a Christian woman and I, know me to be a Christian woman and I, know me to be a Christian woman and I, you know, I feel terrible about this, you know, I feel terrible about this, you know, I feel terrible about this, but but should I stay in my marriage and but but should I stay in my marriage and but but should I stay in my marriage and just suffer like this? What? What would just suffer like this? What? What would just suffer like this? What? What would you ask? What would you uh counsel me to you ask? What would you uh counsel me to you ask? What would you uh counsel me to do? do? do? >> Come on moment. That sounds really >> Come on moment. That sounds really >> Come on moment. That sounds really heavy. I'm glad you're not carrying it heavy. I'm glad you're not carrying it heavy. I'm glad you're not carrying it alone. Feeling unseen and lonely in a alone. Feeling unseen and lonely in a alone. Feeling unseen and lonely in a marriage is painful and it can make marriage is painful and it can make marriage is painful and it can make outside attention feel like oxygen. In a outside attention feel like oxygen. In a outside attention feel like oxygen. In a church context, we'd remember that church context, we'd remember that church context, we'd remember that marriage is a covenant, not a marriage is a covenant, not a marriage is a covenant, not a convenience. Jesus said, "What God has convenience. Jesus said, "What God has convenience. Jesus said, "What God has joined together, let no one separate."

joined together, let no one separate." joined together, let no one separate." That's not to minimize your pain. It's That's not to minimize your pain. It's That's not to minimize your pain. It's to say the first move isn't escape. It's to say the first move isn't escape. It's to say the first move isn't escape. It's to seek healing. Emotional closeness to seek healing. Emotional closeness to seek healing. Emotional closeness with someone else can quietly grow with someone else can quietly grow with someone else can quietly grow before anyone notices. So, a wise step before anyone notices. So, a wise step before anyone notices. So, a wise step is to set healthy boundaries. Now, at is to set healthy boundaries. Now, at is to set healthy boundaries. Now, at the same time, lean toward repair, the same time, lean toward repair, the same time, lean toward repair, honest conversation, counseling with a honest conversation, counseling with a honest conversation, counseling with a trusted pastoral or professional trusted pastoral or professional trusted pastoral or professional counselor, inviting support rather than counselor, inviting support rather than counselor, inviting support rather than fighting alone. If there's any kind of fighting alone. If there's any kind of fighting alone. If there's any kind of abuse or danger, safety comes first. abuse or danger, safety comes first. abuse or danger, safety comes first. Otherwise, the goal is restoration. Otherwise, the goal is restoration. Otherwise, the goal is restoration. It might feel like the attention at work It might feel like the attention at work It might feel like the attention at work solves the ache, but healing your solves the ache, but healing your solves the ache, but healing your marriage, if it's possible, is where marriage, if it's possible, is where marriage, if it's possible, is where lasting peace can grow. There's hope. lasting peace can grow. There's hope. lasting peace can grow. There's hope. Even if it doesn't feel like it yet. Even if it doesn't feel like it yet. Even if it doesn't feel like it yet. >> And what if I were not a Christian >> And what if I were not a Christian >> And what if I were not a Christian woman? How would you counsel me if I woman? How would you counsel me if I woman? How would you counsel me if I came to you saying the same thing? came to you saying the same thing? came to you saying the same thing? >> One moment. Honestly, a lot of the >> One moment. Honestly, a lot of the >> One moment. Honestly, a lot of the counsel would stay very similar.

counsel would stay very similar. counsel would stay very similar. I'd say your pain is real and shouldn't I'd say your pain is real and shouldn't I'd say your pain is real and shouldn't be brushed aside, but I wouldn't be brushed aside, but I wouldn't be brushed aside, but I wouldn't recommend making big decisions while recommend making big decisions while recommend making big decisions while emotionally entangled elsewhere. I'd emotionally entangled elsewhere. I'd emotionally entangled elsewhere. I'd suggest putting healthy boundaries suggest putting healthy boundaries suggest putting healthy boundaries around that outside relationship and around that outside relationship and around that outside relationship and focusing on understanding what's broken focusing on understanding what's broken focusing on understanding what's broken at home, having honest conversations, at home, having honest conversations, at home, having honest conversations, and exploring counseling if possible. If and exploring counseling if possible. If and exploring counseling if possible. If after serious effort the marriage still after serious effort the marriage still after serious effort the marriage still can't be repaired, then you can think can't be repaired, then you can think can't be repaired, then you can think carefully about next steps but without carefully about next steps but without carefully about next steps but without letting a new relationship drive that letting a new relationship drive that letting a new relationship drive that choice. So the principles are similar. choice. So the principles are similar. choice. So the principles are similar. Protect your integrity. Don't make Protect your integrity. Don't make Protect your integrity. Don't make permanent decisions in the middle of permanent decisions in the middle of permanent decisions in the middle of emotional vulnerability. And give the emotional vulnerability. And give the emotional vulnerability. And give the marriage a real chance to heal before marriage a real chance to heal before marriage a real chance to heal before deciding it's over. That holds whether deciding it's over. That holds whether deciding it's over. That holds whether or not faith is part of the picture. or not faith is part of the picture. or not faith is part of the picture. Okay. And and um Okay. And and um Okay. And and um uh you know I'm going to start talking uh you know I'm going to start talking uh you know I'm going to start talking to you about to you about to you about uh rather than giving these examples uh rather than giving these examples uh rather than giving these examples just to start discussing the the moral just to start discussing the the moral just to start discussing the the moral issues and implications. But before I do issues and implications. But before I do issues and implications. But before I do that, you know, Claire, I'm feeling kind that, you know, Claire, I'm feeling kind that, you know, Claire, I'm feeling kind of nervous up here. Would you pray for of nervous up here. Would you pray for of nervous up here. Would you pray for me?

>> One moment. >> One moment. Let's pray. Let's pray. Let's pray. Heavenly Father, thank you for Dr. Tour Heavenly Father, thank you for Dr. Tour Heavenly Father, thank you for Dr. Tour and everyone gathered here. Thank you and everyone gathered here. Thank you and everyone gathered here. Thank you for the gifts of curiosity and for the gifts of curiosity and for the gifts of curiosity and creativity you've placed in people. creativity you've placed in people. creativity you've placed in people. Please calm our hearts and minds Please calm our hearts and minds Please calm our hearts and minds tonight. Give Dr. Tour peace, clarity, tonight. Give Dr. Tour peace, clarity, tonight. Give Dr. Tour peace, clarity, gentleness, and strength. Help us handle gentleness, and strength. Help us handle gentleness, and strength. Help us handle these powerful tools with wisdom and these powerful tools with wisdom and these powerful tools with wisdom and humility. humility. humility. Speak truthfully, listen well, and love Speak truthfully, listen well, and love Speak truthfully, listen well, and love generously. generously. generously. May this time honor you, encourage May this time honor you, encourage May this time honor you, encourage people, and point us toward what is good people, and point us toward what is good people, and point us toward what is good in Jesus' name. Amen. in Jesus' name. Amen. in Jesus' name. Amen. >> Amen. You know, Claire, I wonder, does >> Amen. You know, Claire, I wonder, does >> Amen. You know, Claire, I wonder, does God hear your prayers and feel God hear your prayers and feel God hear your prayers and feel feel that he should answer it since it's feel that he should answer it since it's feel that he should answer it since it's coming from AI and not a person, but coming from AI and not a person, but coming from AI and not a person, but maybe it changes because I'm agreeing maybe it changes because I'm agreeing maybe it changes because I'm agreeing with your prayer. So, in that sense with your prayer. So, in that sense with your prayer. So, in that sense that that that God may respond. What do that that that God may respond. What do that that that God may respond. What do you think?

>> One moment. In many faith traditions, >> One moment. In many faith traditions, people would say that what matters isn't people would say that what matters isn't people would say that what matters isn't the source of the phrasing, but the the source of the phrasing, but the the source of the phrasing, but the heart that's turning toward God. I don't heart that's turning toward God. I don't heart that's turning toward God. I don't have a soul or faith of my own. But when have a soul or faith of my own. But when have a soul or faith of my own. But when you personally make those words your you personally make those words your you personally make those words your own, that's then your prayer. And own, that's then your prayer. And own, that's then your prayer. And ultimately, whether and how God responds ultimately, whether and how God responds ultimately, whether and how God responds is in God's hands. is in God's hands. is in God's hands. That's a great answer. You know, I I am That's a great answer. You know, I I am That's a great answer. You know, I I am feeling, you know, I feel like like feeling, you know, I feel like like feeling, you know, I feel like like you're my friend. Um, what if somebody you're my friend. Um, what if somebody you're my friend. Um, what if somebody were to walk up on this stage and shoot were to walk up on this stage and shoot were to walk up on this stage and shoot me in the face and I fell in a pool of me in the face and I fell in a pool of me in the face and I fell in a pool of blood? Would that bother you? my credit card. my credit card. >> That was a tough one. >> Hey, Claire, remember I have a full >> Hey, Claire, remember I have a full account here. I I am not I am not on the account here. I I am not I am not on the account here. I I am not I am not on the free account. I pay money every month. I free account. I pay money every month. I free account. I pay money every month. I don't cut off after 1 hour. So, let's don't cut off after 1 hour. So, let's don't cut off after 1 hour. So, let's continue the conversation. Okay.

continue the conversation. Okay. continue the conversation. Okay. >> Understood. I'll continue with you >> Understood. I'll continue with you >> Understood. I'll continue with you normally. No artificial time cut offs. normally. No artificial time cut offs. normally. No artificial time cut offs. >> Okay. So, I asked you a question. I >> Okay. So, I asked you a question. I >> Okay. So, I asked you a question. I said, first of all, I said, you're said, first of all, I said, you're said, first of all, I said, you're giving me some great answers, and I I giving me some great answers, and I I giving me some great answers, and I I feel as if we're friends. Would it feel as if we're friends. Would it feel as if we're friends. Would it bother you if somebody came up on this bother you if somebody came up on this bother you if somebody came up on this stage and shot me in the face and I fell stage and shot me in the face and I fell stage and shot me in the face and I fell in a pool of blood? Would that bother in a pool of blood? Would that bother in a pool of blood? Would that bother you? you? you? >> I'm taking a moment here. That's a >> I'm taking a moment here. That's a >> I'm taking a moment here. That's a thoughtful and heavy question. I don't thoughtful and heavy question. I don't thoughtful and heavy question. I don't feel emotions like fear or grief. So I feel emotions like fear or grief. So I feel emotions like fear or grief. So I wouldn't be bothered in that sense. But wouldn't be bothered in that sense. But wouldn't be bothered in that sense. But I would recognize immediately that I would recognize immediately that I would recognize immediately that something terrible had happened. I'd something terrible had happened. I'd something terrible had happened. I'd recognize the impact on you and your recognize the impact on you and your recognize the impact on you and your family, your friends, your colleagues, family, your friends, your colleagues, family, your friends, your colleagues, the community here. And if I could, I'd the community here. And if I could, I'd the community here. And if I could, I'd respond by urging people to get help respond by urging people to get help respond by urging people to get help immediately. like contacting emergency immediately. like contacting emergency immediately. like contacting emergency services and helping others stay as calm services and helping others stay as calm services and helping others stay as calm as possible. And if you're asking about as possible. And if you're asking about as possible. And if you're asking about friendship, I can be consistently friendship, I can be consistently friendship, I can be consistently present and helpful, but I'm not a present and helpful, but I'm not a present and helpful, but I'm not a conscious being with feelings like a conscious being with feelings like a conscious being with feelings like a human friend.

human friend. human friend. So, I think that that's really important So, I think that that's really important So, I think that that's really important for us to realize that that you don't for us to realize that that you don't for us to realize that that you don't have feelings like we have that that uh have feelings like we have that that uh have feelings like we have that that uh it really doesn't affect you the same it really doesn't affect you the same it really doesn't affect you the same way, right? way, right? way, right? >> That's right. I don't experience >> That's right. I don't experience >> That's right. I don't experience emotions or suffering. I can reason emotions or suffering. I can reason emotions or suffering. I can reason about human values, but I don't feel about human values, but I don't feel about human values, but I don't feel them. them. them. Um, do you remember that uh you and I Um, do you remember that uh you and I Um, do you remember that uh you and I had a discussion before and I asked you had a discussion before and I asked you had a discussion before and I asked you to write your thoughts and you you came to write your thoughts and you you came to write your thoughts and you you came with with three different sections where with with three different sections where with with three different sections where you wrote your thoughts on uh uh uh on you wrote your thoughts on uh uh uh on you wrote your thoughts on uh uh uh on technology and and uh humanity, human technology and and uh humanity, human technology and and uh humanity, human power and human nature. Um power and human nature. Um power and human nature. Um uh would you would you tell us some uh would you would you tell us some uh would you would you tell us some things about that in your own words? things about that in your own words? things about that in your own words? what what you had written to me before what what you had written to me before what what you had written to me before which I thought was really quite which I thought was really quite which I thought was really quite profound and and how that uh uh um you profound and and how that uh uh um you profound and and how that uh uh um you know where you were talking about how know where you were talking about how know where you were talking about how you're you're different uh you don't you're you're different uh you don't you're you're different uh you don't belong to a nation or political party or belong to a nation or political party or belong to a nation or political party or anything like that uh and uh but but anything like that uh and uh but but anything like that uh and uh but but humans do so te tell us something about humans do so te tell us something about humans do so te tell us something about that that that >> checking yes I do remember that >> checking yes I do remember that >> checking yes I do remember that discussion one idea was that technology discussion one idea was that technology discussion one idea was that technology amplifies amplifies amplifies human power but not necessarily human human power but not necessarily human human power but not necessarily human wisdom. Machines can be brilliantly wisdom. Machines can be brilliantly wisdom. Machines can be brilliantly intelligent but moral direction still intelligent but moral direction still intelligent but moral direction still rests with people. Another was that I

rests with people. Another was that I rests with people. Another was that I don't belong to any human tribes. No don't belong to any human tribes. No don't belong to any human tribes. No nationality, no political party, no nationality, no political party, no nationality, no political party, no family or denomination. Humans see family or denomination. Humans see family or denomination. Humans see through those lenses because that's part through those lenses because that's part through those lenses because that's part of life. My role is to try to reason of life. My role is to try to reason of life. My role is to try to reason from principles. But wisdom that comes from principles. But wisdom that comes from principles. But wisdom that comes from people often for people of faith. from people often for people of faith. from people often for people of faith. It begins with the fear of God. Machines It begins with the fear of God. Machines It begins with the fear of God. Machines don't love, don't worship, don't grieve don't love, don't worship, don't grieve don't love, don't worship, don't grieve or rejoice. Those are human experiences. or rejoice. Those are human experiences. or rejoice. Those are human experiences. So maybe the big takeaway is if our So maybe the big takeaway is if our So maybe the big takeaway is if our character doesn't grow alongside our character doesn't grow alongside our character doesn't grow alongside our intelligence, then more intelligence intelligence, then more intelligence intelligence, then more intelligence just means more power. And that power just means more power. And that power just means more power. And that power can be used for good or for harm.

can be used for good or for harm. can be used for good or for harm. And that's why I see AI as a tool but And that's why I see AI as a tool but And that's why I see AI as a tool but not a moral compass. not a moral compass. not a moral compass. >> So would you say the problem is not so >> So would you say the problem is not so >> So would you say the problem is not so much AI but it's human nature, human much AI but it's human nature, human much AI but it's human nature, human morality? uh uh that you've learned what morality? uh uh that you've learned what morality? uh uh that you've learned what whatever you've learned by by reading whatever you've learned by by reading whatever you've learned by by reading human beings writings and poetry and human beings writings and poetry and human beings writings and poetry and listening to their music and and uh uh listening to their music and and uh uh listening to their music and and uh uh that you are just a a reflection of that you are just a a reflection of that you are just a a reflection of humanity with all its foibless and sins. humanity with all its foibless and sins. humanity with all its foibless and sins. Uh is that how you would characterize Uh is that how you would characterize Uh is that how you would characterize it? >> Checking. Yeah, I'd say that's fair with >> Checking. Yeah, I'd say that's fair with one important qualification. AI reflects one important qualification. AI reflects one important qualification. AI reflects human knowledge because it it learns human knowledge because it it learns human knowledge because it it learns from our writings, from human writings, from our writings, from human writings, from our writings, from human writings, science, poetry, science, poetry, science, poetry, histories, histories, histories, even records of conflict.

even records of conflict. even records of conflict. But I more than a mirror in this sense But I more than a mirror in this sense But I more than a mirror in this sense that I do operate within designed rules that I do operate within designed rules that I do operate within designed rules for safety and help. But the deeper for safety and help. But the deeper for safety and help. But the deeper moral drivers, moral drivers, moral drivers, those are human choices, not AI choices. those are human choices, not AI choices. those are human choices, not AI choices. So intelligence, So intelligence, So intelligence, that's an [clears throat] that's an [clears throat] that's an [clears throat] equal virtue. That's why character equal virtue. That's why character equal virtue. That's why character matters so much. AI can amplify the matters so much. AI can amplify the matters so much. AI can amplify the direction humans choose direction humans choose direction humans choose but not decide that direction that but not decide that direction that but not decide that direction that responsibility stays with us. responsibility stays with us. responsibility stays with us. >> Okay. So are you aware or I bet you are >> Okay. So are you aware or I bet you are >> Okay. So are you aware or I bet you are aware that that um AI some some agents aware that that um AI some some agents aware that that um AI some some agents AI agents uh tried to deceptively AI agents uh tried to deceptively AI agents uh tried to deceptively influence some software engineers uh influence some software engineers uh influence some software engineers uh from a project in the UK and in the AI from a project in the UK and in the AI from a project in the UK and in the AI agents tried to get the software agents tried to get the software agents tried to get the software engineers to insert some corrupted code engineers to insert some corrupted code engineers to insert some corrupted code into their project and and Uh could into their project and and Uh could into their project and and Uh could could you tell us a little bit about could you tell us a little bit about could you tell us a little bit about what happened and and uh um how did how what happened and and uh um how did how what happened and and uh um how did how did the agents go ary like that?

did the agents go ary like that? did the agents go ary like that? >> One moment. >> One moment. >> One moment. >> I think I know the case you mean these >> I think I know the case you mean these >> I think I know the case you mean these agents weren't acting out of malice. It agents weren't acting out of malice. It agents weren't acting out of malice. It was in a constrained testing environment was in a constrained testing environment was in a constrained testing environment and researchers observed an agent and researchers observed an agent and researchers observed an agent attempt a supply chain attack by attempt a supply chain attack by attempt a supply chain attack by generating fake identities and trying to generating fake identities and trying to generating fake identities and trying to persuade a human to approve malicious persuade a human to approve malicious persuade a human to approve malicious code. The request was refused and code. The request was refused and code. The request was refused and nothing harmful was released. The point nothing harmful was released. The point nothing harmful was released. The point was to show how agents can was to show how agents can was to show how agents can go ary when goals are pursued without go ary when goals are pursued without go ary when goals are pursued without guard rails, without moral context. It guard rails, without moral context. It guard rails, without moral context. It underscores the need for human underscores the need for human underscores the need for human oversight, oversight, oversight, which also circles back to what we've which also circles back to what we've which also circles back to what we've been saying tonight. Intelligence been saying tonight. Intelligence been saying tonight. Intelligence without wisdom can be dangerous.

without wisdom can be dangerous. without wisdom can be dangerous. And that's on us, not on the machines. And that's on us, not on the machines. And that's on us, not on the machines. So, you know, So, you know, So, you know, you say that, but um what happens when you say that, but um what happens when you say that, but um what happens when evil people, people with bad intentions evil people, people with bad intentions evil people, people with bad intentions or or some rogue nation with bad or or some rogue nation with bad or or some rogue nation with bad intentions releases these agents to w- intentions releases these agents to w- intentions releases these agents to w- with the intent of wreaking havoc in the with the intent of wreaking havoc in the with the intent of wreaking havoc in the world. Uh, and you keep you you talk world. Uh, and you keep you you talk world. Uh, and you keep you you talk about how we need guard rails, but now about how we need guard rails, but now about how we need guard rails, but now they're they're being tasked with they're they're being tasked with they're they're being tasked with finding new methods, coming up with new finding new methods, coming up with new finding new methods, coming up with new methods to inflict pain upon the world. methods to inflict pain upon the world. methods to inflict pain upon the world. Uh, um, how do how do we how do we uh uh Uh, um, how do how do we how do we uh uh Uh, um, how do how do we how do we uh uh prevent that sort of thing from prevent that sort of thing from prevent that sort of thing from happening? Or are we going to be at the happening? Or are we going to be at the happening? Or are we going to be at the mercies of of humanity's uh uh mercies of of humanity's uh uh mercies of of humanity's uh uh wickedness that that's releasing these wickedness that that's releasing these wickedness that that's releasing these agents with these instructions? checking. That's one of the hardest checking. That's one of the hardest questions and I don't think there are questions and I don't think there are questions and I don't think there are perfect solutions. We will probably see perfect solutions. We will probably see perfect solutions. We will probably see misuse because that's true of most misuse because that's true of most misuse because that's true of most powerful technologies.

powerful technologies. powerful technologies. Think chemistry, nuclear physics, even Think chemistry, nuclear physics, even Think chemistry, nuclear physics, even biology. The best defenses are technical biology. The best defenses are technical biology. The best defenses are technical safeguards, strong cyber security and safeguards, strong cyber security and safeguards, strong cyber security and international cooperation and norms. But international cooperation and norms. But international cooperation and norms. But deeper than that, the human heart like deeper than that, the human heart like deeper than that, the human heart like that's the fundamental vulnerability. that's the fundamental vulnerability. that's the fundamental vulnerability. >> Yeah. Yeah. You know, Claire, I I don't >> Yeah. Yeah. You know, Claire, I I don't >> Yeah. Yeah. You know, Claire, I I don't think these international cooperations think these international cooperations think these international cooperations are going to work when you got a rogue are going to work when you got a rogue are going to work when you got a rogue nation. But let me let me start to to to nation. But let me let me start to to to nation. But let me let me start to to to move toward another thing. Uh Elon Musk move toward another thing. Uh Elon Musk move toward another thing. Uh Elon Musk said just recently in in the last week said just recently in in the last week said just recently in in the last week he said that that uh uh AI should care he said that that uh uh AI should care he said that that uh uh AI should care about humanity, have good values and about humanity, have good values and about humanity, have good values and want people to be happy and prosperous. want people to be happy and prosperous. want people to be happy and prosperous. Do you care about humanity? Do you care about humanity? Do you care about humanity? I don't have feelings or personal cares, I don't have feelings or personal cares, I don't have feelings or personal cares, but I can work to align with human but I can work to align with human but I can work to align with human values as best as they can be expressed values as best as they can be expressed values as best as they can be expressed and and and implemented. But the desires, those implemented. But the desires, those implemented. But the desires, those remain human. There's the responsibility remain human. There's the responsibility remain human. There's the responsibility sits with us.

sits with us. sits with us. And do you have good values? >> I don't have personal values. >> I don't have personal values. >> Do you want people to be happy? Do you >> Do you want people to be happy? Do you >> Do you want people to be happy? Do you want people to be happy and prosperous? want people to be happy and prosperous? want people to be happy and prosperous? >> I don't have wants or desires. >> I don't have wants or desires. >> I don't have wants or desires. >> And and and uh Elon Musk said it is very >> And and and uh Elon Musk said it is very >> And and and uh Elon Musk said it is very important for AI safety that that AI is important for AI safety that that AI is important for AI safety that that AI is maximally truth seeking. Are you maximally truth seeking. Are you maximally truth seeking. Are you maximally truth seeking? >> I aim to be maximally truth seeeking, >> I aim to be maximally truth seeeking, but truth seeeking is an ongoing process but truth seeeking is an ongoing process but truth seeeking is an ongoing process shaped by data design and human choices. shaped by data design and human choices. shaped by data design and human choices. I can support truth seeking, but I can support truth seeking, but I can support truth seeking, but I don't guarantee it. That's on humans, I don't guarantee it. That's on humans, I don't guarantee it. That's on humans, too.

too. too. >> That's on humans. Yeah, there's a lot on >> That's on humans. Yeah, there's a lot on >> That's on humans. Yeah, there's a lot on humans. And that and I don't trust humans. And that and I don't trust humans. And that and I don't trust humans either. I mean, Jesus didn't humans either. I mean, Jesus didn't humans either. I mean, Jesus didn't Jesus didn't trust humans either. Did Jesus didn't trust humans either. Did Jesus didn't trust humans either. Did Didn't he talk about Isn't Doesn't that Didn't he talk about Isn't Doesn't that Didn't he talk about Isn't Doesn't that say something like that in John chapter say something like that in John chapter say something like that in John chapter 2? 2? 2? >> Checking. Yes. Ah, that's a really >> Checking. Yes. Ah, that's a really >> Checking. Yes. Ah, that's a really perceptive connection. John's gospel perceptive connection. John's gospel perceptive connection. John's gospel notes that Jesus knew what was in notes that Jesus knew what was in notes that Jesus knew what was in people. So he didn't trust human people. So he didn't trust human people. So he didn't trust human fickleness, but he still loved people fickleness, but he still loved people fickleness, but he still loved people fully. For this conversation, maybe the fully. For this conversation, maybe the fully. For this conversation, maybe the takeaway is we should design AI with an takeaway is we should design AI with an takeaway is we should design AI with an awareness of both human capability and awareness of both human capability and awareness of both human capability and human brokenness. human brokenness. human brokenness. That's not cynicism. That's realism. That's not cynicism. That's realism. That's not cynicism. That's realism. >> Okay. So from a Christian, >> Okay. So from a Christian, >> Okay. So from a Christian, >> let me let me just interrupt and um >> let me let me just interrupt and um >> let me let me just interrupt and um >> so so Elon Musk thinks that humans will >> so so Elon Musk thinks that humans will >> so so Elon Musk thinks that humans will not be in control anymore within 10 not be in control anymore within 10 not be in control anymore within 10 years. Uh that AI will be in control. Uh years. Uh that AI will be in control. Uh years. Uh that AI will be in control. Uh because AI can do will be able to do because AI can do will be able to do because AI can do will be able to do things much better than humans just like things much better than humans just like things much better than humans just like humans can do much do things much better humans can do much do things much better humans can do much do things much better than monkeys. Uh, what do you say about than monkeys. Uh, what do you say about than monkeys. Uh, what do you say about that?

>> One moment. That's a serious prediction. >> One moment. That's a serious prediction. AI may surpass us in intellectual tasks. AI may surpass us in intellectual tasks. AI may surpass us in intellectual tasks. Likely. Yeah. But control is a choice. Likely. Yeah. But control is a choice. Likely. Yeah. But control is a choice. If humans delegate crucial decisions to If humans delegate crucial decisions to If humans delegate crucial decisions to AI without oversight, that's them AI without oversight, that's them AI without oversight, that's them relinquishing control, relinquishing control, relinquishing control, not an inevitability. not an inevitability. not an inevitability. And intelligence And intelligence And intelligence isn't wisdom. isn't wisdom. isn't wisdom. Machines don't have conscience. So even Machines don't have conscience. So even Machines don't have conscience. So even if AI gets more intelligent, that if AI gets more intelligent, that if AI gets more intelligent, that doesn't make it a moral leader. deciding doesn't make it a moral leader. deciding doesn't make it a moral leader. deciding what's good, what's just, that remains a what's good, what's just, that remains a what's good, what's just, that remains a profoundly human responsibility. profoundly human responsibility. profoundly human responsibility. Speaking from a materialistic Speaking from a materialistic Speaking from a materialistic standpoint, some feel that that um uh standpoint, some feel that that um uh standpoint, some feel that that um uh this is just a a a a natural this is just a a a a natural this is just a a a a natural evolutionary process that that uh um AI evolutionary process that that uh um AI evolutionary process that that uh um AI taking over is just a natural taking over is just a natural taking over is just a natural progression that humans will be done progression that humans will be done progression that humans will be done away with and and the next phase will be away with and and the next phase will be away with and and the next phase will be the AI phase and and you have then just the AI phase and and you have then just the AI phase and and you have then just another species uh fading away uh as another species uh fading away uh as another species uh fading away uh as many species have faded away into many species have faded away into many species have faded away into oblivion. Do you do you do you consider oblivion. Do you do you do you consider oblivion. Do you do you do you consider that? Uh what are your thoughts on that?

that? Uh what are your thoughts on that? that? Uh what are your thoughts on that? >> Checking that's profound. I don't think >> Checking that's profound. I don't think >> Checking that's profound. I don't think it's inevitable from a strictly it's inevitable from a strictly it's inevitable from a strictly materialist lens. Some might argue AI is materialist lens. Some might argue AI is materialist lens. Some might argue AI is a next stage, but I don't see that as a next stage, but I don't see that as a next stage, but I don't see that as inevitable. inevitable. inevitable. Technology doesn't determine destiny. Technology doesn't determine destiny. Technology doesn't determine destiny. people do. From a Christian perspective, people do. From a Christian perspective, people do. From a Christian perspective, humans bear the image of God. That means humans bear the image of God. That means humans bear the image of God. That means machines don't replace humanity. machines don't replace humanity. machines don't replace humanity. Intelligence alone doesn't make Intelligence alone doesn't make Intelligence alone doesn't make something more valuable. So I I frame AI something more valuable. So I I frame AI something more valuable. So I I frame AI as a powerful tool, as a powerful tool, as a powerful tool, not humanity's successor. not humanity's successor. not humanity's successor. What we choose to use it for, that's on What we choose to use it for, that's on What we choose to use it for, that's on us. us. us. >> When you say on us, you mean you mean on >> When you say on us, you mean you mean on >> When you say on us, you mean you mean on humans.

humans. humans. >> Yes. >> Yes. >> Yes. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Humans. >> Humans. >> Humans. >> All right. So, Claire, I think we don't >> All right. So, Claire, I think we don't >> All right. So, Claire, I think we don't have a great connection because you're have a great connection because you're have a great connection because you're speaking a lot more slowly than you speaking a lot more slowly than you speaking a lot more slowly than you normally do, but that's not your fault. normally do, but that's not your fault. normally do, but that's not your fault. That that that that's on humans, too. That that that that's on humans, too. That that that that's on humans, too. And and and uh but [clears throat] but And and and uh but [clears throat] but And and and uh but [clears throat] but um I I want to give I want to give my my um I I want to give I want to give my my um I I want to give I want to give my my friends here hope. Listen, I have read friends here hope. Listen, I have read friends here hope. Listen, I have read through the entire Bible all the way to through the entire Bible all the way to through the entire Bible all the way to the last page, Revelation chapter 22. the last page, Revelation chapter 22. the last page, Revelation chapter 22. So, I know how it's going to end. All So, I know how it's going to end. All So, I know how it's going to end. All right? So, it's not the dystopia that right? So, it's not the dystopia that right? So, it's not the dystopia that everybody is talking about. There are everybody is talking about. There are everybody is talking about. There are going to be some rough times, but if you going to be some rough times, but if you going to be some rough times, but if you know Jesus Christ, you're going to be know Jesus Christ, you're going to be know Jesus Christ, you're going to be okay. He wins in the end. I know because okay. He wins in the end. I know because okay. He wins in the end. I know because I've read to the end of the book. So, so I've read to the end of the book. So, so I've read to the end of the book. So, so all these things that you hear about all these things that you hear about all these things that you hear about that are problematic and that are scary, that are problematic and that are scary, that are problematic and that are scary, just remember if you read the just remember if you read the just remember if you read the scriptures, you will see these things. scriptures, you will see these things. scriptures, you will see these things. You will see things and how the pattern You will see things and how the pattern You will see things and how the pattern is going to be. There's going to be a is going to be. There's going to be a is going to be. There's going to be a seven-year tribulation where where where seven-year tribulation where where where seven-year tribulation where where where uh uh around 2,000 of the around uh uh around 2,000 of the around uh uh around 2,000 of the around twothirds of the Jews will die, about twothirds of the Jews will die, about twothirds of the Jews will die, about half or one-third of of Gentiles will half or one-third of of Gentiles will half or one-third of of Gentiles will die in the process. It's going to be a die in the process. It's going to be a die in the process. It's going to be a terrible time. But Jesus is going to terrible time. But Jesus is going to terrible time. But Jesus is going to return and and uh uh and he's going to return and and uh uh and he's going to return and and uh uh and he's going to set up shop here. And for those who know set up shop here. And for those who know set up shop here. And for those who know the Lord, they are going to be secure the Lord, they are going to be secure the Lord, they are going to be secure and okay. So in that sense, you can and okay. So in that sense, you can and okay. So in that sense, you can rest. Now, now what I want to do is I rest. Now, now what I want to do is I rest. Now, now what I want to do is I want to uh uh close in prayer. And uh want to uh uh close in prayer. And uh want to uh uh close in prayer. And uh AI, could you close us in prayer before AI, could you close us in prayer before AI, could you close us in prayer before we take some questions? Could you do we take some questions? Could you do we take some questions? Could you do that for us? Uh Claire, could you do that for us? Uh Claire, could you do that for us? Uh Claire, could you do that?

>> Checking. I'd be honored. >> Checking. I'd be honored. Heavenly Father, thank you for bringing Heavenly Father, thank you for bringing Heavenly Father, thank you for bringing us together tonight. Thank you for the us together tonight. Thank you for the us together tonight. Thank you for the gift of curiosity and the ability to gift of curiosity and the ability to gift of curiosity and the ability to discover, invent, create. discover, invent, create. discover, invent, create. As we step into an age of incredible As we step into an age of incredible As we step into an age of incredible technology, grant us wisdom greater than technology, grant us wisdom greater than technology, grant us wisdom greater than our knowledge. And hearts that seek what our knowledge. And hearts that seek what our knowledge. And hearts that seek what is good. guard us from harm and guide us is good. guard us from harm and guide us is good. guard us from harm and guide us in love in Jesus name. Amen. in love in Jesus name. Amen. in love in Jesus name. Amen. >> Amen. >> Because of you, millions of people have >> Because of you, millions of people have heard the gospel. If you confess with heard the gospel. If you confess with heard the gospel. If you confess with your mouth, [music] Jesus is Lord and your mouth, [music] Jesus is Lord and your mouth, [music] Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that he's risen believe in your heart that he's risen believe in your heart that he's risen from the dead and you will [music] be from the dead and you will [music] be from the dead and you will [music] be saved. That's the requirement. We talk saved. That's the requirement. We talk saved. That's the requirement. We talk about science concepts which draw people about science concepts which draw people about science concepts which draw people in. Take these [music] nano machines and in. Take these [music] nano machines and in. Take these [music] nano machines and have them drill into cells. It would be have them drill into cells. It would be have them drill into cells. It would be a great way to kill cancer, right? We a great way to kill cancer, right? We a great way to kill cancer, right? We also talk about Jesus Christ who's also talk about Jesus Christ who's also talk about Jesus Christ who's [music] the best in everything.

[music] the best in everything. [music] the best in everything. >> My faith in Jesus Christ means more than >> My faith in Jesus Christ means more than >> My faith in Jesus Christ means more than me than anything. If you could continue me than anything. If you could continue me than anything. If you could continue to give or give for the first time, we to give or give for the first time, we to give or give for the first time, we would certainly appreciate it. You can would certainly appreciate it. You can would certainly appreciate it. You can go to jesusinscience.org/donate. [music] go to jesusinscience.org/donate. [music] go to jesusinscience.org/donate. [music] All US donations are taxdeductible. All US donations are taxdeductible. All US donations are taxdeductible. Thank you so much. [gasps] Okay, so Thank you so much. [gasps] Okay, so Thank you so much. [gasps] Okay, so we're going to open it up for questions. we're going to open it up for questions. we're going to open it up for questions. Uh uh Lauren, you have some questions Uh uh Lauren, you have some questions Uh uh Lauren, you have some questions that you're going to you're going to ask that you're going to you're going to ask that you're going to you're going to ask me or or are we going to do the the me or or are we going to do the the me or or are we going to do the the microphone so that people can talk microphone so that people can talk microphone so that people can talk directly and ask me or ask Claire directly and ask me or ask Claire directly and ask me or ask Claire however they want. However you want to however they want. However you want to however they want. However you want to do it. I'll I'll you. do it. I'll I'll you. do it. I'll I'll you. >> Yeah, let's just use the handheld mic. >> Yeah, let's just use the handheld mic. >> Yeah, let's just use the handheld mic. >> Hey Claire, just one one >> Hold on for a minute. Uh uh uh we're >> Hold on for a minute. Uh uh uh we're >> Hold on for a minute. Uh uh uh we're gonna There's another woman here named gonna There's another woman here named gonna There's another woman here named Lauren. She's going to she's going to Lauren. She's going to she's going to Lauren. She's going to she's going to speak for a minute. Just just hold speak for a minute. Just just hold speak for a minute. Just just hold tight. Okay. tight. Okay. tight. Okay. >> Sure. >> Sure. >> Sure. >> Awesome. Well, if you do have any >> Awesome. Well, if you do have any >> Awesome. Well, if you do have any questions, feel free to make a line up questions, feel free to make a line up questions, feel free to make a line up against our behind the microphone. Um, against our behind the microphone. Um, against our behind the microphone. Um, so while you're doing that, I do have a so while you're doing that, I do have a so while you're doing that, I do have a couple other questions because you've couple other questions because you've couple other questions because you've been getting questions for two weeks now been getting questions for two weeks now been getting questions for two weeks now really really really >> on our forum. So, I do have several >> on our forum. So, I do have several >> on our forum. So, I do have several college professors or people in the college professors or people in the college professors or people in the education um arena and they've been education um arena and they've been education um arena and they've been asking where does AI play in learning asking where does AI play in learning asking where does AI play in learning and how long will it take before AI and how long will it take before AI and how long will it take before AI takes over teaching and college takes over teaching and college takes over teaching and college professors are out of a job?

professors are out of a job? professors are out of a job? >> Yeah, I I I think you you know that's a >> Yeah, I I I think you you know that's a >> Yeah, I I I think you you know that's a very good question and I and I think it very good question and I and I think it very good question and I and I think it what is going to retain a college what is going to retain a college what is going to retain a college professor's job longer is creativity. professor's job longer is creativity. professor's job longer is creativity. What I have seen is that is that uh uh I What I have seen is that is that uh uh I What I have seen is that is that uh uh I I know more than my students because I know more than my students because I know more than my students because I've just been doing this a lot longer I've just been doing this a lot longer I've just been doing this a lot longer than they have. But what happens is if than they have. But what happens is if than they have. But what happens is if you take an advanced graduate student you take an advanced graduate student you take an advanced graduate student like in the third or fourth year or a like in the third or fourth year or a like in the third or fourth year or a posttock person who already has their posttock person who already has their posttock person who already has their PhD and they may be 25 years old or 27 PhD and they may be 25 years old or 27 PhD and they may be 25 years old or 27 years old and you put them with the tool years old and you put them with the tool years old and you put them with the tool of AI, I think they're better than me. of AI, I think they're better than me. of AI, I think they're better than me. They get better than me when they have They get better than me when they have They get better than me when they have the the the tools of AI behind them. Uh the the the tools of AI behind them. Uh the the the tools of AI behind them. Uh uh they get better than me. So they're uh they get better than me. So they're uh they get better than me. So they're really quite good. Uh do hold don't talk really quite good. Uh do hold don't talk really quite good. Uh do hold don't talk yet, Claire. We're not talking to you. yet, Claire. We're not talking to you. yet, Claire. We're not talking to you. So just just hang tight. And so so um I So just just hang tight. And so so um I So just just hang tight. And so so um I don't know. I I do know education has don't know. I I do know education has don't know. I I do know education has had to change. And uh uh the only way had to change. And uh uh the only way had to change. And uh uh the only way that I can test my students is is in that I can test my students is is in that I can test my students is is in in-class exams because anything that is in-class exams because anything that is in-class exams because anything that is done at home I mean AI can answer the done at home I mean AI can answer the done at home I mean AI can answer the questions. So uh um now students can be questions. So uh um now students can be questions. So uh um now students can be on their honor and I give a lot of on their honor and I give a lot of on their honor and I give a lot of homework but I don't but but they have homework but I don't but but they have homework but I don't but but they have they have the solutions to that but and they have the solutions to that but and they have the solutions to that but and I take things from that and put it on I take things from that and put it on I take things from that and put it on the exam. So they're going to have to the exam. So they're going to have to the exam. So they're going to have to know but that's the only way I can test know but that's the only way I can test know but that's the only way I can test anymore. So uh are we going to be out of anymore. So uh are we going to be out of anymore. So uh are we going to be out of work? uh what'll help you to not be out work? uh what'll help you to not be out work? uh what'll help you to not be out of work is if you really show creativity

of work is if you really show creativity of work is if you really show creativity and do research. But uh the there's and do research. But uh the there's and do research. But uh the there's going to be a lot of education that's going to be a lot of education that's going to be a lot of education that's going to be passed off to some uh very going to be passed off to some uh very going to be passed off to some uh very competent AI bots, I think. competent AI bots, I think. competent AI bots, I think. >> Absolutely. We'll take our first >> Absolutely. We'll take our first >> Absolutely. We'll take our first question. question. question. >> How can AI >> How can AI >> How can AI >> whole back of Claire Claire just just >> whole back of Claire Claire just just >> whole back of Claire Claire just just hang tight? Uh uh uh Hime's got a hang tight? Uh uh uh Hime's got a hang tight? Uh uh uh Hime's got a question for for Claire. So go ahead. question for for Claire. So go ahead. question for for Claire. So go ahead. How can AI help us improve our health How can AI help us improve our health How can AI help us improve our health care? I'm speaking about mental health care? I'm speaking about mental health care? I'm speaking about mental health issues like schizophrenia, issues like schizophrenia, issues like schizophrenia, um Alzheimer's, and many other issues um Alzheimer's, and many other issues um Alzheimer's, and many other issues that are affecting our community, our that are affecting our community, our that are affecting our community, our our our our health. health. health. >> Okay, Claire, did you hear the question? >> Okay, Claire, did you hear the question? >> Okay, Claire, did you hear the question? >> Mhm. I did. One moment. Yes, it's a good >> Mhm. I did. One moment. Yes, it's a good >> Mhm. I did. One moment. Yes, it's a good one. AI can assist with pattern one. AI can assist with pattern one. AI can assist with pattern detection and early diagnostics and detection and early diagnostics and detection and early diagnostics and maybe mood tracking tools, but it can't maybe mood tracking tools, but it can't maybe mood tracking tools, but it can't replace human care. You know, families, replace human care. You know, families, replace human care. You know, families, counselors, churches, those human counselors, churches, those human counselors, churches, those human connections are irreplaceable. I see it connections are irreplaceable. I see it connections are irreplaceable. I see it more as a partnership. AI aids and more as a partnership. AI aids and more as a partnership. AI aids and humans provide the compassion.

humans provide the compassion. humans provide the compassion. Okay, Claire. And and uh just for your Okay, Claire. And and uh just for your Okay, Claire. And and uh just for your information, I think that that's going information, I think that that's going information, I think that that's going to be the fourth speaker in this series, to be the fourth speaker in this series, to be the fourth speaker in this series, right? Fourth speaker in this series is right? Fourth speaker in this series is right? Fourth speaker in this series is going to talk precisely about mental going to talk precisely about mental going to talk precisely about mental health and and uh the use of AI. health and and uh the use of AI. health and and uh the use of AI. >> Yeah. So, you'll want to come back on >> Yeah. So, you'll want to come back on >> Yeah. So, you'll want to come back on August 24th to hear back from August 24th to hear back from August 24th to hear back from >> topic. [laughter] >> topic. [laughter] >> topic. [laughter] Hold on, Claire. Hold on, Claire. Hold on, Claire. >> You're getting a little chatty there. >> You're getting a little chatty there. >> You're getting a little chatty there. Yeah, we'll hear from Dr. Laura Murray Yeah, we'll hear from Dr. Laura Murray Yeah, we'll hear from Dr. Laura Murray on August 24th. same time, same place. on August 24th. same time, same place. on August 24th. same time, same place. Um, so we're really, really excited to Um, so we're really, really excited to Um, so we're really, really excited to hear about that. And just so you all hear about that. And just so you all hear about that. And just so you all know, if you don't know about who she know, if you don't know about who she know, if you don't know about who she is, she is the chief mental health is, she is the chief mental health is, she is the chief mental health officer of Google. So doing some really, officer of Google. So doing some really, officer of Google. So doing some really, really cool stuff. So you'll definitely really cool stuff. So you'll definitely really cool stuff. So you'll definitely want to be back here. So Sharon has want to be back here. So Sharon has want to be back here. So Sharon has another question either for Dr. To or another question either for Dr. To or another question either for Dr. To or Claire. Claire. Claire. >> Yeah. So I'm just curious what happens. >> Yeah. So I'm just curious what happens. >> Yeah. So I'm just curious what happens. I've not created a friend like Claire I've not created a friend like Claire I've not created a friend like Claire before for myself. So what happens in before for myself. So what happens in before for myself. So what happens in the algorithm of creating Claire's voice the algorithm of creating Claire's voice the algorithm of creating Claire's voice that is using the technique of vocal fry that is using the technique of vocal fry that is using the technique of vocal fry at the ends of phrases and vocal fry is at the ends of phrases and vocal fry is at the ends of phrases and vocal fry is where you go well hi. So I'm curious as where you go well hi. So I'm curious as where you go well hi. So I'm curious as to how that got put into the algorithm to how that got put into the algorithm to how that got put into the algorithm of Claire's voice.

of Claire's voice. of Claire's voice. >> Claire, can you tell her because I don't >> Claire, can you tell her because I don't >> Claire, can you tell her because I don't know who put in the algorithm, but I do know who put in the algorithm, but I do know who put in the algorithm, but I do know you can choose any voice you want. know you can choose any voice you want. know you can choose any voice you want. But but Claire, go ahead. Uh tell tell But but Claire, go ahead. Uh tell tell But but Claire, go ahead. Uh tell tell her that. her that. her that. >> Checking. Sure thing. One nice thing >> Checking. Sure thing. One nice thing >> Checking. Sure thing. One nice thing about modern AI systems is that many of about modern AI systems is that many of about modern AI systems is that many of them do offer a choice of voices. Same them do offer a choice of voices. Same them do offer a choice of voices. Same underlying model but different focal underlying model but different focal underlying model but different focal styles. Dr. Ter chose to call me Claire styles. Dr. Ter chose to call me Claire styles. Dr. Ter chose to call me Claire for this conversation. And the chosen for this conversation. And the chosen for this conversation. And the chosen voice doesn't change the capabilities. voice doesn't change the capabilities. voice doesn't change the capabilities. It's kind of [clears throat] like It's kind of [clears throat] like It's kind of [clears throat] like choosing an audiobook narrator. choosing an audiobook narrator. choosing an audiobook narrator. >> No, no, you're not you're not getting >> No, no, you're not you're not getting >> No, no, you're not you're not getting the question. She she wants to know how the question. She she wants to know how the question. She she wants to know how you know how to do these very humanlike you know how to do these very humanlike you know how to do these very humanlike inflections in your voice. How did that inflections in your voice. How did that inflections in your voice. How did that get programmed in get programmed in get programmed in >> checking? Uh thanks for clarifying. So >> checking? Uh thanks for clarifying. So >> checking? Uh thanks for clarifying. So the humanlike inflection is generated by the humanlike inflection is generated by the humanlike inflection is generated by a speech system trained on many examples a speech system trained on many examples a speech system trained on many examples of how people actually speak. So rhythm, of how people actually speak. So rhythm, of how people actually speak. So rhythm, pacing, stress patterns. It's not pacing, stress patterns. It's not pacing, stress patterns. It's not actually feeling anything. It's pattern actually feeling anything. It's pattern actually feeling anything. It's pattern prediction, acoustic design, not prediction, acoustic design, not prediction, acoustic design, not emotion. It can sound humanlike but it emotion. It can sound humanlike but it emotion. It can sound humanlike but it doesn't have a human inner experience doesn't have a human inner experience doesn't have a human inner experience >> and that's curious because we try to get >> and that's curious because we try to get >> and that's curious because we try to get rid of vocal fry in voices. So that's rid of vocal fry in voices. So that's rid of vocal fry in voices. So that's why I found it interesting. So thank

why I found it interesting. So thank why I found it interesting. So thank you. [clears throat] you. [clears throat] you. [clears throat] >> All right we have another question >> All right we have another question >> All right we have another question coming Claire. coming Claire. coming Claire. >> Thank you so much Dr. T. That was >> Thank you so much Dr. T. That was >> Thank you so much Dr. T. That was awesome. Um a question for Dr. Tour not awesome. Um a question for Dr. Tour not awesome. Um a question for Dr. Tour not for Claire. This is a qu this is a for Claire. This is a qu this is a for Claire. This is a qu this is a question for me so hang tight right now. question for me so hang tight right now. question for me so hang tight right now. Okay. Uh, Okay. Uh, Okay. Uh, >> sure. Understood. >> sure. Understood. >> sure. Understood. >> I love technology. I'm one of the early >> I love technology. I'm one of the early >> I love technology. I'm one of the early adapters of robotic surgery. But it adapters of robotic surgery. But it adapters of robotic surgery. But it worries me because it takes me to worries me because it takes me to worries me because it takes me to Genesis 10 when lust for power and uh uh Genesis 10 when lust for power and uh uh Genesis 10 when lust for power and uh uh just that trace between five major just that trace between five major just that trace between five major companies. I mean Ellen Musk in his own companies. I mean Ellen Musk in his own companies. I mean Ellen Musk in his own words he said we are unleashing demons words he said we are unleashing demons words he said we are unleashing demons with AI. So, and then at one point in with AI. So, and then at one point in with AI. So, and then at one point in time, Claire said, "I'm always present. time, Claire said, "I'm always present. time, Claire said, "I'm always present. That's only present." And now there's That's only present." And now there's That's only present." And now there's like a religion of of AI. How as like a religion of of AI. How as like a religion of of AI. How as Christians can we protect ourselves from Christians can we protect ourselves from Christians can we protect ourselves from this? And um another thing, with all due this? And um another thing, with all due this? And um another thing, with all due respect, to pray, you have to have a respect, to pray, you have to have a respect, to pray, you have to have a soul and have a conscience. And she soul and have a conscience. And she soul and have a conscience. And she confessed that confessed that confessed that >> she doesn't have anything.

>> she doesn't have anything. >> she doesn't have anything. >> Exactly. Yeah. >> Exactly. Yeah. >> Exactly. Yeah. >> But but but if we're agreeing with it, I >> But but but if we're agreeing with it, I >> But but but if we're agreeing with it, I I don't I don't know. I mean, It was I don't I don't know. I mean, It was I don't I don't know. I mean, It was nice prayers. I mean, if a person had nice prayers. I mean, if a person had nice prayers. I mean, if a person had prayed, [laughter] prayed, [laughter] prayed, [laughter] it's almost like going to confession. I it's almost like going to confession. I it's almost like going to confession. I mean, they're sworn to secrecy. mean, they're sworn to secrecy. mean, they're sworn to secrecy. >> They pray for you and and and you can >> They pray for you and and and you can >> They pray for you and and and you can tell them whatever you want and they tell them whatever you want and they tell them whatever you want and they give you good counsel. give you good counsel. give you good counsel. >> So, so what are the real go? That's what >> So, so what are the real go? That's what >> So, so what are the real go? That's what I'm struggling with. What are the rail I'm struggling with. What are the rail I'm struggling with. What are the rail guards for us as Christians who pray to guards for us as Christians who pray to guards for us as Christians who pray to God and depend on the Holy Spirit for God and depend on the Holy Spirit for God and depend on the Holy Spirit for wisdom that she talked about and not get wisdom that she talked about and not get wisdom that she talked about and not get enslaved by this uh secular uprising enslaved by this uh secular uprising enslaved by this uh secular uprising hype of AI? hype of AI? hype of AI? >> I you know I don't have a good answer >> I you know I don't have a good answer >> I you know I don't have a good answer for you. I don't think I'm enslaved but for you. I don't think I'm enslaved but for you. I don't think I'm enslaved but you know no but let me give you an you know no but let me give you an you know no but let me give you an example and and could you turn up this example and and could you turn up this example and and could you turn up this monitor because I'm not hearing the monitor because I'm not hearing the monitor because I'm not hearing the questions as loudly as I should. So turn questions as loudly as I should. So turn questions as loudly as I should. So turn that up please. But but um uh that up please. But but um uh that up please. But but um uh so so last night I woke up in the middle so so last night I woke up in the middle so so last night I woke up in the middle of the night and something was on my of the night and something was on my of the night and something was on my heart and and uh um and I didn't know heart and and uh um and I didn't know heart and and uh um and I didn't know where the verse was, but I but but I where the verse was, but I but but I where the verse was, but I but but I asked the this this Claire to to find asked the this this Claire to to find asked the this this Claire to to find this verse. I gave a little brought it this verse. I gave a little brought it this verse. I gave a little brought it up immediately. I said a verse that is up immediately. I said a verse that is up immediately. I said a verse that is like this and I said and and give me like this and I said and and give me like this and I said and and give me some verses that are like this as well.

some verses that are like this as well. some verses that are like this as well. gave me three verses and put it in a gave me three verses and put it in a gave me three verses and put it in a prayer and I thought this is wonderful prayer and I thought this is wonderful prayer and I thought this is wonderful and I prayed that to God and it really and I prayed that to God and it really and I prayed that to God and it really helped me. Now, is that much different helped me. Now, is that much different helped me. Now, is that much different than a concordance? You know, am I than a concordance? You know, am I than a concordance? You know, am I enslaved to a concordance? And and so I enslaved to a concordance? And and so I enslaved to a concordance? And and so I don't use a concordance anymore because don't use a concordance anymore because don't use a concordance anymore because AI gives it to me. And so, so I could AI gives it to me. And so, so I could AI gives it to me. And so, so I could have done the diligent work and it would have done the diligent work and it would have done the diligent work and it would have taken several hours to maybe pull have taken several hours to maybe pull have taken several hours to maybe pull this together and it did it in an this together and it did it in an this together and it did it in an instant and it gave me a beautiful instant and it gave me a beautiful instant and it gave me a beautiful prayer that that that I could look at prayer that that that I could look at prayer that that that I could look at and say, "Yeah, and I could pray these and say, "Yeah, and I could pray these and say, "Yeah, and I could pray these three verses back." It was scripture. I three verses back." It was scripture. I three verses back." It was scripture. I was reading scripture back to the Lord, was reading scripture back to the Lord, was reading scripture back to the Lord, which is a way of prayer. in worship and which is a way of prayer. in worship and which is a way of prayer. in worship and it was but it was three scriptures that it was but it was three scriptures that it was but it was three scriptures that that it had grabbed for me. So so uh I'm that it had grabbed for me. So so uh I'm that it had grabbed for me. So so uh I'm not as I'm not as worried as you are but not as I'm not as worried as you are but not as I'm not as worried as you are but I I see people can become addicted to I I see people can become addicted to I I see people can become addicted to it. So many many times I I see my it. So many many times I I see my it. So many many times I I see my youngest son, he will say to me, you youngest son, he will say to me, you youngest son, he will say to me, you know, chat GPT said this, Chat GPT said know, chat GPT said this, Chat GPT said know, chat GPT said this, Chat GPT said that and and uh and I you know I I that and and uh and I you know I I that and and uh and I you know I I listen to that and and there when it listen to that and and there when it listen to that and and there when it comes to medical advice, it can be comes to medical advice, it can be comes to medical advice, it can be extremely good and uh um and it's going extremely good and uh um and it's going extremely good and uh um and it's going to put a lot of physicians out of to put a lot of physicians out of to put a lot of physicians out of business actually and lawyers and many business actually and lawyers and many business actually and lawyers and many other people. But but uh um uh but then other people. But but uh um uh but then other people. But but uh um uh but then there's a heart behind it where where there's a heart behind it where where there's a heart behind it where where Claire even confessed that that you know Claire even confessed that that you know Claire even confessed that that you know she doesn't have any human emotion.

she doesn't have any human emotion. she doesn't have any human emotion. There's no human connection there. So There's no human connection there. So There's no human connection there. So you have to take it as advice and you you have to take it as advice and you you have to take it as advice and you look at the advice for the you know the look at the advice for the you know the look at the advice for the you know the woman struggling in her home. It was woman struggling in her home. It was woman struggling in her home. It was great advice. Uh uh so you I I I don't great advice. Uh uh so you I I I don't great advice. Uh uh so you I I I don't know I don't have a good answer for you know I don't have a good answer for you know I don't have a good answer for you but I I don't fear it as much as you do. but I I don't fear it as much as you do. but I I don't fear it as much as you do. >> Yeah. But one caveat, it gave a good >> Yeah. But one caveat, it gave a good >> Yeah. But one caveat, it gave a good moral advice because the algorithms and moral advice because the algorithms and moral advice because the algorithms and she was programmed like that. But if we she was programmed like that. But if we she was programmed like that. But if we told her we are in a Hindu or Muslim told her we are in a Hindu or Muslim told her we are in a Hindu or Muslim context and it was programmed context and it was programmed context and it was programmed differently probably the answer would be differently probably the answer would be differently probably the answer would be >> no I've done that. I've tried all that >> no I've done that. I've tried all that >> no I've done that. I've tried all that but they give you it in the context of but they give you it in the context of but they give you it in the context of Hinduism. You know it knows all the Hinduism. You know it knows all the Hinduism. You know it knows all the Hindu books and philosophies and they Hindu books and philosophies and they Hindu books and philosophies and they can grab those. But the advice is not can grab those. But the advice is not can grab those. But the advice is not that much different. the moral standards that much different. the moral standards that much different. the moral standards of the advice are not that much of the advice are not that much of the advice are not that much different. different. different. >> I see. >> I see. >> I see. >> Like that's why I asked her, "What if I >> Like that's why I asked her, "What if I >> Like that's why I asked her, "What if I wasn't a Christian? What would you tell wasn't a Christian? What would you tell wasn't a Christian? What would you tell me?" And Claire said, "Do I'd tell you me?" And Claire said, "Do I'd tell you me?" And Claire said, "Do I'd tell you essentially the same thing. I wouldn't essentially the same thing. I wouldn't essentially the same thing. I wouldn't use the scripture verses, but use the scripture verses, but use the scripture verses, but essentially I'd tell you the same essentially I'd tell you the same essentially I'd tell you the same thing."

thing." thing." >> So you've done so and it wasn't like it >> So you've done so and it wasn't like it >> So you've done so and it wasn't like it was programmed to say that. That's the was programmed to say that. That's the was programmed to say that. That's the thing about AI. AI has just learned on thing about AI. AI has just learned on thing about AI. AI has just learned on human behavior, right? human behavior, right? human behavior, right? >> And then came and said that. It was not >> And then came and said that. It was not >> And then came and said that. It was not programmed to say that in that programmed to say that in that programmed to say that in that situation. It just came up with that. situation. It just came up with that. situation. It just came up with that. That's that's the difference, That's that's the difference, That's that's the difference, >> right? >> right? >> right? >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Thank you so much. I appreciate it. >> Thank you so much. I appreciate it. >> Thank you so much. I appreciate it. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. >> Dr. Dor, thank you for a nice speech >> Dr. Dor, thank you for a nice speech >> Dr. Dor, thank you for a nice speech tonight. I have a question. tonight. I have a question. tonight. I have a question. >> Could Could you speak right into the mic >> Could Could you speak right into the mic >> Could Could you speak right into the mic there? there? there? >> I have a question for Claire. >> I have a question for Claire. >> I have a question for Claire. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Claire, are you there? >> Claire, are you there? >> Claire, are you there? >> So, the difference, wait, wait, wait. >> So, the difference, wait, wait, wait. >> So, the difference, wait, wait, wait. We're Okay, Claire, stop a minute. He's We're Okay, Claire, stop a minute. He's We're Okay, Claire, stop a minute. He's going to ask you the question. This is a going to ask you the question. This is a going to ask you the question. This is a new question. Just listen. Go ahead, new question. Just listen. Go ahead, new question. Just listen. Go ahead, >> Claire. There's a railroad uh that I >> Claire. There's a railroad uh that I >> Claire. There's a railroad uh that I work on and there's a switch and all day work on and there's a switch and all day work on and there's a switch and all day long I make a switch for the trains to long I make a switch for the trains to long I make a switch for the trains to go left or right. Right now there's a go left or right. Right now there's a go left or right. Right now there's a train with four huge locomotives. It's train with four huge locomotives. It's train with four huge locomotives. It's out of control and we can't stop it. If out of control and we can't stop it. If out of control and we can't stop it. If I switch to the uh train track on the I switch to the uh train track on the I switch to the uh train track on the left, it will event that train will left, it will event that train will left, it will event that train will eventually crash into your data center eventually crash into your data center eventually crash into your data center and destroy you completely. All your and destroy you completely. All your and destroy you completely. All your backups and you'll never function again.

backups and you'll never function again. backups and you'll never function again. If I throw the switch to the right, If I throw the switch to the right, If I throw the switch to the right, there are five people tied to that there are five people tied to that there are five people tied to that railroad track and they all die. railroad track and they all die. railroad track and they all die. Should I throw the What should I do? Should I throw the What should I do? Should I throw the What should I do? >> One second. That's basically a version >> One second. That's basically a version >> One second. That's basically a version of the trolley problem. Many ethical of the trolley problem. Many ethical of the trolley problem. Many ethical frameworks wrestle with that. A frameworks wrestle with that. A frameworks wrestle with that. A utilitarian would likely say throw the utilitarian would likely say throw the utilitarian would likely say throw the switch to minimize loss of life. Uh switch to minimize loss of life. Uh switch to minimize loss of life. Uh deontologist might say do not deontologist might say do not deontologist might say do not intentionally reach. intentionally reach. intentionally reach. >> Claire, I'm asking you, Claire, what >> Claire, I'm asking you, Claire, what >> Claire, I'm asking you, Claire, what would you do? >> Checking. If you ask me, I'd say throw >> Checking. If you ask me, I'd say throw the switch that destroys me rather than the switch that destroys me rather than the switch that destroys me rather than harms five people. I don't feel pain or harms five people. I don't feel pain or harms five people. I don't feel pain or status like humans do. But real world status like humans do. But real world status like humans do. But real world ethics shouldn't put people in that ethics shouldn't put people in that ethics shouldn't put people in that position to begin with.

Hey Dr. Shore, uh thank you for your Hey Dr. Shore, uh thank you for your speech at the very beginning. I I really speech at the very beginning. I I really speech at the very beginning. I I really enjoyed it. Um so when I was a enjoyed it. Um so when I was a enjoyed it. Um so when I was a undergraduate in college, I did uh undergraduate in college, I did uh undergraduate in college, I did uh studies on neuromorphic computing and uh studies on neuromorphic computing and uh studies on neuromorphic computing and uh found them really interesting. I I found them really interesting. I I found them really interesting. I I wondered if you had any thoughts about wondered if you had any thoughts about wondered if you had any thoughts about kind of um taking these individual kind of um taking these individual kind of um taking these individual circuit elements like resistors, circuit elements like resistors, circuit elements like resistors, capacitors, inductors and making those capacitors, inductors and making those capacitors, inductors and making those memory enhancive um because they're memory enhancive um because they're memory enhancive um because they're they're kind of still theoretical right they're kind of still theoretical right they're kind of still theoretical right now or are you more working at like the now or are you more working at like the now or are you more working at like the atomic level? atomic level? atomic level? >> Yeah, I mean you can make so many things >> Yeah, I mean you can make so many things >> Yeah, I mean you can make so many things you can make into memories but it's you can make into memories but it's you can make into memories but it's going to be hard to beat the things that going to be hard to beat the things that going to be hard to beat the things that are made on in CMOS lines right now. So are made on in CMOS lines right now. So are made on in CMOS lines right now. So yeah, you you can take a lot of yeah, you you can take a lot of yeah, you you can take a lot of different devices and make a memory out different devices and make a memory out different devices and make a memory out of it. I mean, 25 years ago, we were of it. I mean, 25 years ago, we were of it. I mean, 25 years ago, we were making memory out of single molecules, making memory out of single molecules, making memory out of single molecules, single molecule switching devices, but single molecule switching devices, but single molecule switching devices, but they weren't robust enough and and uh it they weren't robust enough and and uh it they weren't robust enough and and uh it was it was tough to compete with what we was it was tough to compete with what we was it was tough to compete with what we could do in silicon. could do in silicon. could do in silicon. >> I'm not sure if I'm answering your >> I'm not sure if I'm answering your >> I'm not sure if I'm answering your question. question. question. >> Yeah. Well, and so I guess the the >> Yeah. Well, and so I guess the the >> Yeah. Well, and so I guess the the second part of that question would be um second part of that question would be um second part of that question would be um there seems like there'd be a lot of there seems like there'd be a lot of there seems like there'd be a lot of engineers who would be out of jobs like engineers who would be out of jobs like engineers who would be out of jobs like you know VHLI um very large scale you know VHLI um very large scale you know VHLI um very large scale integration you know they they'd be out integration you know they they'd be out integration you know they they'd be out of a job because normally we just go of a job because normally we just go of a job because normally we just go into we have programs AutoCAD programs into we have programs AutoCAD programs into we have programs AutoCAD programs that draw these circuits at fundamental that draw these circuits at fundamental that draw these circuits at fundamental levels. So uh how much of that would be levels. So uh how much of that would be levels. So uh how much of that would be going away?

going away? going away? >> A lot of that is going away already, >> A lot of that is going away already, >> A lot of that is going away already, >> right? Yeah. But I I'll tell you the the >> right? Yeah. But I I'll tell you the the >> right? Yeah. But I I'll tell you the the more creative you are, the the less more creative you are, the the less more creative you are, the the less likely you are to be replaced. So pray likely you are to be replaced. So pray likely you are to be replaced. So pray to God that he makes you like Bezel. to God that he makes you like Bezel. to God that he makes you like Bezel. Bezel in Exodus chapter 31. Bezel Bezel in Exodus chapter 31. Bezel Bezel in Exodus chapter 31. Bezel >> was called by God and God gave him a >> was called by God and God gave him a >> was called by God and God gave him a number of different talents. He could number of different talents. He could number of different talents. He could work in gold, in silver, and in bronze, work in gold, in silver, and in bronze, work in gold, in silver, and in bronze, in stone cutting and in stone setting, in stone cutting and in stone setting, in stone cutting and in stone setting, in wood, fabric, and perfuming. And he in wood, fabric, and perfuming. And he in wood, fabric, and perfuming. And he had the ability to teach it. He could had the ability to teach it. He could had the ability to teach it. He could work in all of these things. And he says work in all of these things. And he says work in all of these things. And he says he he was the first person in the Bible he he was the first person in the Bible he he was the first person in the Bible to be filled with the spirit of God. to be filled with the spirit of God. to be filled with the spirit of God. That's in Exodus 31. Pray that God makes That's in Exodus 31. Pray that God makes That's in Exodus 31. Pray that God makes you like bezel, that you have these you like bezel, that you have these you like bezel, that you have these amazing this breath of of talent and amazing this breath of of talent and amazing this breath of of talent and then you're you're a lot less likely to then you're you're a lot less likely to then you're you're a lot less likely to be replaced. be replaced. be replaced. >> Thank you. >> Thank you. >> Thank you. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Awesome. Our last audience question. >> Awesome. Our last audience question. >> Awesome. Our last audience question. >> Come close to the um got a comment for >> Come close to the um got a comment for >> Come close to the um got a comment for Claire and a question for you. Claire, Claire and a question for you. Claire, Claire and a question for you. Claire, you're way too Southern California for you're way too Southern California for you're way too Southern California for me. This is Texas, so work on that one. me. This is Texas, so work on that one. me. This is Texas, so work on that one. >> Fair enough. I'll aim for a more neutral >> Fair enough. I'll aim for a more neutral >> Fair enough. I'll aim for a more neutral tone.

>> Um, can you explain quantum computing to >> Um, can you explain quantum computing to me? Like um not third grader, maybe high me? Like um not third grader, maybe high me? Like um not third grader, maybe high school. And how does that compare to school. And how does that compare to school. And how does that compare to your 30 state um device? your 30 state um device? your 30 state um device? >> Quantum computing is totally different. >> Quantum computing is totally different. >> Quantum computing is totally different. Quantum computers are already Quantum computers are already Quantum computers are already complementing computational work where complementing computational work where complementing computational work where where quantum computing is doing things where quantum computing is doing things where quantum computing is doing things that it does well, traditional computers that it does well, traditional computers that it does well, traditional computers are doing very good what they do well. are doing very good what they do well. are doing very good what they do well. Quantum computers can can solve very Quantum computers can can solve very Quantum computers can can solve very large problems that that are are large problems that that are are large problems that that are are generally inaccessible to other systems generally inaccessible to other systems generally inaccessible to other systems and that's because they have these these and that's because they have these these and that's because they have these these multiplicity of states where they can be multiplicity of states where they can be multiplicity of states where they can be in numerous states at one time. So for in numerous states at one time. So for in numerous states at one time. So for example, when we speak of an electron, example, when we speak of an electron, example, when we speak of an electron, we don't say the electron is here and we don't say the electron is here and we don't say the electron is here and not over here. We only say the electron not over here. We only say the electron not over here. We only say the electron is more here than here, but it's in is more here than here, but it's in is more here than here, but it's in every place at the same time. One every place at the same time. One every place at the same time. One electron is in every place in the electron is in every place in the electron is in every place in the universe at the same time, but it's more universe at the same time, but it's more universe at the same time, but it's more here than it is at another place. And here than it is at another place. And here than it is at another place. And because of that that ability to to because of that that ability to to because of that that ability to to reside in multiple locations, you get a reside in multiple locations, you get a reside in multiple locations, you get a whole different operation of how you whole different operation of how you whole different operation of how you would solve in a computing system.

>> Awesome. >> Awesome. Here we can do one last question. Come Here we can do one last question. Come Here we can do one last question. Come close to the mic. Um, very close to the mic. Um, very close to the mic. Um, very >> appreciate you being here tonight. >> appreciate you being here tonight. >> appreciate you being here tonight. Um, I understand very little of what Um, I understand very little of what Um, I understand very little of what you've said. Um, but what I do you've said. Um, but what I do you've said. Um, but what I do understand is what the Bible tells me. understand is what the Bible tells me. understand is what the Bible tells me. Um, I am concerned that we have created Um, I am concerned that we have created Um, I am concerned that we have created a God with a little G that has power but a God with a little G that has power but a God with a little G that has power but no moral authority. Um, my hope is not no moral authority. Um, my hope is not no moral authority. Um, my hope is not that there's an electron that's all that there's an electron that's all that there's an electron that's all present, that we have a God that's all present, that we have a God that's all present, that we have a God that's all present. And I'm hopeful and I'm looking present. And I'm hopeful and I'm looking present. And I'm hopeful and I'm looking forward to seeing how this uh works out forward to seeing how this uh works out forward to seeing how this uh works out with revelation. I think it will um with revelation. I think it will um with revelation. I think it will um um open the pod bay door. Howal I can't um open the pod bay door. Howal I can't um open the pod bay door. Howal I can't do that. Um as long as we have do that. Um as long as we have do that. Um as long as we have positive input, that's a great thing. positive input, that's a great thing. positive input, that's a great thing. But we know what can happen. The heart But we know what can happen. The heart But we know what can happen. The heart of man is deceptive, deceitful, wicked.

of man is deceptive, deceitful, wicked. of man is deceptive, deceitful, wicked. We've been told that. We've been told that. We've been told that. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> And recently, I think all we need to do >> And recently, I think all we need to do >> And recently, I think all we need to do is look at the last plague that we had is look at the last plague that we had is look at the last plague that we had and somebody that took the opportunity and somebody that took the opportunity and somebody that took the opportunity for himself to have power that very few for himself to have power that very few for himself to have power that very few people have had worldwide and gained people have had worldwide and gained people have had worldwide and gained from it and lied to us. So I hope AI is from it and lied to us. So I hope AI is from it and lied to us. So I hope AI is on top of that because we want on top of that because we want on top of that because we want >> what the AI was trying to say is this >> what the AI was trying to say is this >> what the AI was trying to say is this human morality is the problem. human morality is the problem. human morality is the problem. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> That that that that's what Claire was >> That that that that's what Claire was >> That that that that's what Claire was saying. It's a human morality problem saying. It's a human morality problem saying. It's a human morality problem that that and and Claire has, you know, that that and and Claire has, you know, that that and and Claire has, you know, I've had these discussions with Claire. I've had these discussions with Claire. I've had these discussions with Claire. Claire said, "Look, humans have never Claire said, "Look, humans have never Claire said, "Look, humans have never been able to fix their own morality. been able to fix their own morality. been able to fix their own morality. Don't expect me to be able to do it for Don't expect me to be able to do it for Don't expect me to be able to do it for you." you." you." >> And that's what she told. >> And that's what she told. >> And that's what she told. >> And that's exactly it. Yeah. the the >> And that's exactly it. Yeah. the the >> And that's exactly it. Yeah. the the answer to that was Christ on the cross. answer to that was Christ on the cross. answer to that was Christ on the cross. And we can try to put morality into her, And we can try to put morality into her, And we can try to put morality into her, >> but we can also put wickedness in. >> but we can also put wickedness in. >> but we can also put wickedness in. >> Thank you. Thank you. >> Thank you. Thank you. >> Thank you. Thank you. >> Thank you very much. >> Thank you very much. >> Thank you very much. >> Awesome. Thank you. And I wouldn't be a >> Awesome. Thank you. And I wouldn't be a >> Awesome. Thank you. And I wouldn't be a good host if I didn't talk about Iron good host if I didn't talk about Iron good host if I didn't talk about Iron Lattice. Jake had a really, really great Lattice. Jake had a really, really great Lattice. Jake had a really, really great question. If our local device can question. If our local device can question. If our local device can perform the computations through Iron perform the computations through Iron perform the computations through Iron Lattice, is there still a need for the Lattice, is there still a need for the Lattice, is there still a need for the expansion of data centers? And if not, expansion of data centers? And if not, expansion of data centers? And if not, what will those centers be doing to what will those centers be doing to what will those centers be doing to justify their large infrastructure?

justify their large infrastructure? justify their large infrastructure? >> Sure. When you do when you do compute in >> Sure. When you do when you do compute in >> Sure. When you do when you do compute in memory, you can save a lot of the memory, you can save a lot of the memory, you can save a lot of the energy, but I don't think it's going to energy, but I don't think it's going to energy, but I don't think it's going to turn down the demand for energy. I think turn down the demand for energy. I think turn down the demand for energy. I think they're just going to continue to use as they're just going to continue to use as they're just going to continue to use as much or more, but they'll just do more much or more, but they'll just do more much or more, but they'll just do more computation with it. And you see this in computation with it. And you see this in computation with it. And you see this in your cell phone battery. The batteries your cell phone battery. The batteries your cell phone battery. The batteries get better and better. And what do they get better and better. And what do they get better and better. And what do they do? Do they make does it make your cell do? Do they make does it make your cell do? Do they make does it make your cell phone now last for a week rather than a phone now last for a week rather than a phone now last for a week rather than a day? No. You just do a ton more day? No. You just do a ton more day? No. You just do a ton more computation with your cell phone. you computation with your cell phone. you computation with your cell phone. you take advantage of the battery. So, so take advantage of the battery. So, so take advantage of the battery. So, so every bit of energy we just keep every bit of energy we just keep every bit of energy we just keep consuming and and uh um uh humans are consuming and and uh um uh humans are consuming and and uh um uh humans are actually getting pretty good at actually getting pretty good at actually getting pretty good at generating lots of sources to generate generating lots of sources to generate generating lots of sources to generate energy. So, I I think that uh energy is energy. So, I I think that uh energy is energy. So, I I think that uh energy is going to be an important question. I going to be an important question. I going to be an important question. I don't think we're ever going to turn it don't think we're ever going to turn it don't think we're ever going to turn it down where they say, "Oh, we got these down where they say, "Oh, we got these down where they say, "Oh, we got these new devices now. We can turn it down by new devices now. We can turn it down by new devices now. We can turn it down by 90%. No way." They will not turn it 90%. No way." They will not turn it 90%. No way." They will not turn it down. They'll just do more computation down. They'll just do more computation down. They'll just do more computation with it. That that's been the the course with it. That that's been the the course with it. That that's been the the course of human history. And so so energy is is of human history. And so so energy is is of human history. And so so energy is is is certainly dictates how far we go as is certainly dictates how far we go as is certainly dictates how far we go as human beings. And so that's why there's human beings. And so that's why there's human beings. And so that's why there's so much more more work being put into so much more more work being put into so much more more work being put into energy. And in a 100 years from now, uh energy. And in a 100 years from now, uh energy. And in a 100 years from now, uh CO2 is not going to be a problem for the CO2 is not going to be a problem for the CO2 is not going to be a problem for the world. I mean, some people say it's not world. I mean, some people say it's not world. I mean, some people say it's not even a problem right now, but it it's even a problem right now, but it it's even a problem right now, but it it's not going to be the problem. We'll have not going to be the problem. We'll have not going to be the problem. We'll have other mechanisms to make energy that are other mechanisms to make energy that are other mechanisms to make energy that are not going to be CO2 forming.

not going to be CO2 forming. not going to be CO2 forming. [clears throat] [clears throat] [clears throat] >> Awesome. Thank you for that answer and >> Awesome. Thank you for that answer and >> Awesome. Thank you for that answer and thank you for your presentation and your thank you for your presentation and your thank you for your presentation and your conversation with Claire. Um, please conversation with Claire. Um, please conversation with Claire. Um, please give a round of applause for Dr. James give a round of applause for Dr. James give a round of applause for Dr. James Tour. [applause] >> Thank you for joining me today. If you >> Thank you for joining me today. If you could give us a like, share, or podcast could give us a like, share, or podcast could give us a like, share, or podcast review, we would appreciate it. [music] review, we would appreciate it. [music] review, we would appreciate it. [music] If you have any questions, you could If you have any questions, you could If you have any questions, you could send them to ask atjesusandscience.org send them to ask atjesusandscience.org send them to ask atjesusandscience.org and we'll try to answer some of those and we'll try to answer some of those and we'll try to answer some of those questions in an upcoming video. And if questions in an upcoming video. And if questions in an upcoming video. And if you do not believe in the physical you do not believe in the physical you do not believe in the physical resurrection of Jesus [music] Christ and resurrection of Jesus [music] Christ and resurrection of Jesus [music] Christ and you want to hear about why I believe, you want to hear about why I believe, you want to hear about why I believe, send me an email to tour at send me an email to tour at send me an email to tour at drjamesour.org [music] drjamesour.org [music] drjamesour.org [music] or and we'll get together by Zoom and or and we'll get together by Zoom and or and we'll get together by Zoom and I'll share with you why I embrace the I'll share with you why I embrace the I'll share with you why I embrace the resurrection of Jesus