Why Big Tech Is Incompatible with Democracy | Bruno Giussani | TED

How many algorithms are part of your How many algorithms are part of your daily life? daily life? daily life? How many sensors? How many screens? In How many sensors? How many screens? In How many sensors? How many screens? In fact, interacting with screens and other fact, interacting with screens and other fact, interacting with screens and other digital interfaces has become the main digital interfaces has become the main digital interfaces has become the main daily activity of almost all of us. daily activity of almost all of us. daily activity of almost all of us. But how many of those interactions are But how many of those interactions are But how many of those interactions are actually really of our choosing? actually really of our choosing? actually really of our choosing? Our lives are uh and our societies are Our lives are uh and our societies are Our lives are uh and our societies are increasingly structured around and by increasingly structured around and by increasingly structured around and by algorithms and digital networks. And algorithms and digital networks. And algorithms and digital networks. And this algorithmization of life I think is this algorithmization of life I think is this algorithmization of life I think is a problem for different reasons. And I a problem for different reasons. And I a problem for different reasons. And I want to uh touch upon two of them want to uh touch upon two of them want to uh touch upon two of them tonight. tonight. tonight. The first one is the nature of these The first one is the nature of these The first one is the nature of these technologies. We think they are products technologies. We think they are products technologies. We think they are products and we buy them and once we own them, we and we buy them and once we own them, we and we buy them and once we own them, we can do with them as we please. But in can do with them as we please. But in can do with them as we please. But in the last couple of decades, the last couple of decades, the last couple of decades, digital technologies have actually digital technologies have actually digital technologies have actually become platforms, become platforms, become platforms, invisible digital architectures within invisible digital architectures within invisible digital architectures within which we live and that changes which we live and that changes which we live and that changes absolutely everything.

absolutely everything. absolutely everything. Almost all important software and Almost all important software and Almost all important software and digital services. Think of office and uh digital services. Think of office and uh digital services. Think of office and uh industrial applications, industrial applications, industrial applications, information and entertainment feeds, information and entertainment feeds, information and entertainment feeds, payments, artificial intelligence, payments, artificial intelligence, payments, artificial intelligence, chatbots, they all now run on the cloud chatbots, they all now run on the cloud chatbots, they all now run on the cloud as we say, which means that the data and as we say, which means that the data and as we say, which means that the data and the processing the processing the processing are not in our machines controlled by us are not in our machines controlled by us are not in our machines controlled by us locally, but they are on distant locally, but they are on distant locally, but they are on distant machines on remote servers to which we machines on remote servers to which we machines on remote servers to which we buy access and which are controlled by buy access and which are controlled by buy access and which are controlled by the providers the providers the providers and that gives them an immense power and that gives them an immense power and that gives them an immense power over our lives. [snorts] It allows them over our lives. [snorts] It allows them over our lives. [snorts] It allows them to decide what we can and cannot do. to decide what we can and cannot do. to decide what we can and cannot do. what ideas get visibility and what what ideas get visibility and what what ideas get visibility and what don't, what information we can access don't, what information we can access don't, what information we can access and also to influence our public and also to influence our public and also to influence our public debates. Of course, these technologies debates. Of course, these technologies debates. Of course, these technologies are efficient, useful, practical, well are efficient, useful, practical, well are efficient, useful, practical, well integrated, easy to use, often even integrated, easy to use, often even integrated, easy to use, often even free.

free. free. Their utility is real and that's why we Their utility is real and that's why we Their utility is real and that's why we have adopted them and that's why it's so have adopted them and that's why it's so have adopted them and that's why it's so difficult to imagine doing without them. difficult to imagine doing without them. difficult to imagine doing without them. But all that comes at a price and But all that comes at a price and But all that comes at a price and finally we are starting to understand finally we are starting to understand finally we are starting to understand it. Data extraction, privacy loss, it. Data extraction, privacy loss, it. Data extraction, privacy loss, fragmentation of attention, dependency, fragmentation of attention, dependency, fragmentation of attention, dependency, mental health, we can do a very long mental health, we can do a very long mental health, we can do a very long list. list. list. And now for the past 3 years, a little And now for the past 3 years, a little And now for the past 3 years, a little bit more, generative artificial bit more, generative artificial bit more, generative artificial intelligence is infiltrating itself intelligence is infiltrating itself intelligence is infiltrating itself everywhere. It's popping up on all sorts everywhere. It's popping up on all sorts everywhere. It's popping up on all sorts of applications and programs, talking to of applications and programs, talking to of applications and programs, talking to us like friends, giving us sometimes the us like friends, giving us sometimes the us like friends, giving us sometimes the impression that we have superpowers. impression that we have superpowers. impression that we have superpowers. And indeed, AI chatbots can seem magical And indeed, AI chatbots can seem magical And indeed, AI chatbots can seem magical because they offer something almost because they offer something almost because they offer something almost irresistible. irresistible. irresistible. The opportunity to delegate to a machine The opportunity to delegate to a machine The opportunity to delegate to a machine the effort of thinking, learning, the effort of thinking, learning, the effort of thinking, learning, writing, even deciding.

writing, even deciding. writing, even deciding. They are like They are like They are like cognitive baby bottles. cognitive baby bottles. cognitive baby bottles. And uh every day tens of millions of And uh every day tens of millions of And uh every day tens of millions of people rush to the nipple. But the more people rush to the nipple. But the more people rush to the nipple. But the more we delegate thinking [snorts] and we delegate thinking [snorts] and we delegate thinking [snorts] and deciding, the less we will be able to deciding, the less we will be able to deciding, the less we will be able to think and decide by ourselves. think and decide by ourselves. think and decide by ourselves. [snorts] And indeed, we are increasingly [snorts] And indeed, we are increasingly [snorts] And indeed, we are increasingly surrounded by machines that under the surrounded by machines that under the surrounded by machines that under the cover of optimization and practicality cover of optimization and practicality cover of optimization and practicality diminish our ability to understand diminish our ability to understand diminish our ability to understand reality and to act upon it. reality and to act upon it. reality and to act upon it. And they algorithmically reprogram And they algorithmically reprogram And they algorithmically reprogram change our societies. We think we change our societies. We think we change our societies. We think we control them, but actually is they who control them, but actually is they who control them, but actually is they who hypnotize us and domesticate us. hypnotize us and domesticate us. hypnotize us and domesticate us. And I know that's not a happy profile of And I know that's not a happy profile of And I know that's not a happy profile of our current situation that I just our current situation that I just our current situation that I just described. described. described. And for us Europeans, and that's the And for us Europeans, and that's the And for us Europeans, and that's the second point, for us Europeans, this second point, for us Europeans, this second point, for us Europeans, this problem is compounded by the fact that problem is compounded by the fact that problem is compounded by the fact that almost all these digital technologies almost all these digital technologies almost all these digital technologies are American.

are American. are American. for a long time for a mix of uh for a long time for a mix of uh for a long time for a mix of uh economic opportunism and uh strategic economic opportunism and uh strategic economic opportunism and uh strategic naive and comfort and lack of naive and comfort and lack of naive and comfort and lack of imagination. We have accumulated a imagination. We have accumulated a imagination. We have accumulated a substantial technological lag. We have substantial technological lag. We have substantial technological lag. We have given up on our digital autonomy and it given up on our digital autonomy and it given up on our digital autonomy and it didn't seem such a huge deal because didn't seem such a huge deal because didn't seem such a huge deal because these technologies were coming from a these technologies were coming from a these technologies were coming from a country that was a friend and an ally. country that was a friend and an ally. country that was a friend and an ally. But now the United States are undergoing But now the United States are undergoing But now the United States are undergoing an internal revolution with fascist an internal revolution with fascist an internal revolution with fascist tendencies and they are engaging in a tendencies and they are engaging in a tendencies and they are engaging in a rogue and destabilizing external rogue and destabilizing external rogue and destabilizing external activism. activism. activism. Old established friendships are being Old established friendships are being Old established friendships are being replaced by openly hostile postures, by replaced by openly hostile postures, by replaced by openly hostile postures, by brazen interferences brazen interferences brazen interferences and force threats are becoming tools of and force threats are becoming tools of and force threats are becoming tools of foreign policy.

foreign policy. foreign policy. And we must not fool ourselves. This is And we must not fool ourselves. This is And we must not fool ourselves. This is not just temporary. This is a profound not just temporary. This is a profound not just temporary. This is a profound systemic transformation. systemic transformation. systemic transformation. And the big tech tech companies, the big And the big tech tech companies, the big And the big tech tech companies, the big American tech companies, the one that we American tech companies, the one that we American tech companies, the one that we carry in our pockets, the one that are carry in our pockets, the one that are carry in our pockets, the one that are on our desk on whose digital services we on our desk on whose digital services we on our desk on whose digital services we depend, depend, depend, they are aligned with the priorities or they are aligned with the priorities or they are aligned with the priorities or of their government. We actually seeing of their government. We actually seeing of their government. We actually seeing a convergence of military and political a convergence of military and political a convergence of military and political power and of cloud power. When power and of cloud power. When power and of cloud power. When the CEOs are invited to accompany the the CEOs are invited to accompany the the CEOs are invited to accompany the president to a dinner, for example, with president to a dinner, for example, with president to a dinner, for example, with the king of England, that's not so that the king of England, that's not so that the king of England, that's not so that they can take a selfie with the king, they can take a selfie with the king, they can take a selfie with the king, right? That's a signal. It's a signal right? That's a signal. It's a signal right? That's a signal. It's a signal that digital technology is today central that digital technology is today central that digital technology is today central to American power projection. In fact, to American power projection. In fact, to American power projection. In fact, we should start looking at their data we should start looking at their data we should start looking at their data centers in the same way we look at the centers in the same way we look at the centers in the same way we look at the military bases that the US is military bases that the US is military bases that the US is maintaining around the world. And in maintaining around the world. And in maintaining around the world. And in this context, the fact that uh large this context, the fact that uh large this context, the fact that uh large parts of Europe parts of Europe parts of Europe run on American servers and software run on American servers and software run on American servers and software owned by American companies, encoding owned by American companies, encoding owned by American companies, encoding American values and worldviews and American values and worldviews and American values and worldviews and subject to American law of course subject to American law of course subject to American law of course creates a huge systemic vulnerability.

creates a huge systemic vulnerability. creates a huge systemic vulnerability. [clears throat] [clears throat] [clears throat] You cannot build a healthy economy and a You cannot build a healthy economy and a You cannot build a healthy economy and a strong society on somebody else's strong society on somebody else's strong society on somebody else's digital infrastructure. digital infrastructure. digital infrastructure. And our dependence And our dependence And our dependence is actually substantial. We may not is actually substantial. We may not is actually substantial. We may not realize it uh in our daily daily use, realize it uh in our daily daily use, realize it uh in our daily daily use, but somewhere between 2/3 and 3/4 of all but somewhere between 2/3 and 3/4 of all but somewhere between 2/3 and 3/4 of all digital technologies we use are digital technologies we use are digital technologies we use are American. American. American. And tech dependence is both a political And tech dependence is both a political And tech dependence is both a political and an economic risk. Should our access and an economic risk. Should our access and an economic risk. Should our access [snorts] to American digital [snorts] to American digital [snorts] to American digital infrastructure be cut off for technical infrastructure be cut off for technical infrastructure be cut off for technical reasons, for an accident, for economic reasons, for an accident, for economic reasons, for an accident, for economic reasons or for political reasons, it reasons or for political reasons, it reasons or for political reasons, it would cause a nearly immediate paralysis would cause a nearly immediate paralysis would cause a nearly immediate paralysis of nearly everything. administration, of nearly everything. administration, of nearly everything. administration, hospitals, energy systems, businesses, hospitals, energy systems, businesses, hospitals, energy systems, businesses, of course, the military, payments, of course, the military, payments, of course, the military, payments, social networks, all our messaging apps.

social networks, all our messaging apps. social networks, all our messaging apps. And yet we continue to transfer segments And yet we continue to transfer segments And yet we continue to transfer segments of our companies, of our governments, of our companies, of our governments, of our companies, of our governments, and our social and private lives onto and our social and private lives onto and our social and private lives onto American clouds every day, deepening our American clouds every day, deepening our American clouds every day, deepening our dependence. dependence. dependence. And And And dependencies, dependencies, dependencies, every dependence can be turned into every dependence can be turned into every dependence can be turned into coercion and into submission. coercion and into submission. coercion and into submission. And so I think it's urgent, very urgent, And so I think it's urgent, very urgent, And so I think it's urgent, very urgent, to find another way to find another way to find another way to demericanize to demericanize to demericanize as much as possible our digital uses and as much as possible our digital uses and as much as possible our digital uses and infrastructures. infrastructures. infrastructures. Now, Now, Now, don't take me for an anti-American. don't take me for an anti-American. don't take me for an anti-American. I've spent the last 30 years building I've spent the last 30 years building I've spent the last 30 years building bridges between the two sides of the bridges between the two sides of the bridges between the two sides of the Atlantic. There is nothing anti-American Atlantic. There is nothing anti-American Atlantic. There is nothing anti-American in what I'm saying here tonight. But in what I'm saying here tonight. But in what I'm saying here tonight. But there is everything anti-technological there is everything anti-technological there is everything anti-technological submission.

submission. submission. So how do we go about it? Obviously I'm So how do we go about it? Obviously I'm So how do we go about it? Obviously I'm not advocating for shifting to the other not advocating for shifting to the other not advocating for shifting to the other technological track of the world, the technological track of the world, the technological track of the world, the Chinese, Chinese, Chinese, nor for anarchic approach which in nor for anarchic approach which in nor for anarchic approach which in today's technological reality would be today's technological reality would be today's technological reality would be impossible. impossible. impossible. I'm talking about taking back control, I'm talking about taking back control, I'm talking about taking back control, about reestablishing, restoring a level about reestablishing, restoring a level about reestablishing, restoring a level of choice, of autonomy, of digital of choice, of autonomy, of digital of choice, of autonomy, of digital sovereignty. sovereignty. sovereignty. Some will say, "But we don't really have Some will say, "But we don't really have Some will say, "But we don't really have alternatives [snorts] to the American alternatives [snorts] to the American alternatives [snorts] to the American tech giants." tech giants." tech giants." We hear that all the time. We hear that all the time. We hear that all the time. But it's only half true because yes, we But it's only half true because yes, we But it's only half true because yes, we don't have giants. We don't have a don't have giants. We don't have a don't have giants. We don't have a European Google or a European Microsoft, European Google or a European Microsoft, European Google or a European Microsoft, but we do have alternatives, not for but we do have alternatives, not for but we do have alternatives, not for everything, but for many things.

everything, but for many things. everything, but for many things. [snorts] [snorts] [snorts] They may be small, national, perhaps not They may be small, national, perhaps not They may be small, national, perhaps not perfect, [snorts] but they are rather perfect, [snorts] but they are rather perfect, [snorts] but they are rather good. And there are really many. And good. And there are really many. And good. And there are really many. And what we need to do is to make them grow what we need to do is to make them grow what we need to do is to make them grow to make them scale in a deliberate way. to make them scale in a deliberate way. to make them scale in a deliberate way. And there are many ways of doing that. And there are many ways of doing that. And there are many ways of doing that. One for example is to prioritize them in One for example is to prioritize them in One for example is to prioritize them in public procurement. We cannot go to public procurement. We cannot go to public procurement. We cannot go to private companies and dictate what kind private companies and dictate what kind private companies and dictate what kind of technology they should use to run of technology they should use to run of technology they should use to run their business. Although their business. Although their business. Although companies should wake up and realize companies should wake up and realize companies should wake up and realize that uh every time they store data on an that uh every time they store data on an that uh every time they store data on an American cloud, every time they American cloud, every time they American cloud, every time they integrate an American AI, every time integrate an American AI, every time integrate an American AI, every time they make their business model they make their business model they make their business model contingent upon accessing American contingent upon accessing American contingent upon accessing American digital technology, they're putting digital technology, they're putting digital technology, they're putting themselves in a position of dependence themselves in a position of dependence themselves in a position of dependence and weakening their operational and weakening their operational and weakening their operational robustness and resilience.

robustness and resilience. robustness and resilience. But public procurement, we can decide But public procurement, we can decide But public procurement, we can decide where we direct taxpayers money. And I'm where we direct taxpayers money. And I'm where we direct taxpayers money. And I'm talking about tens, many tens of talking about tens, many tens of talking about tens, many tens of billions of euros that every year billions of euros that every year billions of euros that every year European public administrations send to European public administrations send to European public administrations send to the other side of the Atlantic to buy the other side of the Atlantic to buy the other side of the Atlantic to buy digital technology. digital technology. digital technology. And so we should start to take into And so we should start to take into And so we should start to take into account not only economic criteria but account not only economic criteria but account not only economic criteria but uh also strategic considerations when we uh also strategic considerations when we uh also strategic considerations when we choose technology and at least partially choose technology and at least partially choose technology and at least partially favoring national and European providers favoring national and European providers favoring national and European providers which would help them grow and note that which would help them grow and note that which would help them grow and note that that's exactly what the Americans and that's exactly what the Americans and that's exactly what the Americans and the Chinese do with their companies. And the Chinese do with their companies. And the Chinese do with their companies. And note also that I'm not talking about note also that I'm not talking about note also that I'm not talking about subsidies. I'm talking about markets, subsidies. I'm talking about markets, subsidies. I'm talking about markets, about purchases, about bids, about offer about purchases, about bids, about offer about purchases, about bids, about offer and supply. And if we help them grow, and supply. And if we help them grow, and supply. And if we help them grow, then there are cascading effects. They then there are cascading effects. They then there are cascading effects. They will have resources to invest in assets will have resources to invest in assets will have resources to invest in assets and capabilities. They will have a and capabilities. They will have a and capabilities. They will have a capacity to build new technologies, to capacity to build new technologies, to capacity to build new technologies, to retain talent, to dynamize the market, retain talent, to dynamize the market, retain talent, to dynamize the market, to become themselves internationally to become themselves internationally to become themselves internationally competitive.

competitive. competitive. Further, we also need to establish Further, we also need to establish Further, we also need to establish distinct European model, a new kind of distinct European model, a new kind of distinct European model, a new kind of industrial policy that can foster a industrial policy that can foster a industrial policy that can foster a different kind of technological different kind of technological different kind of technological innovation and relaunch the European innovation and relaunch the European innovation and relaunch the European tech industry. An approach, for example, tech industry. An approach, for example, tech industry. An approach, for example, that favors transparency, that favors transparency, that favors transparency, interoperability, interoperability, interoperability, respect for essential values. respect for essential values. respect for essential values. A business model that does not rely on A business model that does not rely on A business model that does not rely on the often abusive exploitation of the often abusive exploitation of the often abusive exploitation of personal data, but favors technology personal data, but favors technology personal data, but favors technology that does not spy on people. that does not spy on people. that does not spy on people. A regime of competition rather than A regime of competition rather than A regime of competition rather than monopoly, federated rather than monopoly, federated rather than monopoly, federated rather than centralized, centralized, centralized, diverse, and above all democratic diverse, and above all democratic diverse, and above all democratic because the big tech tech platforms we because the big tech tech platforms we because the big tech tech platforms we use today by nature are authoritarian use today by nature are authoritarian use today by nature are authoritarian based as they are on surveillance and based as they are on surveillance and based as they are on surveillance and control.

control. control. It seems to me that It seems to me that It seems to me that technology that does not spy on you, technology that does not spy on you, technology that does not spy on you, that should be Europe's digital that should be Europe's digital that should be Europe's digital difference. difference. difference. And it also needs to be an approach that And it also needs to be an approach that And it also needs to be an approach that is not only defensive but is competitive is not only defensive but is competitive is not only defensive but is competitive that builds technology, not only that builds technology, not only that builds technology, not only integrates or regulates it. integrates or regulates it. integrates or regulates it. Of course, emancipating ourselves even Of course, emancipating ourselves even Of course, emancipating ourselves even just partially won't be easy. There is just partially won't be easy. There is just partially won't be easy. There is no quick fix. There is no one for one no quick fix. There is no one for one no quick fix. There is no one for one replacement. It will take time but many replacement. It will take time but many replacement. It will take time but many have already done it. The city of Leon have already done it. The city of Leon have already done it. The city of Leon in France, cities in Denmark, the state in France, cities in Denmark, the state in France, cities in Denmark, the state of Schlesstein in Germany, ministries in of Schlesstein in Germany, ministries in of Schlesstein in Germany, ministries in Austria, the French National Police, the Austria, the French National Police, the Austria, the French National Police, the Swiss Supreme Court of Justice, both of Swiss Supreme Court of Justice, both of Swiss Supreme Court of Justice, both of those run on open-source software. The those run on open-source software. The those run on open-source software. The German government just a couple of days German government just a couple of days German government just a couple of days ago uh put forward a policy framework ago uh put forward a policy framework ago uh put forward a policy framework for a German tech stack for a German tech stack for a German tech stack and there are many many others [snorts] and there are many many others [snorts] and there are many many others [snorts] which shows that it is possible.

which shows that it is possible. which shows that it is possible. And then there is us, each and every one And then there is us, each and every one And then there is us, each and every one of us here tonight, who hand over entire of us here tonight, who hand over entire of us here tonight, who hand over entire parts of our private and social lives to parts of our private and social lives to parts of our private and social lives to American platforms every day, including American platforms every day, including American platforms every day, including today, today, today, without asking enough questions. without asking enough questions. without asking enough questions. Sometimes we do have a moment of doubt. Sometimes we do have a moment of doubt. Sometimes we do have a moment of doubt. We feel uneasy when we realize that our We feel uneasy when we realize that our We feel uneasy when we realize that our messages are read and our images are messages are read and our images are messages are read and our images are viewed by AIS. viewed by AIS. viewed by AIS. That the information we receive is That the information we receive is That the information we receive is filtered and often invented by filtered and often invented by filtered and often invented by algorithms that the machines we used we algorithms that the machines we used we algorithms that the machines we used we use are programmed to manipulate us. use are programmed to manipulate us. use are programmed to manipulate us. But then the apps are so convenient, But then the apps are so convenient, But then the apps are so convenient, free, easy. Our friends are there, our free, easy. Our friends are there, our free, easy. Our friends are there, our followers are there, the chat bots followers are there, the chat bots followers are there, the chat bots present themselves as friends. And so we present themselves as friends. And so we present themselves as friends. And so we convince ourselves that it's okay and convince ourselves that it's okay and convince ourselves that it's okay and continue to use them.

continue to use them. continue to use them. But it's not okay. In fact, I believe But it's not okay. In fact, I believe But it's not okay. In fact, I believe that the existence that the existence that the existence of big tech given their size, their of big tech given their size, their of big tech given their size, their concentration of capital, their growing concentration of capital, their growing concentration of capital, their growing technological grip into our lives, their technological grip into our lives, their technological grip into our lives, their almost direct access to our minds and to almost direct access to our minds and to almost direct access to our minds and to our emotions. The existence of big tech our emotions. The existence of big tech our emotions. The existence of big tech is no longer compatible with our is no longer compatible with our is no longer compatible with our freedoms and with democracy. freedoms and with democracy. freedoms and with democracy. The control they have over the The control they have over the The control they have over the development of artificial intelligence, development of artificial intelligence, development of artificial intelligence, one of the most astounding technologies one of the most astounding technologies one of the most astounding technologies ever created further entrenches that ever created further entrenches that ever created further entrenches that power, projects it into the future. power, projects it into the future. power, projects it into the future. However, that power, algorithmic power, However, that power, algorithmic power, However, that power, algorithmic power, cloud power rests at [snorts] least in cloud power rests at [snorts] least in cloud power rests at [snorts] least in part on our consent, part on our consent, part on our consent, on our compliance, on our passive and on our compliance, on our passive and on our compliance, on our passive and silent acceptance. And there is where we silent acceptance. And there is where we silent acceptance. And there is where we have a choice.

have a choice. have a choice. We can of course decide that autonomy We can of course decide that autonomy We can of course decide that autonomy and digital sovereignty are too and digital sovereignty are too and digital sovereignty are too expensive or too complicated or that it expensive or too complicated or that it expensive or too complicated or that it is too late and accept technological is too late and accept technological is too late and accept technological submission. And that seems to be the submission. And that seems to be the submission. And that seems to be the path we are on right now. path we are on right now. path we are on right now. Or we can resist. Or we can resist. Or we can resist. We can decide that we want to remain We can decide that we want to remain We can decide that we want to remain free and democratic and make and do free and democratic and make and do free and democratic and make and do everything we can gradually but everything we can gradually but everything we can gradually but aggressively and with urgency to regain aggressively and with urgency to regain aggressively and with urgency to regain control of our cloud and our data. It's control of our cloud and our data. It's control of our cloud and our data. It's possible. It will be difficult. It may possible. It will be difficult. It may possible. It will be difficult. It may hurt. It will require a surge of pride hurt. It will require a surge of pride hurt. It will require a surge of pride and of will. and of will. and of will. collaborative effort, pulled resources, collaborative effort, pulled resources, collaborative effort, pulled resources, courage, imagination. But to me, the courage, imagination. But to me, the courage, imagination. But to me, the path is absolutely clear. We need to path is absolutely clear. We need to path is absolutely clear. We need to deamemericanize our technological uses deamemericanize our technological uses deamemericanize our technological uses and infrastructure and we need to start and infrastructure and we need to start and infrastructure and we need to start now. Thank you. [applause]