Neil deGrasse Tyson: The Whistleblowers Are Telling The Truth About Aliens!

You had Obama make those comments about You had Obama make those comments about the subject of aliens. the subject of aliens. the subject of aliens. >> They're real, but I haven't seen them >> They're real, but I haven't seen them >> They're real, but I haven't seen them and they're not being kept in Area 51 and they're not being kept in Area 51 and they're not being kept in Area 51 unless they hid it from the president of unless they hid it from the president of unless they hid it from the president of the United States. the United States. the United States. >> I think he was joking when he said there >> I think he was joking when he said there >> I think he was joking when he said there are aliens. He's just never are aliens. He's just never are aliens. He's just never >> No, no, no, no, no, no, no. Obama is >> No, no, no, no, no, no, no. Obama is >> No, no, no, no, no, no, no. Obama is scientifically literate. But if you have scientifically literate. But if you have scientifically literate. But if you have the aliens and you don't want the the aliens and you don't want the the aliens and you don't want the president to know, the president's not president to know, the president's not president to know, the president's not going to know. going to know. going to know. >> So, do you believe there's intelligent >> So, do you believe there's intelligent >> So, do you believe there's intelligent life in the universe? life in the universe? life in the universe? >> Well, we have whistleblowers saying we >> Well, we have whistleblowers saying we >> Well, we have whistleblowers saying we have actual aliens. People have have actual aliens. People have have actual aliens. People have testified we have aliens, that we have testified we have aliens, that we have testified we have aliens, that we have alien crash parts. So, I don't see why alien crash parts. So, I don't see why alien crash parts. So, I don't see why they wouldn't be given the size of the they wouldn't be given the size of the they wouldn't be given the size of the universe. and Neil Degrass Tyson. What universe. and Neil Degrass Tyson. What universe. and Neil Degrass Tyson. What is [clears throat] the most pressing is [clears throat] the most pressing is [clears throat] the most pressing question that people are asking right question that people are asking right question that people are asking right now about the universe? And the first now about the universe? And the first now about the universe? And the first thing I wanted to ask is why are people thing I wanted to ask is why are people thing I wanted to ask is why are people so interested in going to the moon is so interested in going to the moon is so interested in going to the moon is geopolitical. China says they're going geopolitical. China says they're going geopolitical. China says they're going to the moon 50 years after we go to the to the moon 50 years after we go to the to the moon 50 years after we go to the moon and we all of a sudden decide we moon and we all of a sudden decide we moon and we all of a sudden decide we want to go to the moon. want to go to the moon. want to go to the moon. >> Is there an economic upside to it? >> Is there an economic upside to it? >> Is there an economic upside to it? >> No. Talking about data centers. >> No. Talking about data centers. >> No. Talking about data centers. >> No. No. I already answered you. I said >> No. No. I already answered you. I said >> No. No. I already answered you. I said we don't want them to go to the moon we don't want them to go to the moon we don't want them to go to the moon without us going to the moon. without us going to the moon. without us going to the moon. >> And there's no laws up there, is there? >> And there's no laws up there, is there? >> And there's no laws up there, is there? >> Space law is a is a wild west at this >> Space law is a is a wild west at this >> Space law is a is a wild west at this point. It's like who owns the moon? point. It's like who owns the moon? point. It's like who owns the moon? >> Nobody. Well, they're trying to figure >> Nobody. Well, they're trying to figure >> Nobody. Well, they're trying to figure that out. But don't delude yourself into that out. But don't delude yourself into that out. But don't delude yourself into thinking we ever went to the moon for thinking we ever went to the moon for thinking we ever went to the moon for science then or now.

science then or now. science then or now. >> Okay. Next. Do you believe that we're in >> Okay. Next. Do you believe that we're in >> Okay. Next. Do you believe that we're in a simulation? a simulation? a simulation? >> I'm whiny about that. And I'll tell you >> I'm whiny about that. And I'll tell you >> I'm whiny about that. And I'll tell you why. why. why. >> And then can you [music] explain what a >> And then can you [music] explain what a >> And then can you [music] explain what a black hole is? Like if you get sucked black hole is? Like if you get sucked black hole is? Like if you get sucked in. in. in. >> Okay. So, you will see the entire future >> Okay. So, you will see the entire future >> Okay. So, you will see the entire future history of the universe unfold. And then history of the universe unfold. And then history of the universe unfold. And then the difference in gravity between your the difference in gravity between your the difference in gravity between your feet and your head gets greater and feet and your head gets greater and feet and your head gets greater and greater and greater. Eventually, you'll greater and greater. Eventually, you'll greater and greater. Eventually, you'll snap into two pieces, likely separated snap into two pieces, likely separated snap into two pieces, likely separated at the base of your spine. at the base of your spine. at the base of your spine. And that's not even the worst part, and And that's not even the worst part, and And that's not even the worst part, and we'll get to that. we'll get to that. we'll get to that. >> And then just how small are we? Is there >> And then just how small are we? Is there >> And then just how small are we? Is there a most compelling UFO sighting that you a most compelling UFO sighting that you a most compelling UFO sighting that you can recall? Has your view of religion can recall? Has your view of religion can recall? Has your view of religion changed through all that you've learned changed through all that you've learned changed through all that you've learned about the universe? And what is the about the universe? And what is the about the universe? And what is the point of life? point of life? point of life? >> Wow, you have a good question. So, let's >> Wow, you have a good question. So, let's >> Wow, you have a good question. So, let's get into this. >> This is super interesting to me. My team >> This is super interesting to me. My team given me this report to show me how many given me this report to show me how many given me this report to show me how many of you that watch this show subscribe. of you that watch this show subscribe. of you that watch this show subscribe. And some of you have told us, according And some of you have told us, according And some of you have told us, according to this, that you are unsubscribed from to this, that you are unsubscribed from to this, that you are unsubscribed from the channel randomly. So favor to ask the channel randomly. So favor to ask the channel randomly. So favor to ask all of you, please could you check right all of you, please could you check right all of you, please could you check right now if you've hit the subscribe button now if you've hit the subscribe button now if you've hit the subscribe button if you are a regular viewer of this show if you are a regular viewer of this show if you are a regular viewer of this show and you like what we do here. We're and you like what we do here. We're and you like what we do here. We're approaching quite a significant landmark approaching quite a significant landmark approaching quite a significant landmark on this show in terms of a subscriber on this show in terms of a subscriber on this show in terms of a subscriber number. So if there was one simple free number. So if there was one simple free number. So if there was one simple free thing that you could do to help us, my thing that you could do to help us, my thing that you could do to help us, my team, everyone here to keep this show team, everyone here to keep this show team, everyone here to keep this show free, to keep it improving year over free, to keep it improving year over free, to keep it improving year over year and week over week, it is just to year and week over week, it is just to year and week over week, it is just to hit that subscribe button and to double hit that subscribe button and to double hit that subscribe button and to double check if you've hit it. Only thing I'll check if you've hit it. Only thing I'll check if you've hit it. Only thing I'll ever ask of you, do we have a deal? If ever ask of you, do we have a deal? If ever ask of you, do we have a deal? If you do it, I'll tell you what I'll do.

you do it, I'll tell you what I'll do. you do it, I'll tell you what I'll do. I'll make sure every single week, every I'll make sure every single week, every I'll make sure every single week, every single month, we fight harder and harder single month, we fight harder and harder single month, we fight harder and harder and harder and harder to bring you the and harder and harder to bring you the and harder and harder to bring you the guests and conversations that you want guests and conversations that you want guests and conversations that you want to hear. I've stayed true to that to hear. I've stayed true to that to hear. I've stayed true to that promise since the very beginning of the promise since the very beginning of the promise since the very beginning of the D of Sio and I will not let you down. D of Sio and I will not let you down. D of Sio and I will not let you down. Please help us. Really appreciate it. Please help us. Really appreciate it. Please help us. Really appreciate it. Let's get on with the show. Let's get on with the show. Let's get on with the show. [music] >> Grass Tyson, >> Grass Tyson, >> people come to you to try and understand >> people come to you to try and understand >> people come to you to try and understand the universe. the universe. the universe. >> Yes. >> Yes. >> Yes. >> What is the most pressing question >> What is the most pressing question >> What is the most pressing question people are asking you right now about people are asking you right now about people are asking you right now about the universe? Are we alone in the the universe? Are we alone in the the universe? Are we alone in the universe? And that's influenced by pop universe? And that's influenced by pop universe? And that's influenced by pop culture is I'll give an example. When culture is I'll give an example. When culture is I'll give an example. When the movie Ghost came out, polls showed the movie Ghost came out, polls showed the movie Ghost came out, polls showed that more people believed in ghosts that more people believed in ghosts that more people believed in ghosts after that movie than before the movie. after that movie than before the movie. after that movie than before the movie. So pop culture has a huge is a huge So pop culture has a huge is a huge So pop culture has a huge is a huge force of influence on our thoughts and force of influence on our thoughts and force of influence on our thoughts and feelings and attitudes and what we feelings and attitudes and what we feelings and attitudes and what we believe is or is not true. So when you believe is or is not true. So when you believe is or is not true. So when you say what is the most pressing question? say what is the most pressing question? say what is the most pressing question? Are we alone in the universe? Then they Are we alone in the universe? Then they Are we alone in the universe? Then they say, "Have we been visited?" And uh, say, "Have we been visited?" And uh, say, "Have we been visited?" And uh, "How will it all end?" That's another "How will it all end?" That's another "How will it all end?" That's another one. Usually God shows up in there. Is one. Usually God shows up in there. Is one. Usually God shows up in there. Is there God?

there God? there God? >> Uh, there's an assumption, I think it's >> Uh, there's an assumption, I think it's >> Uh, there's an assumption, I think it's a naive assumption, but an interesting a naive assumption, but an interesting a naive assumption, but an interesting one nonetheless, that people who study one nonetheless, that people who study one nonetheless, that people who study the universe might stumble upon God the universe might stumble upon God the universe might stumble upon God because we're told, or at least in our because we're told, or at least in our because we're told, or at least in our artwork, uh, gods live in the sky. So, artwork, uh, gods live in the sky. So, artwork, uh, gods live in the sky. So, people then study the sky. When the people then study the sky. When the people then study the sky. When the Apollo astronauts came back, people Apollo astronauts came back, people Apollo astronauts came back, people said, "Did you see God? Did you see said, "Did you see God? Did you see said, "Did you see God? Did you see heaven? What is the essence of why heaven? What is the essence of why heaven? What is the essence of why people are so curious about these people are so curious about these people are so curious about these subjects? subjects? subjects? >> My best speculation and this is a wild >> My best speculation and this is a wild >> My best speculation and this is a wild speculation and I you know my ego is not speculation and I you know my ego is not speculation and I you know my ego is not based on whether this is true based on whether this is true based on whether this is true >> but it's fascinating for me to think >> but it's fascinating for me to think >> but it's fascinating for me to think about the fact about the fact about the fact >> we are completely comfortable sleeping >> we are completely comfortable sleeping >> we are completely comfortable sleeping on our backs. on our backs. on our backs. Ask yourself how many other animals do Ask yourself how many other animals do Ask yourself how many other animals do that that that >> at all. Does a beetle say I'm going to >> at all. Does a beetle say I'm going to >> at all. Does a beetle say I'm going to turn over and go on my back and go do turn over and go on my back and go do turn over and go on my back and go do spiders just go on their back? Think spiders just go on their back? Think spiders just go on their back? Think about it. That's quite vulnerable. about it. That's quite vulnerable. about it. That's quite vulnerable. You're asleep and your belly is exposed, You're asleep and your belly is exposed, You're asleep and your belly is exposed, right? We sleep at night right? We sleep at night right? We sleep at night typically. Okay. If you're outdoors, us typically. Okay. If you're outdoors, us typically. Okay. If you're outdoors, us sleep on your back at night and you wake sleep on your back at night and you wake sleep on your back at night and you wake up, what's the first thing you see? The up, what's the first thing you see? The up, what's the first thing you see? The universe, universe, universe, the sky. You'll see, you know, comets the sky. You'll see, you know, comets the sky. You'll see, you know, comets and meteors and the moon and and and meteors and the moon and and and meteors and the moon and and brighter stars which we call planets brighter stars which we call planets brighter stars which we call planets eventually. And from night to night, eventually. And from night to night, eventually. And from night to night, wait a minute, the moon had one shape wait a minute, the moon had one shape wait a minute, the moon had one shape and now it's a different shape and it's and now it's a different shape and it's and now it's a different shape and it's a different part of the sky. And these a different part of the sky. And these a different part of the sky. And these lights are moving. And how could we not lights are moving. And how could we not lights are moving. And how could we not be curious

be curious be curious when in the middle of the night you wake when in the middle of the night you wake when in the middle of the night you wake up and the universe presents itself to up and the universe presents itself to up and the universe presents itself to you? you? you? So So So I think that's sort of in our DNA, I think that's sort of in our DNA, I think that's sort of in our DNA, the curiosity the curiosity the curiosity about the night sky. I didn't make about the night sky. I didn't make about the night sky. I didn't make people interested in the universe. In people interested in the universe. In people interested in the universe. In fact, when I was a kid, my first fact, when I was a kid, my first fact, when I was a kid, my first encounter with the night sky was a encounter with the night sky was a encounter with the night sky was a planetarium, the Hayden [clears throat] planetarium, the Hayden [clears throat] planetarium, the Hayden [clears throat] Planetarium here in New York City. I Planetarium here in New York City. I Planetarium here in New York City. I said, "Wow, I want to study the said, "Wow, I want to study the said, "Wow, I want to study the universe, but the universe is so universe, but the universe is so universe, but the universe is so interesting. Everybody's going to want interesting. Everybody's going to want interesting. Everybody's going to want to study the universe. There'll be no to study the universe. There'll be no to study the universe. There'll be no room for me." And as I as I got older, I room for me." And as I as I got older, I room for me." And as I as I got older, I realized there are other things people realized there are other things people realized there are other things people are interested in. Not everybody are interested in. Not everybody are interested in. Not everybody wants to study the universe wants to study the universe wants to study the universe professionally. professionally. professionally. However, whatever you choose as a However, whatever you choose as a However, whatever you choose as a profession, it doesn't change the fact profession, it doesn't change the fact profession, it doesn't change the fact that somewhere in you, you're going to that somewhere in you, you're going to that somewhere in you, you're going to look up and say, "What does that replace look up and say, "What does that replace look up and say, "What does that replace in the universe?" I thought you were in the universe?" I thought you were in the universe?" I thought you were going to say when you talked about going to say when you talked about going to say when you talked about sleeping on their backs that we are now sleeping on their backs that we are now sleeping on their backs that we are now so comfortable being the sort of apex so comfortable being the sort of apex so comfortable being the sort of apex predator that we're able to sleep on our predator that we're able to sleep on our predator that we're able to sleep on our backs and actually if but we we want backs and actually if but we we want backs and actually if but we we want we're so interested in aliens because we're so interested in aliens because we're so interested in aliens because it's the only thing that would threaten it's the only thing that would threaten it's the only thing that would threaten our place is being able to sleep on our our place is being able to sleep on our our place is being able to sleep on our backs as the apex predator.

backs as the apex predator. backs as the apex predator. >> Oh yeah. I'm I don't know that ancient >> Oh yeah. I'm I don't know that ancient >> Oh yeah. I'm I don't know that ancient people were dreaming up aliens. people were dreaming up aliens. people were dreaming up aliens. [laughter] [laughter] [laughter] >> It's just just the night sky itself. >> It's just just the night sky itself. >> It's just just the night sky itself. Well, okay. Uh let's not use the term Well, okay. Uh let's not use the term Well, okay. Uh let's not use the term alien. Let's just use the term gods. alien. Let's just use the term gods. alien. Let's just use the term gods. >> Where are most people's gods? They're in >> Where are most people's gods? They're in >> Where are most people's gods? They're in the sky. the sky. the sky. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Uh even in ancient Greece, they're Mount >> Uh even in ancient Greece, they're Mount >> Uh even in ancient Greece, they're Mount Olympus. Not in the sky, but they're in Olympus. Not in the sky, but they're in Olympus. Not in the sky, but they're in high places. You look at posters with high places. You look at posters with high places. You look at posters with religious sayings on them. religious sayings on them. religious sayings on them. Typically, it's a Typically, it's a Typically, it's a sunbeams coming through clouds and a sunbeams coming through clouds and a sunbeams coming through clouds and a beautiful landscape. You're looking at beautiful landscape. You're looking at beautiful landscape. You're looking at the sky. And by the way, what are our the sky. And by the way, what are our the sky. And by the way, what are our images of deity? Many of them could pass images of deity? Many of them could pass images of deity? Many of them could pass for aliens. for aliens. for aliens. >> Like the [clears throat] gorg guns, for >> Like the [clears throat] gorg guns, for >> Like the [clears throat] gorg guns, for example. Look at look at Medusa. Snakes example. Look at look at Medusa. Snakes example. Look at look at Medusa. Snakes for hair. Medusa. That's as alien as for hair. Medusa. That's as alien as for hair. Medusa. That's as alien as anything you would ever conjure. What anything you would ever conjure. What anything you would ever conjure. What else? Images of Jesus. He's floating. else? Images of Jesus. He's floating. else? Images of Jesus. He's floating. He's got beams coming out of him. If He's got beams coming out of him. If He's got beams coming out of him. If he's not floating, he's walking on he's not floating, he's walking on he's not floating, he's walking on water. These are these are things that water. These are these are things that water. These are these are things that go beyond anything that's earthly. So go beyond anything that's earthly. So go beyond anything that's earthly. So now now now people imagine aliens with all these people imagine aliens with all these people imagine aliens with all these same powers and weirdnesses. So I don't same powers and weirdnesses. So I don't same powers and weirdnesses. So I don't know that alien is something specific know that alien is something specific know that alien is something specific that's in our DNA to think about but to that's in our DNA to think about but to that's in our DNA to think about but to imagine things beyond ourselves imagine things beyond ourselves imagine things beyond ourselves >> is and and so I would lump them together >> is and and so I would lump them together >> is and and so I would lump them together in that respect.

in that respect. in that respect. >> One of the things that made me I guess >> One of the things that made me I guess >> One of the things that made me I guess more curious about aliens and meaning more curious about aliens and meaning more curious about aliens and meaning and purpose and gods and all these and purpose and gods and all these and purpose and gods and all these things was watching Cosmos which was things was watching Cosmos which was things was watching Cosmos which was your series around the universe and your series around the universe and your series around the universe and specifically it was specifically it was specifically it was >> and Carl Sean did it first my series. >> and Carl Sean did it first my series. >> and Carl Sean did it first my series. >> Well I watched both >> Well I watched both >> Well I watched both >> a series I happen to host. Yes. Okay. >> a series I happen to host. Yes. Okay. >> a series I happen to host. Yes. Okay. They both they both had the same impact They both they both had the same impact They both they both had the same impact on me which was on me which was on me which was >> they made me feel insignificant in the >> they made me feel insignificant in the >> they made me feel insignificant in the grand scheme of the cosmos. grand scheme of the cosmos. grand scheme of the cosmos. >> I think when you realize how >> I think when you realize how >> I think when you realize how insignificant we are or small we are insignificant we are or small we are insignificant we are or small we are should I say in this grand scheme of should I say in this grand scheme of should I say in this grand scheme of even this Milky Way galaxy that's on the even this Milky Way galaxy that's on the even this Milky Way galaxy that's on the table in front of us table in front of us table in front of us >> the delta in the size of me and my world >> the delta in the size of me and my world >> the delta in the size of me and my world versus all of this is mystery. And I and versus all of this is mystery. And I and versus all of this is mystery. And I and I almost feel called to fill it with I almost feel called to fill it with I almost feel called to fill it with something. There's is it Parkinson's law something. There's is it Parkinson's law something. There's is it Parkinson's law you like you you you fill the space you like you you you fill the space you like you you you fill the space provided. provided. provided. It's it's the same thing with the It's it's the same thing with the It's it's the same thing with the universe. Just how small are we Neil in universe. Just how small are we Neil in universe. Just how small are we Neil in the grand scheme of the universe? the grand scheme of the universe? the grand scheme of the universe? >> Well, if you don't think in terms of >> Well, if you don't think in terms of >> Well, if you don't think in terms of metric size, how big are you? Are you metric size, how big are you? Are you metric size, how big are you? Are you this big? This big? This big? If you this big? This big? This big? If you this big? This big? This big? If you think in terms of powers of 10.

think in terms of powers of 10. think in terms of powers of 10. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Okay. So, the things 10 times bigger >> Okay. So, the things 10 times bigger >> Okay. So, the things 10 times bigger than us, 10 times bigger than that, 10 than us, 10 times bigger than that, 10 than us, 10 times bigger than that, 10 times bigger than that. Just keep doing times bigger than that. Just keep doing times bigger than that. Just keep doing that. Mhm. that. Mhm. that. Mhm. >> We're small compared with the universe, >> We're small compared with the universe, >> We're small compared with the universe, >> but we're huge compared with atoms >> but we're huge compared with atoms >> but we're huge compared with atoms >> and molecules. >> and molecules. >> and molecules. >> Now, instead of going 10 times bigger, >> Now, instead of going 10 times bigger, >> Now, instead of going 10 times bigger, go 10 times smaller. One/10enth to be go 10 times smaller. One/10enth to be go 10 times smaller. One/10enth to be precise. What's onetenth our size? Well, precise. What's onetenth our size? Well, precise. What's onetenth our size? Well, that's this big. One/10enth that is that that's this big. One/10enth that is that that's this big. One/10enth that is that big. 1/10enth that. You keep going down, big. 1/10enth that. You keep going down, big. 1/10enth that. You keep going down, you enter the realm of molecules and you enter the realm of molecules and you enter the realm of molecules and that atoms and then particles. So, there that atoms and then particles. So, there that atoms and then particles. So, there are things much smaller than we are. In are things much smaller than we are. In are things much smaller than we are. In fact, I addressed some of that in I I fact, I addressed some of that in I I fact, I addressed some of that in I I wrote an alien book recently, Take Me to wrote an alien book recently, Take Me to wrote an alien book recently, Take Me to Your Leader. There's a lot in there Your Leader. There's a lot in there Your Leader. There's a lot in there about changing your perspective about changing your perspective about changing your perspective on what you might expect life forms to on what you might expect life forms to on what you might expect life forms to be like out there. So, you can ask the be like out there. So, you can ask the be like out there. So, you can ask the question, are the life forms the size of question, are the life forms the size of question, are the life forms the size of a galaxy? Or are the life forms the size a galaxy? Or are the life forms the size a galaxy? Or are the life forms the size of atoms? Are we just biased by what our of atoms? Are we just biased by what our of atoms? Are we just biased by what our senses can senses can senses can >> drink in from our own size scale? And >> drink in from our own size scale? And >> drink in from our own size scale? And that's an interesting fact. And so you that's an interesting fact. And so you that's an interesting fact. And so you know who would feel small if you were a know who would feel small if you were a know who would feel small if you were a life form the size of molecules. Okay.

life form the size of molecules. Okay. life form the size of molecules. Okay. [laughter] [laughter] [laughter] Then you're feeling small. There's not Then you're feeling small. There's not Then you're feeling small. There's not much smaller than you if you're much smaller than you if you're much smaller than you if you're molecularized life. Now we don't know molecularized life. Now we don't know molecularized life. Now we don't know how you would make that because life by how you would make that because life by how you would make that because life by our own understandings and definitions our own understandings and definitions our own understandings and definitions has a metabolism. There's things that has a metabolism. There's things that has a metabolism. There's things that happen. You ask a biologist what is happen. You ask a biologist what is happen. You ask a biologist what is life? They'll give you a list of life? They'll give you a list of life? They'll give you a list of criteria which are hard if not criteria which are hard if not criteria which are hard if not impossible to be fulfilled by life impossible to be fulfilled by life impossible to be fulfilled by life that's extremely small. And they still that's extremely small. And they still that's extremely small. And they still debate whether viruses are alive, right? debate whether viruses are alive, right? debate whether viruses are alive, right? Based on some criteria, but some had Based on some criteria, but some had Based on some criteria, but some had speculated that life could be the size speculated that life could be the size speculated that life could be the size of nucleons. So a nucleon is the size of of nucleons. So a nucleon is the size of of nucleons. So a nucleon is the size of the particles in the nucleus of an atom. the particles in the nucleus of an atom. the particles in the nucleus of an atom. >> Things happen very quickly on that >> Things happen very quickly on that >> Things happen very quickly on that scale. So they might wonder, how is it scale. So they might wonder, how is it scale. So they might wonder, how is it that we live so slowly? [laughter] >> So, so inverting your expectations is a >> So, so inverting your expectations is a time-honored exercise and keeping you time-honored exercise and keeping you time-honored exercise and keeping you honest, keeping your ego in check. honest, keeping your ego in check. honest, keeping your ego in check. >> You can go the other way, right? We this >> You can go the other way, right? We this >> You can go the other way, right? We this whole universe could be something in a whole universe could be something in a whole universe could be something in a another life form's gut microbiome.

another life form's gut microbiome. another life form's gut microbiome. >> Yeah. Okay. So, that was briefly >> Yeah. Okay. So, that was briefly >> Yeah. Okay. So, that was briefly addressed in the in the film um Men in addressed in the in the film um Men in addressed in the in the film um Men in Black. Okay. Uh what I can say is Black. Okay. Uh what I can say is Black. Okay. Uh what I can say is the laws of physics manifest differently the laws of physics manifest differently the laws of physics manifest differently on different scales. So you can't just on different scales. So you can't just on different scales. So you can't just scale everything up. scale everything up. scale everything up. Which is why you don't have humansized Which is why you don't have humansized Which is why you don't have humansized insects. insects. insects. Their legs would break under their own Their legs would break under their own Their legs would break under their own weight. It's why heavy animals have weight. It's why heavy animals have weight. It's why heavy animals have thick chunky legs. thick chunky legs. thick chunky legs. >> It's why if you fell off the roof, >> It's why if you fell off the roof, >> It's why if you fell off the roof, you're dead. But an ant can just land you're dead. But an ant can just land you're dead. But an ant can just land and keep walking. Okay. Forces don't and keep walking. Okay. Forces don't and keep walking. Okay. Forces don't interact in the same way depending on interact in the same way depending on interact in the same way depending on your scale. One of my favorite scenes in your scale. One of my favorite scenes in your scale. One of my favorite scenes in the film A Bug's Life, which I think the film A Bug's Life, which I think the film A Bug's Life, which I think that was a Pixar film. Pixar, they must that was a Pixar film. Pixar, they must that was a Pixar film. Pixar, they must have a room full of scientists working have a room full of scientists working have a room full of scientists working for him. There's a mosquito at a bar. for him. There's a mosquito at a bar. for him. There's a mosquito at a bar. So, mosquito orders a drink. So, what So, mosquito orders a drink. So, what So, mosquito orders a drink. So, what drink does he order? drink does he order? drink does he order? >> Uh, a mjito. I don't know.

>> Uh, a mjito. I don't know. >> Uh, a mjito. I don't know. >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> a Bloody Mary, of course it's >> a Bloody Mary, of course it's >> a Bloody Mary, of course it's okay. Uh, how big is a mosquito? It's okay. Uh, how big is a mosquito? It's okay. Uh, how big is a mosquito? It's this big. And it's a bar. It's like an this big. And it's a bar. It's like an this big. And it's a bar. It's like an insect bar. And so the bartender brings insect bar. And so the bartender brings insect bar. And so the bartender brings over the Bloody Mary and just puts a over the Bloody Mary and just puts a over the Bloody Mary and just puts a blob of the liquid in front of it. It's blob of the liquid in front of it. It's blob of the liquid in front of it. It's not in a glass, not in a jug. It's just not in a glass, not in a jug. It's just not in a glass, not in a jug. It's just there it is. Because surface tension there it is. Because surface tension there it is. Because surface tension is something that manifests in ways that is something that manifests in ways that is something that manifests in ways that insects care about greatly and we don't. insects care about greatly and we don't. insects care about greatly and we don't. Unless you're waxing your car and then Unless you're waxing your car and then Unless you're waxing your car and then this water gets on and it beads up. this water gets on and it beads up. this water gets on and it beads up. >> Okay. Surface tension is a property of >> Okay. Surface tension is a property of >> Okay. Surface tension is a property of fluid liquids where the outer surface fluid liquids where the outer surface fluid liquids where the outer surface the molecules are a little more tightly the molecules are a little more tightly the molecules are a little more tightly gathered because they don't have forces gathered because they don't have forces gathered because they don't have forces above them to pull them into the above them to pull them into the above them to pull them into the solution that is the liquid. So solution that is the liquid. So solution that is the liquid. So transitioning from the liquid itself transitioning from the liquid itself transitioning from the liquid itself into air creates a kind of a film. All into air creates a kind of a film. All into air creates a kind of a film. All right? And it holds the liquid in place.

right? And it holds the liquid in place. right? And it holds the liquid in place. Mhm. Mhm. Mhm. >> Unless there's too much liquid, then >> Unless there's too much liquid, then >> Unless there's too much liquid, then gravity becomes stronger than the gravity becomes stronger than the gravity becomes stronger than the surface tension surface tension surface tension >> and it just flies. Exactly. But below a >> and it just flies. Exactly. But below a >> and it just flies. Exactly. But below a certain amount, the surface tension is certain amount, the surface tension is certain amount, the surface tension is greater than the gravity greater than the gravity greater than the gravity >> and it beads up. So they knew this in >> and it beads up. So they knew this in >> and it beads up. So they knew this in that movie that movie that movie >> and I thought that was brilliant. My >> and I thought that was brilliant. My >> and I thought that was brilliant. My only point of this is to communicate only point of this is to communicate only point of this is to communicate that you can't just scale things up and that you can't just scale things up and that you can't just scale things up and expect everything to be happening in expect everything to be happening in expect everything to be happening in exactly the same way. But I want to get exactly the same way. But I want to get exactly the same way. But I want to get back to your point when you said you back to your point when you said you back to your point when you said you felt small after you saw Cosmos. You felt small after you saw Cosmos. You felt small after you saw Cosmos. You only felt small because you went in only felt small because you went in only felt small because you went in there with an ego that was unjustifiably there with an ego that was unjustifiably there with an ego that was unjustifiably too large to begin with. too large to begin with. too large to begin with. >> Probably. >> Probably. >> Probably. >> I'm accusing you of that. >> I'm accusing you of that. >> I'm accusing you of that. >> Probably. >> Probably. >> Probably. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> However, >> However, >> However, I go in there with no such ego. Okay. I I go in there with no such ego. Okay. I I go in there with no such ego. Okay. I look up at the stars and I learn from look up at the stars and I learn from look up at the stars and I learn from modern astrophysics that modern astrophysics that modern astrophysics that the elements in our body were forged in the elements in our body were forged in the elements in our body were forged in stars stars stars that exploded that the elements the the that exploded that the elements the the that exploded that the elements the the the oxygen the carbon the nitrogen the the oxygen the carbon the nitrogen the the oxygen the carbon the nitrogen the the iron that courses through our blood the iron that courses through our blood the iron that courses through our blood was forged in stars that at the end of was forged in stars that at the end of was forged in stars that at the end of their lives exploded scattering that their lives exploded scattering that their lives exploded scattering that enrichment into the galaxy out of which enrichment into the galaxy out of which enrichment into the galaxy out of which the next generations of stars and the next generations of stars and the next generations of stars and planets are formed.

planets are formed. planets are formed. Early in the universe, we didn't have Early in the universe, we didn't have Early in the universe, we didn't have these ingredients. We could not exist as these ingredients. We could not exist as these ingredients. We could not exist as in our current form. in our current form. in our current form. So when I look up, I don't feel small. I So when I look up, I don't feel small. I So when I look up, I don't feel small. I feel large because I'm feel large because I'm feel large because I'm connected to the cosmos connected to the cosmos connected to the cosmos chemically. chemically. chemically. And that connectivity, let's let's make And that connectivity, let's let's make And that connectivity, let's let's make it a little more poetic. it a little more poetic. it a little more poetic. Not only are we alive in this universe, Not only are we alive in this universe, Not only are we alive in this universe, the universe is alive within us. the universe is alive within us. the universe is alive within us. And that fact borders on the spiritual. And that fact borders on the spiritual. And that fact borders on the spiritual. It is a astrophysical fact It is a astrophysical fact It is a astrophysical fact that gives you a pathway of relevance to that gives you a pathway of relevance to that gives you a pathway of relevance to the universe. We are part of this great the universe. We are part of this great the universe. We are part of this great unfolding cosmic story. The fact that we unfolding cosmic story. The fact that we unfolding cosmic story. The fact that we are made of elements forged in the are made of elements forged in the are made of elements forged in the stars. stars. stars. Next time you go out and look up, I want Next time you go out and look up, I want Next time you go out and look up, I want you to feel large, not small.

you to feel large, not small. you to feel large, not small. Because we are not only made of what Because we are not only made of what Because we are not only made of what stars have produced. stars have produced. stars have produced. We are solar powered. We are solar powered. We are solar powered. What do I mean by that? Okay, if you're What do I mean by that? Okay, if you're What do I mean by that? Okay, if you're if you're omnivorous, you maybe had a if you're omnivorous, you maybe had a if you're omnivorous, you maybe had a steak last night. Okay, that you're steak last night. Okay, that you're steak last night. Okay, that you're getting calories from the food you eat. getting calories from the food you eat. getting calories from the food you eat. And the steak was once a cow. Okay, what And the steak was once a cow. Okay, what And the steak was once a cow. Okay, what did the cow eat? Cow ate plants. What do did the cow eat? Cow ate plants. What do did the cow eat? Cow ate plants. What do plants eat? Well, they don't eat. They plants eat? Well, they don't eat. They plants eat? Well, they don't eat. They just sit there and receive sunlight. just sit there and receive sunlight. just sit there and receive sunlight. So, a cow, I said this once on the So, a cow, I said this once on the So, a cow, I said this once on the internet and freaked people out. Uh, you internet and freaked people out. Uh, you internet and freaked people out. Uh, you know, I I should not shy away from know, I I should not shy away from know, I I should not shy away from speaking truth just cuz it freaks you speaking truth just cuz it freaks you speaking truth just cuz it freaks you out. A cow is a machine that we invented out. A cow is a machine that we invented out. A cow is a machine that we invented because cows don't exist in the wild. because cows don't exist in the wild. because cows don't exist in the wild. It's we it's domesticated. It's we it's domesticated. It's we it's domesticated. A cow is a machine that we invented to A cow is a machine that we invented to A cow is a machine that we invented to turn grass into steak. turn grass into steak. turn grass into steak. So because at the end of that chain is So because at the end of that chain is So because at the end of that chain is grass that has photosynthesis grass that has photosynthesis grass that has photosynthesis essentially 100% of our caloric value essentially 100% of our caloric value essentially 100% of our caloric value comes is traceable to the to stars comes is traceable to the to stars comes is traceable to the to stars specifically the sun.

specifically the sun. specifically the sun. So you are solar powered and the So you are solar powered and the So you are solar powered and the universe is alive within you. So don't universe is alive within you. So don't universe is alive within you. So don't ever sit across from me again and say I ever sit across from me again and say I ever sit across from me again and say I feel small in the universe. [laughter] feel small in the universe. [laughter] feel small in the universe. [laughter] Sorry, you have a a lower pitch voice in Sorry, you have a a lower pitch voice in Sorry, you have a a lower pitch voice in that smaller universe. [laughter] that smaller universe. [laughter] that smaller universe. [laughter] >> It's strange, isn't it? This idea of >> It's strange, isn't it? This idea of >> It's strange, isn't it? This idea of like significance as a concept like like significance as a concept like like significance as a concept like trying to understand one's significance trying to understand one's significance trying to understand one's significance and I think religion often gives us a and I think religion often gives us a and I think religion often gives us a sense of significance. sense of significance. sense of significance. >> Well, it does. Yes, of course. Hence it >> Well, it does. Yes, of course. Hence it >> Well, it does. Yes, of course. Hence it its value to people and its persistence its value to people and its persistence its value to people and its persistence [clears throat] [clears throat] [clears throat] >> uh throughout time and across cultures. >> uh throughout time and across cultures. >> uh throughout time and across cultures. Has your view of religion not changed Has your view of religion not changed Has your view of religion not changed through all that you've learned about through all that you've learned about through all that you've learned about the universe in any way since you were the universe in any way since you were the universe in any way since you were this I've got this photos of you as a this I've got this photos of you as a this I've got this photos of you as a young man. young man. young man. >> What's that? Oh, you did some homework >> What's that? Oh, you did some homework >> What's that? Oh, you did some homework there. What did you do? there. What did you do? there. What did you do? >> I've got certainly got so many photos. I >> I've got certainly got so many photos. I >> I've got certainly got so many photos. I mean, I've got this one here of you and mean, I've got this one here of you and mean, I've got this one here of you and your I mean this one's a fascinating I your I mean this one's a fascinating I your I mean this one's a fascinating I love that one. That love that one. That love that one. That >> my hair was like this when I was that >> my hair was like this when I was that >> my hair was like this when I was that age. age. age. >> Oh. >> Oh. >> Oh. >> So, >> So, >> So, >> uh Oh, yeah. So, this one was my first >> uh Oh, yeah. So, this one was my first >> uh Oh, yeah. So, this one was my first telescope and that's my father helping telescope and that's my father helping telescope and that's my father helping me put it together. If I think about me put it together. If I think about me put it together. If I think about this young man here and what he thought this young man here and what he thought this young man here and what he thought about religion, about religion, about religion, >> are you more religious, less religious?

>> are you more religious, less religious? >> are you more religious, less religious? If so, why? If so, why? If so, why? >> So, you know, by the time I was eight, >> So, you know, by the time I was eight, >> So, you know, by the time I was eight, it was nothing was making sense that it was nothing was making sense that it was nothing was making sense that people were telling me about religion. people were telling me about religion. people were telling me about religion. What I didn't know is that belief What I didn't know is that belief What I didn't know is that belief systems systems systems don't have to make sense. That's why don't have to make sense. That's why don't have to make sense. That's why they're belief systems. If they were they're belief systems. If they were they're belief systems. If they were made complete sense, it would just be made complete sense, it would just be made complete sense, it would just be objectively true. If it's a belief objectively true. If it's a belief objectively true. If it's a belief system, then it it's beyond critical analysis. It's just a belief critical analysis. It's just a belief system. Okay? So when I say beyond system. Okay? So when I say beyond system. Okay? So when I say beyond critical analysis, what I mean is if critical analysis, what I mean is if critical analysis, what I mean is if something in your belief system lends something in your belief system lends something in your belief system lends itself to be tested, we can test it. And itself to be tested, we can test it. And itself to be tested, we can test it. And if what we test shows that what you if what we test shows that what you if what we test shows that what you believe is false, are you going to stop believe is false, are you going to stop believe is false, are you going to stop believing? Generally not, because it's a believing? Generally not, because it's a believing? Generally not, because it's a belief system. Okay? Most people want to belief system. Okay? Most people want to belief system. Okay? Most people want to engage you ultimately with some kind of engage you ultimately with some kind of engage you ultimately with some kind of spiritual religious conversation. I have spiritual religious conversation. I have spiritual religious conversation. I have found especially given my access to the found especially given my access to the found especially given my access to the universe. And in the early days there universe. And in the early days there universe. And in the early days there were easy answers. It was like this is were easy answers. It was like this is were easy answers. It was like this is this is religion you know go ahead I'm this is religion you know go ahead I'm this is religion you know go ahead I'm doing science here. Then I thought I owe doing science here. Then I thought I owe doing science here. Then I thought I owe people who are religious a more informed people who are religious a more informed people who are religious a more informed and nuanced engagement and nuanced engagement and nuanced engagement because of the power and force that because of the power and force that because of the power and force that religion has exercised on the history of religion has exercised on the history of religion has exercised on the history of the world. It's not just cultural, it's the world. It's not just cultural, it's the world. It's not just cultural, it's political, it's economic, it's so I political, it's economic, it's so I political, it's economic, it's so I started reading religious tracts and now

started reading religious tracts and now started reading religious tracts and now when I'm engaged in a conversation, I when I'm engaged in a conversation, I when I'm engaged in a conversation, I have a full-up conversation with people have a full-up conversation with people have a full-up conversation with people on their beliefs, whatever intersection, on their beliefs, whatever intersection, on their beliefs, whatever intersection, if any, with the objective universe and if any, with the objective universe and if any, with the objective universe and what those beliefs do for the person who what those beliefs do for the person who what those beliefs do for the person who holds them. holds them. holds them. And there are many places on the And there are many places on the And there are many places on the internet that claim me as an atheist. internet that claim me as an atheist. internet that claim me as an atheist. And it's like I've never embraced that And it's like I've never embraced that And it's like I've never embraced that title. title. title. >> So you're not an atheist. >> So you're not an atheist. >> So you're not an atheist. >> The only I am is a scientist. Okay. >> The only I am is a scientist. Okay. >> The only I am is a scientist. Okay. Let's start there. Now titles are lazy. Let's start there. Now titles are lazy. Let's start there. Now titles are lazy. I'll tell you why. Once you hand a title I'll tell you why. Once you hand a title I'll tell you why. Once you hand a title to someone, that gives you license to to someone, that gives you license to to someone, that gives you license to not have to think anymore about who and not have to think anymore about who and not have to think anymore about who and what that person is regarding that what that person is regarding that what that person is regarding that subject. And that has never ended well subject. And that has never ended well subject. And that has never ended well in my experience. So first, it's odd in my experience. So first, it's odd in my experience. So first, it's odd that such a word as atheist exists at that such a word as atheist exists at that such a word as atheist exists at all. Think about it. It's a word that all. Think about it. It's a word that all. Think about it. It's a word that says what you're not.

says what you're not. says what you're not. Is there a word for non-golfers? Is there a word for non-golfers? Is there a word for non-golfers? Is is there a word for non h ask Is is there a word for non h ask Is is there a word for non h ask yourself how many things do we have yourself how many things do we have yourself how many things do we have words for for which are not? Very few. words for for which are not? Very few. words for for which are not? Very few. And so this exercise of saying you're And so this exercise of saying you're And so this exercise of saying you're either with us or you're against us. And either with us or you're against us. And either with us or you're against us. And if you're against us, I have this word if you're against us, I have this word if you're against us, I have this word for you that says you're not this, like for you that says you're not this, like for you that says you're not this, like I said, that never ends well. It ends in I said, that never ends well. It ends in I said, that never ends well. It ends in war and bloodshed. Typically leading war and bloodshed. Typically leading war and bloodshed. Typically leading atheists today atheists today atheists today who write books on this. Okay? Richard who write books on this. Okay? Richard who write books on this. Okay? Richard Dawkins is among them. Uh he wrote a Dawkins is among them. Uh he wrote a Dawkins is among them. Uh he wrote a book called The God Delusion. That's book called The God Delusion. That's book called The God Delusion. That's fighting words if there ever was one. fighting words if there ever was one. fighting words if there ever was one. These are people who reject God, reject These are people who reject God, reject These are people who reject God, reject its influence on politics and society its influence on politics and society its influence on politics and society and lives and and would just assume see and lives and and would just assume see and lives and and would just assume see a world without it. I'm not that guy. a world without it. I'm not that guy. a world without it. I'm not that guy. I have behavior I have behavior I have behavior that would be rejected by any modern that would be rejected by any modern that would be rejected by any modern atheist thinker. So what am I that we atheist thinker. So what am I that we atheist thinker. So what am I that we pick? The next word would be agnostic.

pick? The next word would be agnostic. pick? The next word would be agnostic. Okay. Okay. Okay. >> Okay. So let's pick that next word which >> Okay. So let's pick that next word which >> Okay. So let's pick that next word which I also relate to. I would consider I also relate to. I would consider I also relate to. I would consider myself to be agnostic as well. myself to be agnostic as well. myself to be agnostic as well. >> Agnostic. Um, sure. I I kind of I just >> Agnostic. Um, sure. I I kind of I just >> Agnostic. Um, sure. I I kind of I just don't know. What's your leading view of don't know. What's your leading view of don't know. What's your leading view of where all of this stuff came from? where all of this stuff came from? where all of this stuff came from? >> It's consistent with observations and >> It's consistent with observations and >> It's consistent with observations and experiment. The Big Bang. experiment. The Big Bang. experiment. The Big Bang. >> The Big Bang. >> The Big Bang. >> The Big Bang. >> Oh, it is so thoroughly supported. As >> Oh, it is so thoroughly supported. As >> Oh, it is so thoroughly supported. As fantastical as it is. fantastical as it is. fantastical as it is. >> Explain the Big Bang to me like I'm 15. >> Explain the Big Bang to me like I'm 15. >> Explain the Big Bang to me like I'm 15. >> I'll explain to you like you're 12. >> I'll explain to you like you're 12. >> I'll explain to you like you're 12. >> Okay, please. Even better. [laughter] >> Okay, please. Even better. [laughter] >> Okay, please. Even better. [laughter] >> So, approximately 13.8 8 billion years >> So, approximately 13.8 8 billion years >> So, approximately 13.8 8 billion years ago, everything that you see and ago, everything that you see and ago, everything that you see and interact with in this universe interact with in this universe interact with in this universe began began began in in in an infinite decimal point. That is the an infinite decimal point. That is the an infinite decimal point. That is the birth of the space and time of our birth of the space and time of our birth of the space and time of our universe. We have been expanding ever universe. We have been expanding ever universe. We have been expanding ever since. Now, how does something that big since. Now, how does something that big since. Now, how does something that big ever become that small? Well, it's not ever become that small? Well, it's not ever become that small? Well, it's not matter trying to occupy the same space matter trying to occupy the same space matter trying to occupy the same space as itself. energy can be essentially any as itself. energy can be essentially any as itself. energy can be essentially any size compacted and then you can measure size compacted and then you can measure size compacted and then you can measure what's there by what the temperature is what's there by what the temperature is what's there by what the temperature is and so it's very hot fireball basically and so it's very hot fireball basically and so it's very hot fireball basically and as it expands it cools and the and as it expands it cools and the and as it expands it cools and the cooling energy makes matter it's equals cooling energy makes matter it's equals cooling energy makes matter it's equals mc^ squ energy on one side mass on the mc^ squ energy on one side mass on the mc^ squ energy on one side mass on the other side this c^² is just the speed of other side this c^² is just the speed of other side this c^² is just the speed of light just a constant but Einstein came light just a constant but Einstein came light just a constant but Einstein came up with this in 1905 and it made so much up with this in 1905 and it made so much up with this in 1905 and it made so much of the universe make sense at at that of the universe make sense at at that of the universe make sense at at that point and so uh and it would take a

point and so uh and it would take a point and so uh and it would take a while we expand the we cool enough to while we expand the we cool enough to while we expand the we cool enough to make stars and galaxies and we're still make stars and galaxies and we're still make stars and galaxies and we're still expanding to this day. There are expanding to this day. There are expanding to this day. There are mysterious forces operating that we mysterious forces operating that we mysterious forces operating that we don't yet understand what we call dark don't yet understand what we call dark don't yet understand what we call dark energy energy energy that's a pressure in the vacuum of space that's a pressure in the vacuum of space that's a pressure in the vacuum of space making us expand faster than what would making us expand faster than what would making us expand faster than what would be allowed by the collective gravity of be allowed by the collective gravity of be allowed by the collective gravity of all the galaxies. all the galaxies. all the galaxies. That's a frontier question that is not That's a frontier question that is not That's a frontier question that is not yet resolved. Then there's sources of yet resolved. Then there's sources of yet resolved. Then there's sources of gravity that we don't know what's gravity that we don't know what's gravity that we don't know what's causing it. We call that dark matter. causing it. We call that dark matter. causing it. We call that dark matter. If you add up dark matter and dark If you add up dark matter and dark If you add up dark matter and dark energy, it's 95% energy, it's 95% energy, it's 95% of what's driving the universe. So of what's driving the universe. So of what's driving the universe. So everything you and I know and love about everything you and I know and love about everything you and I know and love about the biology, chemistry, physics, the biology, chemistry, physics, the biology, chemistry, physics, astrophysics, forces, food, calories, astrophysics, forces, food, calories, astrophysics, forces, food, calories, molecules, solids, liquids, gas, it's 5% molecules, solids, liquids, gas, it's 5% molecules, solids, liquids, gas, it's 5% of what's going on in the universe. of what's going on in the universe. of what's going on in the universe. That's amazing. That's amazing. That's amazing. And this is why when I began, I said to And this is why when I began, I said to And this is why when I began, I said to you, sometimes I wonder whether we are you, sometimes I wonder whether we are you, sometimes I wonder whether we are smart enough to figure out the entirety smart enough to figure out the entirety smart enough to figure out the entirety of the universe. or do we just figure of the universe. or do we just figure of the universe. or do we just figure out our little our little fraction of it out our little our little fraction of it out our little our little fraction of it and and live happily ever after within and and live happily ever after within and and live happily ever after within it? Now that scenario, you have full it? Now that scenario, you have full it? Now that scenario, you have full rights to ask what was around before rights to ask what was around before rights to ask what was around before that. So ask me that.

that. So ask me that. that. So ask me that. >> What was around before the >> What was around before the >> What was around before the >> We have no idea. [laughter] >> We have no idea. [laughter] >> We have no idea. [laughter] >> We have suspicions there might have been >> We have suspicions there might have been >> We have suspicions there might have been a multiverse which has come out of a multiverse which has come out of a multiverse which has come out of latter-day mathematics related to latter-day mathematics related to latter-day mathematics related to quantum physics and Einstein's quantum physics and Einstein's quantum physics and Einstein's relativity. What comes out of those relativity. What comes out of those relativity. What comes out of those equations is a multiverse. equations is a multiverse. equations is a multiverse. >> What's a multiverse? >> What's a multiverse? >> What's a multiverse? >> Just it's it's this medium that is >> Just it's it's this medium that is >> Just it's it's this medium that is pumping out universes. We are just one pumping out universes. We are just one pumping out universes. We are just one of them. of them. of them. >> What caused the multiverse? >> What caused the multiverse? >> What caused the multiverse? >> We don't know. >> We don't know. >> We don't know. >> Eventually, >> Eventually, >> Eventually, >> it's it's a frontier. There's no crime >> it's it's a frontier. There's no crime >> it's it's a frontier. There's no crime in asking the question at the frontier in asking the question at the frontier in asking the question at the frontier of our knowledge. There are people who of our knowledge. There are people who of our knowledge. There are people who have to have answers. They don't make have to have answers. They don't make have to have answers. They don't make good scientists. The urge to have an good scientists. The urge to have an good scientists. The urge to have an answer can be influenced by their bias, answer can be influenced by their bias, answer can be influenced by their bias, by their culture, by their just take a by their culture, by their just take a by their culture, by their just take a look at all around the world. The origin look at all around the world. The origin look at all around the world. The origin stories, the origin stories flow out of stories, the origin stories flow out of stories, the origin stories flow out of the cultures from which they emanated. the cultures from which they emanated. the cultures from which they emanated. What are your untested, unverified, What are your untested, unverified, What are your untested, unverified, untestable ideas about where all of this untestable ideas about where all of this untestable ideas about where all of this universe stuff might have gone? Cuz I universe stuff might have gone? Cuz I universe stuff might have gone? Cuz I know you must sit at home sometimes and know you must sit at home sometimes and know you must sit at home sometimes and just mull. You do a lot of mulling about just mull. You do a lot of mulling about just mull. You do a lot of mulling about the origins of the the big bang and the origins of the the big bang and the origins of the the big bang and those things.

those things. those things. >> Well, we all do. I just So when you when >> Well, we all do. I just So when you when >> Well, we all do. I just So when you when you confront the unknown, you confront the unknown, you confront the unknown, you write the recipe for more data. you write the recipe for more data. you write the recipe for more data. >> That's all it is. >> That's all it is. >> That's all it is. >> And what are those recipes that you've >> And what are those recipes that you've >> And what are those recipes that you've written? written? written? >> We need a telescope. We have telescope. >> We need a telescope. We have telescope. >> We need a telescope. We have telescope. I haven't written I mean my field has I haven't written I mean my field has I haven't written I mean my field has written them. We have telescopes written them. We have telescopes written them. We have telescopes specifically designed right now to get a specifically designed right now to get a specifically designed right now to get a better understanding of dark energy and better understanding of dark energy and better understanding of dark energy and its manifestation throughout time in the its manifestation throughout time in the its manifestation throughout time in the history of the universe. Explain dark history of the universe. Explain dark history of the universe. Explain dark energy to me. energy to me. energy to me. >> No, it's just it's a it's something in >> No, it's just it's a it's something in >> No, it's just it's a it's something in the vacuum of space that's making the the vacuum of space that's making the the vacuum of space that's making the universe accelerate in its expansion. universe accelerate in its expansion. universe accelerate in its expansion. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> From that original explosion, we have >> From that original explosion, we have >> From that original explosion, we have all the galaxies, all the matter, all all the galaxies, all the matter, all all the galaxies, all the matter, all the gravity. the gravity. the gravity. You expect the expansion to be slowing You expect the expansion to be slowing You expect the expansion to be slowing down at some rate based on the gravity. down at some rate based on the gravity. down at some rate based on the gravity. >> Oh, but it's speeding up. >> Oh, but it's speeding up. >> Oh, but it's speeding up. >> It's like tossing something in the air. >> It's like tossing something in the air. >> It's like tossing something in the air. Gravity of Earth slows it down and Gravity of Earth slows it down and Gravity of Earth slows it down and actually makes it reverse. So, we expect actually makes it reverse. So, we expect actually makes it reverse. So, we expect that. We went to make that measurement that. We went to make that measurement that. We went to make that measurement and we got the opposite answer. The and we got the opposite answer. The and we got the opposite answer. The universe is accelerating. That won a universe is accelerating. That won a universe is accelerating. That won a Nobel Prize. 1998 Nobel Prize. It's a Nobel Prize. 1998 Nobel Prize. It's a Nobel Prize. 1998 Nobel Prize. It's a term in Einstein's equation that he term in Einstein's equation that he term in Einstein's equation that he rejected. There can't be a negative rejected. There can't be a negative rejected. There can't be a negative gravity. What the its value in his gravity. What the its value in his gravity. What the its value in his equation must equal zero. And so let's equation must equal zero. And so let's equation must equal zero. And so let's move on. Then we discover it. We we come move on. Then we discover it. We we come move on. Then we discover it. We we come up with a term for it. I think it's a up with a term for it. I think it's a up with a term for it. I think it's a bad term. Bad because it's it leaves the bad term. Bad because it's it leaves the bad term. Bad because it's it leaves the witness. We don't know what it is at witness. We don't know what it is at witness. We don't know what it is at all.

all. all. So, don't call it dark and don't call it So, don't call it dark and don't call it So, don't call it dark and don't call it energy. Call it Fred. Okay. Something. energy. Call it Fred. Okay. Something. energy. Call it Fred. Okay. Something. [laughter] [laughter] [laughter] And dark matter. We don't know what that And dark matter. We don't know what that And dark matter. We don't know what that is either. Okay. Let's call that Wilma. is either. Okay. Let's call that Wilma. is either. Okay. Let's call that Wilma. We got Fred and Wilma. We don't know We got Fred and Wilma. We don't know We got Fred and Wilma. We don't know what it is. what it is. what it is. There should be a button just down below There should be a button just down below There should be a button just down below here. And if it says subscribed, you're here. And if it says subscribed, you're here. And if it says subscribed, you're already subscribed. If it says already subscribed. If it says already subscribed. If it says subscriber, that means you're not yet. subscriber, that means you're not yet. subscriber, that means you're not yet. And if you're not subscribed, please And if you're not subscribed, please And if you're not subscribed, please could you do us a favor and hit that could you do us a favor and hit that could you do us a favor and hit that button? It helps the show more than you button? It helps the show more than you button? It helps the show more than you know. And according to the algorithm, know. And according to the algorithm, know. And according to the algorithm, you're someone that watches our show, you're someone that watches our show, you're someone that watches our show, but you haven't yet hit that button. but you haven't yet hit that button. but you haven't yet hit that button. Thank you so much. Thank you so much. Thank you so much. >> So, the key question I think that people >> So, the key question I think that people >> So, the key question I think that people are talking about at this moment in are talking about at this moment in are talking about at this moment in time, because you had Obama make those time, because you had Obama make those time, because you had Obama make those comments in that interview saying that comments in that interview saying that comments in that interview saying that he he was joking I think he was joking he he was joking I think he was joking he he was joking I think he was joking when he said there are aliens he's just when he said there are aliens he's just when he said there are aliens he's just never seen. never seen. never seen. >> No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. First of >> No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. First of >> No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. First of A, Obama is scientifically literate. A, Obama is scientifically literate. A, Obama is scientifically literate. It's a B. He said because he's It's a B. He said because he's It's a B. He said because he's scientifically literate, he said, "What scientifically literate, he said, "What scientifically literate, he said, "What is scientifically defensible that is scientifically defensible that is scientifically defensible that they're probably aliens in the universe? they're probably aliens in the universe? they're probably aliens in the universe? Anyone who studied that problem will Anyone who studied that problem will Anyone who studied that problem will arrive at that conclusion.

arrive at that conclusion. arrive at that conclusion. >> They're real, but I haven't seen them." >> They're real, but I haven't seen them." >> They're real, but I haven't seen them." And and and uh they're not being kept in And and and uh they're not being kept in And and and uh they're not being kept in uh what is it? uh what is it? uh what is it? >> Area 51. >> Area 51. >> Area 51. >> Area 51. uh there there's no underground >> Area 51. uh there there's no underground >> Area 51. uh there there's no underground uh facility unless there's this enormous uh facility unless there's this enormous uh facility unless there's this enormous conspiracy and they they hid it from the conspiracy and they they hid it from the conspiracy and they they hid it from the president of the United States. That's president of the United States. That's president of the United States. That's what he said. But as former president of what he said. But as former president of what he said. But as former president of the United States and we have sort of the United States and we have sort of the United States and we have sort of alien adjacent culture, it was oh that alien adjacent culture, it was oh that alien adjacent culture, it was oh that must mean there are aliens in the must mean there are aliens in the must mean there are aliens in the basement of the White House or somewhere basement of the White House or somewhere basement of the White House or somewhere in in in government custody. in in in government custody. in in in government custody. They took his statement that sure there They took his statement that sure there They took his statement that sure there are aliens out there and turned it on to are aliens out there and turned it on to are aliens out there and turned it on to the US government and when I heard his the US government and when I heard his the US government and when I heard his comments that that's exactly what any comments that that's exactly what any comments that that's exactly what any scientifically literate person would say scientifically literate person would say scientifically literate person would say what people did with that information he what people did with that information he what people did with that information he he then had to come back and explain. I he then had to come back and explain. I he then had to come back and explain. I didn't even think that was necessary but didn't even think that was necessary but didn't even think that was necessary but apparently it was. apparently it was. apparently it was. >> And then Trump responded >> And then Trump responded >> And then Trump responded >> Trump responded okay >> Trump responded okay >> Trump responded okay >> on Air Force One in an interview and >> on Air Force One in an interview and >> on Air Force One in an interview and said said said >> well he gave classified information.

>> well he gave classified information. >> well he gave classified information. He's not supposed to be doing that, you He's not supposed to be doing that, you He's not supposed to be doing that, you know. know. know. >> No, aliens are real. >> No, aliens are real. >> No, aliens are real. >> Well, I don't know if they're real or >> Well, I don't know if they're real or >> Well, I don't know if they're real or not. I can tell you he gave classified not. I can tell you he gave classified not. I can tell you he gave classified information. He's not supposed to be information. He's not supposed to be information. He's not supposed to be doing that. He made He made a big doing that. He made He made a big doing that. He made He made a big mistake. He took it out of classified mistake. He took it out of classified mistake. He took it out of classified information. information. information. >> Trump seemed to stoke >> Trump seemed to stoke >> Trump seemed to stoke the idea that there is aliens. And then the idea that there is aliens. And then the idea that there is aliens. And then from that, shortly after, we had the UFO from that, shortly after, we had the UFO from that, shortly after, we had the UFO files announcement. files announcement. files announcement. >> Sure, great. Bring them out. I love it. >> Sure, great. Bring them out. I love it. >> Sure, great. Bring them out. I love it. >> They were going to release the UFO >> They were going to release the UFO >> They were going to release the UFO files. And now we find ourselves at a files. And now we find ourselves at a files. And now we find ourselves at a place where the general public is again place where the general public is again place where the general public is again really really curious about the subject really really curious about the subject really really curious about the subject of aliens. And you see it on the Google of aliens. And you see it on the Google of aliens. And you see it on the Google trend data which I've got in front of me trend data which I've got in front of me trend data which I've got in front of me here. You see the up, the down, the up, here. You see the up, the down, the up, here. You see the up, the down, the up, the down based on what people are the down based on what people are the down based on what people are talking about. So my question to you is talking about. So my question to you is talking about. So my question to you is about is this central question which is about is this central question which is about is this central question which is do you believe there's intelligent life do you believe there's intelligent life do you believe there's intelligent life in the universe? in the universe? in the universe? >> So that one of those peaks in May in >> So that one of those peaks in May in >> So that one of those peaks in May in part was because there were files part was because there were files part was because there were files released that week by the Pentagon and released that week by the Pentagon and released that week by the Pentagon and dare I suggest my book was released in dare I suggest my book was released in dare I suggest my book was released in May on May 12th. May on May 12th. May on May 12th. >> Good timing. Uh yeah, it just turned out >> Good timing. Uh yeah, it just turned out >> Good timing. Uh yeah, it just turned out that way. I decided to jump into the that way. I decided to jump into the that way. I decided to jump into the ring, not jump in, put a foot into the ring, not jump in, put a foot into the ring, not jump in, put a foot into the ring, more accurately, when I saw these ring, more accurately, when I saw these ring, more accurately, when I saw these these highranking whistleblowers come these highranking whistleblowers come these highranking whistleblowers come forward in in Congress, sworn forward in in Congress, sworn forward in in Congress, sworn testimonies, testimonies, testimonies, uh whistleblowers, former intelligence uh whistleblowers, former intelligence uh whistleblowers, former intelligence officers, former uh military folk.

officers, former uh military folk. officers, former uh military folk. And I said, "All right, I have to it's And I said, "All right, I have to it's And I said, "All right, I have to it's time to jump in because no longer can time to jump in because no longer can time to jump in because no longer can you discount the testimony the way you you discount the testimony the way you you discount the testimony the way you might have done so before with the might have done so before with the might have done so before with the farmer in the back 40, farmer in the back 40, farmer in the back 40, you know, who saw something and is you know, who saw something and is you know, who saw something and is talking about it but didn't take a talking about it but didn't take a talking about it but didn't take a picture of it. All right. all these picture of it. All right. all these picture of it. All right. all these testimonies that have existed in the testimonies that have existed in the testimonies that have existed in the past and accounts of UFOs. Now, when past and accounts of UFOs. Now, when past and accounts of UFOs. Now, when official government people are doing it, official government people are doing it, official government people are doing it, then all right, it's time to take it up then all right, it's time to take it up then all right, it's time to take it up a notch. And what is it? What do I mean a notch. And what is it? What do I mean a notch. And what is it? What do I mean by that? by that? by that? Bring out the alien. If you're saying Bring out the alien. If you're saying Bring out the alien. If you're saying you got an alien in the shed in the back you got an alien in the shed in the back you got an alien in the shed in the back 40, just bring it out. And the moment 40, just bring it out. And the moment 40, just bring it out. And the moment you do that, no one will ever have to you do that, no one will ever have to you do that, no one will ever have to ask again, ask again, ask again, do you believe in aliens? do you believe in aliens? do you believe in aliens? That's the question I've been asked. Do That's the question I've been asked. Do That's the question I've been asked. Do I believe in alien? No one has ever I believe in alien? No one has ever I believe in alien? No one has ever asked me, do I believe in elephants? asked me, do I believe in elephants? asked me, do I believe in elephants? Why? Because we've shown elephants.

Why? Because we've shown elephants. Why? Because we've shown elephants. Okay, we have elephants. Okay, we have elephants. Okay, we have elephants. We've seen elephants. So, We've seen elephants. So, We've seen elephants. So, >> but do you think there's intelligent >> but do you think there's intelligent >> but do you think there's intelligent life in the universe? I don't see why life in the universe? I don't see why life in the universe? I don't see why they wouldn't be given the size of the they wouldn't be given the size of the they wouldn't be given the size of the universe and the age in the universe and universe and the age in the universe and universe and the age in the universe and the ingredients of the universe. I mean, the ingredients of the universe. I mean, the ingredients of the universe. I mean, think about it. The early Earth, think about it. The early Earth, think about it. The early Earth, life got underway within a 100 million life got underway within a 100 million life got underway within a 100 million years of as early as it possibly could years of as early as it possibly could years of as early as it possibly could have. have. have. That sounds like a long time, and it is, That sounds like a long time, and it is, That sounds like a long time, and it is, but but but that's small compared with the timeline that's small compared with the timeline that's small compared with the timeline of Earth itself, of life on Earth. It's of Earth itself, of life on Earth. It's of Earth itself, of life on Earth. It's like 5% of the timeline of the Earth. like 5% of the timeline of the Earth. like 5% of the timeline of the Earth. Almost as fast as it could possibly Almost as fast as it could possibly Almost as fast as it could possibly happen, the basic ingredients on Earth, happen, the basic ingredients on Earth, happen, the basic ingredients on Earth, which matched the basic ingredients of which matched the basic ingredients of which matched the basic ingredients of the universe, went from organic the universe, went from organic the universe, went from organic molecules to self-replicating life. molecules to self-replicating life. molecules to self-replicating life. Whatever our challenges in the lab, Whatever our challenges in the lab, Whatever our challenges in the lab, Earth didn't seem to have a problem Earth didn't seem to have a problem Earth didn't seem to have a problem accomplishing it. And so, look at how accomplishing it. And so, look at how accomplishing it. And so, look at how quickly that happened. Yes, it would quickly that happened. Yes, it would quickly that happened. Yes, it would take a long time, much longer to take a long time, much longer to take a long time, much longer to generate what we're calling intelligent generate what we're calling intelligent generate what we're calling intelligent life. But given how many planets are life. But given how many planets are life. But given how many planets are likely in the galaxy, our cataloges now likely in the galaxy, our cataloges now likely in the galaxy, our cataloges now have 6,000 exoplanets in them. And have 6,000 exoplanets in them. And have 6,000 exoplanets in them. And that's just in a tiny little area.

that's just in a tiny little area. that's just in a tiny little area. That'd be in a little cir that'd be in a That'd be in a little cir that'd be in a That'd be in a little cir that'd be in a little, you know, if if the sun is here, little, you know, if if the sun is here, little, you know, if if the sun is here, draw a little circle around it where draw a little circle around it where draw a little circle around it where we've searched for exoplanets and we we've searched for exoplanets and we we've searched for exoplanets and we have 6,000 just in that little have 6,000 just in that little have 6,000 just in that little >> What's an exoplanet? >> What's an exoplanet? >> What's an exoplanet? >> Exoplanet planet orbiting another star. >> Exoplanet planet orbiting another star. >> Exoplanet planet orbiting another star. Oh, there's 6,000 in a little. Oh, there's 6,000 in a little. Oh, there's 6,000 in a little. >> Uh, we've cataloged 6,000. Uh, in in >> Uh, we've cataloged 6,000. Uh, in in >> Uh, we've cataloged 6,000. Uh, in in 1995, what year were you born? 1995, what year were you born? 1995, what year were you born? >> 92. >> 92. >> 92. >> 92. So, you were 3 years old when we >> 92. So, you were 3 years old when we >> 92. So, you were 3 years old when we discovered our first exoplanet. discovered our first exoplanet. discovered our first exoplanet. >> Really? >> Really? >> Really? >> Wow. >> Wow. >> Wow. >> And now we're we're rising through >> And now we're we're rising through >> And now we're we're rising through 6,000. It was bad headlines back then, 6,000. It was bad headlines back then, 6,000. It was bad headlines back then, not today. But if life not today. But if life not today. But if life happened on Earth as swiftly as it did, happened on Earth as swiftly as it did, happened on Earth as swiftly as it did, no one of among us who have studied the no one of among us who have studied the no one of among us who have studied the problem are given reason to doubt that problem are given reason to doubt that problem are given reason to doubt that it couldn't happen frequently elsewhere it couldn't happen frequently elsewhere it couldn't happen frequently elsewhere in our galaxy or in the trillion other in our galaxy or in the trillion other in our galaxy or in the trillion other galaxies in the universe. galaxies in the universe. galaxies in the universe. >> This is just the Milky Way galaxy. >> This is just the Milky Way galaxy. >> This is just the Milky Way galaxy. >> This is a version. Yeah, we This is if >> This is a version. Yeah, we This is if >> This is a version. Yeah, we This is if you could step out of our Milky Way, it you could step out of our Milky Way, it you could step out of our Milky Way, it would resemble this greatly. And would resemble this greatly. And would resemble this greatly. And >> this is one galaxy, right? one galaxy >> this is one galaxy, right? one galaxy >> this is one galaxy, right? one galaxy containing hundreds of billions of containing hundreds of billions of containing hundreds of billions of stars. This cloudy thing, you cannot stars. This cloudy thing, you cannot stars. This cloudy thing, you cannot resolve the cloud into the individual resolve the cloud into the individual resolve the cloud into the individual stars. Galileo did this. He said, "I stars. Galileo did this. He said, "I stars. Galileo did this. He said, "I wonder what that Milky Way is. Is that wonder what that Milky Way is. Is that wonder what that Milky Way is. Is that just a cloud?" Took his telescope, put just a cloud?" Took his telescope, put just a cloud?" Took his telescope, put it on the Milky Way. He saw individual it on the Milky Way. He saw individual it on the Milky Way. He saw individual stars.

stars. stars. >> And how many galaxies are there in the >> And how many galaxies are there in the >> And how many galaxies are there in the universe? universe? universe? >> 100 billion stars in a galaxy. At least >> 100 billion stars in a galaxy. At least >> 100 billion stars in a galaxy. At least 100 billion galaxies in the universe. 100 billion galaxies in the universe. 100 billion galaxies in the universe. >> Is the answer that we just don't know >> Is the answer that we just don't know >> Is the answer that we just don't know how many there are? how many there are? how many there are? >> Let's quantify what it is to not know. >> Let's quantify what it is to not know. >> Let's quantify what it is to not know. in the universe. in the universe. in the universe. Uh things range over such a huge scale Uh things range over such a huge scale Uh things range over such a huge scale that if you're off by a factor of two, that if you're off by a factor of two, that if you're off by a factor of two, which sounds significant in most which sounds significant in most which sounds significant in most everyday life, but if things range over everyday life, but if things range over everyday life, but if things range over factors of trillions, factors of trillions, factors of trillions, then if you can get an answer within a then if you can get an answer within a then if you can get an answer within a factor of two, you're doing really well. factor of two, you're doing really well. factor of two, you're doing really well. You have a basic understanding of You have a basic understanding of You have a basic understanding of structure, space, and time. And so structure, space, and time. And so structure, space, and time. And so our galaxy has several hundred billion our galaxy has several hundred billion our galaxy has several hundred billion stars in it. No, we don't have an exact stars in it. No, we don't have an exact stars in it. No, we don't have an exact count, but that's a very good estimate count, but that's a very good estimate count, but that's a very good estimate because we know the total mass of the because we know the total mass of the because we know the total mass of the galaxy and we know how much mass a star galaxy and we know how much mass a star galaxy and we know how much mass a star occupies. We know how much dark matter occupies. We know how much dark matter occupies. We know how much dark matter there is. So we can calculate the likely there is. So we can calculate the likely there is. So we can calculate the likely number of stars there are in the galaxy.

number of stars there are in the galaxy. number of stars there are in the galaxy. >> Planets. So now given our data on >> Planets. So now given our data on >> Planets. So now given our data on planets that we've obtained, we have planets that we've obtained, we have planets that we've obtained, we have many star systems with multiple planets many star systems with multiple planets many star systems with multiple planets and that's just in our neighborhood. So and that's just in our neighborhood. So and that's just in our neighborhood. So if that's representative, then you just if that's representative, then you just if that's representative, then you just scale that up. So if you looked in that scale that up. So if you looked in that scale that up. So if you looked in that little zone everywhere and just up the little zone everywhere and just up the little zone everywhere and just up the number, you end up with millions of number, you end up with millions of number, you end up with millions of planets, possibly billions across the planets, possibly billions across the planets, possibly billions across the galaxy. galaxy. galaxy. That's how you would estimate that. So That's how you would estimate that. So That's how you would estimate that. So it's not knowing the exact answer is not it's not knowing the exact answer is not it's not knowing the exact answer is not the same thing as having no clue. the same thing as having no clue. the same thing as having no clue. >> And there might be hundreds of billions >> And there might be hundreds of billions >> And there might be hundreds of billions of galaxies. of galaxies. of galaxies. >> Yes. Yes. Not just might be. There's at >> Yes. Yes. Not just might be. There's at >> Yes. Yes. Not just might be. There's at least that many in the observable least that many in the observable least that many in the observable universe. universe. universe. >> In the observable, >> In the observable, >> In the observable, >> the actual universe goes beyond our >> the actual universe goes beyond our >> the actual universe goes beyond our horizon. In the same way for a ship at horizon. In the same way for a ship at horizon. In the same way for a ship at sea, you have a horizon. sea, you have a horizon. sea, you have a horizon. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Are you saying to yourself, "Oh, that's >> Are you saying to yourself, "Oh, that's >> Are you saying to yourself, "Oh, that's the edge of the earth or that's the edge the edge of the earth or that's the edge the edge of the earth or that's the edge of the ocean." No. You keep sailing and of the ocean." No. You keep sailing and of the ocean." No. You keep sailing and more ocean comes in view. Is it more ocean comes in view. Is it more ocean comes in view. Is it infinite? infinite? infinite? >> It might be. We don't know. >> It might be. We don't know. >> It might be. We don't know. >> You're asking all good questions and >> You're asking all good questions and >> You're asking all good questions and you're going right to the edge of what you're going right to the edge of what you're going right to the edge of what we don't know.

we don't know. we don't know. >> Is it possible for something to be >> Is it possible for something to be >> Is it possible for something to be infinite? >> I'm not going to put a prerequisite on >> I'm not going to put a prerequisite on the universe that is not. Just because infinity is kind of hard Just because infinity is kind of hard for the human brain to wrap your head for the human brain to wrap your head for the human brain to wrap your head around, doesn't mean the universe can't around, doesn't mean the universe can't around, doesn't mean the universe can't or shouldn't be it. or shouldn't be it. or shouldn't be it. We've made assumptions about the We've made assumptions about the We've made assumptions about the universe just to be consistent with our universe just to be consistent with our universe just to be consistent with our own philosophies that just turn out to own philosophies that just turn out to own philosophies that just turn out to be flat wrong. Capernicus, a religious be flat wrong. Capernicus, a religious be flat wrong. Capernicus, a religious man, comes up with an idea that maybe man, comes up with an idea that maybe man, comes up with an idea that maybe the sun is in the center of the known the sun is in the center of the known the sun is in the center of the known universe and not Earth. So we go from universe and not Earth. So we go from universe and not Earth. So we go from geocentric to heliocentric. geocentric to heliocentric. geocentric to heliocentric. All right. Well, if you do that, then we All right. Well, if you do that, then we All right. Well, if you do that, then we don't have epicycles. don't have epicycles. don't have epicycles. All right? Then we just have orbits, All right? Then we just have orbits, All right? Then we just have orbits, simple orbits around the sun. Well, he simple orbits around the sun. Well, he simple orbits around the sun. Well, he did that. You know, it didn't match the did that. You know, it didn't match the did that. You know, it didn't match the observations as well as the epicycles observations as well as the epicycles observations as well as the epicycles did. So, do you throw out the whole did. So, do you throw out the whole did. So, do you throw out the whole idea? No. We would learn later, 50 years idea? No. We would learn later, 50 years idea? No. We would learn later, 50 years later.

later. later. The orbits are not perfect circles. He The orbits are not perfect circles. He The orbits are not perfect circles. He made them perfect circles because it's made them perfect circles because it's made them perfect circles because it's the universe. God created the universe. the universe. God created the universe. the universe. God created the universe. God is perfect. The circle is a perfect God is perfect. The circle is a perfect God is perfect. The circle is a perfect geometric shape. Clearly, anything geometric shape. Clearly, anything geometric shape. Clearly, anything moving in the universe is going to be in moving in the universe is going to be in moving in the universe is going to be in a perfect circle. That was an assumption a perfect circle. That was an assumption a perfect circle. That was an assumption placed on the universe derived from our placed on the universe derived from our placed on the universe derived from our own philosophical proclivities in that own philosophical proclivities in that own philosophical proclivities in that case a religiously philosophical case a religiously philosophical case a religiously philosophical proclivity. proclivity. proclivity. >> So given this exercise this failed >> So given this exercise this failed >> So given this exercise this failed exercise in the history of science of exercise in the history of science of exercise in the history of science of which there are many examples one can which there are many examples one can which there are many examples one can give I will not say that the universe give I will not say that the universe give I will not say that the universe can't be infinite. can't be infinite. can't be infinite. >> What's in the middle of the galaxy >> What's in the middle of the galaxy >> What's in the middle of the galaxy because it looks like a a light because it looks like a a light because it looks like a a light >> there's a black hole. Well, this in this >> there's a black hole. Well, this in this >> there's a black hole. Well, this in this picture, the density of stars is way picture, the density of stars is way picture, the density of stars is way higher in the middle of the galaxy than higher in the middle of the galaxy than higher in the middle of the galaxy than out here. out here. out here. >> Why? >> Why? >> Why? >> We're figuring that out. We think in the >> We're figuring that out. We think in the >> We're figuring that out. We think in the formation scenario of the galaxy that formation scenario of the galaxy that formation scenario of the galaxy that most of the mass is near the center and most of the mass is near the center and most of the mass is near the center and it gets thinner as it comes out. And so, it gets thinner as it comes out. And so, it gets thinner as it comes out. And so, we're going to have the most stars where we're going to have the most stars where we're going to have the most stars where the most mass is that you start with.

the most mass is that you start with. the most mass is that you start with. So, it's not it's not a surprise that So, it's not it's not a surprise that So, it's not it's not a surprise that the middles of these things have the the middles of these things have the the middles of these things have the most stars because they have the most most stars because they have the most most stars because they have the most mass. And in the exact middle in the mass. And in the exact middle in the mass. And in the exact middle in the center is a super massive black hole center is a super massive black hole center is a super massive black hole which we've measured to be there. In which we've measured to be there. In which we've measured to be there. In fact, a Nobel Prize was given for that fact, a Nobel Prize was given for that fact, a Nobel Prize was given for that measurement. measurement. measurement. >> Can you explain what a black hole is >> Can you explain what a black hole is >> Can you explain what a black hole is like on 12? like on 12? like on 12? >> Oh yeah. You know it first you got to >> Oh yeah. You know it first you got to >> Oh yeah. You know it first you got to respect black holes. Give them don't respect black holes. Give them don't respect black holes. Give them don't ever diss a black hole cuz you will ever diss a black hole cuz you will ever diss a black hole cuz you will lose. [laughter] lose. [laughter] lose. [laughter] So we're here on Earth and So we're here on Earth and So we're here on Earth and uh the old adage what goes up must come uh the old adage what goes up must come uh the old adage what goes up must come down. You've heard that. I would learn down. You've heard that. I would learn down. You've heard that. I would learn by the time I was nine that that's just by the time I was nine that that's just by the time I was nine that that's just false. No, by the time I was 10 because false. No, by the time I was 10 because false. No, by the time I was 10 because I was 10 years old cuz that's how old I I was 10 years old cuz that's how old I I was 10 years old cuz that's how old I am. We walked on the moon and then we am. We walked on the moon and then we am. We walked on the moon and then we left part, you know, rocket parts on the left part, you know, rocket parts on the left part, you know, rocket parts on the moon. moon. moon. >> Those are never coming back to Earth. >> Those are never coming back to Earth. >> Those are never coming back to Earth. So, there are things that went up that So, there are things that went up that So, there are things that went up that never came back. never came back. never came back. >> Okay. All right. >> Okay. All right. >> Okay. All right. Well, what started the adage though?

Well, what started the adage though? Well, what started the adage though? Well, if you take something and toss it, Well, if you take something and toss it, Well, if you take something and toss it, it actually slows down, comes to a stop, it actually slows down, comes to a stop, it actually slows down, comes to a stop, and then speeds up and comes down again. and then speeds up and comes down again. and then speeds up and comes down again. It's captured by Earth's gravity. Turns It's captured by Earth's gravity. Turns It's captured by Earth's gravity. Turns out there is a speed with which I can out there is a speed with which I can out there is a speed with which I can throw this throw this throw this so that it never comes back. Let's get there. If I throw this a Let's get there. If I throw this a little faster with more energy, it goes little faster with more energy, it goes little faster with more energy, it goes higher before it comes back, right? How higher before it comes back, right? How higher before it comes back, right? How about even faster? even faster gets about even faster? even faster gets about even faster? even faster gets higher and higher and higher and higher higher and higher and higher and higher higher and higher and higher and higher and higher. You can calculate using and higher. You can calculate using and higher. You can calculate using physics and gravity equations there's a physics and gravity equations there's a physics and gravity equations there's a speed with which this will go so high up speed with which this will go so high up speed with which this will go so high up it'll reach infinity. If it reaches infinity it's not coming If it reaches infinity it's not coming back. That's called the escape velocity back. That's called the escape velocity back. That's called the escape velocity for Earth. How fast is that? It's really for Earth. How fast is that? It's really for Earth. How fast is that? It's really fast. Really fast. Uh 7 miles per fast. Really fast. Uh 7 miles per fast. Really fast. Uh 7 miles per second. second. second. If I throw this at 7 miles, it'll reach If I throw this at 7 miles, it'll reach If I throw this at 7 miles, it'll reach the edge of the universe and never come the edge of the universe and never come the edge of the universe and never come back to Earth. Suppose Earth had more back to Earth. Suppose Earth had more back to Earth. Suppose Earth had more gravity gravity gravity than it currently does. Does it make than it currently does. Does it make than it currently does. Does it make sense that that escape velocity would be sense that that escape velocity would be sense that that escape velocity would be greater than 7 m/s?

greater than 7 m/s? greater than 7 m/s? >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> If Earth's gravity were stronger, it >> If Earth's gravity were stronger, it >> If Earth's gravity were stronger, it might be 10 miles per second, 100 might be 10 miles per second, 100 might be 10 miles per second, 100 miles/s. miles/s. miles/s. Keep up this exercise, you'll reach a Keep up this exercise, you'll reach a Keep up this exercise, you'll reach a point where your object has an escape point where your object has an escape point where your object has an escape velocity that equals the speed of light. velocity that equals the speed of light. velocity that equals the speed of light. The moment it achieves that, light The moment it achieves that, light The moment it achieves that, light cannot escape. It's not moving fast enough. And if It's not moving fast enough. And if light can't get out, light can't get out, light can't get out, it's black. it's black. it's black. If you fall in, If you fall in, If you fall in, you are never coming out because you you are never coming out because you you are never coming out because you can't ever reach the speed of light. can't ever reach the speed of light. can't ever reach the speed of light. There's no greater definition of a hole There's no greater definition of a hole There's no greater definition of a hole than that. than that. than that. Hence, black hole. By the way, Einstein could have By the way, Einstein could have predicted them, but he was it was too predicted them, but he was it was too predicted them, but he was it was too weird for him to go there with with his weird for him to go there with with his weird for him to go there with with his equations. We would learn about black equations. We would learn about black equations. We would learn about black holes mathematically in the 1960s, make holes mathematically in the 1960s, make holes mathematically in the 1960s, make our first discovery of one in the 1970s, our first discovery of one in the 1970s, our first discovery of one in the 1970s, a famous uh source of X-ray energy a famous uh source of X-ray energy a famous uh source of X-ray energy called Signis X1.

called Signis X1. called Signis X1. And and then now there's they're common And and then now there's they're common And and then now there's they're common and we've even discovered them in the and we've even discovered them in the and we've even discovered them in the centers of galaxies that have super like centers of galaxies that have super like centers of galaxies that have super like a million times the mass of the sun. a million times the mass of the sun. a million times the mass of the sun. Monstrous black holes dining on anything Monstrous black holes dining on anything Monstrous black holes dining on anything that comes close. that comes close. that comes close. >> Just things that come close. >> Just things that come close. >> Just things that come close. >> Yeah. It's not going to reach out. So, >> Yeah. It's not going to reach out. So, >> Yeah. It's not going to reach out. So, if the sun were to become a black hole if the sun were to become a black hole if the sun were to become a black hole now, now, now, it won't reach out and grab us and suck it won't reach out and grab us and suck it won't reach out and grab us and suck us in. us in. us in. >> It'll have the same gravity as a black >> It'll have the same gravity as a black >> It'll have the same gravity as a black hole as it does as a as a star. hole as it does as a as a star. hole as it does as a as a star. >> But it's if you go close. >> But it's if you go close. >> But it's if you go close. >> Yeah. If you get Now, you can get really >> Yeah. If you get Now, you can get really >> Yeah. If you get Now, you can get really close to it and then you're not coming close to it and then you're not coming close to it and then you're not coming out. out. out. >> Is there a certain distance? Wait. >> Is there a certain distance? Wait. >> Is there a certain distance? Wait. >> It turns out there is there's a distance >> It turns out there is there's a distance >> It turns out there is there's a distance around every black hole. I I think it's around every black hole. I I think it's around every black hole. I I think it's called the ergosphere. called the ergosphere. called the ergosphere. It's got a it's got a a name where there It's got a it's got a a name where there It's got a it's got a a name where there are no stable orbits around it. If you are no stable orbits around it. If you are no stable orbits around it. If you get closer than that, you you will fall get closer than that, you you will fall get closer than that, you you will fall in no matter what. Whereas beyond it, in no matter what. Whereas beyond it, in no matter what. Whereas beyond it, you can maintain a stable orbit and look you can maintain a stable orbit and look you can maintain a stable orbit and look at black holes from a distance. at black holes from a distance. at black holes from a distance. >> And where'd you go if you get sucked in?

>> And where'd you go if you get sucked in? >> And where'd you go if you get sucked in? >> Well, you crushed or you >> Well, you crushed or you >> Well, you crushed or you >> Well, depends how big the black hole is. >> Well, depends how big the black hole is. >> Well, depends how big the black hole is. >> Small black holes just That's all she >> Small black holes just That's all she >> Small black holes just That's all she wrote. Okay. wrote. Okay. wrote. Okay. >> This one. >> This one. >> This one. >> Oh, that one you just you'll fall in. >> Oh, that one you just you'll fall in. >> Oh, that one you just you'll fall in. And then where do I go? I'm just And then where do I go? I'm just And then where do I go? I'm just collapsed. collapsed. collapsed. >> Well, there are books. I have one on my >> Well, there are books. I have one on my >> Well, there are books. I have one on my shelf and I've even read it. Uh it's a shelf and I've even read it. Uh it's a shelf and I've even read it. Uh it's a graduate textbook that describes the graduate textbook that describes the graduate textbook that describes the mathematics of space and time on the mathematics of space and time on the mathematics of space and time on the other side of a black hole. And it shows other side of a black hole. And it shows other side of a black hole. And it shows that a whole new spaceime opens up in that a whole new spaceime opens up in that a whole new spaceime opens up in front of you. front of you. front of you. >> What? >> What? >> What? >> Inside the black hole, the whole >> Inside the black hole, the whole >> Inside the black hole, the whole universe. The math shows that given the universe. The math shows that given the universe. The math shows that given the general theory of relativity which gives general theory of relativity which gives general theory of relativity which gives us black holes in the first place. If us black holes in the first place. If us black holes in the first place. If you follow the math, you get a whole you follow the math, you get a whole you follow the math, you get a whole spaceime that opens up inside the black spaceime that opens up inside the black spaceime that opens up inside the black hole. And as you fall in, hole. And as you fall in, hole. And as you fall in, your time changes. So time ticks more your time changes. So time ticks more your time changes. So time ticks more slowly for you relative to the universe. slowly for you relative to the universe. slowly for you relative to the universe. It's called time dilation. And so as you It's called time dilation. And so as you It's called time dilation. And so as you look out in the universe, the universe look out in the universe, the universe look out in the universe, the universe will unfold faster and faster and will unfold faster and faster and will unfold faster and faster and faster. And you will see the entire faster. And you will see the entire faster. And you will see the entire future history of the universe unfold future history of the universe unfold future history of the universe unfold as you descend into the black hole.

as you descend into the black hole. as you descend into the black hole. >> When you say descend, because I I >> When you say descend, because I I >> When you say descend, because I I thought of it as like, you know, if you thought of it as like, you know, if you thought of it as like, you know, if you go close to black hole, you're going to go close to black hole, you're going to go close to black hole, you're going to be crushed into a small mass. be crushed into a small mass. be crushed into a small mass. >> Well, I didn't get to that part yet. I'm >> Well, I didn't get to that part yet. I'm >> Well, I didn't get to that part yet. I'm describing what happens to space and describing what happens to space and describing what happens to space and time as you descend through what's time as you descend through what's time as you descend through what's called the event horizon. That's the called the event horizon. That's the called the event horizon. That's the region out of which you don't escape. region out of which you don't escape. region out of which you don't escape. That's the functional size we give to That's the functional size we give to That's the functional size we give to black holes. How big is its event black holes. How big is its event black holes. How big is its event horizon? you cross over within that horizon? you cross over within that horizon? you cross over within that volume. That's where the escape velocity volume. That's where the escape velocity volume. That's where the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light and is greater than the speed of light and is greater than the speed of light and you're not coming out. So, it has taken you're not coming out. So, it has taken you're not coming out. So, it has taken the fabric of space and time and folded the fabric of space and time and folded the fabric of space and time and folded it back on itself. So, there's no it back on itself. So, there's no it back on itself. So, there's no pathway you can take to get out of a pathway you can take to get out of a pathway you can take to get out of a black hole. You're in there forever. And black hole. You're in there forever. And black hole. You're in there forever. And for the small black holes, here's an for the small black holes, here's an for the small black holes, here's an interesting fact. Uh you don't think interesting fact. Uh you don't think interesting fact. Uh you don't think about this, but it's true. When you about this, but it's true. When you about this, but it's true. When you stand, your feet are closer to Earth's stand, your feet are closer to Earth's stand, your feet are closer to Earth's center than your head is. center than your head is. center than your head is. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> You can calculate what the force of >> You can calculate what the force of >> You can calculate what the force of Earth's gravity is at your feet and the Earth's gravity is at your feet and the Earth's gravity is at your feet and the force of Earth's gravity is at your force of Earth's gravity is at your force of Earth's gravity is at your head. And there you'll get two different head. And there you'll get two different head. And there you'll get two different numbers. They're very close to each numbers. They're very close to each numbers. They're very close to each other. So, we don't think about this. It other. So, we don't think about this. It other. So, we don't think about this. It doesn't matter to us. M doesn't matter to us. M doesn't matter to us. M >> but as you descend a black hole >> but as you descend a black hole >> but as you descend a black hole the difference in gravity between your the difference in gravity between your the difference in gravity between your feet and your head gets greater and feet and your head gets greater and feet and your head gets greater and greater and greater.

greater and greater. greater and greater. They're called tidal forces and they end They're called tidal forces and they end They're called tidal forces and they end up stretching you head to toe up stretching you head to toe up stretching you head to toe and initially it probably feels good, and initially it probably feels good, and initially it probably feels good, right? You just sort of stretch and then right? You just sort of stretch and then right? You just sort of stretch and then you realize, oh my gosh, this is you realize, oh my gosh, this is you realize, oh my gosh, this is unrelenting and it's getting stronger. unrelenting and it's getting stronger. unrelenting and it's getting stronger. Eventually you'll snap into two pieces Eventually you'll snap into two pieces Eventually you'll snap into two pieces likely separated at the base of your likely separated at the base of your likely separated at the base of your spine. If you sort of look at the spine. If you sort of look at the spine. If you sort of look at the structural integrity of human physiology structural integrity of human physiology structural integrity of human physiology and then you you're still falling and and then you you're still falling and and then you you're still falling and now those same tidal forces will operate now those same tidal forces will operate now those same tidal forces will operate on your torso and on your lower half. on your torso and on your lower half. on your torso and on your lower half. They'll stretch and they'll snap into They'll stretch and they'll snap into They'll stretch and they'll snap into two pieces. So go from one to two to two pieces. So go from one to two to two pieces. So go from one to two to four to 8 to 16 and you'll bifurcate in four to 8 to 16 and you'll bifurcate in four to 8 to 16 and you'll bifurcate in pieces all the way down to the center of pieces all the way down to the center of pieces all the way down to the center of the black hole. The worst part is, well, the black hole. The worst part is, well, the black hole. The worst part is, well, maybe equally as worse is you are maybe equally as worse is you are maybe equally as worse is you are occupying a narrower and narrower volume occupying a narrower and narrower volume occupying a narrower and narrower volume of spaceime as you go down to the of spaceime as you go down to the of spaceime as you go down to the singularity singularity singularity that is the center of the black hole. that is the center of the black hole. that is the center of the black hole. So, not only you get stretched head to So, not only you get stretched head to So, not only you get stretched head to toe, you're getting extruded toe, you're getting extruded toe, you're getting extruded through the fabric of space like through the fabric of space like through the fabric of space like toothpaste through a tube.

Have a nice day. [laughter] Have a nice day. [laughter] >> So, yeah, you don't want to test that. >> So, yeah, you don't want to test that. >> So, yeah, you don't want to test that. All of our equations tell us that's All of our equations tell us that's All of our equations tell us that's what'll happen to you. what'll happen to you. what'll happen to you. >> What's at the heart of the black hole? >> What's at the heart of the black hole? >> What's at the heart of the black hole? You said you You said you You said you >> we don't know. So, here's a problem. >> we don't know. So, here's a problem. >> we don't know. So, here's a problem. General relativity that gives us the General relativity that gives us the General relativity that gives us the black hole in the first place. black hole in the first place. black hole in the first place. If you follow the equations, the center If you follow the equations, the center If you follow the equations, the center of the black hole is infinitely dense of the black hole is infinitely dense of the black hole is infinitely dense and infinitely small. How does that even and infinitely small. How does that even and infinitely small. How does that even happen? We don't know. Maybe something happen? We don't know. Maybe something happen? We don't know. Maybe something prevents that, but that is the limit of prevents that, but that is the limit of prevents that, but that is the limit of Einstein's general theory of relativity. Einstein's general theory of relativity. Einstein's general theory of relativity. >> One of the things you've heard me talk >> One of the things you've heard me talk >> One of the things you've heard me talk about quite a lot over the last couple about quite a lot over the last couple about quite a lot over the last couple of years, and this is something that's of years, and this is something that's of years, and this is something that's true in business and content, but also true in business and content, but also true in business and content, but also with everything in life, is that with everything in life, is that with everything in life, is that consistency is the thing that really, consistency is the thing that really, consistency is the thing that really, really compounds. The same is true in really compounds. The same is true in really compounds. The same is true in sales. When your team is small, sales. When your team is small, sales. When your team is small, consistency happens naturally. The team consistency happens naturally. The team consistency happens naturally. The team knows of every deal, so nothing gets knows of every deal, so nothing gets knows of every deal, so nothing gets missed. But as I've experienced, when missed. But as I've experienced, when missed. But as I've experienced, when you grow, this starts to break down and you grow, this starts to break down and you grow, this starts to break down and deals start to slip. Follow-ups don't deals start to slip. Follow-ups don't deals start to slip. Follow-ups don't happen. Leads go cold. That shouldn't happen. Leads go cold. That shouldn't happen. Leads go cold. That shouldn't have. And when this happens, a lot of have. And when this happens, a lot of have. And when this happens, a lot of leaders look at it and think they have a leaders look at it and think they have a leaders look at it and think they have a people problem. When actually it's a people problem. When actually it's a people problem. When actually it's a systems problem. The businesses that systems problem. The businesses that systems problem. The businesses that I've watched scale well commercially all I've watched scale well commercially all I've watched scale well commercially all have a system their team uses every have a system their team uses every have a system their team uses every single day. And for my team, that system single day. And for my team, that system single day. And for my team, that system has been our sponsor, Pipe Drive. It's has been our sponsor, Pipe Drive. It's has been our sponsor, Pipe Drive. It's an easy to use, intelligent CRM tool for an easy to use, intelligent CRM tool for an easy to use, intelligent CRM tool for growing sales teams that gives you growing sales teams that gives you growing sales teams that gives you visibility of every deal in your sales visibility of every deal in your sales visibility of every deal in your sales pipeline at every single stage. And it pipeline at every single stage. And it pipeline at every single stage. And it shows you what needs to happen for that shows you what needs to happen for that shows you what needs to happen for that deal to move forward, all in real time.

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across your team, check out Heyjen now. across your team, check out Heyjen now. Your first three videos are totally free Your first three videos are totally free Your first three videos are totally free at heygen.com/dac. at heygen.com/dac. at heygen.com/dac. That's h e y gn.com/doac. That's h e y gn.com/doac. That's h e y gn.com/doac. See you there. See you there. See you there. So, aliens um in our galaxy. Is that So, aliens um in our galaxy. Is that So, aliens um in our galaxy. Is that possible that there's intelligent life possible that there's intelligent life possible that there's intelligent life in our galaxy? in our galaxy? in our galaxy? >> I don't see I have no reason to doubt >> I don't see I have no reason to doubt >> I don't see I have no reason to doubt it. it. it. >> Really? You think it's on a balance of >> Really? You think it's on a balance of >> Really? You think it's on a balance of probability? You think it's it's more probability? You think it's it's more probability? You think it's it's more probable than not? probable than not? probable than not? >> Oh, yeah. Just given the size, like I >> Oh, yeah. Just given the size, like I >> Oh, yeah. Just given the size, like I said, given the age, the size, the said, given the age, the size, the said, given the age, the size, the ingredients, the ingredients, the ingredients, the uh how quickly life got underway. By the uh how quickly life got underway. By the uh how quickly life got underway. By the way, when you say intelligent, way, when you say intelligent, way, when you say intelligent, um, um, um, there's intelligent life on Earth, there's intelligent life on Earth, there's intelligent life on Earth, like do you know where we are in brain like do you know where we are in brain like do you know where we are in brain size size size >> relative to other animals? Yeah. >> relative to other animals? Yeah. >> relative to other animals? Yeah. >> Uh, we're not the top. >> Uh, we're not the top. >> Uh, we're not the top. >> Yeah, we're definitely not the top. >> Yeah, we're definitely not the top. >> Yeah, we're definitely not the top. >> I have no idea. >> I have no idea. >> I have no idea. >> Yeah, we're like fourth. >> Yeah, we're like fourth. >> Yeah, we're like fourth. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> There's the whale. >> There's the whale. >> There's the whale. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> And then the dolphin >> And then the dolphin >> And then the dolphin >> and then the or the porpus and then the >> and then the or the porpus and then the >> and then the or the porpus and then the the elephant the elephant the elephant >> and then us. So, if aliens came to Earth >> and then us. So, if aliens came to Earth >> and then us. So, if aliens came to Earth and they knew that brains are important, and they knew that brains are important, and they knew that brains are important, we'd be like fourth on their list for we'd be like fourth on their list for we'd be like fourth on their list for who they want to talk to. Just chew on who they want to talk to. Just chew on who they want to talk to. Just chew on that for a moment. Second, what we were that for a moment. Second, what we were that for a moment. Second, what we were told in school was, "Oh, but if you take told in school was, "Oh, but if you take told in school was, "Oh, but if you take the ratio of the size of your brain to the ratio of the size of your brain to the ratio of the size of your brain to your body weight, we're at the top."

your body weight, we're at the top." your body weight, we're at the top." Well, that's our ego speaking there. We Well, that's our ego speaking there. We Well, that's our ego speaking there. We We didn't have the biggest brain, but we We didn't have the biggest brain, but we We didn't have the biggest brain, but we want to believe that we're smart. And so want to believe that we're smart. And so want to believe that we're smart. And so we is there some math magic we can we is there some math magic we can we is there some math magic we can perform on brain size to put us back at perform on brain size to put us back at perform on brain size to put us back at the top of that list? Yes. Ratio the the top of that list? Yes. Ratio the the top of that list? Yes. Ratio the size of your brain to the to the the size of your brain to the to the the size of your brain to the to the the mass of your brain to the mass of your mass of your brain to the mass of your mass of your brain to the mass of your body. Then we're at the top. However, body. Then we're at the top. However, body. Then we're at the top. However, what they didn't say is that no, we're what they didn't say is that no, we're what they didn't say is that no, we're not at the top of that list. not at the top of that list. not at the top of that list. We're only at the top of that list among We're only at the top of that list among We're only at the top of that list among mammals. mammals. mammals. They're midsized birds like the magpie They're midsized birds like the magpie They're midsized birds like the magpie and the parrots and the parrots and the parrots where the ratio of their brain size to where the ratio of their brain size to where the ratio of their brain size to their body weight is greater than that their body weight is greater than that their body weight is greater than that of humans. of humans. of humans. So look at the efforts we put in to just So look at the efforts we put in to just So look at the efforts we put in to just distinguish ourselves from all these distinguish ourselves from all these distinguish ourselves from all these other animals. And it's quite the other animals. And it's quite the other animals. And it's quite the exercise in ego stoking. You you want to think you're special in You you want to think you're special in the tree of life that there are birds the tree of life that there are birds the tree of life that there are birds that fly and we can't fly. Nes can that fly and we can't fly. Nes can that fly and we can't fly. Nes can regenerate their limbs and we can't do regenerate their limbs and we can't do regenerate their limbs and we can't do that. And so badly do we want to that. And so badly do we want to that. And so badly do we want to especially with with military veterans, especially with with military veterans, especially with with military veterans, right?

right? right? >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Uh with missing limbs and things. You >> Uh with missing limbs and things. You >> Uh with missing limbs and things. You want to regenerate that. We can't do nes want to regenerate that. We can't do nes want to regenerate that. We can't do nes can do that. Crustaceians can do that. can do that. Crustaceians can do that. can do that. Crustaceians can do that. We can't do that. We can't do that. We can't do that. So, So, So, might an alien consider whales to be might an alien consider whales to be might an alien consider whales to be intelligent? intelligent? intelligent? Probably. Probably. Probably. But we add new extra elements to this. But we add new extra elements to this. But we add new extra elements to this. Do you have technology? Do you have technology? Do you have technology? The whale is not building telescopes, The whale is not building telescopes, The whale is not building telescopes, but we are. The whale doesn't, you know, but we are. The whale doesn't, you know, but we are. The whale doesn't, you know, have art, but we do. All right? So, we have art, but we do. All right? So, we have art, but we do. All right? So, we are a thing. We have what we call are a thing. We have what we call are a thing. We have what we call civilization. So if you want to ask are civilization. So if you want to ask are civilization. So if you want to ask are there intelligent aliens that have there intelligent aliens that have there intelligent aliens that have civilization civilization civilization that's yet another layer of that that's yet another layer of that that's yet another layer of that question is there intelligent life in question is there intelligent life in question is there intelligent life in the universe then you can ask is there the universe then you can ask is there the universe then you can ask is there intelligent life that has civilization intelligent life that has civilization intelligent life that has civilization that has technology that has technology that has technology because the Roman Empire they didn't because the Roman Empire they didn't because the Roman Empire they didn't know anything about electricity or know anything about electricity or know anything about electricity or computers or AI or anything and if computers or AI or anything and if computers or AI or anything and if aliens were sending them radio signals aliens were sending them radio signals aliens were sending them radio signals they're not sending radio signals back they're not sending radio signals back they're not sending radio signals back so the oper Operational definition of so the oper Operational definition of so the oper Operational definition of intelligence might include your ability intelligence might include your ability intelligence might include your ability to communicate across space or your to communicate across space or your to communicate across space or your ability to build a spaceship to move.

ability to build a spaceship to move. ability to build a spaceship to move. The Romans were not building spaceships. The Romans were not building spaceships. The Romans were not building spaceships. So would they count as intelligence if So would they count as intelligence if So would they count as intelligence if that was an alien species somewhere else that was an alien species somewhere else that was an alien species somewhere else in the galaxy? in the galaxy? in the galaxy? >> But is it plausible that there is >> But is it plausible that there is >> But is it plausible that there is intelligent life in this universe that intelligent life in this universe that intelligent life in this universe that hasn't got the capability of visiting hasn't got the capability of visiting hasn't got the capability of visiting Earth? Earth? Earth? >> Yeah, sure. Why not? Sure. That's >> Yeah, sure. Why not? Sure. That's >> Yeah, sure. Why not? Sure. That's probably the standard. probably the standard. probably the standard. >> How far can we have we gone? That's a >> How far can we have we gone? That's a >> How far can we have we gone? That's a great question. The fastest spaceship great question. The fastest spaceship great question. The fastest spaceship ever launched was the New Horizon's ever launched was the New Horizon's ever launched was the New Horizon's mission to Pluto. mission to Pluto. mission to Pluto. And one thing in space exploration, And one thing in space exploration, And one thing in space exploration, there's an unwritten rule. However you there's an unwritten rule. However you there's an unwritten rule. However you design the spacecraft, design the spacecraft, design the spacecraft, make sure it gets to your destination make sure it gets to your destination make sure it gets to your destination before you get old and die. Mhm. before you get old and die. Mhm. before you get old and die. Mhm. [clears throat] [clears throat] [clears throat] >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> So, this spacecraft that went to Pluto >> So, this spacecraft that went to Pluto >> So, this spacecraft that went to Pluto was on the most powerful rockets was on the most powerful rockets was on the most powerful rockets available and they made the payload as available and they made the payload as available and they made the payload as light as possible so it could accelerate light as possible so it could accelerate light as possible so it could accelerate and so it got to Pluto quickly. If you and so it got to Pluto quickly. If you and so it got to Pluto quickly. If you instead took that and directed it to the instead took that and directed it to the instead took that and directed it to the nearest star, the Alpha Century system nearest star, the Alpha Century system nearest star, the Alpha Century system instead of going to Pluto at those instead of going to Pluto at those instead of going to Pluto at those speeds direct the nearest star take you speeds direct the nearest star take you speeds direct the nearest star take you 50,000 years to get there.

50,000 years to get there. 50,000 years to get there. >> 50,000 years. The nearest star >> 50,000 years. The nearest star >> 50,000 years. The nearest star >> to Earth. >> to Earth. >> to Earth. >> Yes. To the sun. >> Yes. To the sun. >> Yes. To the sun. >> And how many stars did you say there was >> And how many stars did you say there was >> And how many stars did you say there was again? again? again? >> Well, 100 billion. Hundreds of billions. >> Well, 100 billion. Hundreds of billions. >> Well, 100 billion. Hundreds of billions. >> And the nearest one took would take >> And the nearest one took would take >> And the nearest one took would take 50,000 years. 50,000 years. 50,000 years. >> 50,000 years to reach. >> 50,000 years to reach. >> 50,000 years to reach. >> Gosh. >> Gosh. >> Gosh. >> Because space is empty. Right. So maybe >> Because space is empty. Right. So maybe >> Because space is empty. Right. So maybe there are intelligent aliens out there, there are intelligent aliens out there, there are intelligent aliens out there, but space travels too hard. So they but space travels too hard. So they but space travels too hard. So they haven't come to visit us. This is one of haven't come to visit us. This is one of haven't come to visit us. This is one of the uh hypotheses because if aliens are the uh hypotheses because if aliens are the uh hypotheses because if aliens are everywhere, well then where are they? everywhere, well then where are they? everywhere, well then where are they? I think they came to Earth and they saw I think they came to Earth and they saw I think they came to Earth and they saw all of our debris orbiting the Earth. all of our debris orbiting the Earth. all of our debris orbiting the Earth. There's a lot of space debris and they There's a lot of space debris and they There's a lot of space debris and they said, "I'm not coming. [laughter] I'm said, "I'm not coming. [laughter] I'm said, "I'm not coming. [laughter] I'm not going to risk my life." They just not going to risk my life." They just not going to risk my life." They just passed us by looking for another planet. passed us by looking for another planet. passed us by looking for another planet. >> I've wondered about this space debris >> I've wondered about this space debris >> I've wondered about this space debris thing because it seems that every thing because it seems that every thing because it seems that every nation, nation, nation, >> it's worse than you think. >> it's worse than you think. >> it's worse than you think. >> But what I was going to say is every >> But what I was going to say is every >> But what I was going to say is every nation now seems to be racing to throw nation now seems to be racing to throw nation now seems to be racing to throw tens of thousands of pieces of metal tens of thousands of pieces of metal tens of thousands of pieces of metal satellites into our orbit. Is it a satellites into our orbit. Is it a satellites into our orbit. Is it a problem? problem? problem? >> Well, >> Well, >> Well, >> there's no laws, is there? >> there's no laws, is there? >> there's no laws, is there? >> No, you have you have to ask who is it a >> No, you have you have to ask who is it a >> No, you have you have to ask who is it a problem for? Is it a problem? Yes. Who problem for? Is it a problem? Yes. Who problem for? Is it a problem? Yes. Who is it a problem for? Not the people who is it a problem for? Not the people who is it a problem for? Not the people who want high-speed internet in the middle want high-speed internet in the middle want high-speed internet in the middle of the ocean or in the Arctic or in the of the ocean or in the Arctic or in the of the ocean or in the Arctic or in the middle of the desert? Because these middle of the desert? Because these middle of the desert? Because these satellites, the SpaceX Starlink satellites, the SpaceX Starlink satellites, the SpaceX Starlink satellites are providing that in these satellites are providing that in these satellites are providing that in these remote places of the world. So, it's not remote places of the world. So, it's not remote places of the world. So, it's not a problem for them. It's a blessing.

a problem for them. It's a blessing. a problem for them. It's a blessing. It's a problem if you're just trying to It's a problem if you're just trying to It's a problem if you're just trying to observe the night sky the way we've done observe the night sky the way we've done observe the night sky the way we've done as astronomers since time in memorial as astronomers since time in memorial as astronomers since time in memorial and I'm trying to get images of the and I'm trying to get images of the and I'm trying to get images of the night sky and I see satellites crossing night sky and I see satellites crossing night sky and I see satellites crossing back and forth. This amounts to visual back and forth. This amounts to visual back and forth. This amounts to visual noise noise noise in my data and if I'm trying to track an in my data and if I'm trying to track an in my data and if I'm trying to track an asteroid that might be headed our way asteroid that might be headed our way asteroid that might be headed our way and have thousands of other streaks of and have thousands of other streaks of and have thousands of other streaks of light in my image, there's a chance I light in my image, there's a chance I light in my image, there's a chance I might miss the asteroid. might miss the asteroid. might miss the asteroid. Also, Also, Also, uh, if there's some object of interest uh, if there's some object of interest uh, if there's some object of interest and a satellite passes right in front of and a satellite passes right in front of and a satellite passes right in front of it, that will contaminate the data that it, that will contaminate the data that it, that will contaminate the data that I seek. I don't know if this is I seek. I don't know if this is I seek. I don't know if this is reversible, but what it tells me is that reversible, but what it tells me is that reversible, but what it tells me is that the future of telescopes are going to the future of telescopes are going to the future of telescopes are going to have to be spacebor telescopes, which have to be spacebor telescopes, which have to be spacebor telescopes, which they we've already made that transition, they we've already made that transition, they we've already made that transition, and or and or and or the moon telescopes on the moon. the moon telescopes on the moon. the moon telescopes on the moon. They've launched five roughly 5,000 They've launched five roughly 5,000 They've launched five roughly 5,000 satellites, objects into orbit in 2025.

satellites, objects into orbit in 2025. satellites, objects into orbit in 2025. We're on track to launch even more than We're on track to launch even more than We're on track to launch even more than that this year. that this year. that this year. >> That's correct. We probably already >> That's correct. We probably already >> That's correct. We probably already launched that by now. We're we're this launched that by now. We're we're this launched that by now. We're we're this we're being recorded midyear 2026. I I we're being recorded midyear 2026. I I we're being recorded midyear 2026. I I we're already high up there. I So we're already high up there. I So we're already high up there. I So [clears throat] [clears throat] [clears throat] So the last number I saw SpaceX had 10,5 10 satellites. There'll be 100,000 10 satellites. There'll be 100,000 active satellites in orbit by 2040. active satellites in orbit by 2040. active satellites in orbit by 2040. >> Probably more. This is the utility of >> Probably more. This is the utility of >> Probably more. This is the utility of space, not only for reconnaissance, for space, not only for reconnaissance, for space, not only for reconnaissance, for surveillance, surveillance, surveillance, basically military security, but also basically military security, but also basically military security, but also commerce. There is no Uber without GPS. commerce. There is no Uber without GPS. commerce. There is no Uber without GPS. So, it's not the value of the satellites So, it's not the value of the satellites So, it's not the value of the satellites themselves that matters here. It's the themselves that matters here. It's the themselves that matters here. It's the value of the economy, the economies that value of the economy, the economies that value of the economy, the economies that they enable. they enable. they enable. And that's why we have a space force And that's why we have a space force And that's why we have a space force now. A space force which had been now. A space force which had been now. A space force which had been percolating for decades. Uh Trump in percolating for decades. Uh Trump in percolating for decades. Uh Trump in Trump won decided let's make this Trump won decided let's make this Trump won decided let's make this official. And so he did. So now we have official. And so he did. So now we have official. And so he did. So now we have a space force. And people say does that a space force. And people say does that a space force. And people say does that mean there's going to be like Star Wars mean there's going to be like Star Wars mean there's going to be like Star Wars and everything? There already was a and everything? There already was a and everything? There already was a space force. They didn't call it that.

space force. They didn't call it that. space force. They didn't call it that. It was called the Air Force Space It was called the Air Force Space It was called the Air Force Space Command. It was a sector within the Air Command. It was a sector within the Air Command. It was a sector within the Air Force. And so you pull that out. Now the Force. And so you pull that out. Now the Force. And so you pull that out. Now the the mission is a little more pure about the mission is a little more pure about the mission is a little more pure about what its goals are and what it needs to what its goals are and what it needs to what its goals are and what it needs to accomplish. accomplish. accomplish. >> Have you heard about Kesler syndrome? >> Have you heard about Kesler syndrome? >> Have you heard about Kesler syndrome? >> Oh yeah, of course. >> Oh yeah, of course. >> Oh yeah, of course. >> Could you explain Kesler syndrome? >> Could you explain Kesler syndrome? >> Could you explain Kesler syndrome? >> Oh yeah. Uh so 1978 >> Oh yeah. Uh so 1978 >> Oh yeah. Uh so 1978 uh I don't remember he's a physicist or uh I don't remember he's a physicist or uh I don't remember he's a physicist or a mathematician named Kesler who saw the a mathematician named Kesler who saw the a mathematician named Kesler who saw the increase in satellite launches that had increase in satellite launches that had increase in satellite launches that had been going on and he did a calculation been going on and he did a calculation been going on and he did a calculation and he said hm and he said hm and he said hm there must be some threshold of there must be some threshold of there must be some threshold of satellites orbiting the earth where if satellites orbiting the earth where if satellites orbiting the earth where if one of them gets destroyed by any means one of them gets destroyed by any means one of them gets destroyed by any means maybe two collide with each other or one maybe two collide with each other or one maybe two collide with each other or one intentionally taken out by a missile intentionally taken out by a missile intentionally taken out by a missile which has been happened three times now. which has been happened three times now. which has been happened three times now. Three or four times. Uh China's done it, Three or four times. Uh China's done it, Three or four times. Uh China's done it, India's done it, Russia's done it, and India's done it, Russia's done it, and India's done it, Russia's done it, and we've done it four times. We've done it we've done it four times. We've done it we've done it four times. We've done it to our own satellites, which means what?

to our own satellites, which means what? to our own satellites, which means what? Think about it. If you can do it to your Think about it. If you can do it to your Think about it. If you can do it to your own satellite, own satellite, own satellite, you can do it to anybody else's you can do it to anybody else's you can do it to anybody else's satellite. It's a demonstration of your satellite. It's a demonstration of your satellite. It's a demonstration of your sovereignty in a way of your powers over sovereignty in a way of your powers over sovereignty in a way of your powers over what you might perceive as an aggressor. what you might perceive as an aggressor. what you might perceive as an aggressor. Anyhow, if you destroy a satellite, Anyhow, if you destroy a satellite, Anyhow, if you destroy a satellite, let's say it breaks into 10 pieces let's say it breaks into 10 pieces let's say it breaks into 10 pieces each going orbital speed. Orbital speed each going orbital speed. Orbital speed each going orbital speed. Orbital speed is is 17,000 is is 17,000 is is 17,000 miles an hour. That's way faster than a miles an hour. That's way faster than a miles an hour. That's way faster than a rifle bullet. So little pieces of rifle bullet. So little pieces of rifle bullet. So little pieces of satellite can be far more devastating satellite can be far more devastating satellite can be far more devastating than a high-powered rifle bullet shot than a high-powered rifle bullet shot than a high-powered rifle bullet shot into another satellite. All right, so into another satellite. All right, so into another satellite. All right, so these pieces scatter. If any one of them these pieces scatter. If any one of them these pieces scatter. If any one of them hits another satellite, breaking it into hits another satellite, breaking it into hits another satellite, breaking it into 10 pieces, 10 pieces, 10 pieces, you go from one to 10 to 100 to a you go from one to 10 to 100 to a you go from one to 10 to 100 to a thousand. thousand. thousand. Within just a few orbits, Within just a few orbits, Within just a few orbits, 100% of the satellites can be taken out.

100% of the satellites can be taken out. 100% of the satellites can be taken out. if you have enough satellites for that if you have enough satellites for that if you have enough satellites for that thresholding to take place. So in other thresholding to take place. So in other thresholding to take place. So in other words, if space is most if low earth words, if space is most if low earth words, if space is most if low earth orbit space is mostly empty and you orbit space is mostly empty and you orbit space is mostly empty and you destroy a satellite, the particles are destroy a satellite, the particles are destroy a satellite, the particles are not going to take out another satellite. not going to take out another satellite. not going to take out another satellite. They they'll orbit harmlessly or fall to They they'll orbit harmlessly or fall to They they'll orbit harmlessly or fall to earth harmlessly. But if you have earth harmlessly. But if you have earth harmlessly. But if you have another satellite in that path, another satellite in that path, another satellite in that path, then that destruction is going to take then that destruction is going to take then that destruction is going to take out other satellites. So he warned us of out other satellites. So he warned us of out other satellites. So he warned us of these thresholds. I don't think we're these thresholds. I don't think we're these thresholds. I don't think we're there yet, but we need to keep it on our there yet, but we need to keep it on our there yet, but we need to keep it on our radar. And the movie Gravity, it radar. And the movie Gravity, it radar. And the movie Gravity, it portrays exactly that scenario. portrays exactly that scenario. portrays exactly that scenario. >> Objects in orbit travel at blistering >> Objects in orbit travel at blistering >> Objects in orbit travel at blistering speeds, 17,500 m per hour. speeds, 17,500 m per hour. speeds, 17,500 m per hour. >> Correct. And at that speed, >> Correct. And at that speed, >> Correct. And at that speed, >> that's 5 miles per second. >> that's 5 miles per second. >> that's 5 miles per second. >> At that speed, even a fleck of paint >> At that speed, even a fleck of paint >> At that speed, even a fleck of paint carries the destructive power of a carries the destructive power of a carries the destructive power of a bullet, bullet, bullet, >> a rifle bullet >> a rifle bullet >> a rifle bullet >> or a exploding grenade. >> or a exploding grenade. >> or a exploding grenade. >> Correct. Correct. >> Correct. Correct. >> Correct. Correct. >> A a fleck of paint. >> A a fleck of paint. >> A a fleck of paint. >> Yes. >> Yes. >> Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. >> Okay, that makes sense. [clears throat] >> Okay, that makes sense. [clears throat] >> Okay, that makes sense. [clears throat] So if if there's one collision and So if if there's one collision and So if if there's one collision and there's lots of them up there, it's like there's lots of them up there, it's like there's lots of them up there, it's like a shrapnel. Is that a shrapnel. Is that a shrapnel. Is that >> correct?

>> correct? >> correct? >> Yeah. A shrapnel is the is the is the >> Yeah. A shrapnel is the is the is the >> Yeah. A shrapnel is the is the is the best analog to that because it comes out best analog to that because it comes out best analog to that because it comes out and it damages other things beyond the and it damages other things beyond the and it damages other things beyond the target that was intended. target that was intended. target that was intended. >> And there's no laws up there, is there? >> And there's no laws up there, is there? >> And there's no laws up there, is there? >> Well, they're trying to, you know, space >> Well, they're trying to, you know, space >> Well, they're trying to, you know, space law is a is a wild west at this point. law is a is a wild west at this point. law is a is a wild west at this point. Forget orbit. It's like you go to the Forget orbit. It's like you go to the Forget orbit. It's like you go to the moon. Who owns the moon? Who owns a plot moon. Who owns the moon? Who owns a plot moon. Who owns the moon? Who owns a plot of land on Mars? Nobody. of land on Mars? Nobody. of land on Mars? Nobody. >> Who? Well, they're trying to figure that >> Who? Well, they're trying to figure that >> Who? Well, they're trying to figure that out. If I go to an asteroid and I want out. If I go to an asteroid and I want out. If I go to an asteroid and I want to mine it for its minerals, who owns to mine it for its minerals, who owns to mine it for its minerals, who owns those minerals? those minerals? those minerals? >> So, they're trying to figure out who >> So, they're trying to figure out who >> So, they're trying to figure out who owns the moon. owns the moon. owns the moon. >> Well, owns anything in space. Anything >> Well, owns anything in space. Anything >> Well, owns anything in space. Anything in space. in space. in space. >> Isn't it just who gets there fast? >> Isn't it just who gets there fast? >> Isn't it just who gets there fast? >> Yes. M. [laughter] >> Yes. M. [laughter] >> Yes. M. [laughter] That's what I mean by the Wild West. That's what I mean by the Wild West. That's what I mean by the Wild West. [snorts] [snorts] [snorts] >> At the moment, it seems like there's a >> At the moment, it seems like there's a >> At the moment, it seems like there's a race to go to the moon. A lot of race to go to the moon. A lot of race to go to the moon. A lot of companies are interested in that. We've companies are interested in that. We've companies are interested in that. We've got this Arteimus program happening. The got this Arteimus program happening. The got this Arteimus program happening. The US seem interested. Why are people so US seem interested. Why are people so US seem interested. Why are people so interested in going to the moon? And is interested in going to the moon? And is interested in going to the moon? And is there merit in their motivations? there merit in their motivations? there merit in their motivations? >> Well, we could have stayed in the moon >> Well, we could have stayed in the moon >> Well, we could have stayed in the moon in 1972, in 1972, in 1972, but we didn't. Could have gone in 1980, but we didn't. Could have gone in 1980, but we didn't. Could have gone in 1980, but we didn't. 1990, we didn't. 2000?

but we didn't. 1990, we didn't. 2000? but we didn't. 1990, we didn't. 2000? No. 2010? No. Well, what happened in the No. 2010? No. Well, what happened in the No. 2010? No. Well, what happened in the 201s? Oh, I know what happened. We 201s? Oh, I know what happened. We 201s? Oh, I know what happened. We learned that China wants to put learned that China wants to put learned that China wants to put astronauts on the moon. Tyonauts they astronauts on the moon. Tyonauts they astronauts on the moon. Tyonauts they call them. We then say, "Hey, wouldn't call them. We then say, "Hey, wouldn't call them. We then say, "Hey, wouldn't it be good if we went back to the moon? it be good if we went back to the moon? it be good if we went back to the moon? That's an interesting idea. Let's do That's an interesting idea. Let's do That's an interesting idea. Let's do that." happened under the first Trump that." happened under the first Trump that." happened under the first Trump administration. So the Artemis mission administration. So the Artemis mission administration. So the Artemis mission gets birthed. Artemis, gets birthed. Artemis, gets birthed. Artemis, do you remember who Artemis was in in do you remember who Artemis was in in do you remember who Artemis was in in Greek mythology? Artemis is the twin Greek mythology? Artemis is the twin Greek mythology? Artemis is the twin sister of Apollo. sister of Apollo. sister of Apollo. That's good. That he's going to name a That's good. That he's going to name a That's good. That he's going to name a program. That's good. Twin sister of program. That's good. Twin sister of program. That's good. Twin sister of Apollo. So we say we're going to go back Apollo. So we say we're going to go back Apollo. So we say we're going to go back to the moon. to the moon. to the moon. My read of that landscape is that China My read of that landscape is that China My read of that landscape is that China put a flame under our ass. put a flame under our ass. put a flame under our ass. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. No different really from when Russia No different really from when Russia No different really from when Russia first launched the satellite. Sputnik, first launched the satellite. Sputnik, first launched the satellite. Sputnik, put a flame under our ass. Within a put a flame under our ass. Within a put a flame under our ass. Within a year, we created NASA. By the way, it year, we created NASA. By the way, it year, we created NASA. By the way, it may take just such a thing to bring may take just such a thing to bring may take just such a thing to bring Congress together for a unified uh Congress together for a unified uh Congress together for a unified uh project.

project. project. Do [snorts] you remember when we had the Do [snorts] you remember when we had the Do [snorts] you remember when we had the testimonies in Congress of the testimonies in Congress of the testimonies in Congress of the whistleblowers? whistleblowers? whistleblowers? We had Republicans sitting right next to We had Republicans sitting right next to We had Republicans sitting right next to Democrats asking questions about aliens. Democrats asking questions about aliens. Democrats asking questions about aliens. And I So there's everyone paying And I So there's everyone paying And I So there's everyone paying attention to the aliens. I I said, "Wow, attention to the aliens. I I said, "Wow, attention to the aliens. I I said, "Wow, Republicans and Democrats are agreed on Republicans and Democrats are agreed on Republicans and Democrats are agreed on some process in Washington." I thought some process in Washington." I thought some process in Washington." I thought that was that was a beautiful fact. that was that was a beautiful fact. that was that was a beautiful fact. >> So what what what are our motivations >> So what what what are our motivations >> So what what what are our motivations now to go to the moon? Is there an now to go to the moon? Is there an now to go to the moon? Is there an economic upside to it? economic upside to it? economic upside to it? >> No, it's geopolitical. China says >> No, it's geopolitical. China says >> No, it's geopolitical. China says they're going to the moon 50 years after they're going to the moon 50 years after they're going to the moon 50 years after we go to the moon and we all of a sudden we go to the moon and we all of a sudden we go to the moon and we all of a sudden decide we want to go to the moon. Let's decide we want to go to the moon. Let's decide we want to go to the moon. Let's be real about that. And while that came be real about that. And while that came be real about that. And while that came out under Trump, Biden comes in, we keep out under Trump, Biden comes in, we keep out under Trump, Biden comes in, we keep the program. Biden could have said, the program. Biden could have said, the program. Biden could have said, "This is a Trumpist thing. I don't want "This is a Trumpist thing. I don't want "This is a Trumpist thing. I don't want to do, you know, he could have done that to do, you know, he could have done that to do, you know, he could have done that and what would have anyone said?" But he and what would have anyone said?" But he and what would have anyone said?" But he didn't because NASA has is a didn't because NASA has is a didn't because NASA has is a geopolitically geopolitically geopolitically responsive responsive responsive organization. organization. organization. >> So what if China get there first? Why >> So what if China get there first? Why >> So what if China get there first? Why does that matter?

does that matter? does that matter? >> They're >> They're >> They're geopolitical egos. geopolitical egos. geopolitical egos. >> Just ego. >> Just ego. >> Just ego. >> Yeah. I mean, did did you see the the >> Yeah. I mean, did did you see the the >> Yeah. I mean, did did you see the the hearings in Congress with the head of hearings in Congress with the head of hearings in Congress with the head of NASA when they're asking why did China NASA when they're asking why did China NASA when they're asking why did China land on the far side of the moon? What land on the far side of the moon? What land on the far side of the moon? What do they know that's there that we don't? do they know that's there that we don't? do they know that's there that we don't? Okay, this is the competitive urges that Okay, this is the competitive urges that Okay, this is the competitive urges that we have. And don't delude yourself into we have. And don't delude yourself into we have. And don't delude yourself into thinking we ever went to the moon for thinking we ever went to the moon for thinking we ever went to the moon for science science science then or now. then or now. then or now. >> What about resources? Is there resources >> What about resources? Is there resources >> What about resources? Is there resources on the moon? on the moon? on the moon? >> We're looking for them. NASA has an >> We're looking for them. NASA has an >> We're looking for them. NASA has an entire branch of itself called insitu entire branch of itself called insitu entire branch of itself called insitu resource utilization is SRU. You go resource utilization is SRU. You go resource utilization is SRU. You go there. We think there's water at the there. We think there's water at the there. We think there's water at the South Pole. So you go get the water. South Pole. So you go get the water. South Pole. So you go get the water. Maybe if you get a 3D printer, you can Maybe if you get a 3D printer, you can Maybe if you get a 3D printer, you can take, you know, the silicates from the M take, you know, the silicates from the M take, you know, the silicates from the M from the moon's surface, dump it in on from the moon's surface, dump it in on from the moon's surface, dump it in on top and make tools, whatever. That would top and make tools, whatever. That would top and make tools, whatever. That would be interesting. Um there's a whole piece be interesting. Um there's a whole piece be interesting. Um there's a whole piece of space exploration that concerns of space exploration that concerns of space exploration that concerns itself with that because you can't take itself with that because you can't take itself with that because you can't take everything with you. Is it cold on the everything with you. Is it cold on the everything with you. Is it cold on the moon or hot?

moon or hot? moon or hot? >> It depends on if you're facing the sun >> It depends on if you're facing the sun >> It depends on if you're facing the sun or not because we we say is it cold, or not because we we say is it cold, or not because we we say is it cold, you're generally referring to the you're generally referring to the you're generally referring to the temperature of the air around you. temperature of the air around you. temperature of the air around you. That's what you mean. Oh, fix the That's what you mean. Oh, fix the That's what you mean. Oh, fix the thermostat. Change the air temperature. thermostat. Change the air temperature. thermostat. Change the air temperature. Where there is no air, your temperature Where there is no air, your temperature Where there is no air, your temperature comes from any source of or absence of a comes from any source of or absence of a comes from any source of or absence of a source of energy. So if you face the source of energy. So if you face the source of energy. So if you face the sun, sun, sun, >> this side of you will burn up and the >> this side of you will burn up and the >> this side of you will burn up and the side of you on the other side will side of you on the other side will side of you on the other side will freeze. So what we really need are freeze. So what we really need are freeze. So what we really need are rotisseries [laughter] rotisseries [laughter] rotisseries [laughter] or a highly insulated space suit. or a highly insulated space suit. or a highly insulated space suit. >> Do you think in my lifetime we'll it's >> Do you think in my lifetime we'll it's >> Do you think in my lifetime we'll it's three days away, isn't it? The moon. three days away, isn't it? The moon. three days away, isn't it? The moon. >> Yeah. But so you can get there quicker, >> Yeah. But so you can get there quicker, >> Yeah. But so you can get there quicker, but to the minimum energy to do so will but to the minimum energy to do so will but to the minimum energy to do so will take you 3 days. take you 3 days. take you 3 days. >> Don't you think that would be a great >> Don't you think that would be a great >> Don't you think that would be a great tourist destination? tourist destination? tourist destination? >> Of course. Completely. >> Of course. Completely. >> Of course. Completely. >> Three days. >> Three days. >> Three days. >> I I would save up multiple years of >> I I would save up multiple years of >> I I would save up multiple years of vacation money to go to the moon. Yes. vacation money to go to the moon. Yes. vacation money to go to the moon. Yes. >> Completely. If you can bring the price >> Completely. If you can bring the price >> Completely. If you can bring the price of that down, make the moon our of that down, make the moon our of that down, make the moon our backyard. So So what I I wanted to be backyard. So So what I I wanted to be backyard. So So what I I wanted to be clear earlier when you say is there clear earlier when you say is there clear earlier when you say is there economic reason to go to the moon? Not economic reason to go to the moon? Not economic reason to go to the moon? Not initially until you set up bases and initially until you set up bases and initially until you set up bases and hotels and restaurants and this sort of hotels and restaurants and this sort of hotels and restaurants and this sort of thing. And if you have restaurants, thing. And if you have restaurants, thing. And if you have restaurants, there'd be really weird food that they there'd be really weird food that they there'd be really weird food that they would serve, right? Like in moon would serve, right? Like in moon would serve, right? Like in moon gravity.

gravity. gravity. >> I travel all the time. So I made a rule >> I travel all the time. So I made a rule >> I travel all the time. So I made a rule in my life that I'll only travel with a in my life that I'll only travel with a in my life that I'll only travel with a cabin bag. The problem with this is cabin bag. The problem with this is cabin bag. The problem with this is there's not much space. And here's the there's not much space. And here's the there's not much space. And here's the solution. It is called an extra 1% solution. It is called an extra 1% solution. It is called an extra 1% travel pack. And I teamed up with Exta travel pack. And I teamed up with Exta travel pack. And I teamed up with Exta to make this. Typically, I can only to make this. Typically, I can only to make this. Typically, I can only bring some of my black shirts. And it's bring some of my black shirts. And it's bring some of my black shirts. And it's a trade-off of which black shirt should a trade-off of which black shirt should a trade-off of which black shirt should I bring? How many of these do you think I bring? How many of these do you think I bring? How many of these do you think I can get in here? So, let's try 1 2 3 4 I can get in here? So, let's try 1 2 3 4 I can get in here? So, let's try 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. Let's try 15. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. Let's try 15. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. Let's try 15. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Okay, so that's 24 black t-shirts. Okay, so that's 24 black t-shirts. Okay, so that's 24 black t-shirts. Here's where the magic comes in. Zip it Here's where the magic comes in. Zip it Here's where the magic comes in. Zip it up. Make sure it's nice and sealed. And up. Make sure it's nice and sealed. And up. Make sure it's nice and sealed. And then you use this little contraption. then you use this little contraption. then you use this little contraption. Stick it on there. I can now take more Stick it on there. I can now take more Stick it on there. I can now take more than 20 black shirts with me, which will than 20 black shirts with me, which will than 20 black shirts with me, which will last me 3 weeks. So, if you travel last me 3 weeks. So, if you travel last me 3 weeks. So, if you travel frequently and you want to get one of frequently and you want to get one of frequently and you want to get one of these so you can save more space and be these so you can save more space and be these so you can save more space and be away for longer, go to extra.com and use away for longer, go to extra.com and use away for longer, go to extra.com and use code DOAC for 10% off our collection.

code DOAC for 10% off our collection. code DOAC for 10% off our collection. the UFO files. I'm presuming you've seen the UFO files. I'm presuming you've seen the UFO files. I'm presuming you've seen all the footage that's been released. all the footage that's been released. all the footage that's been released. You've You've You've >> most of it. There's there's a redundancy >> most of it. There's there's a redundancy >> most of it. There's there's a redundancy after a certain point. after a certain point. after a certain point. >> I mean, it's it's this kind of stuff >> I mean, it's it's this kind of stuff >> I mean, it's it's this kind of stuff where they're showing objects flying where they're showing objects flying where they're showing objects flying through space. through space. through space. >> Typically, it's monochromatic and very >> Typically, it's monochromatic and very >> Typically, it's monochromatic and very low resolution as this is. That's low resolution as this is. That's low resolution as this is. That's correct. correct. correct. >> Was any of it compelling to you? >> Was any of it compelling to you? >> Was any of it compelling to you? >> No. It's something that we don't know >> No. It's something that we don't know >> No. It's something that we don't know what it is. what it is. what it is. It's Let's back up. Even UFO enthusiasts It's Let's back up. Even UFO enthusiasts It's Let's back up. Even UFO enthusiasts of the most severe kind would agree that of the most severe kind would agree that of the most severe kind would agree that most sightings of what we call UFOs have most sightings of what we call UFOs have most sightings of what we call UFOs have natural explanations natural explanations natural explanations >> that you just didn't know what you were >> that you just didn't know what you were >> that you just didn't know what you were looking at and then you figure it out looking at and then you figure it out looking at and then you figure it out later. Is it cloud formation? Is it later. Is it cloud formation? Is it later. Is it cloud formation? Is it lightning? Is it twilight conditions? lightning? Is it twilight conditions? lightning? Is it twilight conditions? Sure. But then there's some that no one Sure. But then there's some that no one Sure. But then there's some that no one knows how to explain. knows how to explain. knows how to explain. I I don't have a problem with that. I I don't have a problem with that. I I don't have a problem with that. There's some that are sort of There's some that are sort of There's some that are sort of interesting. I like the tic tac. Tic tac interesting. I like the tic tac. Tic tac interesting. I like the tic tac. Tic tac is fun. is fun. is fun. >> Oh, yeah. The tic tac. >> Oh, yeah. The tic tac. >> Oh, yeah. The tic tac. >> The famous tic tac. >> The famous tic tac. >> The famous tic tac. >> What's interesting about that? >> What's interesting about that? >> What's interesting about that? >> Well, cuz I don't know what it is. I'm a >> Well, cuz I don't know what it is. I'm a >> Well, cuz I don't know what it is. I'm a scientist.

scientist. scientist. We are attracted to things with that we We are attracted to things with that we We are attracted to things with that we don't know or understand. Attracted to don't know or understand. Attracted to don't know or understand. Attracted to them. It's cool. Yeah. That's There it them. It's cool. Yeah. That's There it them. It's cool. Yeah. That's There it goes. Mhm. Yeah. And you can see it move goes. Mhm. Yeah. And you can see it move goes. Mhm. Yeah. And you can see it move in one of the frames. And you can see it in one of the frames. And you can see it in one of the frames. And you can see it a sort of gimbal in one of the frames. a sort of gimbal in one of the frames. a sort of gimbal in one of the frames. So, let's see. It's coming up in just a So, let's see. It's coming up in just a So, let's see. It's coming up in just a second. second. second. That's And of course, it's combined with That's And of course, it's combined with That's And of course, it's combined with the statements of the pilots, how the statements of the pilots, how the statements of the pilots, how shocked they are and how surprised. shocked they are and how surprised. shocked they are and how surprised. There it is. That's kind of fun. It There it is. That's kind of fun. It There it is. That's kind of fun. It looks like one of the alien spacecraft looks like one of the alien spacecraft looks like one of the alien spacecraft that Steven Spielberg showed in Close that Steven Spielberg showed in Close that Steven Spielberg showed in Close Encounters of the Third Kind, but that's Encounters of the Third Kind, but that's Encounters of the Third Kind, but that's not what intrigues me. What intrigues me not what intrigues me. What intrigues me not what intrigues me. What intrigues me is we have whistleblowers saying we have is we have whistleblowers saying we have is we have whistleblowers saying we have actual aliens. actual aliens. actual aliens. So, I'm Give Give me the actual alien. So, I'm Give Give me the actual alien. So, I'm Give Give me the actual alien. Do you think if we did we would tell the Do you think if we did we would tell the Do you think if we did we would tell the public? public? public? >> Uh, we people have testified we have >> Uh, we people have testified we have >> Uh, we people have testified we have aliens, that we have alien crash parts, aliens, that we have alien crash parts, aliens, that we have alien crash parts, that we have reverse engineered alien that we have reverse engineered alien that we have reverse engineered alien technology, that we have no end of technology, that we have no end of technology, that we have no end of movies portraying aliens. Uh, and movies portraying aliens. Uh, and movies portraying aliens. Uh, and somebody say, "Oh, we're not ready to somebody say, "Oh, we're not ready to somebody say, "Oh, we're not ready to see an actual alien." Of course, we're see an actual alien." Of course, we're see an actual alien." Of course, we're ready. Hollywood has prepped us for ready. Hollywood has prepped us for ready. Hollywood has prepped us for decades for this day. I think it'll be decades for this day. I think it'll be decades for this day. I think it'll be charming. What would surprise me most charming. What would surprise me most charming. What would surprise me most is if the alien were humanoid.

is if the alien were humanoid. is if the alien were humanoid. >> Most Hollywood renderings of human of of >> Most Hollywood renderings of human of of >> Most Hollywood renderings of human of of aliens are humanoid with a head, two aliens are humanoid with a head, two aliens are humanoid with a head, two eyes and nose, mouth, ears. Oh. Oh, eyes and nose, mouth, ears. Oh. Oh, eyes and nose, mouth, ears. Oh. Oh, they're bald. Okay. Or they have pointy they're bald. Okay. Or they have pointy they're bald. Okay. Or they have pointy ears. Or they've got but they're still ears. Or they've got but they're still ears. Or they've got but they're still walking and they still got elbows and walking and they still got elbows and walking and they still got elbows and fingers and knees and like this. fingers and knees and like this. fingers and knees and like this. >> And >> And >> And >> I mean, we've got ones like this as >> I mean, we've got ones like this as >> I mean, we've got ones like this as well. well. well. >> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. So, we've got >> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. So, we've got >> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. So, we've got there's a good ET. This looks like the there's a good ET. This looks like the there's a good ET. This looks like the xenomorph. And this one looks like xenomorph. And this one looks like xenomorph. And this one looks like predator. Okay. So, notice uh they all predator. Okay. So, notice uh they all predator. Okay. So, notice uh they all have eyes. There's a mouth. There's a, have eyes. There's a mouth. There's a, have eyes. There's a mouth. There's a, you know, teeth cuz teeth are scary. And you know, teeth cuz teeth are scary. And you know, teeth cuz teeth are scary. And this is humanoid. this is humanoid. this is humanoid. >> These are humanoid. This is a little >> These are humanoid. This is a little >> These are humanoid. This is a little more reptilian. more reptilian. more reptilian. I would say it's definitely vertebrate, I would say it's definitely vertebrate, I would say it's definitely vertebrate, but has a tail. So, these these are but has a tail. So, these these are but has a tail. So, these these are humanoid characters. I would be most humanoid characters. I would be most humanoid characters. I would be most surprised if the alien was humanoid. surprised if the alien was humanoid. surprised if the alien was humanoid. What would you expect that them to be What would you expect that them to be What would you expect that them to be based in the atmosphere of the universe? based in the atmosphere of the universe? based in the atmosphere of the universe? >> I would expect it to not be humanoid. >> I would expect it to not be humanoid. >> I would expect it to not be humanoid. Most life on Earth is not humanoid. And Most life on Earth is not humanoid. And Most life on Earth is not humanoid. And we have DNA in common with all life on we have DNA in common with all life on we have DNA in common with all life on Earth. And most life is not human. Oak Earth. And most life is not human. Oak Earth. And most life is not human. Oak trees, worms, uh lobsters, none of those trees, worms, uh lobsters, none of those trees, worms, uh lobsters, none of those life forms are humanoid. And so here we life forms are humanoid. And so here we life forms are humanoid. And so here we are. We have, you know, oh, by the way, are. We have, you know, oh, by the way, are. We have, you know, oh, by the way, the the xenomorph is not building the the xenomorph is not building the the xenomorph is not building spaceships. So if this comes to Earth, spaceships. So if this comes to Earth, spaceships. So if this comes to Earth, it's because we brought it here, not it's because we brought it here, not it's because we brought it here, not because it flew. Okay.

because it flew. Okay. because it flew. Okay. uh based on its conduct. It looks like uh based on its conduct. It looks like uh based on its conduct. It looks like he's just want to be parasitic. Uh ET he's just want to be parasitic. Uh ET he's just want to be parasitic. Uh ET has fingers and you know it looks like has fingers and you know it looks like has fingers and you know it looks like ET can build a space spaceship. And this ET can build a space spaceship. And this ET can build a space spaceship. And this is just a hunting hunting mission with is just a hunting hunting mission with is just a hunting hunting mission with the alien. Notice that its eyes are even the alien. Notice that its eyes are even the alien. Notice that its eyes are even the same separation of our eyes. And not the same separation of our eyes. And not the same separation of our eyes. And not so this is there's an actor in this so this is there's an actor in this so this is there's an actor in this costume and the actor is human. That's costume and the actor is human. That's costume and the actor is human. That's really what this comes down to. Yeah, really what this comes down to. Yeah, really what this comes down to. Yeah, that's good photos you got here. that's good photos you got here. that's good photos you got here. Oh, he so in the book I stumbled on I Oh, he so in the book I stumbled on I Oh, he so in the book I stumbled on I didn't come up with these. I stumbled on didn't come up with these. I stumbled on didn't come up with these. I stumbled on the fact that people who care about the fact that people who care about the fact that people who care about sightings, uh, alien, not UFO sightings, sightings, uh, alien, not UFO sightings, sightings, uh, alien, not UFO sightings, alien sightings, people who have said alien sightings, people who have said alien sightings, people who have said they've seen aliens. By the way, like I they've seen aliens. By the way, like I they've seen aliens. By the way, like I said, that whole exercise said, that whole exercise said, that whole exercise didn't reach the fever pitch until you didn't reach the fever pitch until you didn't reach the fever pitch until you had whistleblowers saying they've met had whistleblowers saying they've met had whistleblowers saying they've met aliens under oath in Congress and not aliens under oath in Congress and not aliens under oath in Congress and not the drunkards coming out of the bar at the drunkards coming out of the bar at the drunkards coming out of the bar at 2:00 a.m. Okay. So they divide into 2:00 a.m. Okay. So they divide into 2:00 a.m. Okay. So they divide into archetypes. So little green men that's, archetypes. So little green men that's, archetypes. So little green men that's, you know, we had a lot of those back in you know, we had a lot of those back in you know, we had a lot of those back in the 50s and 60s. And the 50s and 60s. And the 50s and 60s. And uh, of course, the fact that we would uh, of course, the fact that we would uh, of course, the fact that we would even use the adjective men meant they're even use the adjective men meant they're even use the adjective men meant they're humanoid. Okay, little green men. So humanoid. Okay, little green men. So humanoid. Okay, little green men. So that's one variety.

that's one variety. that's one variety. Another one, what do we have here? Uh, Another one, what do we have here? Uh, Another one, what do we have here? Uh, this one is much more common today, the this one is much more common today, the this one is much more common today, the grays. grays. grays. Okay, the gray alien. color. These also Okay, the gray alien. color. These also Okay, the gray alien. color. These also tend to be bald. So these are the two tend to be bald. So these are the two tend to be bald. So these are the two most common. And then there are others. most common. And then there are others. most common. And then there are others. Arcturans, they're from the star Arcturans, they're from the star Arcturans, they're from the star Arcturius. Uh Liens from the Arcturius. Uh Liens from the Arcturius. Uh Liens from the constellation LRA, the harp in the sky. constellation LRA, the harp in the sky. constellation LRA, the harp in the sky. >> We'll put these on the screen for >> We'll put these on the screen for >> We'll put these on the screen for anybody. anybody. anybody. >> Sirius is uh aliens from the star >> Sirius is uh aliens from the star >> Sirius is uh aliens from the star system. system. system. So yeah, in my book there's a dozen of So yeah, in my book there's a dozen of So yeah, in my book there's a dozen of them. Oh, the tall whites. Oh, them. Oh, the tall whites. Oh, them. Oh, the tall whites. Oh, insecttoids. This is a good one. I love insecttoids. This is a good one. I love insecttoids. This is a good one. I love this one because this one because this one because we hate insects. Not I can't speak for we hate insects. Not I can't speak for we hate insects. Not I can't speak for everyone. Insects are ugly to most everyone. Insects are ugly to most everyone. Insects are ugly to most humans, right? So if you have a creature humans, right? So if you have a creature humans, right? So if you have a creature that resembles an insect, you don't want that resembles an insect, you don't want that resembles an insect, you don't want to become friends with it. to become friends with it. to become friends with it. >> If you listen to people that have done >> If you listen to people that have done >> If you listen to people that have done DMT, DMT, DMT, um they often um they often um they often >> DMT. Yeah. >> DMT. Yeah. >> DMT. Yeah. >> They often site seeing or meeting these >> They often site seeing or meeting these >> They often site seeing or meeting these types of types of types of >> Yeah. And >> Yeah. And >> Yeah. And the commonality of that is intriguing the commonality of that is intriguing the commonality of that is intriguing rather than jump to a conclusion that rather than jump to a conclusion that rather than jump to a conclusion that they're all having some common they're all having some common they're all having some common interdimensional experience. It's easier interdimensional experience. It's easier interdimensional experience. It's easier for me to think that they all have human for me to think that they all have human for me to think that they all have human brains and the chemical is exciting the brains and the chemical is exciting the brains and the chemical is exciting the same part of each one of their brains same part of each one of their brains same part of each one of their brains and thereby sharing in some experience and thereby sharing in some experience and thereby sharing in some experience that and plus people I don't know if that and plus people I don't know if that and plus people I don't know if they've done this across cultures

they've done this across cultures they've done this across cultures the English- speakaking cultures have the English- speakaking cultures have the English- speakaking cultures have reported many more alien sightings than reported many more alien sightings than reported many more alien sightings than other cultures other cultures other cultures vastly more sightings which is a little vastly more sightings which is a little vastly more sightings which is a little weird so either aliens just like weird so either aliens just like weird so either aliens just like visiting English speaking countries or visiting English speaking countries or visiting English speaking countries or we just know better how to report what we just know better how to report what we just know better how to report what we see which is probably what it is but we see which is probably what it is but we see which is probably what it is but you go to other countries they don't you go to other countries they don't you go to other countries they don't have this alien fixation. have this alien fixation. have this alien fixation. >> Have you ever done psychedelics? >> Have you ever done psychedelics? >> Have you ever done psychedelics? [clears throat] [clears throat] [clears throat] >> Never. >> Never. >> Never. >> Are you curious about it? >> Are you curious about it? >> Are you curious about it? >> Not really. >> Not really. >> Not really. >> Because >> Because >> Because the human brain the human brain the human brain barely works as it is. barely works as it is. barely works as it is. >> Barely. >> Barely. >> Barely. Just open up any any book of optical Just open up any any book of optical Just open up any any book of optical illusions. Turn to any page. Oh, is it illusions. Turn to any page. Oh, is it illusions. Turn to any page. Oh, is it bigger? Is it smaller? Is the line in bigger? Is it smaller? Is the line in bigger? Is it smaller? Is the line in the page, out of the page? I can't the page, out of the page? I can't the page, out of the page? I can't figure it out. Simple drawings figure it out. Simple drawings figure it out. Simple drawings confound your perceptions of reality. confound your perceptions of reality. confound your perceptions of reality. >> But doesn't that mean reality is >> But doesn't that mean reality is >> But doesn't that mean reality is fragile? fragile? fragile? >> Yes. And so if I want to now stir >> Yes. And so if I want to now stir >> Yes. And so if I want to now stir chemicals into my brain as a scientist chemicals into my brain as a scientist chemicals into my brain as a scientist who values what is objectively true who values what is objectively true who values what is objectively true since my brain barely works as it is to since my brain barely works as it is to since my brain barely works as it is to put in chemicals.

put in chemicals. put in chemicals. It's not clear to me that that gets me It's not clear to me that that gets me It's not clear to me that that gets me closer to any reality at all and it's closer to any reality at all and it's closer to any reality at all and it's reality that I value in this world. reality that I value in this world. reality that I value in this world. >> What >> What >> What >> so that's why that's why I haven't done >> so that's why that's why I haven't done >> so that's why that's why I haven't done psychedelics. psychedelics. psychedelics. >> What I think about is if if I can inhale >> What I think about is if if I can inhale >> What I think about is if if I can inhale something and suddenly my subjective something and suddenly my subjective something and suddenly my subjective experience of reality is entirely it's experience of reality is entirely it's experience of reality is entirely it's 4K and I'm somewhere else. Does that not 4K and I'm somewhere else. Does that not 4K and I'm somewhere else. Does that not then mean that my current subjective then mean that my current subjective then mean that my current subjective experience of reality is as fragile as experience of reality is as fragile as experience of reality is as fragile as an inhale? an inhale? an inhale? >> Sure. >> Sure. >> Sure. >> And then >> And then >> And then >> well well it's chem it's it's chemicals. >> well well it's chem it's it's chemicals. >> well well it's chem it's it's chemicals. So yeah it's a reminder that your brain So yeah it's a reminder that your brain So yeah it's a reminder that your brain functions based on electrochemical functions based on electrochemical functions based on electrochemical signals. But [clears throat] and to put signals. But [clears throat] and to put signals. But [clears throat] and to put some other chemicals in there to disrupt some other chemicals in there to disrupt some other chemicals in there to disrupt it to rechan it sky is the limit. it to rechan it sky is the limit. it to rechan it sky is the limit. >> But does that mean that reality itself >> But does that mean that reality itself >> But does that mean that reality itself is just a bunch of chemicals? is just a bunch of chemicals? is just a bunch of chemicals? >> There are philosophers who like thinking >> There are philosophers who like thinking >> There are philosophers who like thinking about that and debating it and arguing about that and debating it and arguing about that and debating it and arguing it. I tend to be way more practically it. I tend to be way more practically it. I tend to be way more practically minded in that conversation. Okay? In minded in that conversation. Okay? In minded in that conversation. Okay? In that that that I can perform an experiment I can perform an experiment I can perform an experiment outside of your five senses and it will outside of your five senses and it will outside of your five senses and it will get a result that everyone coming get a result that everyone coming get a result that everyone coming together to look at that result will together to look at that result will together to look at that result will agree on.

agree on. agree on. >> That's one of my senses though looking. >> That's one of my senses though looking. >> That's one of my senses though looking. >> Sure. But you're if you don't have that >> Sure. But you're if you don't have that >> Sure. But you're if you don't have that sense then you can't participate in that sense then you can't participate in that sense then you can't participate in that exercise. I I'd find some way for you to exercise. I I'd find some way for you to exercise. I I'd find some way for you to then be able to identify it. But I can then be able to identify it. But I can then be able to identify it. But I can create a measurement of ultraviolet create a measurement of ultraviolet create a measurement of ultraviolet light. You can't see ultraviolet light, light. You can't see ultraviolet light, light. You can't see ultraviolet light, but I have a detector that fires and you but I have a detector that fires and you but I have a detector that fires and you can look at the detector firing. Okay? can look at the detector firing. Okay? can look at the detector firing. Okay? And so there it is. I've measured And so there it is. I've measured And so there it is. I've measured ultraviolet light and I didn't need your ultraviolet light and I didn't need your ultraviolet light and I didn't need your eyes, your retina or your brain to make eyes, your retina or your brain to make eyes, your retina or your brain to make that measurement. So when Einstein said that measurement. So when Einstein said that measurement. So when Einstein said E= MC² E= MC² E= MC² and that became the foundation of atomic and that became the foundation of atomic and that became the foundation of atomic weapons that we then drop in warfare weapons that we then drop in warfare weapons that we then drop in warfare killing tens of thousands hundreds of killing tens of thousands hundreds of killing tens of thousands hundreds of thousands of people. thousands of people. thousands of people. You can't tell me oh that's just our our You can't tell me oh that's just our our You can't tell me oh that's just our our imagination or that's just chemical imagination or that's just chemical imagination or that's just chemical things. That is a real phenomenon based things. That is a real phenomenon based things. That is a real phenomenon based on real physics drawn from an objective on real physics drawn from an objective on real physics drawn from an objective reality that we established while not reality that we established while not reality that we established while not doing drugs. And so that's why it took doing drugs. And so that's why it took doing drugs. And so that's why it took so long to develop science to separate so long to develop science to separate so long to develop science to separate measurements of an objective reality measurements of an objective reality measurements of an objective reality from from from the neurochemical synapses of your the neurochemical synapses of your the neurochemical synapses of your brain.

brain. brain. >> Isn't it rule though observation? Isn't >> Isn't it rule though observation? Isn't >> Isn't it rule though observation? Isn't that what science is? that what science is? that what science is? >> Yeah. So if I can have a device that >> Yeah. So if I can have a device that >> Yeah. So if I can have a device that makes a measurement makes a measurement makes a measurement and and and most people look at that can agree what most people look at that can agree what most people look at that can agree what that thing is. If I'm a betting person, that thing is. If I'm a betting person, that thing is. If I'm a betting person, I would bet that that is a I would bet that that is a I would bet that that is a representation of objective reality. representation of objective reality. representation of objective reality. >> So, we can measure our >> So, we can measure our >> So, we can measure our >> if I bring a completely crazy person to >> if I bring a completely crazy person to >> if I bring a completely crazy person to it, they're not going to know how. And it, they're not going to know how. And it, they're not going to know how. And so, do how do I value their so, do how do I value their so, do how do I value their interpretation of the data? And or and interpretation of the data? And or and interpretation of the data? And or and is it subjective? Are we the crazy ones? is it subjective? Are we the crazy ones? is it subjective? Are we the crazy ones? And is that person the the the normal And is that person the the the normal And is that person the the the normal one? Right? So these are legitimate one? Right? So these are legitimate one? Right? So these are legitimate questions, but they're answerable questions, but they're answerable questions, but they're answerable using the methods and tools of science using the methods and tools of science using the methods and tools of science for what is repeatable in this world and for what is repeatable in this world and for what is repeatable in this world and what is not. what is not. what is not. >> And this world is a >> And this world is a >> And this world is a experience manifested by the chemicals experience manifested by the chemicals experience manifested by the chemicals in my brain. So we can we're measuring in my brain. So we can we're measuring in my brain. So we can we're measuring this reality that we live in. this reality that we live in. this reality that we live in. >> You inhale something and there's a whole >> You inhale something and there's a whole >> You inhale something and there's a whole other reality. Well, you're right now other reality. Well, you're right now other reality. Well, you're right now inhaling oxygen and you have this inhaling oxygen and you have this inhaling oxygen and you have this reality. How many other realities can reality. How many other realities can reality. How many other realities can you visit? Yeah.

you visit? Yeah. you visit? Yeah. >> And which which is the real reality? And >> And which which is the real reality? And >> And which which is the real reality? And >> all I would say is I make mention of it >> all I would say is I make mention of it >> all I would say is I make mention of it in in the book. in in the book. in in the book. >> People on DMT have these shared >> People on DMT have these shared >> People on DMT have these shared experiences. experiences. experiences. >> So let's do experiments on that to see >> So let's do experiments on that to see >> So let's do experiments on that to see if can can one person experience an if can can one person experience an if can can one person experience an insect insectoid, insect insectoid, insect insectoid, glean information from that that glean information from that that glean information from that that psychedelic alien that matches someone psychedelic alien that matches someone psychedelic alien that matches someone else's information. That's how you would else's information. That's how you would else's information. That's how you would probe this. Otherwise, you say, "Oh, probe this. Otherwise, you say, "Oh, probe this. Otherwise, you say, "Oh, it's real." And then we make start a new it's real." And then we make start a new it's real." And then we make start a new religion. religion. religion. I can tell you that if there was a drug I can tell you that if there was a drug I can tell you that if there was a drug >> that if you embibed it by whatever means >> that if you embibed it by whatever means >> that if you embibed it by whatever means if it got me closer to an objective if it got me closer to an objective if it got me closer to an objective reality I would do it. reality I would do it. reality I would do it. >> An objective reality. Yeah. >> An objective reality. Yeah. >> An objective reality. Yeah. >> Yes. Like I said the brain barely works. >> Yes. Like I said the brain barely works. >> Yes. Like I said the brain barely works. Now can is there a better objective Now can is there a better objective Now can is there a better objective real? Well that's why we have science. I real? Well that's why we have science. I real? Well that's why we have science. I have tools that measure infrared and have tools that measure infrared and have tools that measure infrared and ultraviolet and x-rays and gamma rays ultraviolet and x-rays and gamma rays ultraviolet and x-rays and gamma rays and magnetic anomalies and electrical and magnetic anomalies and electrical and magnetic anomalies and electrical currents and I can measure all these currents and I can measure all these currents and I can measure all these things things things >> and and you your brain is irrelevant to >> and and you your brain is irrelevant to >> and and you your brain is irrelevant to those measurements.

those measurements. those measurements. >> I had a physicist come on and he said >> I had a physicist come on and he said >> I had a physicist come on and he said that we can only we can only see that that we can only we can only see that that we can only we can only see that which we need to see in order to which we need to see in order to which we need to see in order to survive. survive. survive. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> And thus if you look at a bat or another >> And thus if you look at a bat or another >> And thus if you look at a bat or another species of animal even here on the earth species of animal even here on the earth species of animal even here on the earth or a dog or a dog or a dog >> well evolutionarily. >> well evolutionarily. >> well evolutionarily. >> Yeah. Yeah. So there could theoretically >> Yeah. Yeah. So there could theoretically >> Yeah. Yeah. So there could theoretically there could be spirits in this room now, there could be spirits in this room now, there could be spirits in this room now, but because they're inconsequential to but because they're inconsequential to but because they're inconsequential to my survival, I actually don't even need my survival, I actually don't even need my survival, I actually don't even need to be able to see them. I didn't need to to be able to see them. I didn't need to to be able to see them. I didn't need to develop the senses to be able to know develop the senses to be able to know develop the senses to be able to know that they were here. that they were here. that they were here. That's why science has dozens of senses. That's why science has dozens of senses. That's why science has dozens of senses. We've gone beyond human physiology in We've gone beyond human physiology in We've gone beyond human physiology in the sciences. So that's why I don't have the sciences. So that's why I don't have the sciences. So that's why I don't have to have that conversation to have that conversation to have that conversation about my reality versus any other about my reality versus any other about my reality versus any other alternative reality and which one is alternative reality and which one is alternative reality and which one is real. That's why science exists. real. That's why science exists. real. That's why science exists. We have the microscope that gets us into We have the microscope that gets us into We have the microscope that gets us into the realm of the small, the telescope the realm of the small, the telescope the realm of the small, the telescope that gets to the realm of the large. that gets to the realm of the large. that gets to the realm of the large. Your senses have no access to either of Your senses have no access to either of Your senses have no access to either of those places. The dead sea in the Middle those places. The dead sea in the Middle those places. The dead sea in the Middle East East East was called dead because there were no was called dead because there were no was called dead because there were no macroscopic fishes there because the macroscopic fishes there because the macroscopic fishes there because the salt level is so high. But they're salt level is so high. But they're salt level is so high. But they're microbes doing the backstroke. Okay. And microbes doing the backstroke. Okay. And microbes doing the backstroke. Okay. And salt resistant microbes. So they salt resistant microbes. So they salt resistant microbes. So they couldn't see those. So his their reality couldn't see those. So his their reality couldn't see those. So his their reality missed something. Yes, your reality is missed something. Yes, your reality is missed something. Yes, your reality is going to miss things that are not going to miss things that are not going to miss things that are not otherwise going to put your health at otherwise going to put your health at otherwise going to put your health at risk evolutionarily, risk evolutionarily, risk evolutionarily, but science changed that forever.

Deal with it. I was going to say, yeah, Deal with it. I was going to say, yeah, I mean, a lot of it's predicated on, you I mean, a lot of it's predicated on, you I mean, a lot of it's predicated on, you know, believing in my know, believing in my know, believing in my observable experience and observable experience and observable experience and >> you don't have to because like I said, >> you don't have to because like I said, >> you don't have to because like I said, we have tools. That's why I can look in we have tools. That's why I can look in we have tools. That's why I can look in the sky, say, "Wow, what is that? I the sky, say, "Wow, what is that? I the sky, say, "Wow, what is that? I don't know what I pull out binoculars. don't know what I pull out binoculars. don't know what I pull out binoculars. Tools. Tools. Tools. >> Oh my gosh, it's a drone." >> Oh my gosh, it's a drone." >> Oh my gosh, it's a drone." >> Now I can see it better with higher >> Now I can see it better with higher >> Now I can see it better with higher resolution and it's brighter. resolution and it's brighter. resolution and it's brighter. >> Oh, what is that over there? I don't >> Oh, what is that over there? I don't >> Oh, what is that over there? I don't know what that is on the horizon. Oh, know what that is on the horizon. Oh, know what that is on the horizon. Oh, it's a it's a bear crawling on the side it's a it's a bear crawling on the side it's a it's a bear crawling on the side of the thing. It's not some alien. You of the thing. It's not some alien. You of the thing. It's not some alien. You bring out the tools, supplement your bring out the tools, supplement your bring out the tools, supplement your your senses. your senses. your senses. >> And these are all observational tools, >> And these are all observational tools, >> And these are all observational tools, >> those that I just mentioned. Yes. >> those that I just mentioned. Yes. >> those that I just mentioned. Yes. >> But there are others that uh you can >> But there are others that uh you can >> But there are others that uh you can test things without observing them. You test things without observing them. You test things without observing them. You can look at what effect they have on can look at what effect they have on can look at what effect they have on something else. For example, something else. For example, something else. For example, >> if a couple of chemicals are responsible >> if a couple of chemicals are responsible >> if a couple of chemicals are responsible for this entire experience, like the for this entire experience, like the for this entire experience, like the things that I feel, touch, smell, hear, things that I feel, touch, smell, hear, things that I feel, touch, smell, hear, is it plausible then that actually is it plausible then that actually is it plausible then that actually >> it's more than a couple, but it's your >> it's more than a couple, but it's your >> it's more than a couple, but it's your sentiment is accurate? Yeah. Is it then sentiment is accurate? Yeah. Is it then sentiment is accurate? Yeah. Is it then plausible that plausible that plausible that we are just a bunch of chemicals in a we are just a bunch of chemicals in a we are just a bunch of chemicals in a petri dish somewhere that are creating a petri dish somewhere that are creating a petri dish somewhere that are creating a subjective experience and that subjective experience and that subjective experience and that subjective experience manifests as a subjective experience manifests as a subjective experience manifests as a universe that I can see, this iPad that universe that I can see, this iPad that universe that I can see, this iPad that I can touch, but actually we are just a I can touch, but actually we are just a I can touch, but actually we are just a chemical reaction in a petri dish that chemical reaction in a petri dish that chemical reaction in a petri dish that some aliens are doing. Because if some aliens are doing. Because if some aliens are doing. Because if chemicals are my entire subjective chemicals are my entire subjective chemicals are my entire subjective experience, experience, experience, >> it's way more likely that we are just a >> it's way more likely that we are just a >> it's way more likely that we are just a simulation.

simulation. simulation. >> Yeah, I think we probably are a >> Yeah, I think we probably are a >> Yeah, I think we probably are a simulation. I think I've completely simulation. I think I've completely simulation. I think I've completely >> based on what you just said. It's if we >> based on what you just said. It's if we >> based on what you just said. It's if we have to be in a petri dish with it's have to be in a petri dish with it's have to be in a petri dish with it's more likely that we're simulated by some more likely that we're simulated by some more likely that we're simulated by some snot-nosed kid in in its alien parents' snot-nosed kid in in its alien parents' snot-nosed kid in in its alien parents' basement. basement. basement. >> That was a biological simulation I >> That was a biological simulation I >> That was a biological simulation I described. described. described. >> Yes, it was. So, >> Yes, it was. So, >> Yes, it was. So, uh, like I said earlier, the laws of uh, like I said earlier, the laws of uh, like I said earlier, the laws of physics are different on different physics are different on different physics are different on different scales. You can't just put us in a petri scales. You can't just put us in a petri scales. You can't just put us in a petri dish and have us behave the way dish and have us behave the way dish and have us behave the way chemicals and or and microorganisms chemicals and or and microorganisms chemicals and or and microorganisms would behave like bacteria that sort of would behave like bacteria that sort of would behave like bacteria that sort of thing would behave in a petri dish. thing would behave in a petri dish. thing would behave in a petri dish. Petri dish is ideal sized for bacteria Petri dish is ideal sized for bacteria Petri dish is ideal sized for bacteria not for us in some larger petri dish. not for us in some larger petri dish. not for us in some larger petri dish. No, we function differently with our No, we function differently with our No, we function differently with our environment than microbes do in in a environment than microbes do in in a environment than microbes do in in a petri. You can't just scale it up petri. You can't just scale it up petri. You can't just scale it up as much as people would want to. That as much as people would want to. That as much as people would want to. That would make everything easier. They were would make everything easier. They were would make everything easier. They were just nested dolls. just nested dolls. just nested dolls. >> Do you believe that we're in a >> Do you believe that we're in a >> Do you believe that we're in a simulation? simulation? simulation? >> Do you think it's plausible? >> Do you think it's plausible? >> Do you think it's plausible? >> I don't want to believe it. >> I don't want to believe it. >> I don't want to believe it. >> You don't want to believe it? >> You don't want to believe it? >> You don't want to believe it? >> I don't I don't I'm whiny about that.

>> I don't I don't I'm whiny about that. >> I don't I don't I'm whiny about that. >> Why? [laughter] >> No. I Nobody wants to be a simulation. >> No. I Nobody wants to be a simulation. My best argument that we're not, or My best argument that we're not, or My best argument that we're not, or rather rather rather my best way to improve the odds that my best way to improve the odds that my best way to improve the odds that we're not, is just just to remind you we're not, is just just to remind you we're not, is just just to remind you how the simulation argument works. You how the simulation argument works. You how the simulation argument works. You have some universe and then they have have some universe and then they have have some universe and then they have computers that are very powerful. They computers that are very powerful. They computers that are very powerful. They simulate a a world within the computer simulate a a world within the computer simulate a a world within the computer and the life forms in that world believe and the life forms in that world believe and the life forms in that world believe they have free will. So there they are. they have free will. So there they are. they have free will. So there they are. It's like a video game, right? And then It's like a video game, right? And then It's like a video game, right? And then they are and then they say, "I'm bored. they are and then they say, "I'm bored. they are and then they say, "I'm bored. I'm going to make computers." So they I'm going to make computers." So they I'm going to make computers." So they invent computers and then they create a invent computers and then they create a invent computers and then they create a video game inside their computers and video game inside their computers and video game inside their computers and then it's video games all the way down. then it's video games all the way down. then it's video games all the way down. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. So, if I close my eyes and throw a Okay. So, if I close my eyes and throw a Okay. So, if I close my eyes and throw a dart, which universe am I most likely to dart, which universe am I most likely to dart, which universe am I most likely to hit? The one that started them all or hit? The one that started them all or hit? The one that started them all or the 999 bajillion that followed? the 999 bajillion that followed? the 999 bajillion that followed? Probably one of the ones that were Probably one of the ones that were Probably one of the ones that were manufactured, manufactured, manufactured, which argues strongly that we're in a which argues strongly that we're in a which argues strongly that we're in a simulation. However, the only universes that could create the only universes that could create other worlds are the ones that have the capacity to are the ones that have the capacity to create other worlds. Okay? So each one create other worlds. Okay? So each one create other worlds. Okay? So each one of these in this sequence had the of these in this sequence had the of these in this sequence had the computing power to create a whole other computing power to create a whole other computing power to create a whole other world. That's why it continued the world. That's why it continued the world. That's why it continued the sequence.

sequence. sequence. We humans on Earth We humans on Earth We humans on Earth do not yet have the power to create an do not yet have the power to create an do not yet have the power to create an entire other universe entire other universe entire other universe with people in it who have what they with people in it who have what they with people in it who have what they believe is free will. We don't have that believe is free will. We don't have that believe is free will. We don't have that power yet. power yet. power yet. Because of that, we are not one of the Because of that, we are not one of the Because of that, we are not one of the ones in the sequence cuz everyone in the ones in the sequence cuz everyone in the ones in the sequence cuz everyone in the sequence has the power to create another sequence has the power to create another sequence has the power to create another universe. And they did. We don't have universe. And they did. We don't have universe. And they did. We don't have that power. Which means we are either that power. Which means we are either that power. Which means we are either the very first universe in that sequence the very first universe in that sequence the very first universe in that sequence or the very last that has yet to achieve or the very last that has yet to achieve or the very last that has yet to achieve the power the power the power of simulation. So we go from, you know, of simulation. So we go from, you know, of simulation. So we go from, you know, 100 bajillion to one likelihood that we 100 bajillion to one likelihood that we 100 bajillion to one likelihood that we are to maybe one and two. And I I like are to maybe one and two. And I I like are to maybe one and two. And I I like those odds. those odds. those odds. >> Does this not assume that the creators >> Does this not assume that the creators >> Does this not assume that the creators of the simulation modeled their universe of the simulation modeled their universe of the simulation modeled their universe as being a onetoone copy of our own and as being a onetoone copy of our own and as being a onetoone copy of our own and they wanted us to have they wanted us to have they wanted us to have >> No, they can make any kind of universe >> No, they can make any kind of universe >> No, they can make any kind of universe they want. Who cares? Not one to one they want. Who cares? Not one to one they want. Who cares? Not one to one copy. This universe happens to have like copy. This universe happens to have like copy. This universe happens to have like planets and stars and people in it. The planets and stars and people in it. The planets and stars and people in it. The other one could just be Mario other one could just be Mario other one could just be Mario characters. [laughter] characters. [laughter] characters. [laughter] >> Probabilistically, I think I've heard >> Probabilistically, I think I've heard >> Probabilistically, I think I've heard Elon Musk say that he thinks Elon Musk say that he thinks Elon Musk say that he thinks probabistically this is a simulation, probabistically this is a simulation, probabistically this is a simulation, which I thought was compelling. And he which I thought was compelling. And he which I thought was compelling. And he did reason that, you know, they've got did reason that, you know, they've got did reason that, you know, they've got these three potential options. Either these three potential options. Either these three potential options. Either humanity just blows themselves up before humanity just blows themselves up before humanity just blows themselves up before they get to this technological they get to this technological they get to this technological advancement. Either this is a simulation advancement. Either this is a simulation advancement. Either this is a simulation or either this is base reality.

or either this is base reality. or either this is base reality. Those are the three plausible outcomes. Those are the three plausible outcomes. Those are the three plausible outcomes. And one would say, hm, it And one would say, hm, it And one would say, hm, it [clears throat] being based reality is [clears throat] being based reality is [clears throat] being based reality is highly improbable. Do we blow off? Why highly improbable. Do we blow off? Why highly improbable. Do we blow off? Why is that highly a problem? is that highly a problem? is that highly a problem? >> The size and scale of the universe and >> The size and scale of the universe and >> The size and scale of the universe and the speed in which we've gone from being the speed in which we've gone from being the speed in which we've gone from being like frankly relative speed of cavemen like frankly relative speed of cavemen like frankly relative speed of cavemen to being able to do large language to being able to do large language to being able to do large language models of vast intelligence and VR models of vast intelligence and VR models of vast intelligence and VR simulations. This that's it's like this simulations. This that's it's like this simulations. This that's it's like this in the I mean Cosmos taught me this. in the I mean Cosmos taught me this. in the I mean Cosmos taught me this. It's like this. It's like this. It's like this. >> Well, it's it's actually not like that. >> Well, it's it's actually not like that. >> Well, it's it's actually not like that. >> It's not. >> It's not. >> It's not. Can I explain why? Sure. Can I explain why? Sure. Can I explain why? Sure. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> So, it's simply exponential growth. Mhm. >> So, it's simply exponential growth. Mhm. >> So, it's simply exponential growth. Mhm. >> That's all it is. Exp. So if you plot >> That's all it is. Exp. So if you plot >> That's all it is. Exp. So if you plot earth's population, very common earth's population, very common earth's population, very common encounter with an exponential curve. encounter with an exponential curve. encounter with an exponential curve. Okay. So you have a plot and you have Okay. So you have a plot and you have Okay. So you have a plot and you have time. Go back. I don't I don't care how time. Go back. I don't I don't care how time. Go back. I don't I don't care how much time you go back and it's like much time you go back and it's like much time you go back and it's like almost flatline and then it goes up. almost flatline and then it goes up. almost flatline and then it goes up. This is what you're talking about. This is what you're talking about. This is what you're talking about. Happens like this. Happens like this. Happens like this. >> That is the plot of an exponential on >> That is the plot of an exponential on >> That is the plot of an exponential on linear graph.

linear graph. linear graph. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. Here's what all exponentials have in Here's what all exponentials have in Here's what all exponentials have in common. If you truncated it somewhere common. If you truncated it somewhere common. If you truncated it somewhere here, let's say, here, let's say, here, let's say, so go back 20 years, 30 years, 50 years, so go back 20 years, 30 years, 50 years, so go back 20 years, 30 years, 50 years, and then replotted it, it would do this. and then replotted it, it would do this. and then replotted it, it would do this. >> Mhm. Go back again, replplot it, it >> Mhm. Go back again, replplot it, it >> Mhm. Go back again, replplot it, it would do this. would do this. would do this. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Everybody in an exponential thinks >> Everybody in an exponential thinks >> Everybody in an exponential thinks they're living in special times. they're living in special times. they're living in special times. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> They think that all the greatest, most >> They think that all the greatest, most >> They think that all the greatest, most important discoveries happened recently. important discoveries happened recently. important discoveries happened recently. Yes, that is true. But it's true for Yes, that is true. But it's true for Yes, that is true. But it's true for everybody along the exponential. everybody along the exponential. everybody along the exponential. When we invented the car, the When we invented the car, the When we invented the car, the automobile, no one is saying, "Look how automobile, no one is saying, "Look how automobile, no one is saying, "Look how backwards we are." They're saying, "Look backwards we are." They're saying, "Look backwards we are." They're saying, "Look how advanced we are. We now have an how advanced we are. We now have an how advanced we are. We now have an automobile, and we have railroads that automobile, and we have railroads that automobile, and we have railroads that cross the across the the lands, and we cross the across the the lands, and we cross the across the the lands, and we have steam ships that cross the ocean. have steam ships that cross the ocean. have steam ships that cross the ocean. Look at how advanced we are. Look how Look at how advanced we are. Look how Look at how advanced we are. Look how far we've come in just decades." If you far we've come in just decades." If you far we've come in just decades." If you imagine any rate of improvement at our imagine any rate of improvement at our imagine any rate of improvement at our current trajectory, we get to a point at current trajectory, we get to a point at current trajectory, we get to a point at some at some stage in the future where some at some stage in the future where some at some stage in the future where we can create simulations.

we can create simulations. we can create simulations. >> Yes. Yes. It's a natural. >> Yes. Yes. It's a natural. >> Yes. Yes. It's a natural. >> Yeah. We get there, >> Yeah. We get there, >> Yeah. We get there, >> but we're not there now. And since we're >> but we're not there now. And since we're >> but we're not there now. And since we're not there now, we're not one of these not there now, we're not one of these not there now, we're not one of these middle universes. middle universes. middle universes. >> But if you I mean whether it's 100 years >> But if you I mean whether it's 100 years >> But if you I mean whether it's 100 years or a thousand years or 10,000 years, we or a thousand years or 10,000 years, we or a thousand years or 10,000 years, we eventually get there. And then if you eventually get there. And then if you eventually get there. And then if you layer that over with what you said about layer that over with what you said about layer that over with what you said about there being 100 billion galaxies with there being 100 billion galaxies with there being 100 billion galaxies with 100 billion stars, 100 billion stars, 100 billion stars, >> um it's conceivable that we are not at >> um it's conceivable that we are not at >> um it's conceivable that we are not at the front of that race. And if we're not the front of that race. And if we're not the front of that race. And if we're not at the front of that race, it means that at the front of that race, it means that at the front of that race, it means that someone else theoretically got there at someone else theoretically got there at someone else theoretically got there at some point and therefore we might be some point and therefore we might be some point and therefore we might be their simulation. their simulation. their simulation. >> Yes, of course. >> Yes, of course. >> Yes, of course. >> Yes. >> Yes. >> Yes. >> And that seems way more >> And that seems way more >> And that seems way more >> No, no, no, no. What I'm saying is >> No, no, no, no. What I'm saying is >> No, no, no, no. What I'm saying is >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yes. We could be their simulation, but >> Yes. We could be their simulation, but >> Yes. We could be their simulation, but we can't simulate anybody within our we can't simulate anybody within our we can't simulate anybody within our world yet. world yet. world yet. >> Yeah. Not yet. >> Yeah. Not yet. >> Yeah. Not yet. >> That's why we are either the last one in >> That's why we are either the last one in >> That's why we are either the last one in that list that list that list created by some other civilization that created by some other civilization that created by some other civilization that can't yet create the next civilization can't yet create the next civilization can't yet create the next civilization or we're the first one that's authentic or we're the first one that's authentic or we're the first one that's authentic >> or it could be a tree though. It could >> or it could be a tree though. It could >> or it could be a tree though. It could be like they did one they did they did be like they did one they did they did be like they did one they did they did 500 then this person here did 300.

500 then this person here did 300. 500 then this person here did 300. >> Yes. So I'm taking the the very straight >> Yes. So I'm taking the the very straight >> Yes. So I'm taking the the very straight line model. Yes. It could be fully line model. Yes. It could be fully line model. Yes. It could be fully branched out. Yeah. And branched out. Yeah. And branched out. Yeah. And >> sure. All I'm saying is we're nowhere in >> sure. All I'm saying is we're nowhere in >> sure. All I'm saying is we're nowhere in the middle of that. We have to be at the the middle of that. We have to be at the the middle of that. We have to be at the end because we don't we can't make end because we don't we can't make end because we don't we can't make another universe yet. So that greatly another universe yet. So that greatly another universe yet. So that greatly reduces the total number of universes reduces the total number of universes reduces the total number of universes your dart can hit when you toss it your dart can hit when you toss it your dart can hit when you toss it against the wall. against the wall. against the wall. Either the first universe or the last Either the first universe or the last Either the first universe or the last one. And I had it gave it in a line, but one. And I had it gave it in a line, but one. And I had it gave it in a line, but it could be the last of any of these. it could be the last of any of these. it could be the last of any of these. >> Yeah, it could be the last of a tree. >> Yeah, it could be the last of a tree. >> Yeah, it could be the last of a tree. Like I think a family tree. You don't Like I think a family tree. You don't Like I think a family tree. You don't have to. have to. have to. >> That's fine. So how many is how many >> That's fine. So how many is how many >> That's fine. So how many is how many would the last be? 500, a thousand, would the last be? 500, a thousand, would the last be? 500, a thousand, whatever that is. There's countless whatever that is. There's countless whatever that is. There's countless other ones that came before us leading other ones that came before us leading other ones that came before us leading up to that up to that up to that >> and we could have cousin simulations >> and we could have cousin simulations >> and we could have cousin simulations that that that >> sure went on and >> sure went on and >> sure went on and >> it seems that seems more probable in the >> it seems that seems more probable in the >> it seems that seems more probable in the balance of I can't think of a singular balance of I can't think of a singular balance of I can't think of a singular argument that's more convincing that argument that's more convincing that argument that's more convincing that okay if humans eventually get to tech okay if humans eventually get to tech okay if humans eventually get to tech technological advancement thus so that technological advancement thus so that technological advancement thus so that they could create their own simulation they could create their own simulation they could create their own simulation then it's conceivable that in such a then it's conceivable that in such a then it's conceivable that in such a vast universe other other living vast universe other other living vast universe other other living intelligent life got there first. Do you intelligent life got there first. Do you intelligent life got there first. Do you agree that there's intelligent life in agree that there's intelligent life in agree that there's intelligent life in the universe? Um, it's quite I think the universe? Um, it's quite I think the universe? Um, it's quite I think it's quite arrogant of us to think that it's quite arrogant of us to think that it's quite arrogant of us to think that we are the most technologically advanced we are the most technologically advanced we are the most technologically advanced in the universe, in the universe, in the universe, >> right? No one should be thinking that.

>> right? No one should be thinking that. >> right? No one should be thinking that. >> So, thus it's a simulation, Neil, >> So, thus it's a simulation, Neil, >> So, thus it's a simulation, Neil, >> unless we are not the simulation and >> unless we are not the simulation and >> unless we are not the simulation and we're the original universe that hasn't we're the original universe that hasn't we're the original universe that hasn't started the ball rolling yet. started the ball rolling yet. started the ball rolling yet. >> And could you imagine the odds of that? >> And could you imagine the odds of that? >> And could you imagine the odds of that? What would the odds of that be? What would the odds of that be? What would the odds of that be? >> This is my point. The simplest way is >> This is my point. The simplest way is >> This is my point. The simplest way is the look the in the line in the straight the look the in the line in the straight the look the in the line in the straight line example which we can spread out in line example which we can spread out in line example which we can spread out in just a moment. We're either the starter just a moment. We're either the starter just a moment. We're either the starter universe who hasn't figured out how to universe who hasn't figured out how to universe who hasn't figured out how to make a universe yet. make a universe yet. make a universe yet. >> Yes. >> Yes. >> Yes. >> Or we're the last in that line which >> Or we're the last in that line which >> Or we're the last in that line which have yet to evolve the capacity to make have yet to evolve the capacity to make have yet to evolve the capacity to make a universe because it doesn't happen a universe because it doesn't happen a universe because it doesn't happen instantly. They have to invent computers instantly. They have to invent computers instantly. They have to invent computers and they have free will and so they're and they have free will and so they're and they have free will and so they're doing their thing. Yeah. doing their thing. Yeah. doing their thing. Yeah. >> Okay. So, however many universes are in >> Okay. So, however many universes are in >> Okay. So, however many universes are in between, it goes from that number of between, it goes from that number of between, it goes from that number of possible universes we could have been to possible universes we could have been to possible universes we could have been to a one in two chance that we're real. One a one in two chance that we're real. One a one in two chance that we're real. One and two. We're the original or that and two. We're the original or that and two. We're the original or that we're this one which is simulated. we're this one which is simulated. we're this one which is simulated. That's a one in two chance. Now you have That's a one in two chance. Now you have That's a one in two chance. Now you have branches. Fine. I don't mind branches branches. Fine. I don't mind branches branches. Fine. I don't mind branches where each one creates 10 universes. where each one creates 10 universes. where each one creates 10 universes. Fine. You have branches. Once again, we Fine. You have branches. Once again, we Fine. You have branches. Once again, we are either the last one in a branch or are either the last one in a branch or are either the last one in a branch or we're the first one that started it all.

we're the first one that started it all. we're the first one that started it all. >> Here's my here's my drawing of how it >> Here's my here's my drawing of how it >> Here's my here's my drawing of how it might look. So, we could be that one or might look. So, we could be that one or might look. So, we could be that one or we could be that one, that one, that we could be that one, that one, that we could be that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one, that one. Why is why is that not plausible? one. Why is why is that not plausible? one. Why is why is that not plausible? It's kind of like a family tree. Some of It's kind of like a family tree. Some of It's kind of like a family tree. Some of them have kids. them have kids. them have kids. >> Okay, so in that case, only one of them >> Okay, so in that case, only one of them >> Okay, so in that case, only one of them evolved to make another universe. This one did here, but also this one did This one did here, but also this one did here. here. here. >> Right. That's the only one in that >> Right. That's the only one in that >> Right. That's the only one in that generation that made another universe. generation that made another universe. generation that made another universe. Correct. Correct. Correct. >> And this up here at the top, >> And this up here at the top, >> And this up here at the top, >> that one made a whole made 10 of eight >> that one made a whole made 10 of eight >> that one made a whole made 10 of eight of them. And only one of them made of them. And only one of them made of them. And only one of them made another universe. another universe. another universe. >> Okay. Now, two of them made another >> Okay. Now, two of them made another >> Okay. Now, two of them made another universe. Okay. universe. Okay. universe. Okay. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Okay. That's fine. >> Okay. That's fine. >> Okay. That's fine. >> Okay. So now, >> Okay. So now, >> Okay. So now, >> and one of them made another universe as >> and one of them made another universe as >> and one of them made another universe as well. well. well. >> Okay. Correct. So you keep doing that. >> Okay. Correct. So you keep doing that. >> Okay. Correct. So you keep doing that. If we're early in the game, If we're early in the game, If we're early in the game, >> yeah, >> yeah, >> yeah, >> then we could be any one of those at the >> then we could be any one of those at the >> then we could be any one of those at the edges of the line. That's correct. Okay, edges of the line. That's correct. Okay, edges of the line. That's correct. Okay, we could be any one of those.

we could be any one of those. we could be any one of those. And we're plotting along. But if all the And we're plotting along. But if all the And we're plotting along. But if all the rest make more universes, we know we're rest make more universes, we know we're rest make more universes, we know we're not them not them not them because we don't have that ability yet. because we don't have that ability yet. because we don't have that ability yet. >> Mhm. [clears throat] >> Mhm. [clears throat] >> Mhm. [clears throat] So So So in your top row example, in your top row example, in your top row example, if one of them continues to not be able if one of them continues to not be able if one of them continues to not be able to make another universe and the others to make another universe and the others to make another universe and the others do, do, do, once again, it in that case is one out once again, it in that case is one out once again, it in that case is one out of three chance that we are real, that of three chance that we are real, that of three chance that we are real, that we're the starter universe because you we're the starter universe because you we're the starter universe because you have two other places that have yet to have two other places that have yet to have two other places that have yet to make if in in another drawing that you make if in in another drawing that you make if in in another drawing that you could draw. All the rest make new could draw. All the rest make new could draw. All the rest make new universes, but two don't. in the universes, but two don't. in the universes, but two don't. in the simulation scenario. Yes, you could do simulation scenario. Yes, you could do simulation scenario. Yes, you could do that, but that's not what anyone is that, but that's not what anyone is that, but that's not what anyone is thinking about. They're thinking that thinking about. They're thinking that thinking about. They're thinking that it's simulated universes all the way it's simulated universes all the way it's simulated universes all the way down. And you you just drew a whole crop down. And you you just drew a whole crop down. And you you just drew a whole crop of universes that are not simulating of universes that are not simulating of universes that are not simulating other universes. other universes. other universes. >> So, do it's not very fertile in the >> So, do it's not very fertile in the >> So, do it's not very fertile in the simulated universe universe. simulated universe universe. simulated universe universe. >> Maybe this is what the multiverse is.

>> Maybe this is what the multiverse is. >> Maybe this is what the multiverse is. Maybe this is what infinity is. Maybe Maybe this is what infinity is. Maybe Maybe this is what infinity is. Maybe this was what the big bang was was a this was what the big bang was was a this was what the big bang was was a universe creating the next universe. universe creating the next universe. universe creating the next universe. >> Yeah. Yeah. Well, that's what we call >> Yeah. Yeah. Well, that's what we call >> Yeah. Yeah. Well, that's what we call the multiverse, creating universes. the multiverse, creating universes. the multiverse, creating universes. >> And maybe that's what it is. Maybe the >> And maybe that's what it is. Maybe the >> And maybe that's what it is. Maybe the civilization becomes so advanced in civilization becomes so advanced in civilization becomes so advanced in their technology that they're able to their technology that they're able to their technology that they're able to create one of those big bang moments. create one of those big bang moments. create one of those big bang moments. And And And >> yeah, I mean, that would be interesting >> yeah, I mean, that would be interesting >> yeah, I mean, that would be interesting if they just summon it up at will. Yeah, if they just summon it up at will. Yeah, if they just summon it up at will. Yeah, that'd be weird. that'd be weird. that'd be weird. >> Maybe the point in which we as a civiliz >> Maybe the point in which we as a civiliz >> Maybe the point in which we as a civiliz as an advanced civilization can come as an advanced civilization can come as an advanced civilization can come together with, I don't know, AI and together with, I don't know, AI and together with, I don't know, AI and build a a new universe is the next big build a a new universe is the next big build a a new universe is the next big bang. bang. bang. There's no reason to say it couldn't be There's no reason to say it couldn't be There's no reason to say it couldn't be that, that, that, right? Um, but what's interesting though right? Um, but what's interesting though right? Um, but what's interesting though is that the laws of physics we measure is that the laws of physics we measure is that the laws of physics we measure on Earth apply across the universe and on Earth apply across the universe and on Earth apply across the universe and across time. So that's just an across time. So that's just an across time. So that's just an interesting maybe that's just the interesting maybe that's just the interesting maybe that's just the programmer's rules for the universe they programmer's rules for the universe they programmer's rules for the universe they just created. So just created. So just created. So I have no way to step to the side of I have no way to step to the side of I have no way to step to the side of that argument.

that argument. that argument. So do I get a Nobel prize? What happens So do I get a Nobel prize? What happens So do I get a Nobel prize? What happens now? [laughter] >> So the difference is in our big bang we >> So the difference is in our big bang we went through single-sellled life then went through single-sellled life then went through single-sellled life then multisellular organisms and then multisellular organisms and then multisellular organisms and then intelligence then technology. So intelligence then technology. So intelligence then technology. So if if if the technology if if if the technology if if if the technology we have technology that enabled all that we have technology that enabled all that we have technology that enabled all that and and and the in a simulation let me back up. So, the in a simulation let me back up. So, the in a simulation let me back up. So, in a simulation, are they starting you in a simulation, are they starting you in a simulation, are they starting you from the beginning of the universe? Is from the beginning of the universe? Is from the beginning of the universe? Is there a big bang in the simulation or there a big bang in the simulation or there a big bang in the simulation or they just people just showing up fully they just people just showing up fully they just people just showing up fully formed as an intelligent species in the formed as an intelligent species in the formed as an intelligent species in the simulation? And maybe they're implanted simulation? And maybe they're implanted simulation? And maybe they're implanted with a memory that's not real. This is with a memory that's not real. This is with a memory that's not real. This is very matrixy. What is um what is the very matrixy. What is um what is the very matrixy. What is um what is the point of life? What is the point of all point of life? What is the point of all point of life? What is the point of all of this stuff? You got you got you got of this stuff? You got you got you got of this stuff? You got you got you got to live, I don't know, 80, 90, 100 to live, I don't know, 80, 90, 100 to live, I don't know, 80, 90, 100 years, whatever it is. What is the years, whatever it is. What is the years, whatever it is. What is the point, Neil? point, Neil? point, Neil? The point The point The point >> the point of all of this. Why are we >> the point of all of this. Why are we >> the point of all of this. Why are we here?

here? here? >> So that question asked by many people >> So that question asked by many people >> So that question asked by many people will keep religion in business for a will keep religion in business for a will keep religion in business for a long time. long time. long time. >> Uh for many the purpose in life is to >> Uh for many the purpose in life is to >> Uh for many the purpose in life is to serve God. Okay. serve God. Okay. serve God. Okay. And that's a little odd to me because if And that's a little odd to me because if And that's a little odd to me because if I created a universe, I would not need I created a universe, I would not need I created a universe, I would not need people to praise me. that just feels people to praise me. that just feels people to praise me. that just feels weird. I would just create it and have weird. I would just create it and have weird. I would just create it and have fun, you know? Let me work on the next fun, you know? Let me work on the next fun, you know? Let me work on the next universe. Now, personally, I wouldn't universe. Now, personally, I wouldn't universe. Now, personally, I wouldn't feel that need. So, it's odd that a all feel that need. So, it's odd that a all feel that need. So, it's odd that a all powerful, all knowing powerful, all knowing powerful, all knowing entity entity entity seeks your seeks your seeks your submission and obedience. And it's just submission and obedience. And it's just submission and obedience. And it's just I I've never fully wrapped my head I I've never fully wrapped my head I I've never fully wrapped my head around that that idea. But the meaning around that that idea. But the meaning around that that idea. But the meaning in life in life in life is was really what you're asking. What is was really what you're asking. What is was really what you're asking. What is meaning? I derive meaning from life.

is meaning? I derive meaning from life. is meaning? I derive meaning from life. I I create meaning from life. I I create meaning from life. I I create meaning from life. When I say when I say I derive it, I When I say when I say I derive it, I When I say when I say I derive it, I create meaning in life. I don't look for create meaning in life. I don't look for create meaning in life. I don't look for meaning. Many people look for meaning. meaning. Many people look for meaning. meaning. Many people look for meaning. Is it under a rock behind a tree? I'm Is it under a rock behind a tree? I'm Is it under a rock behind a tree? I'm still in search of the meaning of life. still in search of the meaning of life. still in search of the meaning of life. You realize you have the power to create You realize you have the power to create You realize you have the power to create meaning. meaning. meaning. Create meaning. We all have the power to Create meaning. We all have the power to Create meaning. We all have the power to do so. Add it to the meaning that you're do so. Add it to the meaning that you're do so. Add it to the meaning that you're looking for. But right now, you can looking for. But right now, you can looking for. But right now, you can create meaning. One way is I this might create meaning. One way is I this might create meaning. One way is I this might not be the recipe for everyone. not be the recipe for everyone. not be the recipe for everyone. I want to learn something today that I I want to learn something today that I I want to learn something today that I didn't know yesterday. didn't know yesterday. didn't know yesterday. I want to learn something tomorrow that I want to learn something tomorrow that I want to learn something tomorrow that I didn't know today. Thus growing my I didn't know today. Thus growing my I didn't know today. Thus growing my awareness of the objective realities of awareness of the objective realities of awareness of the objective realities of the world. That's my first. the world. That's my first. the world. That's my first. And as I grow my awareness, I have new And as I grow my awareness, I have new And as I grow my awareness, I have new uh nuanced informed perspectives. uh nuanced informed perspectives. uh nuanced informed perspectives. So you can grow in wisdom, So you can grow in wisdom, So you can grow in wisdom, wisd knowledge, wisdom, and insight that wisd knowledge, wisdom, and insight that wisd knowledge, wisdom, and insight that wouldn't otherwise be possible if you wouldn't otherwise be possible if you wouldn't otherwise be possible if you didn't keep learning. Second, didn't keep learning. Second, didn't keep learning. Second, I want to do something today that I want to do something today that I want to do something today that lessens the suffering of others.

lessens the suffering of others. lessens the suffering of others. >> Why? >> Why? >> Why? Because if I have the power to make the Because if I have the power to make the Because if I have the power to make the world a better place for me having lived world a better place for me having lived world a better place for me having lived in it, I value that. in it, I value that. in it, I value that. >> Why? >> Why? >> Why? >> I value happiness >> I value happiness >> I value happiness >> because people like apparently people >> because people like apparently people >> because people like apparently people like being happy unless you're like being happy unless you're like being happy unless you're clinically depressed. Happiness clinically depressed. Happiness clinically depressed. Happiness is something that I valued my whole is something that I valued my whole is something that I valued my whole life. it brings joy to being alive in at life. it brings joy to being alive in at life. it brings joy to being alive in at all. So all. So all. So that's how I think about it. that's how I think about it. that's how I think about it. Uh and in in my podcast, the the humor is an important element of the humor is an important element of the humor is an important element of the podcast. There's a braid of science, pop podcast. There's a braid of science, pop podcast. There's a braid of science, pop culture, and humor. people return. culture, and humor. people return. culture, and humor. people return. They come back to the podcast because They come back to the podcast because They come back to the podcast because they were they laughed, they smiled, they were they laughed, they smiled, they were they laughed, they smiled, they felt good at the time they learned they felt good at the time they learned they felt good at the time they learned the thing that they learned and they the thing that they learned and they the thing that they learned and they want to reproduce that feeling.

want to reproduce that feeling. want to reproduce that feeling. So we should not be surprised that we So we should not be surprised that we So we should not be surprised that we want to do things that make us feel want to do things that make us feel want to do things that make us feel good. And again, why does helping good. And again, why does helping good. And again, why does helping another person make me feel good? It's another person make me feel good? It's another person make me feel good? It's not I don't do it for me. I do it for not I don't do it for me. I do it for not I don't do it for me. I do it for the person. [laughter] Okay? the person. [laughter] Okay? the person. [laughter] Okay? I I don't help the person across the I I don't help the person across the I I don't help the person across the street so that I feel good about myself. street so that I feel good about myself. street so that I feel good about myself. I help the person about across the so I help the person about across the so I help the person about across the so the person feels good that they made it the person feels good that they made it the person feels good that they made it across the street, across the street, across the street, >> which in turn makes you feel good. >> which in turn makes you feel good. >> which in turn makes you feel good. >> Well, except I I don't want to be >> Well, except I I don't want to be >> Well, except I I don't want to be needlessly semantic. needlessly semantic. needlessly semantic. There are things that I could do that There are things that I could do that There are things that I could do that make me feel good that I don't do make me feel good that I don't do make me feel good that I don't do because it doesn't spread the goodness. because it doesn't spread the goodness. because it doesn't spread the goodness. Mhm. Mhm. Mhm. >> I can live in my own this feels good. >> I can live in my own this feels good. >> I can live in my own this feels good. But when you spread it, But when you spread it, But when you spread it, then other people can share in your then other people can share in your then other people can share in your emotions. emotions. emotions. And And And so I don't do it so much for myself. so I don't do it so much for myself. so I don't do it so much for myself. I just do it because I think we should I just do it because I think we should I just do it because I think we should spread more joy in the world. Here's spread more joy in the world. Here's spread more joy in the world. Here's here's a way to do that. Again, it's not here's a way to do that. Again, it's not here's a way to do that. Again, it's not about you, right? It's about you, right? It's about you, right? It's I do you a favor I do you a favor I do you a favor and you say, "Thanks. I really needed and you say, "Thanks. I really needed and you say, "Thanks. I really needed that. I'll repay that favor one day."

that. I'll repay that favor one day." that. I'll repay that favor one day." And I'll say, "No, And I'll say, "No, And I'll say, "No, pass it forward." Do that favor for pass it forward." Do that favor for pass it forward." Do that favor for someone else. Ideally, a stranger. Okay? someone else. Ideally, a stranger. Okay? someone else. Ideally, a stranger. Okay? A stranger who will never remember your A stranger who will never remember your A stranger who will never remember your name. Do it for them. And you know name. Do it for them. And you know name. Do it for them. And you know what'll happen? That favor and you tell what'll happen? That favor and you tell what'll happen? That favor and you tell them to pass it forward. that favor will them to pass it forward. that favor will them to pass it forward. that favor will work its way through society, work its way through society, work its way through society, through cultures, through civilization, through cultures, through civilization, through cultures, through civilization, never being closed back. The moment you never being closed back. The moment you never being closed back. The moment you say, "Hey, I'll repay you the favor." say, "Hey, I'll repay you the favor." say, "Hey, I'll repay you the favor." That closes it off and make and it's no That closes it off and make and it's no That closes it off and make and it's no longer available to anybody in longer available to anybody in longer available to anybody in civilization. If you don't close it, civilization. If you don't close it, civilization. If you don't close it, send it forward. send it forward. send it forward. Then there are these tributaries of Then there are these tributaries of Then there are these tributaries of favors favors favors working their way through civilization working their way through civilization working their way through civilization and everyone is better off for it. and everyone is better off for it. and everyone is better off for it. >> Neil, we have a closing tradition where >> Neil, we have a closing tradition where >> Neil, we have a closing tradition where the last guest leaves a question for the the last guest leaves a question for the the last guest leaves a question for the next not knowing who they're leaving it next not knowing who they're leaving it next not knowing who they're leaving it for. for. for. >> Oh, sure. >> Oh, sure. >> Oh, sure. >> And the question left for you is, >> And the question left for you is, >> And the question left for you is, >> do they know it was me? >> do they know it was me? >> do they know it was me? >> They didn't know it was you. >> They didn't know it was you. >> They didn't know it was you. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Um, what is it that you would like us to >> Um, what is it that you would like us to >> Um, what is it that you would like us to write on your gravestone if we were the write on your gravestone if we were the write on your gravestone if we were the authors of the message? Let me back into authors of the message? Let me back into authors of the message? Let me back into that by saying I don't want I don't need that by saying I don't want I don't need that by saying I don't want I don't need anything anything anything that that that memorializes my life memorializes my life memorializes my life because it's not as an educator. It's because it's not as an educator. It's because it's not as an educator. It's not about my life. It's about the life not about my life. It's about the life not about my life. It's about the life of those who I've touched.

of those who I've touched. of those who I've touched. It's about their life. It's not about my It's about their life. It's not about my It's about their life. It's not about my life. No statues, no plaques, nothing. I life. No statues, no plaques, nothing. I life. No statues, no plaques, nothing. I don't need that. I don't seek it. I've don't need that. I don't seek it. I've don't need that. I don't seek it. I've had photographers come up to me say, had photographers come up to me say, had photographers come up to me say, "Oh, I I I'm a fashion photographer and "Oh, I I I'm a fashion photographer and "Oh, I I I'm a fashion photographer and I photograph all these famous people. Do I photograph all these famous people. Do I photograph all these famous people. Do you want to be a part of that?" No. you want to be a part of that?" No. you want to be a part of that?" No. It's not about me. It's not about me. It's not about me. I don't need you to look at a picture of I don't need you to look at a picture of I don't need you to look at a picture of me in a book. me in a book. me in a book. I What I want you to do, open up a book I What I want you to do, open up a book I What I want you to do, open up a book that I wrote and read what I wrote in that I wrote and read what I wrote in that I wrote and read what I wrote in the book and you read that and you will the book and you read that and you will the book and you read that and you will learn from it. You'll be enlightened learn from it. You'll be enlightened learn from it. You'll be enlightened because as an educator, it's about you. because as an educator, it's about you. because as an educator, it's about you. It's not about the educator. So, so I It's not about the educator. So, so I It's not about the educator. So, so I don't want memorials or anything, don't want memorials or anything, don't want memorials or anything, nothing. But I know what I want on my nothing. But I know what I want on my nothing. But I know what I want on my tombstone. There's the full quote which I will There's the full quote which I will begin with, but it's the end of the begin with, but it's the end of the begin with, but it's the end of the quote that fits the tombstone. It's by quote that fits the tombstone. It's by quote that fits the tombstone. It's by Horus man, Horus man, Horus man, the educator, American educator of the the educator, American educator of the the educator, American educator of the early 19th century. He was a university early 19th century. He was a university early 19th century. He was a university president. schools named after him, president. schools named after him, president. schools named after him, Horus man school, an educator.

For one of his farewell addresses at a For one of his farewell addresses at a university, university, university, he said, "I beseech you he said, "I beseech you he said, "I beseech you to treasure up in your hearts to treasure up in your hearts to treasure up in your hearts these my parting words. these my parting words. these my parting words. Be ashamed to die Be ashamed to die Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for until you have won some victory for until you have won some victory for humanity." humanity." humanity." That's what I want on my tombstone. That's what I want on my tombstone. That's what I want on my tombstone. >> Be ashamed to die until you have won >> Be ashamed to die until you have won >> Be ashamed to die until you have won >> some victory for humanity. >> some victory for humanity. >> some victory for humanity. And as educator, And as educator, And as educator, that's that's that's my goal. my goal. my goal. Humanity is better off for me having Humanity is better off for me having Humanity is better off for me having been in this world. That's my goal. been in this world. That's my goal. been in this world. That's my goal. Because all too many there too many Because all too many there too many Because all too many there too many people where humanity is worse off for people where humanity is worse off for people where humanity is worse off for them having [laughter] been in this them having [laughter] been in this them having [laughter] been in this world. Well, not too many. There's a few world. Well, not too many. There's a few world. Well, not too many. There's a few key people in the history of the world key people in the history of the world key people in the history of the world for whom that's true. And if we can do for whom that's true. And if we can do for whom that's true. And if we can do our little bit our little bit our little bit to improve the world, to improve the world, to improve the world, >> you've most certainly done that. You've >> you've most certainly done that. You've >> you've most certainly done that. You've done it for arguably hundreds of done it for arguably hundreds of done it for arguably hundreds of millions of people. Um, I think if I I millions of people. Um, I think if I I millions of people. Um, I think if I I was probably thinking then of like what was probably thinking then of like what was probably thinking then of like what is the net impact you've had on my life is the net impact you've had on my life is the net impact you've had on my life from from from >> on your life >> on your life >> on your life >> on my life from you know all of the >> on my life from you know all of the >> on my life from you know all of the content and information and movies and content and information and movies and content and information and movies and books and documentaries and so on that books and documentaries and so on that books and documentaries and so on that you've written and I think like the net you've written and I think like the net you've written and I think like the net impact if I crystallized it down to a impact if I crystallized it down to a impact if I crystallized it down to a word was about curiosity and I'd say word was about curiosity and I'd say word was about curiosity and I'd say it's like expanding my mind it's like expanding my mind it's like expanding my mind um to what is

um to what is um to what is to wonder to wonder more to wonder to wonder more to wonder to wonder more >> unfortunately >> unfortunately >> unfortunately That does not exist in most schools. That does not exist in most schools. That does not exist in most schools. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> The kids in their class, they can't wait >> The kids in their class, they can't wait >> The kids in their class, they can't wait until the end of the period. They see until the end of the period. They see until the end of the period. They see the clock. the clock. the clock. >> They can't wait till the end of the >> They can't wait till the end of the >> They can't wait till the end of the school day. They can't wait till it's school day. They can't wait till it's school day. They can't wait till it's Friday. They can't wait till it's Friday. They can't wait till it's Friday. They can't wait till it's vacation. They can't wait till school's vacation. They can't wait till school's vacation. They can't wait till school's over. over. over. >> Mhm. [clears throat] >> Mhm. [clears throat] >> Mhm. [clears throat] >> Can't wait till graduation. >> Can't wait till graduation. >> Can't wait till graduation. >> All of these sentiments are >> All of these sentiments are >> All of these sentiments are are are are I don't want to keep learning anymore. I don't want to keep learning anymore. I don't want to keep learning anymore. It's a chore. I don't enjoy it. I don't It's a chore. I don't enjoy it. I don't It's a chore. I don't enjoy it. I don't like it. like it. like it. >> Well, >> Well, >> Well, >> there's even a rock anthem celebrating >> there's even a rock anthem celebrating >> there's even a rock anthem celebrating that fact that fact that fact >> by Alice Cooper says, you know, it >> by Alice Cooper says, you know, it >> by Alice Cooper says, you know, it schools out for the summer. schools out for the summer. schools out for the summer. >> I think this photo and what you said >> I think this photo and what you said >> I think this photo and what you said about your about your about your >> school's out forever. >> school's out forever. >> school's out forever. >> I hated school. >> I hated school. >> I hated school. >> I But it's my point. I don't blame the >> I But it's my point. I don't blame the >> I But it's my point. I don't blame the students. students. students. >> Yeah. I'm blaming the system where you >> Yeah. I'm blaming the system where you >> Yeah. I'm blaming the system where you can't wait to get out of school, which can't wait to get out of school, which can't wait to get out of school, which means they're not teaching curiosity means they're not teaching curiosity means they're not teaching curiosity because if they did, because if they did, because if they did, staying in school would be fulfilling staying in school would be fulfilling staying in school would be fulfilling that. And if they did, leaving school that. And if they did, leaving school that. And if they did, leaving school would birth the rest of your life as a would birth the rest of your life as a would birth the rest of your life as a curious person where you continue to curious person where you continue to curious person where you continue to learn. That's what school should be learn. That's what school should be learn. That's what school should be about. And it's not.

about. And it's not. about. And it's not. >> And that's what you're doing for others, >> And that's what you're doing for others, >> And that's what you're doing for others, expanding the curiosity, the aperture, expanding the curiosity, the aperture, expanding the curiosity, the aperture, and allowing them to wander beyond the and allowing them to wander beyond the and allowing them to wander beyond the narrowness of whatever. I want people to narrowness of whatever. I want people to narrowness of whatever. I want people to say, "Gee, I miss school." say, "Gee, I miss school." say, "Gee, I miss school." >> I absolutely don't miss school. But >> I absolutely don't miss school. But >> I absolutely don't miss school. But [laughter] but do you know do you know [laughter] but do you know do you know [laughter] but do you know do you know what I do miss? Well, I don't miss it, what I do miss? Well, I don't miss it, what I do miss? Well, I don't miss it, but we have to make a distinction but we have to make a distinction but we have to make a distinction between school and education or school between school and education or school between school and education or school in learning. And we kind of conflate the in learning. And we kind of conflate the in learning. And we kind of conflate the two and think they're the same. two and think they're the same. two and think they're the same. >> Well, cuz what? School's got a bad name. >> Well, cuz what? School's got a bad name. >> Well, cuz what? School's got a bad name. It's got a bad uh It's a place where you It's got a bad uh It's a place where you It's got a bad uh It's a place where you go to have curiosity fulfilled. Stoked go to have curiosity fulfilled. Stoked go to have curiosity fulfilled. Stoked and fulfilled. and fulfilled. and fulfilled. That if all schools were that, imagine That if all schools were that, imagine That if all schools were that, imagine how different the world would be. how different the world would be. how different the world would be. >> We can only imagine. Imagine >> We can only imagine. Imagine >> We can only imagine. Imagine >> I am have your book in front of me here. >> I am have your book in front of me here. >> I am have your book in front of me here. It's, by the way, it's beautiful and the It's, by the way, it's beautiful and the It's, by the way, it's beautiful and the title is great. It's called Take Me to title is great. It's called Take Me to title is great. It's called Take Me to Your Leader: Perspectives on Your First Your Leader: Perspectives on Your First Your Leader: Perspectives on Your First Alien Encounter. If you've ever wondered Alien Encounter. If you've ever wondered Alien Encounter. If you've ever wondered why there are so many UFO sightings, why there are so many UFO sightings, why there are so many UFO sightings, whether aliens might already be amongst whether aliens might already be amongst whether aliens might already be amongst us, Tyson offers an informed perspective us, Tyson offers an informed perspective us, Tyson offers an informed perspective that is both factual and fun. Take Me to that is both factual and fun. Take Me to that is both factual and fun. Take Me to Your Leader is a tantalizing exploration Your Leader is a tantalizing exploration Your Leader is a tantalizing exploration of what would be the most mind-blowing of what would be the most mind-blowing of what would be the most mind-blowing experience of your life. The book for experience of your life. The book for experience of your life. The book for anyone who has ever wondered, as we all anyone who has ever wondered, as we all anyone who has ever wondered, as we all do now, are we alone? Thank you so much.

do now, are we alone? Thank you so much. do now, are we alone? Thank you so much. I'm going to link this book below. Um, I'm going to link this book below. Um, I'm going to link this book below. Um, anybody that's into the subject matter anybody that's into the subject matter anybody that's into the subject matter of aliens and wants to wonder and have of aliens and wants to wonder and have of aliens and wants to wonder and have some fun some fun some fun >> and and if I can give you just a my >> and and if I can give you just a my >> and and if I can give you just a my favorite example from the book on the favorite example from the book on the favorite example from the book on the chapter alien to us, there's alien to us chapter alien to us, there's alien to us chapter alien to us, there's alien to us and alien to them. Uh, whole chapters, and alien to them. Uh, whole chapters, and alien to them. Uh, whole chapters, right? Like little things like let's say right? Like little things like let's say right? Like little things like let's say you befriend the alien and then you say, you befriend the alien and then you say, you befriend the alien and then you say, "Uh, excuse me. I have to lay down "Uh, excuse me. I have to lay down "Uh, excuse me. I have to lay down horizontally and go semicomaos for horizontally and go semicomaos for horizontally and go semicomaos for onethird of Earth's rotation." onethird of Earth's rotation." onethird of Earth's rotation." They'll look at you and say, "What? Uh They'll look at you and say, "What? Uh They'll look at you and say, "What? Uh whoa whoa what do you you guys know whoa whoa what do you you guys know whoa whoa what do you you guys know sleep? What's sleep? I mean it it could sleep? What's sleep? I mean it it could sleep? What's sleep? I mean it it could be that but be ready. The things we take be that but be ready. The things we take be that but be ready. The things we take for granted might not be obvious to an for granted might not be obvious to an for granted might not be obvious to an alien. And another one if the alien has alien. And another one if the alien has alien. And another one if the alien has some appendage, some appendage, some appendage, right? Don't just reach and grab it and right? Don't just reach and grab it and right? Don't just reach and grab it and shake it. You don't know what part of shake it. You don't know what part of shake it. You don't know what part of the alien that is. And maybe you don't the alien that is. And maybe you don't the alien that is. And maybe you don't want to find out after you just shook want to find out after you just shook want to find out after you just shook it. just just and shaking hands is not it. just just and shaking hands is not it. just just and shaking hands is not even earthwide. In in Asia, shaking even earthwide. In in Asia, shaking even earthwide. In in Asia, shaking hands is not as common as it is in the hands is not as common as it is in the hands is not as common as it is in the west. So don't take your own the one of west. So don't take your own the one of west. So don't take your own the one of the biggest lessons there is don't take the biggest lessons there is don't take the biggest lessons there is don't take your own assumptions and apply it to the your own assumptions and apply it to the your own assumptions and apply it to the alien. A and the in the alien to them alien. A and the in the alien to them alien. A and the in the alien to them chapter is a fast one and then we can chapter is a fast one and then we can chapter is a fast one and then we can wrap. Uh just imagine they landed in Los wrap. Uh just imagine they landed in Los wrap. Uh just imagine they landed in Los Angeles, okay? And they're in the median Angeles, okay? And they're in the median Angeles, okay? And they're in the median of the 405, right? and they're just of the 405, right? and they're just of the 405, right? and they're just looking around.

looking around. looking around. I'm certain they would conclude that the I'm certain they would conclude that the I'm certain they would conclude that the dominant life form on Earth was the dominant life form on Earth was the dominant life form on Earth was the automobile automobile automobile >> cuz there they are just doing things and >> cuz there they are just doing things and >> cuz there they are just doing things and then they'd see like a car hauler go by then they'd see like a car hauler go by then they'd see like a car hauler go by and they say that one's pregnant. and they say that one's pregnant. and they say that one's pregnant. [laughter] [laughter] [laughter] They would see cars inside. Uh if if They would see cars inside. Uh if if They would see cars inside. Uh if if there's an accident, other car other there's an accident, other car other there's an accident, other car other automobiles come up to take it away and automobiles come up to take it away and automobiles come up to take it away and repair it. Uh these automobile wheels go repair it. Uh these automobile wheels go repair it. Uh these automobile wheels go up to fast food establishments and up to fast food establishments and up to fast food establishments and people don't get out of their car to go people don't get out of their car to go people don't get out of their car to go in. They stay in their car, wait in line in. They stay in their car, wait in line in. They stay in their car, wait in line in a slow line to get fast food, hand it in a slow line to get fast food, hand it in a slow line to get fast food, hand it to them through a window, and then they to them through a window, and then they to them through a window, and then they eat it in the car. So the aliens would eat it in the car. So the aliens would eat it in the car. So the aliens would say, "Okay, the life form is the car and say, "Okay, the life form is the car and say, "Okay, the life form is the car and the squishy things inside that must be the squishy things inside that must be the squishy things inside that must be the squishy middle of this life form." the squishy middle of this life form." the squishy middle of this life form." What this book tries to do is What this book tries to do is What this book tries to do is reccast reccast reccast all of your assumptions about what an all of your assumptions about what an all of your assumptions about what an alien would think of us and about what alien would think of us and about what alien would think of us and about what we would think of an alien. And I try to we would think of an alien. And I try to we would think of an alien. And I try to have fun doing it along the way. So have fun doing it along the way. So have fun doing it along the way. So that's all I thank you for bringing it that's all I thank you for bringing it that's all I thank you for bringing it up.

up. up. >> Thank you so much, Neil. YouTube have >> Thank you so much, Neil. YouTube have >> Thank you so much, Neil. YouTube have this new crazy algorithm where they know this new crazy algorithm where they know this new crazy algorithm where they know exactly what video you would like to exactly what video you would like to exactly what video you would like to watch next based on AI and all of your watch next based on AI and all of your watch next based on AI and all of your viewing behavior. And the algorithm says viewing behavior. And the algorithm says viewing behavior. And the algorithm says that this video is the perfect video for that this video is the perfect video for that this video is the perfect video for you. It's different for everybody you. It's different for everybody you. It's different for everybody looking right now. Check this video out looking right now. Check this video out looking right now. Check this video out and I bet you you might love it.